1 GNU Make NEWS -*-indented-text-*-
2 History of user-visible changes.
5 See the end of this file for copyrights and conditions.
7 All user-visible changes are more fully described in the GNU Make manual,
8 which is contained in this distribution as the file doc/make.texi.
9 See the README file and the GNU Make manual for instructions for
12 Version 4.4 (31 Oct 2022)
14 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
16 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=109&set=custom
18 * WARNING: Deprecation!
19 The following systems are deprecated in this release:
24 In the NEXT release of GNU Make, support for these systems will be removed.
25 If you want to see them continue to be supported, contact <bug-make@gnu.org>.
27 * WARNING: Future backward-incompatibility!
28 In the NEXT release of GNU Make, pattern rules will implement the same
29 behavior change for multiple targets as explicit grouped targets, below: if
30 any target of the rule is needed by the build, the recipe will be invoked if
31 any target of the rule is missing or out of date. During testing some
32 makefiles were found to contain pattern rules that do not build all targets;
33 this can cause issues so we are delaying this change for one release cycle
34 to allow these makefiles to be updated. GNU Make shows a warning if it
35 detects this situation: "pattern recipe did not update peer target".
37 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
38 GNU Make now uses temporary files in more situations than previous releases.
39 If your build system sets TMPDIR (or TMP or TEMP on Windows) and deletes the
40 contents during the build, or uses restrictive permissions, this may cause
41 problems. You can choose an alternative temporary directory only for use by
42 GNU Make by setting the new MAKE_TMPDIR environment variable before invoking
43 make. Note that this value CANNOT be set inside the makefile, since make
44 needs to find its temporary directory before the makefiles are parsed.
46 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
47 Previously each target in a explicit grouped target rule was considered
48 individually: if the targets needed by the build were not out of date the
49 recipe was not run even if other targets in the group were out of date. Now
50 if any of the grouped targets are needed by the build, then if any of the
51 grouped targets are out of date the recipe is run and all targets in the
52 group are considered updated.
54 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
55 Previously if --no-print-directory was seen anywhere in the environment or
56 command line it would take precedence over any --print-directory. Now, the
57 last setting of directory printing options seen will be used, so a command
58 line such as "--no-print-directory -w" _will_ show directory entry/exits.
60 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
61 Previously the order in which makefiles were remade was not explicitly
62 stated, but it was (roughly) the inverse of the order in which they were
63 processed by make. In this release, the order in which makefiles are
64 rebuilt is the same order in which make processed them, and this is defined
65 to be true in the GNU Make manual.
67 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
68 Previously only simple (one-letter) options were added to the MAKEFLAGS
69 variable that was visible while parsing makefiles. Now, all options are
70 available in MAKEFLAGS. If you want to check MAKEFLAGS for a one-letter
71 option, expanding "$(firstword -$(MAKEFLAGS))" is a reliable way to return
72 the set of one-letter options which can be examined via findstring, etc.
74 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
75 Previously makefile variables marked as export were not exported to commands
76 started by the $(shell ...) function. Now, all exported variables are
77 exported to $(shell ...). If this leads to recursion during expansion, then
78 for backward-compatibility the value from the original environment is used.
79 To detect this change search for 'shell-export' in the .FEATURES variable.
81 * WARNING: New build requirement
82 GNU Make utilizes facilities from GNU Gnulib: Gnulib requires certain C99
83 features in the C compiler and so these features are required by GNU Make:
84 https://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/manual/html_node/C99-features-assumed.html
85 The configure script should verify the compiler has these features.
87 * New feature: The .WAIT special target
88 If the .WAIT target appears between two prerequisites of a target, then
89 GNU Make will wait for all of the targets to the left of .WAIT in the list
90 to complete before starting any of the targets to the right of .WAIT.
91 This feature is available in some other versions of make, and it will be
92 required by an upcoming version of the POSIX standard for make.
93 Different patches were made by Alexey Neyman <alex.neyman@auriga.ru> (2005)
94 and Steffen Nurpmeso <steffen@sdaoden.eu> (2020) that were useful but the
95 result is a different implementation (closer to Alexey's idea).
97 * New feature: .NOTPARALLEL accepts prerequisites
98 If the .NOTPARALLEL special target has prerequisites then all prerequisites
99 of those targets will be run serially (as if .WAIT was specified between
102 * New feature: The .NOTINTERMEDIATE special target
103 .NOTINTERMEDIATE disables intermediate behavior for specific files, for all
104 files built using a pattern, or for the entire makefile.
105 Implementation provided by Dmitry Goncharov <dgoncharov@users.sf.net>
107 * New feature: The $(let ...) function
108 This function allows user-defined functions to define a set of local
109 variables: values can be assigned to these variables from within the
110 user-defined function and they will not impact global variable assignments.
111 Implementation provided by Jouke Witteveen <j.witteveen@gmail.com>
113 * New feature: The $(intcmp ...) function
114 This function allows conditional evaluation controlled by a numerical
116 Implementation provided by Jouke Witteveen <j.witteveen@gmail.com>
118 * New feature: Improved support for -l / --load-average
119 On systems that provide /proc/loadavg (Linux), GNU Make will use it to
120 determine the number of runnable jobs and use this as the current load,
121 avoiding the need for heuristics.
122 Implementation provided by Sven C. Dack <sdack@gmx.com>
124 * New feature: The --shuffle command line option
125 This option reorders goals and prerequisites to simulate non-determinism
126 that may be seen using parallel build. Shuffle mode allows a form of "fuzz
127 testing" of parallel builds to verify that all prerequisites are correctly
128 described in the makefile.
129 Implementation provided by Sergei Trofimovich <siarheit@google.com>
131 * New feature: The --jobserver-style command line option and named pipes
132 A new jobserver method is used on systems where mkfifo(3) is supported.
133 This solves a number of obscure issues related to using the jobserver
134 and recursive invocations of GNU Make. This change means that sub-makes
135 will connect to the jobserver even if they are not marked as recursive.
136 It also means that other tools that want to participate in the jobserver
137 will need to be enhanced as described in the GNU Make manual.
138 You can force GNU Make to use the simple pipe-based jobserver (perhaps if
139 you are integrating with other tools or older versions of GNU Make) by
140 adding the '--jobserver-style=pipe' option to the command line of the
141 top-level invocation of GNU Make, or via MAKEFLAGS or GNUMAKEFLAGS.
142 To detect this change search for 'jobserver-fifo' in the .FEATURES variable.
144 * Some POSIX systems (*BSD) do not allow locks to be taken on pipes, which
145 caused the output sync feature to not work properly there. Also multiple
146 invocations of make redirecting to the same output file (e.g., /dev/null)
147 would cause hangs. Instead of locking stdout (which does have some useful
148 performance characteristics, but is not portable) create a temporary file
149 and lock that. Windows continues to use a mutex as before.
151 * GNU Make has sometimes chosen unexpected, and sub-optimal, chains of
152 implicit rules due to the definition of "ought to exist" in the implicit
153 rule search algorithm, which considered any prerequisite mentioned in the
154 makefile as "ought to exist". This algorithm has been modified to prefer
155 prerequisites mentioned explicitly in the target being built and only if
156 that results in no matching rule, will GNU Make consider prerequisites
157 mentioned in other targets as "ought to exist".
158 Implementation provided by Dmitry Goncharov <dgoncharov@users.sf.net>
160 * GNU Make was performing secondary expansion of all targets, even targets
161 which didn't need to be considered during the build. In this release
162 only targets which are considered will be secondarily expanded.
163 Implementation provided by Dmitry Goncharov <dgoncharov@users.sf.net>
165 * If the MAKEFLAGS variable is modified in a makefile, it will be re-parsed
166 immediately rather than after all makefiles have been read. Note that
167 although all options are parsed immediately, some special effects won't
168 appear until after all makefiles are read.
170 * The -I option accepts an argument "-" (e.g., "-I-") which means "reset the
171 list of search directories to empty". Among other things this can be used
172 to prevent GNU Make from searching in its default list of directories.
174 * New debug option "print" will show the recipe to be run, even when silent
175 mode is set, and new debug option "why" will show why a target is rebuilt
176 (which prerequisites caused the target to be considered out of date).
177 Implementation provided by David Boyce <David.S.Boyce@gmail.com>
179 * The existing --trace option is made equivalent to --debug=print,why
181 * Target-specific variables can now be marked "unexport".
183 * Exporting / unexporting target-specific variables is handled correctly, so
184 that the attribute of the most specific variable setting is used.
186 * Special targets like .POSIX are detected upon definition, ensuring that any
187 change in behavior takes effect immediately, before the next line is parsed.
189 * When the pipe-based jobserver is enabled and GNU Make decides it is invoking
190 a non-make sub-process and closes the jobserver pipes, it will now add a new
191 option to the MAKEFLAGS environment variable that disables the jobserver.
192 This prevents sub-processes that invoke make from accidentally using other
193 open file descriptors as jobserver pipes. For more information see
194 https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?57242 and https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?62397
196 * A long-standing issue with the directory cache has been resolved: changes
197 made as a side-effect of some other target's recipe are now noticed as
200 * GNU Make can now be built for MS-Windows using the Tiny C tcc compiler.
201 Port provided by Christian Jullien <eligis@orange.fr>
204 Version 4.3 (19 Jan 2020)
206 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
208 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=108&set=custom
210 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
211 Number signs (#) appearing inside a macro reference or function invocation
212 no longer introduce comments and should not be escaped with backslashes:
214 foo := $(shell echo '#')
215 is legal. Previously the number sign needed to be escaped, for example:
216 foo := $(shell echo '\#')
217 Now this latter will resolve to "\#". If you want to write makefiles
218 portable to both versions, assign the number sign to a variable:
220 foo := $(shell echo '$H')
221 This was claimed to be fixed in 3.81, but wasn't, for some reason.
222 To detect this change search for 'nocomment' in the .FEATURES variable.
224 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
225 Previously appending using '+=' to an empty variable would result in a value
226 starting with a space. Now the initial space is only added if the variable
227 already contains some value. Similarly, appending an empty string does not
228 add a trailing space.
230 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
231 Previously using the .SILENT pseudo-target in a makefile would force all
232 sub-makes to be invoked with the '-s' option, effectively making all
233 sub-makes silent as well. In this release .SILENT only affects the current
234 invocation of make. A side-effect of this is that .SILENT will no longer
235 enable the --no-print-directory option, which using -s will do.
237 * NOTE: Deprecated behavior.
238 Contrary to the documentation, suffix rules with prerequisites are being
239 treated BOTH as simple targets AND as pattern rules. Further, the
240 prerequisites are ignored by the pattern rules. POSIX specifies that in
241 order to be a suffix rule there can be no prerequisites defined. In this
242 release if POSIX mode is enabled then rules with prerequisites cannot be
243 suffix rules. If POSIX mode is not enabled then the previous behavior is
244 preserved (a pattern rule with no extra prerequisites is created) AND a
245 warning about this behavior is generated:
246 warning: ignoring prerequisites on suffix rule definition
247 The POSIX behavior will be adopted as the only behavior in a future release
248 of GNU make so please resolve any warnings.
250 * New feature: Grouped explicit targets
251 Pattern rules have always had the ability to generate multiple targets with
252 a single invocation of the recipe. It's now possible to declare that an
253 explicit rule generates multiple targets with a single invocation. To use
254 this, replace the ":" token with "&:" in the rule. To detect this feature
255 search for 'grouped-target' in the .FEATURES special variable.
256 Implementation contributed by Kaz Kylheku <kaz@kylheku.com>
258 * New feature: .EXTRA_PREREQS variable
259 Words in this variable are considered prerequisites of targets but they are
260 not added to any of the automatic variable values when expanding the
261 recipe. This variable can either be global (applies to all targets) or
262 a target-specific variable. To detect this feature search for 'extra-prereqs'
263 in the .FEATURES special variable.
264 Implementation contributed by Christof Warlich <cwarlich@gmx.de>
266 * Makefiles can now specify the '-j' option in their MAKEFLAGS variable and
267 this will cause make to enable that parallelism mode.
269 * GNU make will now use posix_spawn() on systems where it is available.
270 If you prefer to use fork/exec even on systems where posix_spawn() is
271 present, you can use the --disable-posix-spawn option to configure.
272 Implementation contributed by Aron Barath <baratharon@caesar.elte.hu>
274 * Error messages printed when invoking non-existent commands have been cleaned
275 up and made consistent.
277 * The previous limit of 63 jobs under -jN on MS-Windows is now
278 increased to 4095. That limit includes the subprocess started by
279 the $(shell) function.
281 * A new option --no-silent has been added, that cancels the effect of the
282 -s/--silent/--quiet flag.
284 * A new option -E has been added as a short alias for --eval.
286 * All wildcard expansion within GNU make, including $(wildcard ...), will sort
287 the results. See https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?52076
289 * Interoperate with newer GNU libc and musl C runtime libraries.
291 * Performance improvements provided by Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
293 GNU make Developer News
295 * Import the GNU standard bootstrap script to replace the hand-rolled
296 "make update" method for building code from a GNU make Git repository.
298 * Rework the source distribution to move source files into the src/*
299 subdirectory. This aligns with modern best practices in GNU.
301 * Replace local portability code with Gnulib content. Unfortunately due to a
302 problem with Gnulib support for getloadavg, this forces a requirement on
303 Automake 1.16 or above in order to build from Git. See README.git.
306 Version 4.2.1 (10 Jun 2016)
308 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
310 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=107&set=custom
312 This release is a bug-fix release.
315 Version 4.2 (22 May 2016)
317 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
319 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=106&set=custom
321 * New variable: $(.SHELLSTATUS) is set to the exit status of the last != or
322 $(shell ...) function invoked in this instance of make. This will be "0" if
323 successful or not "0" if not successful. The variable value is unset if no
324 != or $(shell ...) function has been invoked.
326 * The $(file ...) function can now read from a file with $(file <FILE).
327 The function is expanded to the contents of the file. The contents are
328 expanded verbatim except that the final newline, if any, is stripped.
330 * The makefile line numbers shown by GNU make now point directly to the
331 specific line in the recipe where the failure or warning occurred.
332 Sample changes suggested by Brian Vandenberg <phantall@gmail.com>
334 * The interface to GNU make's "jobserver" is stable as documented in the
335 manual, for tools which may want to access it.
337 WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! The internal-only command line option
338 --jobserver-fds has been renamed for publishing, to --jobserver-auth.
340 * The amount of parallelism can be determined by querying MAKEFLAGS, even when
341 the job server is enabled (previously MAKEFLAGS would always contain only
342 "-j", with no number, when job server was enabled).
344 * VMS-specific changes:
346 * Perl test harness now works.
348 * Full support for converting Unix exit status codes to VMS exit status
349 codes. BACKWARD INCOMPATIBILITY Notice: On a child failure the VMS exit
350 code is now the encoded Unix exit status that Make usually generates, not
351 the VMS exit status of the child.
354 Version 4.1 (05 Oct 2014)
356 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
358 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=105&set=custom
360 * New variables: $(MAKE_TERMOUT) and $(MAKE_TERMERR) are set to non-empty
361 values if stdout or stderr, respectively, are believed to be writing to a
362 terminal. These variables are exported by default.
364 * Allow a no-text-argument form of the $(file ...) function. Without a text
365 argument nothing is written to the file: it is simply opened in the
366 requested mode, then closed again.
368 * Change the fatal error for mixed explicit and implicit rules, that was
369 introduced in GNU make 3.82, to a non-fatal error. However, this syntax is
370 still deprecated and may return to being illegal in a future version of GNU
371 make. Makefiles that rely on this syntax should be fixed.
372 See https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?33034
374 * VMS-specific changes:
376 * Support for library files added, including support for using the GNV ar
379 * Partial support for properly encoding Unix exit status codes into VMS exit
382 WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! These are different exit status codes
383 than Make exited with in the past.
385 * Macros to hold the current make command are set up to translate the
386 argv[0] string to a VMS format path name and prefix it with "MCR " so that
387 the macro has a space in it.
389 WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! This may break complex makefiles that
390 do processing on those macros. This is unlikely because so much in that
391 area was not and is still not currently working on VMS, it is unlikely to
392 find such a complex makefile, so this is more likely to impact
393 construction of a future makefile.
395 * A command file is always used to run the commands for a recipe.
397 WARNING: Backward-incompatibility! Running the make self tests has
398 exposed that there are significant differences in behavior when running
399 with the command file mode. It is unknown if this will be noticed by most
400 existing VMS makefiles.
402 Version 4.0 (09 Oct 2013)
404 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
406 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=101&set=custom
408 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
409 If .POSIX is specified, then make adheres to the POSIX backslash/newline
410 handling requirements, which introduces the following changes to the
411 standard backslash/newline handling in non-recipe lines:
412 * Any trailing space before the backslash is preserved
413 * Each backslash/newline (plus subsequent whitespace) is converted to a
416 * New feature: GNU Guile integration
417 This version of GNU make can be compiled with GNU Guile integration.
418 GNU Guile serves as an embedded extension language for make.
419 See the "Guile Function" section in the GNU Make manual for details.
420 Currently GNU Guile 1.8 and 2.0+ are supported. In Guile 1.8 there is no
421 support for internationalized character sets. In Guile 2.0+, scripts can be
424 * New command line option: --output-sync (-O) enables grouping of output by
425 target or by recursive make. This is useful during parallel builds to avoid
426 mixing output from different jobs together giving hard-to-understand
427 results. Original implementation by David Boyce <dsb@boyski.com>.
428 Reworked and enhanced by Frank Heckenbach <f.heckenbach@fh-soft.de>.
429 Windows support by Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>.
431 * New command line option: --trace enables tracing of targets. When enabled
432 the recipe to be invoked is printed even if it would otherwise be suppressed
433 by .SILENT or a "@" prefix character. Also before each recipe is run the
434 makefile name and linenumber where it was defined are shown as well as the
435 prerequisites that caused the target to be considered out of date.
437 * New command line option argument: --debug now accepts a "n" (none) flag
438 which disables all debugging settings that are currently enabled.
440 * New feature: The "job server" capability is now supported on Windows.
441 Implementation contributed by Troy Runkel <Troy.Runkel@mathworks.com>
443 * New feature: The .ONESHELL capability is now supported on Windows. Support
444 added by Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>.
446 * New feature: "!=" shell assignment operator as an alternative to the
447 $(shell ...) function. Implemented for compatibility with BSD makefiles.
448 Note there are subtle differences between "!=" and $(shell ...). See the
449 description in the GNU make manual.
450 WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
451 Variables ending in "!" previously defined as "variable!= value" will now be
452 interpreted as shell assignment. Change your assignment to add whitespace
453 between the "!" and "=": "variable! = value"
455 * New feature: "::=" simple assignment operator as defined by POSIX in 2012.
456 This operator has identical functionality to ":=" in GNU make, but will be
457 portable to any implementation of make conforming to a sufficiently new
458 version of POSIX (see https://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=330). It is
459 not necessary to define the .POSIX target to access this operator.
461 * New feature: Loadable objects
462 This version of GNU make contains a "technology preview": the ability to
463 load dynamic objects into the make runtime. These objects can be created by
464 the user and can add extended functionality, usable by makefiles.
466 * New function: $(file ...) writes to a file.
468 * New variable: $(GNUMAKEFLAGS) will be parsed for make flags, just like
469 MAKEFLAGS is. It can be set in the environment or the makefile, containing
470 GNU make-specific flags to allow your makefile to be portable to other
471 versions of make. Once this variable is parsed, GNU make will set it to the
472 empty string so that flags will not be duplicated on recursion.
474 * New variable: `MAKE_HOST' gives the name of the host architecture
475 make was compiled for. This is the same value you see after 'Built for'
476 when running 'make --version'.
478 * Behavior of MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS is more rigorously defined. All simple
479 flags are grouped together in the first word of MAKEFLAGS. No options that
480 accept arguments appear in the first word. If no simple flags are present
481 MAKEFLAGS begins with a space. Flags with both short and long versions
482 always use the short versions in MAKEFLAGS. Flags are listed in
483 alphabetical order using ASCII ordering. MFLAGS never begins with "- ".
485 * Setting the -r and -R options in MAKEFLAGS inside a makefile now works as
486 expected, removing all built-in rules and variables, respectively.
488 * If a recipe fails, the makefile name and linenumber of the recipe are shown.
490 * A .RECIPEPREFIX setting is remembered per-recipe and variables expanded
491 in that recipe also use that recipe prefix setting.
493 * In -p output, .RECIPEPREFIX settings are shown and all target-specific
494 variables are output as if in a makefile, instead of as comments.
496 * On MS-Windows, recipes that use ".." quoting will no longer force
497 invocation of commands via temporary batch files and stock Windows
498 shells, they will be short-circuited and invoked directly. (In
499 other words, " is no longer a special character for stock Windows
500 shells.) This avoids hitting shell limits for command length when
501 quotes are used, but nothing else in the command requires the shell.
502 This change could potentially mean some minor incompatibilities in
503 behavior when the recipe uses quoted string on shell command lines.
506 Version 3.82 (28 Jul 2010)
508 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
510 https://sv.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=104&set=custom
512 * Compiling GNU make now requires a conforming ISO C 1989 compiler and
513 standard runtime library.
515 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
516 The POSIX standard for make was changed in the 2008 version in a
517 fundamentally incompatible way: make is required to invoke the shell as if
518 the '-e' flag were provided. Because this would break many makefiles that
519 have been written to conform to the original text of the standard, the
520 default behavior of GNU make remains to invoke the shell with simply '-c'.
521 However, any makefile specifying the .POSIX special target will follow the
522 new POSIX standard and pass '-e' to the shell. See also .SHELLFLAGS
525 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
526 The '$?' variable now contains all prerequisites that caused the target to
527 be considered out of date, even if they do not exist (previously only
528 existing targets were provided in $?).
530 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
531 Wildcards were not documented as returning sorted values, but the results
532 have been sorted up until this release.. If your makefiles require sorted
533 results from wildcard expansions, use the $(sort ...) function to request
536 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
537 As a result of parser enhancements, three backward-compatibility issues
538 exist: first, a prerequisite containing an "=" cannot be escaped with a
539 backslash any longer. You must create a variable containing an "=" and
540 use that variable in the prerequisite. Second, variable names can no
541 longer contain whitespace, unless you put the whitespace in a variable and
542 use the variable. Third, in previous versions of make it was sometimes
543 not flagged as an error for explicit and pattern targets to appear in the
544 same rule. Now this is always reported as an error.
546 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
547 The pattern-specific variables and pattern rules are now applied in the
548 shortest stem first order instead of the definition order (variables
549 and rules with the same stem length are still applied in the definition
550 order). This produces the usually-desired behavior where more specific
551 patterns are preferred. To detect this feature search for 'shortest-stem'
552 in the .FEATURES special variable.
554 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
555 The library search behavior has changed to be compatible with the standard
556 linker behavior. Prior to this version for prerequisites specified using
557 the -lfoo syntax make first searched for libfoo.so in the current
558 directory, vpath directories, and system directories. If that didn't yield
559 a match, make then searched for libfoo.a in these directories. Starting
560 with this version make searches first for libfoo.so and then for libfoo.a
561 in each of these directories in order.
563 * New command line option: --eval=STRING causes STRING to be evaluated as
564 makefile syntax (akin to using the $(eval ...) function). The evaluation
565 is performed after all default rules and variables are defined, but before
566 any makefiles are read.
568 * New special variable: .RECIPEPREFIX allows you to reset the recipe
569 introduction character from the default (TAB) to something else. The
570 first character of this variable value is the new recipe introduction
571 character. If the variable is set to the empty string, TAB is used again.
572 It can be set and reset at will; recipes will use the value active when
573 they were first parsed. To detect this feature check the value of
576 * New special variable: .SHELLFLAGS allows you to change the options passed
577 to the shell when it invokes recipes. By default the value will be "-c"
578 (or "-ec" if .POSIX is set).
580 * New special target: .ONESHELL instructs make to invoke a single instance
581 of the shell and provide it with the entire recipe, regardless of how many
582 lines it contains. As a special feature to allow more straightforward
583 conversion of makefiles to use .ONESHELL, any recipe line control
584 characters ('@', '+', or '-') will be removed from the second and
585 subsequent recipe lines. This happens _only_ if the SHELL value is deemed
586 to be a standard POSIX-style shell. If not, then no interior line control
587 characters are removed (as they may be part of the scripting language used
588 with the alternate SHELL).
590 * New variable modifier 'private': prefixing a variable assignment with the
591 modifier 'private' suppresses inheritance of that variable by
592 prerequisites. This is most useful for target- and pattern-specific
595 * New make directive: 'undefine' allows you to undefine a variable so that
596 it appears as if it was never set. Both $(flavor) and $(origin) functions
597 will return 'undefined' for such a variable. To detect this feature search
598 for 'undefine' in the .FEATURES special variable.
600 * The parser for variable assignments has been enhanced to allow multiple
601 modifiers ('export', 'override', 'private') on the same line as variables,
602 including define/endef variables, and in any order. Also, it is possible
603 to create variables and targets named as these modifiers.
605 * The 'define' make directive now allows a variable assignment operator
606 after the variable name, to allow for simple, conditional, or appending
607 multi-line variable assignment.
609 * VMS-specific changes:
611 * Michael Gehre (at VISTEC-SEMI dot COM) supplied a fix for a problem with
612 timestamps of object modules in OLBs. The timestamps were not correctly
613 adjusted to GMT based time, if the local VMS time was using a daylight
614 saving algorithm and if daylight saving was switched off.
616 * John Eisenbraun (at HP dot COM) supplied fixes and and an enhancement to
617 append output redirection in action lines.
619 * Rework of ctrl+c and ctrl+y handling.
621 * Fix a problem with cached strings, which showed on case-insensitive file
624 * Build fixes for const-ified code in VMS specific sources.
626 * A note on appending the redirected output. With this change, a simple
627 mechanism is implemented to make ">>" work in action lines. In VMS
628 there is no simple feature like ">>" to have DCL command or program
629 output redirected and appended to a file. GNU make for VMS already
630 implements the redirection of output. If such a redirection is detected,
631 an ">" on the action line, GNU make creates a DCL command procedure to
632 execute the action and to redirect its output. Based on that, now ">>"
633 is also recognized and a similar but different command procedure is
634 created to implement the append. The main idea here is to create a
635 temporary file which collects the output and which is appended to the
636 wanted output file. Then the temporary file is deleted. This is all done
637 in the command procedure to keep changes in make small and simple. This
638 obviously has some limitations but it seems good enough compared with
639 the current ">" implementation. (And in my opinion, redirection is not
640 really what GNU make has to do.) With this approach, it may happen that
641 the temporary file is not yet appended and is left in SYS$SCRATCH.
642 The temporary file names look like "CMDxxxxx.". Any time the created
643 command procedure can not complete, this happens. Pressing Ctrl+Y to
644 abort make is one case. In case of Ctrl+Y the associated command
645 procedure is left in SYS$SCRATCH as well. Its name is CMDxxxxx.COM.
647 * Change in the Ctrl+Y handling. The CtrlY handler now uses $delprc to
648 delete all children. This way also actions with DCL commands will be
649 stopped. As before the CtrlY handler then sends SIGQUIT to itself,
650 which is handled in common code.
652 * Change in deleteing temporary command files. Temporary command files
653 are now deleted in the vms child termination handler. That deletes
654 them even if a Ctrl+C was pressed.
656 * The behavior of pressing Ctrl+C is not changed. It still has only an
657 effect, after the current action is terminated. If that doesn't happen
658 or takes too long, Ctrl+Y should be used instead.
661 Version 3.81 (01 Apr 2006)
663 * GNU make is ported to OS/2.
665 * GNU make is ported to MinGW. The MinGW build is only supported by
666 the build_w32.bat batch file; see the file README.W32 for more
669 * WARNING: Future backward-incompatibility!
670 Up to and including this release, the '$?' variable does not contain
671 any prerequisite that does not exist, even though that prerequisite
672 might have caused the target to rebuild. Starting with the _next_
673 release of GNU make, '$?' will contain all prerequisites that caused
674 the target to be considered out of date.
675 See https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?16051
677 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
678 GNU make now implements a generic "second expansion" feature on the
679 prerequisites of both explicit and implicit (pattern) rules. In order
680 to enable this feature, the special target '.SECONDEXPANSION' must be
681 defined before the first target which takes advantage of it. If this
682 feature is enabled then after all rules have been parsed the
683 prerequisites are expanded again, this time with all the automatic
684 variables in scope. This means that in addition to using standard
685 SysV $$@ in prerequisites lists, you can also use complex functions
686 such as $$(notdir $$@) etc. This behavior applies to implicit rules,
687 as well, where the second expansion occurs when the rule is matched.
688 However, this means that when '.SECONDEXPANSION' is enabled you must
689 double-quote any "$" in your filenames; instead of "foo: boo$$bar" you
690 now must write "foo: foo$$$$bar". Note that the SysV $$@ etc. feature,
691 which used to be available by default, is now ONLY available when the
692 .SECONDEXPANSION target is defined. If your makefiles take advantage
693 of this SysV feature you will need to update them.
695 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
696 In order to comply with POSIX, the way in which GNU make processes
697 backslash-newline sequences in recipes has changed. If your makefiles
698 use backslash-newline sequences inside of single-quoted strings in
699 recipes you will be impacted by this change. See the GNU make manual
700 subsection "Splitting Recipe Lines" (node "Splitting Lines"), in
701 section "Recipe Syntax", chapter "Writing Recipe in Rules", for
704 * WARNING: Backward-incompatibility!
705 Some previous versions of GNU make had a bug where "#" in a function
706 invocation such as $(shell ...) was treated as a make comment. A
707 workaround was to escape these with backslashes. This bug has been
708 fixed: if your makefile uses "\#" in a function invocation the
709 backslash is now preserved, so you'll need to remove it.
711 * New command line option: -L (--check-symlink-times). On systems that
712 support symbolic links, if this option is given then GNU make will
713 use the most recent modification time of any symbolic links that are
714 used to resolve target files. The default behavior remains as it
715 always has: use the modification time of the actual target file only.
717 * The "else" conditional line can now be followed by any other valid
718 conditional on the same line: this does not increase the depth of the
719 conditional nesting, so only one "endif" is required to close the
722 * All pattern-specific variables that match a given target are now used
723 (previously only the first match was used).
725 * Target-specific variables can be marked as exportable using the
728 * In a recursive $(call ...) context, any extra arguments from the outer
729 call are now masked in the context of the inner call.
731 * Implemented a solution for the "thundering herd" problem with "-j -l".
732 This version of GNU make uses an algorithm suggested by Thomas Riedl
733 <thomas.riedl@siemens.com> to track the number of jobs started in the
734 last second and artificially adjust GNU make's view of the system's
735 load average accordingly.
737 * New special variables available in this release:
738 - .INCLUDE_DIRS: Expands to a list of directories that make searches
739 for included makefiles.
740 - .FEATURES: Contains a list of special features available in this
742 - .DEFAULT_GOAL: Set the name of the default goal make will
743 use if no goals are provided on the command line.
744 - MAKE_RESTARTS: If set, then this is the number of times this
745 instance of make has been restarted (see "How Makefiles Are Remade"
747 - New automatic variable: $| (added in 3.80, actually): contains all
748 the order-only prerequisites defined for the target.
750 * New functions available in this release:
751 - $(lastword ...) returns the last word in the list. This gives
752 identical results as $(word $(words ...) ...), but is much faster.
753 - $(abspath ...) returns the absolute path (all "." and ".."
754 directories resolved, and any duplicate "/" characters removed) for
756 - $(realpath ...) returns the canonical pathname for each path
757 provided. The canonical pathname is the absolute pathname, with
758 all symbolic links resolved as well.
759 - $(info ...) prints its arguments to stdout. No makefile name or
760 line number info, etc. is printed.
761 - $(flavor ...) returns the flavor of a variable.
762 - $(or ...) provides a short-circuiting OR conditional: each argument
763 is expanded. The first true (non-empty) argument is returned; no
764 further arguments are expanded. Expands to empty if there are no
766 - $(and ...) provides a short-circuiting AND conditional: each
767 argument is expanded. The first false (empty) argument is
768 returned; no further arguments are expanded. Expands to the last
769 argument if all arguments are true.
771 * Changes made for POSIX compatibility:
772 - Only touch targets (under -t) if they have a recipe.
773 - Setting the SHELL make variable does NOT change the value of the
774 SHELL environment variable given to programs invoked by make. As
775 an enhancement to POSIX, if you export the make variable SHELL then
776 it will be set in the environment, just as before.
778 * On MS Windows systems, explicitly setting SHELL to a pathname ending
779 in "cmd" or "cmd.exe" (case-insensitive) will force GNU make to use
780 the DOS command interpreter in batch mode even if a UNIX-like shell
781 could be found on the system.
783 * On VMS there is now support for case-sensitive filesystems such as ODS5.
784 See the README.VMS file for information.
786 * Parallel builds (-jN) no longer require a working Bourne shell on
787 Windows platforms. They work even with the stock Windows shells, such
788 as cmd.exe and command.com.
790 * Updated to autoconf 2.59, automake 1.9.5, and gettext 0.14.1. Users
791 should not be impacted.
793 * New translations for Swedish, Chinese (simplified), Ukrainian,
794 Belarusian, Finnish, Kinyarwandan, and Irish. Many updated
797 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
799 https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=103
802 Version 3.80 (03 Oct 2002)
804 * A new feature exists: order-only prerequisites. These prerequisites
805 affect the order in which targets are built, but they do not impact
806 the rebuild/no-rebuild decision of their dependents. That is to say,
807 they allow you to require target B be built before target A, without
808 requiring that target A will always be rebuilt if target B is updated.
809 Patch for this feature provided by Greg McGary <greg@mcgary.org>.
811 * For compatibility with SysV make, GNU make now supports the peculiar
812 syntax $$@, $$(@D), and $$(@F) in the prerequisites list of a rule.
813 This syntax is only valid within explicit and static pattern rules: it
814 cannot be used in implicit (suffix or pattern) rules. Edouard G. Parmelan
815 <egp@free.fr> provided a patch implementing this feature; however, I
816 decided to implement it in a different way.
818 * The argument to the "ifdef" conditional is now expanded before it's
819 tested, so it can be a constructed variable name.
821 Similarly, the arguments to "export" (when not used in a variable
822 definition context) and "unexport" are also now expanded.
824 * A new function is defined: $(value ...). The argument to this
825 function is the _name_ of a variable. The result of the function is
826 the value of the variable, without having been expanded.
828 * A new function is defined: $(eval ...). The arguments to this
829 function should expand to makefile commands, which will then be
830 evaluated as if they had appeared in the makefile. In combination
831 with define/endef multiline variable definitions this is an extremely
832 powerful capability. The $(value ...) function is also sometimes
835 * A new built-in variable is defined, $(MAKEFILE_LIST). It contains a
836 list of each makefile GNU make has read, or started to read, in the
837 order in which they were encountered. So, the last filename in the
838 list when a makefile is just being read (before any includes) is the
839 name of the current makefile.
841 * A new built-in variable is defined: $(.VARIABLES). When it is
842 expanded it returns a complete list of variable names defined by all
843 makefiles at that moment.
845 * A new command line option is defined, -B or --always-make. If
846 specified GNU make will consider all targets out-of-date even if they
847 would otherwise not be.
849 * The arguments to $(call ...) functions were being stored in $1, $2,
850 etc. as recursive variables, even though they are fully expanded
851 before assignment. This means that escaped dollar signs ($$ etc.)
852 were not behaving properly. Now the arguments are stored as simple
853 variables. This may mean that if you added extra escaping to your
854 $(call ...) function arguments you will need to undo it now.
856 * The variable invoked by $(call ...) can now be recursive: unlike other
857 variables it can reference itself and this will not produce an error
858 when it is used as the first argument to $(call ...) (but only then).
860 * New pseudo-target .LOW_RESOLUTION_TIME, superseding the configure
861 option --disable-nsec-timestamps. You might need this if your build
862 process depends on tools like "cp -p" preserving time stamps, since
863 "cp -p" (right now) doesn't preserve the subsecond portion of a time
866 * Updated translations for French, Galician, German, Japanese, Korean,
867 and Russian. New translations for Croatian, Danish, Hebrew, and
870 * Updated internationalization support to Gettext 0.11.5.
871 GNU make now uses Gettext's "external" feature, and does not include
872 any internationalization code itself. Configure will search your
873 system for an existing implementation of GNU Gettext (only GNU Gettext
874 is acceptable) and use it if it exists. If not, NLS will be disabled.
875 See ABOUT-NLS for more information.
877 * Updated to autoconf 2.54 and automake 1.7. Users should not be impacted.
879 * VMS-specific changes:
881 * In default.c define variable ARCH as IA64 for VMS on Itanium systems.
883 * In makefile.vms avoid name collision for glob and globfree.
885 * This is the VMS port of GNU Make done by Hartmut.Becker@compaq.com.
887 It is based on the specific version 3.77k and on 3.78.1. 3.77k was done
888 by Klaus Kämpf <kkaempf@rmi.de>, the code was based on the VMS port of
889 GNU Make 3.60 by Mike Moretti.
891 It was ported on OpenVMS/Alpha V7.1, DECC V5.7-006. It was re-build and
892 tested on OpenVMS/Alpha V7.2, OpenVMS/VAX 7.1 and 5.5-2. Different
893 versions of DECC were used. VAXC was tried: it fails; but it doesn't
894 seem worth to get it working. There are still some PTRMISMATCH warnings
895 during the compile. Although perl is working on VMS the test scripts
896 don't work. The function $shell is still missing.
898 There is a known bug in some of the VMS CRTLs. It is in the shipped
899 versions of VMS V7.2 and V7.2-1 and in the currently (October 1999)
900 available ECOs for VMS V7.1 and newer versions. It is fixed in versions
901 shipped with newer VMS versions and all ECO kits after October 1999. It
902 only shows up during the daylight saving time period (DST): stat()
903 returns a modification time 1 hour ahead. This results in GNU make
904 warning messages. For a just created source you will see:
907 gmake.exe;1: *** Warning: File 'x.c' has modification time in the future
908 (940582863 > 940579269)
910 link x.obj /exe=x.exe
911 gmake.exe;1: *** Warning: Clock skew detected. Your build may be
915 A complete list of bugs fixed in this version is available here:
917 https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?group=make&report_id=111&fix_release_id=102
920 Version 3.79.1 (23 Jun 2000)
922 * .SECONDARY with no prerequisites now prevents any target from being
923 removed because make thinks it's an intermediate file, not just those
924 listed in the makefile.
926 * New configure option --disable-nsec-timestamps, but this was
927 superseded in later versions by the .LOW_RESOLUTION_TIME pseudo-target.
929 Version 3.79 (04 Apr 2000)
931 * GNU make optionally supports internationalization and locales via the
932 GNU gettext (or local gettext if suitable) package. See the ABOUT-NLS
933 file for more information on configuring GNU make for NLS.
935 * Previously, GNU make quoted variables such as MAKEFLAGS and
936 MAKEOVERRIDES for proper parsing by the shell. This allowed them to
937 be used within make build scripts. However, using them there is not
938 proper behavior: they are meant to be passed to subshells via the
939 environment. Unfortunately the values were not quoted properly to be
940 passed through the environment. This meant that make didn't properly
941 pass some types of command line values to submakes.
943 With this version we change that behavior: now these variables are
944 quoted properly for passing through the environment, which is the
945 correct way to do it. If you previously used these variables
946 explicitly within a make rule you may need to re-examine your use for
947 correctness given this change.
949 * A new pseudo-target .NOTPARALLEL is available. If defined, the
950 current makefile is run serially regardless of the value of -j.
951 However, submakes are still eligible for parallel execution.
953 * The --debug option has changed: it now allows optional flags
954 controlling the amount and type of debugging output. By default only
955 a minimal amount information is generated, displaying the names of
956 "normal" targets (not makefiles) that were deemed out of date and in
957 need of being rebuilt.
959 Note that the -d option behaves as before: it takes no arguments and
960 all debugging information is generated.
962 * The `-p' (print database) output now includes filename and linenumber
963 information for variable definitions, to aid debugging.
965 * The wordlist function no longer reverses its arguments if the "start"
966 value is greater than the "end" value. If that's true, nothing is
969 * Hartmut Becker provided many updates for the VMS port of GNU make.
970 See the README.VMS file for more details.
972 * VMS-specific changes:
974 * Fix a problem with automatically remaking makefiles. GNU make uses an
975 execve to restart itself after a successful remake of the makefile. On
976 UNIX systems execve replaces the running program with a new one and
977 resets all signal handling to the default. On VMS execve creates a child
978 process, signal and exit handlers of the parent are still active, and,
979 unfortunately, corrupt the exit code from the child. Fix in job.c:
982 * Added some switches to reflect latest features of DECC. Modifications in
985 * Set some definitions to reflect latest features of DECC. Modifications in
986 config.h-vms (which is copied to config.h).
988 * Added extern strcmpi declaration to avoid 'implicitly declared' messages.
989 Modification in make.h.
991 * Default rule for C++, conditionals for gcc (GCC_IS_NATIVE) or DEC/Digital/
992 Compaq c/c++ compilers. Modifications in default.c.
994 * Usage of opendir() and friends, suppress file version. Modifications in
997 * Added VMS specific code to handle ctrl+c and ctrl+y to abort make.
998 Modifications in job.c.
1000 * Added support to have case sensitive targets and dependencies but to
1001 still use case blind file names. This is especially useful for Java
1005 .SUFFIXES : .class .java
1008 HelloWorld.class : HelloWorld.java
1010 * A new macro WANT_CASE_SENSITIVE_TARGETS in config.h-vms was introduced.
1011 It needs to be enabled to get this feature; default is disabled. The
1012 macro HAVE_CASE_INSENSITIVE_FS must not be touched: it is still enabled.
1013 Modifications in file.c and config.h-vms.
1015 * Bootstrap make to start building make is still makefile.com, but make
1016 needs to be re-made with a make to make a correct version: ignore all
1017 possible warnings, delete all objects, rename make.exe to a different
1020 * Made some minor modifications to the bootstrap build makefile.com.
1022 Version 3.78 (22 Sep 1999)
1024 * Two new functions, $(error ...) and $(warning ...) are available. The
1025 former will cause make to fail and exit immediately upon expansion of
1026 the function, with the text provided as the error message. The latter
1027 causes the text provided to be printed as a warning message, but make
1030 * A new function $(call ...) is available. This allows users to create
1031 their own parameterized macros and invoke them later. Original
1032 implementation of this function was provided by Han-Wen Nienhuys
1035 * A new function $(if ...) is available. It provides if-then-else
1036 capabilities in a builtin function. Original implementation of this
1037 function was provided by Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@cs.uu.nl>.
1039 * Make defines a new variable, .LIBPATTERNS. This variable controls how
1040 library dependency expansion (dependencies like ``-lfoo'') is performed.
1042 * Make accepts CRLF sequences as well as traditional LF, for
1043 compatibility with makefiles created on other operating systems.
1045 * Make accepts a new option: -R, or --no-builtin-variables. This option
1046 disables the definition of the rule-specific builtin variables (CC,
1047 LD, AR, etc.). Specifying this option forces -r (--no-builtin-rules)
1050 * A "job server" feature, suggested by Howard Chu <hyc@highlandsun.com>.
1052 On systems that support POSIX pipe(2) semantics, GNU make can now pass
1053 -jN options to submakes rather than forcing them all to use -j1. The
1054 top make and all its sub-make processes use a pipe to communicate with
1055 each other to ensure that no more than N jobs are started across all
1056 makes. To get the old behavior of -j back, you can configure make
1057 with the --disable-job-server option.
1059 * The confusing term "dependency" has been replaced by the more accurate
1060 and standard term "prerequisite", both in the manual and in all GNU make
1063 * GNU make supports the "big archive" library format introduced in AIX 4.3.
1065 * GNU make supports large files on AIX, HP-UX, and IRIX. These changes
1066 were provided by Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>. (Large file
1067 support for Solaris and Linux was introduced in 3.77, but the
1068 configuration had issues: these have also been resolved).
1070 * The Windows 95/98/NT (W32) version of GNU make now has native support
1071 for the Cygnus Cygwin release B20.1 shell (bash).
1073 * The GNU make regression test suite, long available separately "under
1074 the table", has been integrated into the release. You can invoke it
1075 by running "make check" in the distribution. Note that it requires
1076 Perl (either Perl 4 or Perl 5) to run.
1078 Version 3.77 (28 Jul 1998)
1080 * Implement BSD make's "?=" variable assignment operator. The variable
1081 is assigned the specified value only if that variable is not already
1084 * Make defines a new variable, "CURDIR", to contain the current working
1085 directory (after the -C option, if any, has been processed).
1086 Modifying this variable has no effect on the operation of make.
1088 * Make defines a new default RCS rule, for new-style master file
1089 storage: ``% :: RCS/%'' (note no ``,v'' suffix).
1091 Make defines new default rules for DOS-style C++ file naming
1092 conventions, with ``.cpp'' suffixes. All the same rules as for
1093 ``.cc'' and ``.C'' suffixes are provided, along with LINK.cpp and
1094 COMPILE.cpp macros (which default to the same value as LINK.cc and
1095 COMPILE.cc). Note CPPFLAGS is still C preprocessor flags! You should
1096 use CXXFLAGS to change C++ compiler flags.
1098 * A new feature, "target-specific variable values", has been added.
1099 This is a large change so please see the appropriate sections of the
1100 manual for full details. Briefly, syntax like this:
1102 TARGET: VARIABLE = VALUE
1104 defines VARIABLE as VALUE within the context of TARGET. This is
1105 similar to SunOS make's "TARGET := VARIABLE = VALUE" feature. Note
1106 that the assignment may be of any type, not just recursive, and that
1107 the override keyword is available.
1109 COMPATIBILITY: This new syntax means that if you have any rules where
1110 the first or second dependency has an equal sign (=) in its name,
1111 you'll have to escape them with a backslash: "foo : bar\=baz".
1112 Further, if you have any dependencies which already contain "\=",
1113 you'll have to escape both of them: "foo : bar\\\=baz".
1115 * A new appendix listing the most common error and warning messages
1116 generated by GNU make, with some explanation, has been added to the
1117 GNU make User's Manual.
1119 * Updates to the GNU make Customs library support (see README.customs).
1121 * Updates to the Windows 95/NT port from Rob Tulloh (see README.W32),
1122 and to the DOS port from Eli Zaretski (see README.DOS).
1124 * VMS-specific changes:
1126 * This is the VMS port of GNU Make.
1127 It is based on the VMS port of GNU Make 3.60 by Mike Moretti.
1128 This port was done by Klaus Kämpf <kkaempf@rmi.de>
1130 * There is first-level support available from proGIS Software, Germany.
1131 Visit their web-site at https://www.progis.de to get information
1132 about other vms software and forthcoming updates to gnu make.
1134 * /bin/sh style I/O redirection is supported. You can now write lines like
1135 mcr sys$disk:[]program.exe < input.txt > output.txt &> error.txt
1137 * Makefile variables are looked up in the current environment. You can set
1138 symbols or logicals in DCL and evaluate them in the Makefile via
1139 $(<name-of-symbol-or-logical>). Variables defined in the Makefile
1140 override VMS symbols/logicals !
1142 * Functions for file names are working now. See the GNU Make manual for
1143 $(dir ...) and $(wildcard ...). Unix-style and VMS-style names are
1144 supported as arguments.
1146 * The default rules are set up for GNU C. Building an executable from a
1147 single source file is as easy as 'make file.exe'.
1149 * The variable $(ARCH) is predefined as ALPHA or VAX resp. Makefiles for
1150 different VMS systems can now be written by checking $(ARCH) as in
1151 ifeq ($(ARCH),ALPHA)
1152 $(ECHO) "On the Alpha"
1154 $(ECHO) "On the VAX"
1157 * Command lines of excessive length are correctly broken and written to a
1158 batch file in sys$scratch for later execution. There's no limit to the
1159 lengths of commands (and no need for .opt files :-) any more.
1161 * Empty commands are handled correctly and don't end in a new DCL process.
1163 Version 3.76.1 (19 Sep 1997)
1165 * Small (but serious) bug fix. Quick rollout to get into the GNU source CD.
1167 Version 3.76 (16 Sep 1997)
1169 * GNU make now uses automake to control Makefile.in generation. This
1170 should make it more consistent with the GNU standards.
1172 * VPATH functionality has been changed to incorporate the VPATH+ patch,
1173 previously maintained by Paul Smith <psmith@baynetworks.com>. See the
1176 * Make defines a new variable, `MAKECMDGOALS', to contain the goals that
1177 were specified on the command line, if any. Modifying this variable
1178 has no effect on the operation of make.
1180 * A new function, `$(wordlist S,E,TEXT)', is available: it returns a
1181 list of words from number S to number E (inclusive) of TEXT.
1183 * Instead of an error, detection of future modification times gives a
1184 warning and continues. The warning is repeated just before GNU make
1185 exits, so it is less likely to be lost.
1187 * Fix the $(basename) and $(suffix) functions so they only operate on
1188 the last filename, not the entire string:
1190 Command Old Result New Result
1191 ------- ---------- ----------
1193 $(basename a.b/c) a a.b/c
1195 $(suffix a.b/c) b/c <empty>
1197 * The $(strip) function now removes newlines as well as TABs and spaces.
1199 * The $(shell) function now changes CRLF (\r\n) pairs to a space as well
1202 * Updates to the Windows 95/NT port from Rob Tulloh (see README.W32).
1204 * Eli Zaretskii has updated the port to 32-bit protected mode on MSDOS
1205 and MS-Windows, building with the DJGPP v2 port of GNU C/C++ compiler
1206 and utilities. See README.DOS for details, and direct all questions
1207 concerning this port to Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il> or DJ
1208 Delorie <dj@delorie.com>.
1210 * VMS-specific changes:
1212 * John W. Eaton has updated the VMS port to support libraries and VPATH.
1214 * The cd command is supported if it's called as $(CD). This invokes
1215 the 'builtin_cd' command which changes the directory.
1216 Calling 'set def' doesn't do the trick, since a sub-shell is
1217 spawned for this command, the directory is changed *in this sub-shell*
1218 and the sub-shell ends.
1220 * Libraries are not supported. They were in GNU Make 3.60 but somehow I
1221 didn't care porting the code. If there is enough interest, I'll do it at
1224 * The variable $^ separates files with commas instead of spaces (It's the
1225 natural thing to do for VMS).
1227 * See defaults.c for VMS default suffixes and my definitions for default
1228 rules and variables.
1230 * The shell function is not implemented yet.
1232 * Load average routines haven't been implemented for VMS yet.
1234 * The default include directory for including other makefiles is
1235 SYS$SYSROOT:[SYSLIB] (I don't remember why I didn't just use
1236 SYS$LIBRARY: instead; maybe it wouldn't work that way).
1238 * The default makefiles make looks for are: makefile.vms, gnumakefile,
1239 makefile., and gnumakefile. .
1241 * The stat() function and handling of time stamps in VMS is broken, so I
1242 replaced it with a hack in vmsfunctions.c. I will provide a full rewrite
1243 somewhere in the future. Be warned, the time resolution inside make is
1244 less than what vms provides. This might be a problem on the faster Alphas.
1246 * You can use a : in a filename only if you precede it with a backslash ('\').
1247 E.g.- hobbes\:[bogas.files]
1249 * Make ignores success, informational, or warning errors (-S-, -I-, or -W-).
1250 But it will stop on -E- and -F- errors. (unless you do something
1251 to override this in your makefile, or whatever).
1253 * Remote stuff isn't implemented yet.
1255 * Multiple line DCL commands, such as "if" statements, must be put inside
1256 command files. You can run a command file by using \@.
1258 Version 3.75 (27 Aug 1996)
1260 * The directory messages printed by `-w' and implicitly in sub-makes,
1261 are now omitted if Make runs no commands and has no other messages to print.
1263 * Make now detects files that for whatever reason have modification times
1264 in the future and gives an error. Files with such impossible timestamps
1265 can result from unsynchronized clocks, or archived distributions
1266 containing bogus timestamps; they confuse Make's dependency engine
1269 * The new directive `sinclude' is now recognized as another name for
1270 `-include', for compatibility with some other Makes.
1272 * Aaron Digulla has contributed a port to AmigaDOS. See README.Amiga for
1273 details, and direct all Amiga-related questions to <digulla@fh-konstanz.de>.
1275 * Rob Tulloh of Tivoli Systems has contributed a port to Windows NT or 95.
1276 See README.W32 for details, and direct all Windows-related questions to
1277 <rob_tulloh@tivoli.com>.
1279 * VMS-specific changes:
1281 * Lots of default settings are adapted for VMS. See default.c.
1283 * Long command lines are now converted to command files.
1285 * Comma (',') as a separator is now allowed. See makefile.vms for an example.
1287 Version 3.73 (05 Apr 1995)
1289 * Converted to use Autoconf version 2, so `configure' has some new options.
1290 See INSTALL for details.
1292 * You can now send a SIGUSR1 signal to Make to toggle printing of debugging
1293 output enabled by -d, at any time during the run.
1295 Version 3.72 (04 Nov 1994)
1297 * DJ Delorie has ported Make to MS-DOS using the GO32 extender.
1298 He is maintaining the DOS port, not the GNU Make maintainer;
1299 please direct bugs and questions for DOS to <djgpp@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>.
1300 MS-DOS binaries are available for FTP from ftp.simtel.net in
1301 /pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/.
1303 * The `MAKEFLAGS' variable (in the environment or in a makefile) can now
1304 contain variable definitions itself; these are treated just like
1305 command line variable definitions. Make will automatically insert any
1306 variable definitions from the environment value of `MAKEFLAGS' or from
1307 the command line, into the `MAKEFLAGS' value exported to children. The
1308 `MAKEOVERRIDES' variable previously included in the value of `$(MAKE)'
1309 for sub-makes is now included in `MAKEFLAGS' instead. As before, you can
1310 reset `MAKEOVERRIDES' in your makefile to avoid putting all the variables
1311 in the environment when its size is limited.
1313 * If `.DELETE_ON_ERROR' appears as a target, Make will delete the target of
1314 a rule if it has changed when its recipe exits with a nonzero status,
1315 just as when the recipe gets a signal.
1317 * The automatic variable `$+' is new. It lists all the dependencies like
1318 `$^', but preserves duplicates listed in the makefile. This is useful
1319 for linking rules, where library files sometimes need to be listed twice
1322 * You can now specify the `.IGNORE' and `.SILENT' special targets with
1323 dependencies to limit their effects to those files. If a file appears as
1324 a dependency of `.IGNORE', then errors will be ignored while running the
1325 recipe to update that file. Likewise if a file appears as a dependency
1326 of `.SILENT', then the recipe to update that file will not be printed
1327 before it is run. (This change was made to conform to POSIX.2.)
1329 Version 3.71 (21 May 1994)
1331 * The automatic variables `$(@D)', `$(%D)', `$(*D)', `$(<D)', `$(?D)', and
1332 `$(^D)' now omit the trailing slash from the directory name. (This change
1333 was made to comply with POSIX.2.)
1335 * The source distribution now includes the Info files for the Make manual.
1336 There is no longer a separate distribution containing Info and DVI files.
1338 * You can now set the variables `binprefix' and/or `manprefix' in
1339 Makefile.in (or on the command line when installing) to install GNU make
1340 under a name other than `make' (i.e., ``make binprefix=g install''
1341 installs GNU make as `gmake').
1343 * The built-in Texinfo rules use the new variables `TEXI2DVI_FLAGS' for
1344 flags to the `texi2dvi' script, and `MAKEINFO_FLAGS' for flags to the
1347 * The exit status of Make when it runs into errors is now 2 instead of 1.
1348 The exit status is 1 only when using -q and some target is not up to date.
1349 (This change was made to comply with POSIX.2.)
1351 Version 3.70 (03 Jan 1994)
1353 * It is no longer a fatal error to have a NUL character in a makefile.
1354 You should never put a NUL in a makefile because it can have strange
1355 results, but otherwise empty lines full of NULs (such as produced by
1356 the `xmkmf' program) will always work fine.
1358 * The error messages for nonexistent included makefiles now refer to the
1359 makefile name and line number where the `include' appeared, so Emacs's
1360 C-x ` command takes you there (in case it's a typo you need to fix).
1362 Version 3.69 (07 Nov 1993)
1364 * Implicit rule search for archive member references is now done in the
1365 opposite order from previous versions: the whole target name `LIB(MEM)'
1366 first, and just the member name and parentheses `(MEM)' second.
1368 * Make now gives an error for an unterminated variable or function reference.
1369 For example, `$(foo' with no matching `)' or `${bar' with no matching `}'.
1371 * The new default variable `MAKE_VERSION' gives the version number of
1372 Make, and a string describing the remote job support compiled in (if any).
1373 Thus the value (in this release) is something like `3.69' or `3.69-Customs'.
1375 * Commands in an invocation of the `shell' function are no longer run
1376 with a modified environment like recipes are. As in versions before
1377 3.68, they now run with the environment that `make' started with. We
1378 have reversed the change made in version 3.68 because it turned out to
1379 cause a paradoxical situation in cases like:
1381 export variable = $(shell echo value)
1383 When Make attempted to put this variable in the environment for a
1384 recipe, it would try expand the value by running the shell command
1385 `echo value'. In version 3.68, because it constructed an environment
1386 for that shell command in the same way, Make would begin to go into an
1387 infinite loop and then get a fatal error when it detected the loop.
1389 * The recipe given for `.DEFAULT' is now used for phony targets with no
1392 Version 3.68 (28 Jul 1993)
1394 * You can list several archive member names inside parenthesis:
1395 `lib(mem1 mem2 mem3)' is equivalent to `lib(mem1) lib(mem2) lib(mem3)'.
1397 * You can use wildcards inside archive member references. For example,
1398 `lib(*.o)' expands to all existing members of `lib' whose names end in
1399 `.o' (e.g. `lib(a.o) lib(b.o)'); `*.a(*.o)' expands to all such members
1400 of all existing files whose names end in `.a' (e.g. `foo.a(a.o)
1401 foo.a(b.o) bar.a(c.o) bar.a(d.o)'.
1403 * A suffix rule `.X.a' now produces two pattern rules:
1404 (%.o): %.X # Previous versions produced only this.
1405 %.a: %.X # Now produces this as well, just like other suffixes.
1407 * The new flag `--warn-undefined-variables' says to issue a warning message
1408 whenever Make expands a reference to an undefined variable.
1410 * The new `-include' directive is just like `include' except that there is
1411 no error (not even a warning) for a nonexistent makefile.
1413 * Commands in an invocation of the `shell' function are now run with a
1414 modified environment like recipes are, so you can use `export' et al
1415 to set up variables for them. They used to run with the environment
1416 that `make' started with.
1418 Version 3.66 (21 May 1993)
1420 * `make --version' (or `make -v') now exits immediately after printing
1423 Version 3.65 (09 May 1993)
1425 * Make now supports long-named members in `ar' archive files.
1427 Version 3.64 (21 Apr 1993)
1429 * Make now supports the `+=' syntax for a variable definition which appends
1430 to the variable's previous value. See the section `Appending More Text
1431 to Variables' in the manual for full details.
1433 * The new option `--no-print-directory' inhibits the `-w' or
1434 `--print-directory' feature. Make turns on `--print-directory'
1435 automatically if you use `-C' or `--directory', and in sub-makes; some
1436 users have found this behavior undesirable.
1438 * The built-in implicit rules now support the alternative extension
1439 `.txinfo' for Texinfo files, just like `.texinfo' and `.texi'.
1441 Version 3.63 (22 Jan 1993)
1443 * Make now uses a standard GNU `configure' script. See the new file
1444 INSTALL for the new (and much simpler) installation procedure.
1446 * There is now a shell script to build Make the first time, if you have no
1447 other `make' program. `build.sh' is created by `configure'; see README.
1449 * GNU Make now completely conforms to the POSIX.2 specification for `make'.
1451 * Elements of the `$^' and `$?' automatic variables that are archive
1452 member references now list only the member name, as in Unix and POSIX.2.
1454 * You should no longer ever need to specify the `-w' switch, which prints
1455 the current directory before and after Make runs. The `-C' switch to
1456 change directory, and recursive use of Make, now set `-w' automatically.
1458 * Multiple double-colon rules for the same target will no longer have their
1459 recipes run simultaneously under -j, as this could result in the two
1460 recipes trying to change the file at the same time and interfering with
1463 * The `SHELL' variable is now never taken from the environment.
1464 Each makefile that wants a shell other than the default (/bin/sh) must
1465 set SHELL itself. SHELL is always exported to child processes.
1466 This change was made for compatibility with POSIX.2.
1468 * Make now accepts long options. There is now an informative usage message
1469 that tells you what all the options are and what they do. Try `make --help'.
1471 * There are two new directives: `export' and `unexport'. All variables are
1472 no longer automatically put into the environments of the recipe lines that
1473 Make runs. Instead, only variables specified on the command line or in
1474 the environment are exported by default. To export others, use:
1476 or you can define variables with:
1477 export VARIABLE = VALUE
1479 export VARIABLE := VALUE
1483 .EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES:
1484 to get the old behavior. See the node `Variables/Recursion' in the manual
1485 for a full description.
1487 * The recipe from the `.DEFAULT' special target is only applied to
1488 targets which have no rules at all, not all targets with no recipe.
1489 This change was made for compatibility with Unix make.
1491 * All fatal error messages now contain `***', so they are easy to find in
1494 * Dependency file names like `-lNAME' are now replaced with the actual file
1495 name found, as with files found by normal directory search (VPATH).
1496 The library file `libNAME.a' may now be found in the current directory,
1497 which is checked before VPATH; the standard set of directories (/lib,
1498 /usr/lib, /usr/local/lib) is now checked last.
1499 See the node `Libraries/Search' in the manual for full details.
1501 * A single `include' directive can now specify more than one makefile to
1504 You can also use shell file name patterns in an `include' directive:
1507 * The default directories to search for included makefiles, and for
1508 libraries specified with `-lNAME', are now set by configuration.
1510 * You can now use blanks as well as colons to separate the directories in a
1511 search path for the `vpath' directive or the `VPATH' variable.
1513 * You can now use variables and functions in the left hand side of a
1514 variable assignment, as in "$(foo)bar = value".
1516 * The `MAKE' variable is always defined as `$(MAKE_COMMAND) $(MAKEOVERRIDES)'.
1517 The `MAKE_COMMAND' variable is now defined to the name with which make
1520 * The built-in rules for C++ compilation now use the variables `$(CXX)' and
1521 `$(CXXFLAGS)' instead of `$(C++)' and `$(C++FLAGS)'. The old names had
1522 problems with shells that cannot have `+' in environment variable names.
1524 * The value of a recursively expanded variable is now expanded when putting
1525 it into the environment for child processes. This change was made for
1526 compatibility with Unix make.
1528 * A rule with no targets before the `:' is now accepted and ignored.
1529 This change was made for compatibility with SunOS 4 make.
1530 We do not recommend that you write your makefiles to take advantage of this.
1532 * The `-I' switch can now be used in MAKEFLAGS, and are put there
1533 automatically just like other switches.
1537 * Built-in rules for C++ source files with the `.C' suffix.
1538 We still recommend that you use `.cc' instead.
1540 * If a recipe is given too many times for a single target, the last one
1541 given is used, and a warning message is printed.
1543 * Error messages about makefiles are in standard GNU error format,
1544 so C-x ` in Emacs works on them.
1546 * Dependencies of pattern rules which contain no % need not actually exist
1547 if they can be created (just like dependencies which do have a %).
1551 * A message is always printed when Make decides there is nothing to be done.
1552 It used to be that no message was printed for top-level phony targets
1553 (because "`phony' is up to date" isn't quite right). Now a different
1554 message "Nothing to be done for `phony'" is printed in that case.
1556 * Archives on AIX now supposedly work.
1558 * When the recipes specified for .DEFAULT are used to update a target,
1559 the $< automatic variable is given the same value as $@ for that target.
1560 This is how Unix make behaves, and this behavior is mandated by POSIX.2.
1564 * The -n, -q, and -t options are not put in the `MAKEFLAGS' and `MFLAG'
1565 variables while remaking makefiles, so recursive makes done while remaking
1566 makefiles will behave properly.
1568 * If the special target `.NOEXPORT' is specified in a makefile,
1569 only variables that came from the environment and variables
1570 defined on the command line are exported.
1574 * Suffix rules may have dependencies (which are ignored).
1578 * Dependencies of the form `-lLIB' are searched for as /usr/local/lib/libLIB.a
1579 as well as libLIB.a in /usr/lib, /lib, the current directory, and VPATH.
1583 * There is now a Unix man page for GNU Make. It is certainly not a
1584 replacement for the Texinfo manual, but it documents the basic
1585 functionality and the switches. For full documentation, you should
1586 still read the Texinfo manual. Thanks to Dennis Morse of Stanford
1587 University for contributing the initial version of this.
1589 * Variables which are defined by default (e.g., `CC') will no longer be
1590 put into the environment for child processes. (If these variables are
1591 reset by the environment, makefiles, or the command line, they will
1592 still go into the environment.)
1594 * Makefiles which have recipes but no dependencies (and thus are always
1595 considered out of date and in need of remaking), will not be remade (if they
1596 were being remade only because they were makefiles). This means that GNU
1597 Make will no longer go into an infinite loop when fed the makefiles that
1598 `imake' (necessary to build X Windows) produces.
1600 * There is no longer a warning for using the `vpath' directive with an explicit
1601 pathname (instead of a `%' pattern).
1605 * When removing intermediate files, only one `rm' command line is printed,
1606 listing all file names.
1608 * There are now automatic variables `$(^D)', `$(^F)', `$(?D)', and `$(?F)'.
1609 These are the directory-only and file-only versions of `$^' and `$?'.
1611 * Library dependencies given as `-lNAME' will use "libNAME.a" in the current
1612 directory if it exists.
1614 * The automatic variable `$($/)' is no longer defined.
1616 * Leading `+' characters on a recipe line make that line be executed even
1617 under -n, -t, or -q (as if the line contained `$(MAKE)').
1619 * For recipe lines containing `$(MAKE)', `${MAKE}', or leading `+' characters,
1620 only those lines are executed, not the entire recipe.
1621 (This is how Unix make behaves for lines containing `$(MAKE)' or `${MAKE}'.)
1625 * Filenames in rules will now have ~ and ~USER expanded.
1627 * The `-p' output has been changed so it can be used as a makefile.
1628 (All information that isn't specified by makefiles is prefaced with comment
1633 * The % character can be quoted with backslash in implicit pattern rules,
1634 static pattern rules, `vpath' directives, and `patsubst', `filter', and
1635 `filter-out' functions. A warning is issued if a `vpath' directive's
1636 pattern contains no %.
1638 * The `wildcard' variable expansion function now expands ~ and ~USER.
1640 * Messages indicating failed recipe lines now contain the target name:
1641 make: *** [target] Error 1
1643 * The `-p' output format has been changed somewhat to look more like
1644 makefile rules and to give all information that Make has about files.
1650 * The `-l' switch with no argument removes any previous load-average limit.
1652 * When the `-w' switch is in effect, and Make has updated makefiles,
1653 it will write a `Leaving directory' message before re-executing itself.
1654 This makes the `directory change tracking' changes to Emacs's compilation
1655 commands work properly.
1659 * The automatic variable `$*' is now defined for explicit rules,
1660 as it is in Unix make.
1664 * The `-j' switch is now put in the MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS variables when
1665 specified without an argument (indicating infinite jobs).
1666 The `-l' switch is not always put in the MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS variables.
1668 * Make no longer checks hashed directories after running recipes.
1669 The behavior implemented in 3.41 caused too much slowdown.
1673 * A dependency is NOT considered newer than its dependent if
1674 they have the same modification time. The behavior implemented
1675 in 3.43 conflicts with RCS.
1679 * Dependency loops are no longer fatal errors.
1681 * A dependency is considered newer than its dependent if
1682 they have the same modification time.
1686 * The variables F77 and F77FLAGS are now set by default to $(FC) and
1687 $(FFLAGS). Makefiles designed for System V make may use these variables in
1688 explicit rules and expect them to be set. Unfortunately, there is no way to
1689 make setting these affect the Fortran implicit rules unless FC and FFLAGS
1690 are not used (and these are used by BSD make).
1694 * Make now checks to see if its hashed directories are changed by recipes.
1695 Other makes that hash directories (Sun, 4.3 BSD) don't do this.
1699 * The `shell' function no longer captures standard error output.
1703 * A file beginning with a dot can be the default target if it also contains
1704 a slash (e.g., `../bin/foo'). (Unix make allows this as well.)
1708 * Archive member names are truncated to 15 characters.
1710 * Yet more USG stuff.
1712 * Minimal support for Microport System V (a 16-bit machine and a
1713 brain-damaged compiler). This has even lower priority than other USG
1714 support, so if it gets beyond trivial, I will take it out completely.
1716 * Revamped default implicit rules (not much visible change).
1718 * The -d and -p options can come from the environment.
1722 * Improved support for USG and HPUX (hopefully).
1724 * A variable reference like `$(foo:a=b)', if `a' contains a `%', is
1725 equivalent to `$(patsubst a,b,$(foo))'.
1727 * Defining .DEFAULT with no deps or recipe clears its recipe.
1729 * New default implicit rules for .S (cpp, then as), and .sh (copy and
1730 make executable). All default implicit rules that use cpp (even
1731 indirectly), use $(CPPFLAGS).
1735 * Giving the -j option with no arguments gives you infinite jobs.
1739 * New option: "-l LOAD" says not to start any new jobs while others are
1740 running if the load average is not below LOAD (a floating-point number).
1742 * There is support in place for implementations of remote command execution
1743 in Make. See the file remote.c.
1747 * No more than 10 directories will be kept open at once.
1748 (This number can be changed by redefining MAX_OPEN_DIRECTORIES in dir.c.)
1752 * Archive files will have their modification times recorded before doing
1753 anything that might change their modification times by updating an archive
1758 * The `MAKELEVEL' variable is defined for use by makefiles.
1762 * The recursion level indications in error messages are much shorter than
1763 they were in version 3.14.
1767 * Leading spaces before directives are ignored (as documented).
1769 * Included makefiles can determine the default goal target.
1770 (System V Make does it this way, so we are being compatible).
1774 * Variables that are defaults built into Make will not be put in the
1775 environment for children. This just saves some environment space and,
1776 except under -e, will be transparent to sub-makes.
1778 * Error messages from sub-makes will indicate the level of recursion.
1780 * Hopefully some speed-up for large directories due to a change in the
1781 directory hashing scheme.
1783 * One child will always get a standard input that is usable.
1785 * Default makefiles that don't exist will be remade and read in.
1789 * Count parentheses inside expansion function calls so you can
1790 have nested calls: `$(sort $(foreach x,a b,$(x)))'.
1794 * Several bug fixes, including USG and Sun386i support.
1796 * `shell' function to expand shell commands a la `
1798 * If the `-d' flag is given, version information will be printed.
1800 * The `-c' option has been renamed to `-C' for compatibility with tar.
1802 * The `-p' option no longer inhibits other normal operation.
1804 * Makefiles will be updated and re-read if necessary.
1806 * Can now run several recipes at once (parallelism), -j option.
1808 * Error messages will contain the level of Make recursion, if any.
1810 * The `MAKEFLAGS' and `MFLAGS' variables will be scanned for options after
1813 * A double-colon rule with no dependencies will always have its recipe run.
1814 (This is how both the BSD and System V versions of Make do it.)
1818 (Changes from versions 1 through 3.05 were never recorded. Sorry.)
1820 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1821 Copyright (C) 1988-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
1822 This file is part of GNU Make.
1824 GNU Make is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
1825 terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
1826 Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
1829 GNU Make is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
1830 WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
1831 A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
1833 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
1834 this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.