Imported Upstream version 4.88

[platform/upstream/lsof.git] / 00PORTING

                Guide to Porting lsof 4 to Unix OS Dialects

**********************************************************************
| The latest release of lsof is always available via anonymous ftp   |
| from lsof.itap.purdue.edu.  Look in pub/lsof.README for its        |
| location.                                                          |
**********************************************************************

                            Contents

        How Lsof Works
        /proc-based Linux Lsof -- a Different Approach
        General Guidelines
        Organization
        Source File Naming Conventions
        Coding Philosophies
        Data Requirements
        Dlsof.h and #include's
        Definitions That Affect Compilation
        Options: Common and Special
        Defining Dialect-Specific Symbols and Global Storage
        Coding Dialect-specific Functions
        Function Prototype Definitions and the _PROTOTYPE Macro
        The Makefile
        The Mksrc Shell Script
        The MkKernOpts Shell Script
        Testing and the lsof Test Suite
        Where Next?


How Lsof Works
--------------

Before getting on with porting guidelines, just a word or two about
how lsof works.

Lsof obtains data about open UNIX dialect files by reading the
kernel's proc structure information, following it to the related
user structure, then reading the open file structures stored
(usually) in the user structure.  Typically lsof uses the kernel
memory devices, /dev/kmem, /dev/mem, etc. to read kernel data.

Lsof stores information from the proc and user structures in an
internal, local proc structure table.  It then processes the open
file structures by reading the file system nodes that lie behind
them, extracting and storing relevant data in internal local file
structures that are linked to the internal local process structure.

Once all data has been gathered, lsof reports it from its internal,
local tables.

There are a few variants on this subject.  Some systems don't have
just proc structures, but have task structures, too, (e.g., NeXTSTEP
and OSF/1 derivatives).  For some dialects lsof gets proc structures
or process information (See "/proc-based Linux Lsof -- a Different
Approach) from files of the /proc file system.  It's not necessary
for lsof to read user structures on some systems (recent versions
of HP-UX), because the data lsof needs can be found in the task or
proc structures.  In the end lsof gathers the same data, just from
slightly different sources.


/proc-based Linux Lsof -- a Different Approach
==============================================

For a completely different approach to lsof construction, take a
look at the /proc-based Linux sources in .../dialects/linux/proc.
(The sources in .../dialects/linux/kmem are for a traditional lsof
that uses /dev/kmem to read information from kernel structures.)

The /proc-based lsof obtains all its information from the Linux
/proc file system.  Consequently, it is relatively immune to changes
in Linux kernel structures and doesn't need to be re-compiled each
time the Linux kernel version changes.

There are some down-sides to the Linux /proc-based lsof:

    *  It must run setuid-root in order to be able to read the
       /proc file system branches for all processes.  In contrast,
       the /dev/kmem-based Linux lsof usually needs only setgid
       permission.

    *  It depends on the exact character format of /proc files, so
       it is sensitive to changes in /proc file composition.

    *  It is limited to the information a /proc file system
       implementor decides to provide.  For example, if a
       /proc/net/<protocol> file lacks an inode number, the
       /proc-based lsof can't connect open socket files to that
       protocol.  Another deficiency is that the /proc-based may
       not be able to report file offset (position) information,
       when it isn't available in the /proc/<PID>/fd/ entry for a
       file.

       In contrast the /dev/kmem-based lsof has full access to
       kernel structures and "sees" new data as soon as it appears.
       Of course, that new data requires that lsof be recompiled
       and usually also requires changes to lsof.

Overall the switch from a /dev/kmem base to a /proc one is an
advantage to Linux lsof.  The switch was made at lsof revision 4.23
for Linux kernel versions 2.1.72 (approximately) and higher.  The
reason I'm not certain at which Linux kernel version a /proc-based
lsof becomes possible is that the /proc additions needed to implement
it have been added gradually to Linux 2.1.x in ways that I cannot
measure.

/proc-based lsof functions in many ways the same as /dev/kmem-based
lsof.  It scans the /proc directory, looking for <PID>/ subdirectories.
Inside each one it collects process-related data from the cwd, exe,
maps, root, and stat information files.

It collects open file information from the fd/ subdirectory of each
<PID>/ subdirectory.  The lstat(2), readlink(2), and stat(2) system
calls gather information about the files from the kernel.

Lock information comes from /proc/locks.  It is matched to open
files by inode number.  Mount information comes from /proc/mounts.
Per domain protocol information comes from the files of /proc/net;
it's matched to open socket files by inode number.

The Linux /proc file system implementors have done an amazing job
of providing the information lsof needs.  The /proc-based lsof
project has so far generated only two kernel modification:

    *  A modification to /usr/src/linux/net/ipx/af_ipx.c adds the
       inode number to the entries of /proc/net/ipx.

       Jonathan Sergent did this kernel modification.

       It may be found in the .../dialects/linux/proc/patches
       subdirectory of the lsof distribution.

    *  An experimental modification to /usr/src/linux/fs/stat.c
       allows lstat(2) to return file position information for
       /proc/<PID>/fd/<FD> files.
       
       Contact me for this modification.


One final note about the /proc-based Linux lsof: it doesn't need
any functions from the lsof library in the lib/ subdirectory.


General Guidelines
------------------

These are the general guidelines for porting lsof 4 to a new Unix
dialect:

    *  Understand the organization of the lsof sources and the
       philosophies that guide their coding.

    *  Understand the data requirements and determine the methods
       of locating the necessary data in the new dialect's kernel.

    *  Pick a name for the subdirectory in lsof4/dialects for your
       dialect.  Generally I use a vendor operating system name
       abbreviation.

    *  Locate the necessary header files and #include them in the
       dialect's dlsof.h file.  (You may not be able to complete
       this step until you have coded all dialect-specific functions.)

    *  Determine the optional library functions of lsof to be used
       and set their definitions in the dialect's machine.h file.

    *  Define the dialect's specific symbols and global storage
       in the dialect's dlsof.h and dstore.c files.

    *  Code the dialect-specific functions in the appropriate
       source files of the dialect's subdirectory.

       Include the necessary prototype definitions of the dialect-
       specific functions in the dproto.h file in the dialect's
       subdirectory.

    *  Define the dialect's Makefile and source construction shell
       script, Mksrc.

    *  If there are #define's that affect how kernel structures
       are organized, and those #define's are needed when compiling
       lsof, build a MkKernOpts shell script to locate the #define's
       and supply them to the Configure shell script.


Organization
------------

The code in a dialect-specific version of lsof comes from three
sources:

    1)  functions common to all versions, located in the top level
        directory, lsof4;

    2)  functions specific to the dialect, located in the dialect's
        subdirectory -- e.g., lsof4/dialects/sun;

    3)  functions that are common to several dialects, although
        not to all, organized in a library, liblsof.a.  The functions
        in the library source can be selected and customized with
        definitions in the dialect machine.h header files.

The tree looks like this:

                            lsof4 ----------------------+ 3) library --
                            |   \                            lsof4/lib
  1) fully common functions +    \
      e.g., lsof4/main.c          + lsof4/dialects/
                           / / / / \
                           + + + +  +
  2) dialect-specific subdirectories -- e.g., lsof4/dialects/sun

The code for a dialect-specific version is constructed from these
three sources by the Configure shell script in the top level lsof4
directory and definitions in the dialect machine.h header files.
Configure uses the Mksrc shell script in each dialect's subdirectory,
and may use an optional MkKernOpts shell script in selected dialect
subdirectories.

Configure calls the Mksrc shell script in each dialect's subdirectory
to assemble the dialect-specific sources in the main lsof directory.
Configure may call MkKernOpts to determine kernel compile-time
options that are needed for compiling kernel structures correctly
for use by lsof.  Configure puts the options in a dialect-specific
Makefile it build, using a template in the dialect subdirectory.

The assembly of dialect-specific sources in the main lsof directory
is usually done by creating symbolic links from the top level to
the dialect's subdirectory.  The LSOF_MKC environment variable may
be defined prior to using Configure to change the technique used
to assemble the sources -- most commonly to use cp instead of ln -s.

The Configure script completes the dialect's Makefile by adding
string definitions, including the necessary kernel compile-time
options, to a dialect skeleton Makefile while copying it from the
dialect subdirectory to the top level lsof4 directory.  Optionally
Makefile may call the dialect's MkKernOpts script to add string
definitions.

When the lsof library, lsof4/lib/liblsof.a, is compiled its
functions are selected and customized by #define's in the dialect
machine.h header file.


Source File Naming Conventions
------------------------------

With one exception, dialect-specific source files begin with a
lower case `d' character -- ddev.c, dfile.c, dlsof.h.  The one
exception is the header file that contains dialect-specific
definitions for the optional features of the common functions.
It's called machine.h for historical reasons.

Currently all dialects use almost the same source file names.  One
exception to the rule happens in dialects where there must be
different source files -- e.g., dnode[123].c -- to eliminate node
header file structure element name conflicts.  The source modules
in a few subdirectories are organized that way.

Unusual situations occur for NetBSD and OpenBSD, and for NEXTSTEP
and OPENSTEP.  Each pair of dialects is so close in design that
the same dialect sources from the n+obsd subdirectory serves NetBSD
and OpenBSD; from n+os, NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP.

These are common files in lsof4/:

    Configure   the configuration script

    Customize   does some customization of the selected lsof
                dialect

    Inventory   takes an inventory of the files in an lsof
                distribution

    version     the version number

    dialects/   the dialects subdirectory

These are the common function source files in lsof4/:

    arg.c       common argument processing functions

    lsof.h      common header file that #include's the dialect-specific
                header files

    main.c      common main function for lsof 4

    misc.c      common miscellaneous functions -- e.g., special versions
                of stat() and readlink()

    node.c      common node reading functions -- readinode(), readvnode()

    print.c     common print support functions

    proc.c      common process and file structure functions

    proto.h     common prototype definitions, including the definition of
                the _PROTOTYPE() macro

    store.c     common global storage version.h the current lsof version
                number, derived from the file version by the Makefile

    usage.c     functions to display lsof usage panel

These are the dialect-specific files:

    Makefile    the Makefile skeleton

    Mksrc       a shell script that assists the Configure script
                in configuring dialect sources

    MkKernOpts  an optional shell script that identifies kernel
                compile-time options for selected dialects -- e.g.,
                Pyramid DC/OSx and Reliant UNIX

    ddev.c      device support functions -- readdev() -- may be
                eliminated by functions from lsof4/lib/

    dfile.c     file processing functions -- may be eliminated by
                functions from lsof4/lib/

    dlsof.h     dialect-specific header file -- contains #include's
                for system header files and dialect-specific global
                storage declarations

    dmnt.c      mount support functions -- may be eliminated by
                functions from lsof4/lib/

    dnode.c     node processing functions -- e.g., for gnode or vnode

    dnode?.c    additional node processing functions, used when node
                header files have duplicate and conflicting element
                names.

    dproc.c     functions to access, read, examine and cache data about
                dialect-specific process structures -- this file contains
                the dialect-specific "main" function, gather_proc_info()

    dproto.h    dialect-specific prototype declarations

    dsock.c     dialect-specific socket processing functions

    dstore.c    dialect-specific global storage -- e.g., the nlist()
                structure

    machine.h   dialect specific definitions of common function options --
                e.g., a HASINODE definition to activate the readinode()
                function in lsof4/node.c

                The machine.h header file also selects and customizes
                the functions of lsof4/lib/.

These are the lib/ files.  Definitions in the dialect machine.h
header files select and customize the contained functions that are
to be compiled and archived to liblsof.a.

    Makefile.skel       is a skeleton Makefile, used by Configure
                        to construct the Makefile for the lsof
                        library.

    cvfs.c              completevfs() function

                        USE_LIB_COMPLETEVFS selects it.

                        CVFS_DEVSAVE, CVFS_NLKSAVE, CVFS_SZSAVE,
                        and HASFSINO customize it.

    dvch.c              device cache functions

                        HASDCACHE selects them.

                        DCACHE_CLONE, DCACHE_CLR, DCACHE_PSEUDO,
                        DVCH_CHOWN, DVCH_DEVPATH, DVCH_EXPDEV,
                        HASBLKDEV, HASENVDC, HASSYSDC, HASPERSDC,
                        HASPERSDCPATH, and NOWARNBLKDEV customize
                        them.

    fino.c              find block and character device inode functions

                        HASBLKDEV and USE_LIB_FIND_CH_INO select them.

    isfn.c              hashSfile() and is_file_named() functions

                        USE_LIB_IS_FILE_NAMED selects it.

    lkud.c              device lookup functions

                        HASBLKDEV and USE_LIB_LKUPDEV select them.

    pdvn.c              print device name functions

                        HASBLKDEV and USE_LIB_PRINTDEVNAME select them.

    prfp.c              process_file() function

                        USE_LIB_PROCESS_FILE selects it.

                        FILEPTR, DTYPE_PIPE, HASPIPEFN, DTYPE_GNODE,
                        DTYPE_INODE, DTYPE_PORT, DTYPE_VNODE,
                        HASF_VNODE, HASKQUEUE, HASPRIVFILETYPE,
                        HASPSXSHM and HASPSXSEM customize it.

    ptti.c              print_tcptpi() function

                        USE_LIB_PRINT_TCPTPI selects it.

                        HASSOOPT, HASSBSTATE, HASSOSTATE, AHSTCPOPT,
                        HASTCPTPIQ and HASTCPTPIW customize it.

    rdev.c              readdev() function

                        USE_LIB_READDEV selects it.

                        DIRTYPE, HASBLKDEV, HASDCACHE, HASDNAMLEN,
                        RDEV_EXPDEV, RDEV_STATFN, USE_STAT, and
                        WARNDEVACCESS customize it.

    rmnt.c              readmnt() function

                        USE_LIB_READMNT selects it.

                        HASFSTYPE, MNTSKIP, RMNT_EXPDEV, RMNT_FSTYPE,
                        and MOUNTS_FSTYPE customize it.

    rnam.c              BSD format name cache functions

                        HASNCACHE and USE_LIB_RNAM select them.

                        HASFSINO, NCACHE, NCACHE_NC_CAST, NCACHE_NM,
                        NCACHE_NMLEN, NCACHE_NODEADDR, NCACHE_NODEID,
                        NCACHE_NO_ROOT, NCACHE_NXT, NCACHE_PARADDR,
                        NCACHE_PARID, NCACHE_SZ_CAST, NCHNAMLEN,
                        X_NCACHE, and X_NCSIZE, customize them.

    rnch.c              Sun format name cache functions

                        HASNCACHE and USE_LIB_RNCH select them.

                        ADDR_NCACHE, HASDNLCPTR, HASFSINO, NCACHE_DP,
                        NCACHE_NAME, NCACHE_NAMLEN, NCACHE_NEGVN,
                        NCACHE_NODEID, NCACHE_NXT, NCACHE_PARID,
                        NCACHE_VP, X_NCACHE, and X_NCSIZE, customize
                        them.

    snpf.c              Source for the snprintf() family of functions

                        USE_LIB_SNPF selects it.


The comments and the source code in these library files give more
information on customization.


Coding Philosophies
-------------------

A few basic philosophies govern the coding of lsof 4 functions:

    *  Use as few #if/#else/#endif constructs as possible, even at
       the cost of nearly-duplicate code.

       When #if/#else/#endif constructs are necessary:
       
       o  Use the form

                #if     defined(s<symbol>)
        
          in preference to
        
                #ifdef  <symbol>
        
          to allow easier addition of tests to the #if.

       o  Indent them to signify their level -- e.g.,

                #if     /* level one */
                # if    /* level two */
                # endif /* level two */
                #else   /* level one */
                #endif  /* level one */

        o  Use ANSI standard comments on #else and #endif statements.

    *  Document copiously.

    *  Aim for ANSI-C compatibility:
    
       o  Use function prototypes for all functions, hiding them
          from compilers that cannot handle them with the _PROTOTYPE()
          macro.

       o  Use the compiler's ANSI conformance checking wherever
          possible -- e.g., gcc's -ansi option.


Data Requirements
-----------------

Lsof's strategy in obtaining open file information is to access
the process table via its proc structures, then obtain the associated
user area and open file structures.  The open file structures then
lead lsof to file type specific structures -- cdrnodes, fifonodes,
inodes, gnodes, hsfsnodes, pipenodes, pcnodes, rnodes, snodes,
sockets, tmpnodes, and vnodes.

The specific node structures must yield data about the open files.  The
most important items and device number (raw and cooked) and node
number.  (Lsof uses them to identify files and file systems named as
arguments.)  Link counts and file sizes are important, too, as are the
special characteristics of sockets, pipes, FIFOs, etc.

This means that to begin an lsof port to a new Unix dialect you
must understand how to obtain these structures from the dialect's
kernel.  Look for kernel access functions -- e.g., the AIX readx()
function, Sun and Sun-like kvm_*() functions, or SGI's syssgi()
function.  Look for clues in header files -- e.g. external declarations
and macros.

If you have access to them, look at sources to programs like ps(1),
or the freely available monitor and top programs.  They may give
you important clues on reading proc and user area structures.  An
appeal to readers of dialect-specific news groups may uncover
correspondents who can help.

Careful reading of system header files -- e.g., <sys/proc.h> --
may give hints about how kernel storage is organized.  Look for
global variables declared under a KERNEL or _KERNEL #if.  Run nm(1)
across the kernel image (/vmunix, /unix, etc.) and look for references
to structures of interest.

Even if there are support functions for reading structures, like the
kvm_*() functions, you must still understand how to read data from
kernel memory.  Typically this requires an understanding of the
nlist() function, and how to use /dev/kmem, /dev/mem, and /dev/swap.

Don't overlook the possibility that you may have to use the process
file system -- e.g., /proc.  I try to avoid using /proc when I can,
since it usually requires that lsof have setuid(root) permission
to read the individual /proc "files".

Once you can access kernel structures, you must understand how
they're connected.  You must answer questions like:

    *  How big are kernel addresses?  How are they type cast?

    *  How are kernel variable names converted to addresses?
       Nlist()?

    *  How are the proc structures organized?  Is it a static
       table?  Are the proc structures linked?  Is there a
       kernel pointer to the first proc structure?  Is there a
       proc structure count?

    *  How does one obtain copies of the proc structures?  Via
       /dev/kmem?  Via a vendor API?

    *  If this is a Mach derivative, is it necessary to obtain the
       task and thread structures?  How?

    *  How does one obtain the user area (or the utask area in Mach
       systems) that corresponds to a process?

    *  Where are the file structures located for open file
       descriptors and how are they located?  Are all file
       structures in the user area?  Is the file structure space
       extensible?

    *  Where do the private data pointers in file structures lead?
       To gnodes?  To inodes?  To sockets?  To vnodes?  Hint: look
       in <sys/file.h> for DTYPE_* instances and further pointers.

    *  How are the nodes organized?  To what other nodes do they
       lead and how?  Where are the common bits of information in
       nodes -- device, node number, size -- stored?  Hint: look
       in the header files for nodes for macros that may be used
       to obtain the address of one node from another -- e.g., the
       VTOI() macro that leads from a vnode to an inode.

    *  Are text reference nodes identified and how?  Is it
       necessary to examine the virtual memory map of a process or
       a task to locate text references?  Some kernels have text
       node pointers in the proc structures; some, in the user
       area; Mach kernels may have text information in the task
       structure, reached in various ways from the proc, user area,
       or user task structure.

    *  How is the device table -- e.g., /dev or /devices --
       organized?  How is it read?  Using direct or dirent structures?

       How are major/minor device numbers represented?  How are
       device numbers assembled and disassembled?

       Are there clone devices?  How are they identified?

    *  How is mount information obtained?  Getmntinfo()?  Getmntent()?
       Some special kernel call?

    *  How are sockets identified and organized?  BSD-style?  As
       streams?  Are there streams?

    *  Are there special nodes -- CD-ROM nodes, FIFO nodes, etc.?

    *  How is the kernel's name cache organized?  Can lsof access
       it to get partial name components?


Dlsof.h and #include's
----------------------

Once you have identified the kernel's data organization and know
what structures it provides, you must add #include's to dlsof.h to
access their definitions.  Sometimes it is difficult to locate the
header files -- you may need to introduce -I specifications in the
Makefile via the DINC shell variable in the Configure script.

Sometimes it is necessary to define special symbols -- e.g., KERNEL,
_KERNEL, _KMEMUSER -- to induce system header files to yield kernel
structure definitions.  Sometimes making those symbol definitions
cause other header file and definition conflicts.  There's no good
general rule on how to proceed when conflicts occur.

Rarely it may be necessary to extract structure definitions from
system header files and move them to dlsof.h, create special versions
of system header files, or obtain special copies of system header
files from "friendly" (e.g., vendor) sources.  The dlsof.h header
file in lsof4/dialects/sun shows examples of the first case; the
second, no examples; the third, the irix5hdr subdirectory in
lsof4/dialects/irix (a mixture of the first and third).

Building up the necessary #includes in dlsof.h is an iterative
process that requires attention as you build the dialect-specific
functions that references kernel structures.  Be prepared to revisit
dlsof.h frequently.


Definitions That Affect Compilation
-----------------------------------

The source files at the top level and in the lib/ subdirectory
contain optional functions that may be activated with definitions
in a dialect's machine.h header file.  Some are functions for
reading node structures that may not apply to all dialects -- e.g.
CD-ROM nodes (cdrnode), or `G' nodes (gnode) -- and others are
common functions that may occasionally be replaced by dialect-specific
ones.  Once you understand your kernel's data organization, you'll
be able to decide the optional common node functions to activate.

Definitions in machine.h and dlsof.h also enable or disable other
optional common features.  The following is an attempt to list all
the definitions that affect lsof code, but CAUTION, it is only
attempt and may be incomplete.  Always check lsof4 source code in
lib/ and dialects/, and dialect machine.h header files for other
possibilities

    AFS_VICE            See 00XCONFIG.

    AIX_KERNBITS        specifies the kernel bit size, 32 or 64, of the Power
                        architecture AIX 5.x kernel for which lsof was built.

    CAN_USE_CLNT_CREATE is defined for dialects where the more modern
                        RPC function clnt_create() can be used in
                        place of the deprecated clnttcp_create().

    CLONEMAJ            defines the name of the variable that
                        contains the clone major device number.
                        (Also see HAS_STD_CLONE and HAVECLONEMAJ.)

    DEVDEV_PATH         defines the path to the directory where device
                        nodes are stored, usually /dev.  Solaris 10
                        uses /devices.

    DIALECT_WARNING     may be defined by a dialect to provide a
                        warning message that will be displayed with
                        help (-h) and version (-v) output.

    FSV_DEFAULT         defines the default file structure values to
                        list.  It may be composed of or'd FSV_*
                        (See lsof.h) values.  The default is none (0).

    GET_MAJ_DEV         is a macro to get major portion from device
                        number instead of via the standard major()
                        macro.

    GET_MIN_DEV         is a macro to get minor portion from device
                        number instead of via the standard minor()
                        macro.

    GET_MAX_FD          the name of the function that returns an
                        int for the maximum open file descriptor
                        plus one.  If not defined, defaults to
                        getdtablesize.

    HAS9660FS           enables CD9660 file system support in a
                        BSD dialect.

    HAS_ADVLOCK_ARGS    is defined for NetBSD and OpenBSD dialects
                        whose <sys/lockf.h> references vop_advlock_args.

    HAS_AFS             enables AFS support code for the dialect.

    HAS_ATOMIC_T        indicates the Linux version has an
                        <asm/atomic.h> header file and it contains
                        "typedef struct .* atomic_t;"

    HASAOPT             indicates the dialect supports the AFS -A
                        option when HAS_AFS is also defined.

    HAS_ASM_TERMIOBITS  indicates for Linux Alpha that the
                        <asm/termiobits.h> header file exists.

    HASAX25CBPTR        indicates that the Linux sock struct has an
                        ax25_db pointer.

    HASBLKDEV           indicates the dialect has block device support.

    HASBUFQ_H           indicates the *NSD dialect has the <sys/bufq.h>
                        header file.

    HASCACHEFS          enables cache file system support for the
                        dialect.

    HAS_CDFS            enables CDFS file system support for the
                        dialect.

    HASCDRNODE          enables/disables readcdrnode() in node.c.

    HAS_CONN_NEW        indicates the Solaris version has the new form
                        of the conn_s structure, introduced in b134 of
                        Solaris 11.  This will always accompany the
                        HAS_IPCLASSIFIER_H definition.

    HAS_CONST           indicates that the compiler supports the
                        const keyword.

    HASCPUMASK_T        indicates the FreeBSD 5.2 or higher dialect
                        has cpumask_t typedef's.

    HAS_CRED_IMPL_H     indicates the Solaris 10 dialect has the
                        <sys/cred_impl.h> header file available.

    HASCWDINFO          indicates the cwdinfo structure is defined
                        in the NetBSD <sys/filedesc.h>.

    HASDCACHE           enables device file cache file support.
                        The device cache file contains information
                        about the names, device numbers and inode
                        numbers of entries in the /dev (or /device)
                        node subtree that lsof saves from call to
                        call.  See the 00DCACHE file of the lsof
                        distribution for more information on this
                        feature.

    HASDENTRY           indicates the Linux version has a dentry
                        struct defined in <linux/dcache.h>.

    HASDEVKNC           indicates the Linux version has a kernel
                        name cached keyed on device number.

    HAS_DINODE_U        indicates the OpenBSD version has a dinode_u
                        union in its inode structure.

    HASDNLCPTR          is defined when the name cache entry of
                        <sys/dnlc.h> has a name character pointer
                        rather than a name character array.

    HASEFFNLINK         indicates the *BSD system has the i_effnlink
                        member in the inode structure.

    HASENVDC            enables the use of an environment-defined
                        device cache file path and defines the name
                        of the environment variable from which lsof
                        may take it.  (See the 00DCACHE file of
                        the lsof distribution for information on
                        when HASENVDC is used or ignored.)

    HASEOPT             indicates the dialect supports the -e option to
                        eliminate kernel blocks on a named file system.

    HASEPTOPTS          indicates the dialect supports the +|-E end point
                        options.

    HASEXT2FS           is defined for BSD dialects for which ext2fs
                        file system support can be provided.  A value
                        of 1 indicates that the i_e2din member does not
                        exist; 2, it exists.

    HASF_VNODE          indicates the dialect's file structure has an
                        f_vnode member in it.

    HAS_FILEDESCENT     indicates the FreeBSD system has the filedescent
                        definition in the <sys/filedesc.h> header file.

    HASFDESCFS          enables file descriptor file system support
                        for the dialect.   A value of 1 indicates
                        <miscfs/fdesc.h> has a Fctty definition; 2,
                        it does not.

    HASFDLINK           indicates the file descriptor file system
                        node has the fd_link member.

    HASFIFONODE         enables/disables readfifonode() in node.c.

    HAS_FL_FD           indicates the Linux version has an fl_fd
                        element in the lock structure of <linux/fs.h>.

    HAS_FL_FILE         indicates the Linux version has an fl_file
                        element in the lock structure of <linux/fs.h>.

    HAS_FL_WHENCE       indicates the Linux version has an fl_whence
                        element in the lock structure of <linux/fs.h>.

    HAS_F_OPEN          indicates the UnixWare 7.x dialect has the
                        f_open member in its file struct.

    HASFSINO            enables the inclusion of the fs_ino element
                        in the lfile structure definition in lsof.h.
                        This contains the file system's inode number
                        and may be needed when searching the kernel
                        name cache.  See dialects/osr/dproc.c for
                        an example.

    HASFSTRUCT          indicates the dialect has a file structure
                        the listing of whose element values can be
                        enabled with +f[cfn].  FSV_DEFAULT defines
                        the default listing values.

    HASFSTYPE           enables/disables the use of the file system's
                        stat(2) st_fstype member.

                        If the HASFSTYPE value is 1, st_fstype is
                        treated as a character array; 2, it is
                        treated as an integer.

                        See also the RMNT_EXPDEV and RMNT_FSTYPE
                        documentation in lib/rmnt.c

    HASGETBOOTFILE      indicates the NetBSD or OpenBSD dialect has
                        a getbootfile() function.

    HASGNODE            enables/disables readgnode() in node.c.

    HASHASHPID          is defined when the Linux version (probably
                        above 2.1.35) has a pidhash_next member in
                        its task structure.

    HASHSNODE           enables/disables readhsnode() in node.c.

    HASI_E2FS_PTR       indicates the BSD dialect has a pointer in
                        its inode to the EXTFS dinode.

    HASI_FFS            indicates the BSD dialect has i_ffs_size
                        in <ufs/ufs/inode.h>.

    HASI_FFS1           indicates the BSD dialect supports the fast
                        UFS1 and UFS2 file systems.

    HAS_INKERNEL        indicates the SCO OSR 6.0.0 or higher, or
                        UnixWare 7.1.4 or higher system uses the
                        INKERNEL symbol in <netinet/in_pcb.h> or
                        <netinet/tcp_var.h>.

    HASINODE            enables/disables readinode() in node.c.

    HASINOKNC           indicates the Linux version has a kernel
                        name cache keyed on inode address.

    HASINADDRSTR        is defined when the inp_[fl]addr members
                        of the inpcb structure are structures.

    HASINRIAIPv6        is defined if the dialect has the INRIA IPv6
                        support.  (HASIPv6 will also be defined.)

    HASINT16TYPE        is defined when the dialect has a typedef
                        for int16 that may conflict with some other
                        header file's redefinition (e.g., <afs/std.h>).

    HASINT32TYPE        is defined when the dialect has a typedef
                        for int32 that may conflict with some other
                        header file's redefinition (e.g., <afs/std.h>).

    HASINTSIGNAL        is defined when signal() returns an int.

    HAS_IPCLASSIFIER_H  is defined for Solaris dialects that have the
                        <inet/ipclassifier.h> header file.

    HAS_IPC_S_PATCH     is defined when the HP-UX 11 dialect has the
                        ipc_s patch installed.  It has a value of
                        1 if the ipc_s structure has an ipc_ipis
                        member, but the ipis_s structure lacks the
                        ipis_msgsqueued member; 2, if ipc_s has
                        ipc_ipis, but ipis_s lacks ipis_msgsqueued.

    HASIPv6             indicates the dialect supports the IPv6
                        Internet address family.

    HAS_JFS2            The AIX >= 5.0 dialect has jfs2 support.

    HASKERNELKEYT       indicates the Linux version has a
                        __kernel_key_t typedef in <linux/types.h>.

    HASKERNFS           is defined for BSD dialects for which
                        /kern file system support can be provided.

    HASKERNFS_KFS_KT    indicates *kfs_kt is in the BSD dialect's
                        <miscfs/kernfs/kernfs.h>.

    HASKOPT             enables/disables the ability to read the
                        kernel's name list from a file -- e.g., from
                        a crash dump file.

    HAS_PAUSE_SBT       indicates the FreeBSD system's systm.h has the
                        pause to pause_sbt definition.

    HASKQUEUE           indicates the dialect supports the kqueue
                        file type.

    HASKVMGETPROC2      The *BSD dialect has the kvm_gettproc2()
                        function.

    HAS_KVM_VNODE       indicates the FreeBSD 5.3 or higher dialect has
                        "defined(_KVM_VNODE)" in <sys/vnode.h>.

    HASLFILEADD         defines additional, dialect-specific elements
    SETLFILEADD         in the lfile structure (defined in lsof.h).
                        HASLFILEADD is a macro. The accompanying SETFILEADD
                        macro is used in the alloc_lfile() function of
                        proc.c to preset the additional elements.

    HAS_LF_LWP          is defined for BSD dialects where the lockf
                        structure has an lf_lwp member.

    HASLFS              indicates the *BSD dialect has log-structured
                        file system support.

    HAS_LGRP_ROOT_CONFLICT
                        indicates the Solaris 9 or Solaris 10 system has 
                        a conflict over the lgrp_root symbol in the
                        <sys/lgrp.h> and <sys/lgrp_user.h> header files.

    HAS_LIBCTF          indicates the Solaris 10 and above system has
                        the CTF library.

    HAS_LOCKF_ENTRY     indicates the FreeBSD version has a lockf_entry
                        structure in its <sys/lockf.h> header file.

    HAS_LWP_H           is defined for BSD dialects that have the
                        <sys/lwp.h> header file.

    HASMOPT             enables/disables the ability to read kernel
                        memory from a file -- e.g., from a crash
                        dump file.

    HASMSDOSFS          enables MS-DOS file system support in a
                        BSD dialect.

    HASMNTSTAT          indicates the dialect has a stat(2) status
                        element in its mounts structure.

    HASMNTSUP           indicates the dialect supports the mount supplement
                        option.

    HASNAMECACHE        indicates the FreeBSD dialect has a namecache
                        structure definition in <sys/namei.h>.

    HASNCACHE           enables the probing of the kernel's name cache
                        to obtain path name components.  A value
                        of 1 directs printname() to prefix the
                        cache value with the file system directory
                        name; 2, avoid the prefix.

    HASNCVPID           The *BSD dialect namecache struct has an
                        nc_vpid member.

    HASNETDEVICE_H      indicates the Linux version has a netdevice.h
                        header file.

    HAS_NFS             enables NFS support for the dialect.

    HASNFSKNC           indicates the LINUX version has a separate
                        NFS name cache.

    HASNFSPROTO         indicates the NetBSD or OpenBSD version
                        has the nfsproto.h header file.

    HASNFSVATTRP        indicates the n_vattr member of the nfsnode of
                        the *BSD dialect is a pointer.

    HASNLIST            enables/disables nlist() function support.
                        (See NLIST_TYPE.)

    HASNOFSADDR         is defined if the dialect has no file structure
                        addresses.  (HASFSTRUCT must be defined.)

    HASNOFSCOUNT        is defined if the dialect has no file structure counts.
                        (HASFSTRUCT must be defined.)

    HASNOFSFLAGS        is defined if the dialect has no file structure flags.
                        (HASFSTRUCT must be defined.)

    HASNOFSNADDR        is defined if the dialect has no file structure node
                        addresses.  (HASFSTRUCT must be defined.)

    HAS_NO_6PORT        is defined if the FreeBSD in_pcb.h has no in6p_.port
                        definitions.

    HAS_NO_6PPCB        is defined if the FreeBSD in_pcb.h has no in6p_ppcb
                        definition.

    HAS_NO_ISO_DEV      indicates the FreeBSD 6 and higher system has
                        no i_dev member in its iso_node structure.

    HAS_NO_LONG_LONG    indicates the dialect has no support for the C
                        long long type.  This definition is used by
                        the built-in snprintf() support of lib/snpf.c.

    HASNORPC_H          indicates the dialect has no /usr/include/rpc/rpc.h
                        header file.

    HAS_NO_SI_UDEV      indicates the FreeBSD 6 and higher system has
                        no si_udev member in its cdev structure.

    HASNOSOCKSECURITY   enables the listing of open socket files,
                        even when HASSECURITY restricts listing of
                        open files to the UID of the user who is
                        running lsof, provided socket file listing
                        is selected with the "-i" option.  This
                        definition is only effective when HASSECURITY
                        is also defined.

    HASNULLFS           indicates the dialect (usually *BSD) has a
                        null file system.

    HASOBJFS            indicates the Pyramid version has OBJFS
                        support.

    HASONLINEJFS        indicates the HP-UX 11 dialect has the optional
                        OnlineJFS package installed.

    HAS_PC_DIRENTPERSEC
                        indicates the Solaris 10 system's <sys/fs/pc_node.h>
                        header file has the pc_direntpersec() macro.

    HAS_PAD_MUTEX       indicates the Solaris 11 system has the pad_mutex_t
                        typedef in its <sys/mutex.h> header file.

    HASPERSDC           enables the use of a personal device cache
                        file path and specifies a format by which
                        it is constructed.  See the 00DCACHE file
                        of the lsof distribution for more information
                        on the format.

    HASPERSDCPATH       enables the use of a modified personal
                        device cache file path and specifies the
                        name of the environment variable from which
                        its component may be taken.  See the 00DCACHE
                        file of the lsof distribution for more
                        information on the modified personal device
                        cache file path.

    HASPINODEN          declares that the inode number of a /proc file
                        should be stored in its procfsid structure.

    HASPIPEFN           defines the function that processes DTYPE_PIPE
                        file structures.  It's used in the prfp.c
                        library source file.  See the FreeBSD
                        dialect source for an example.

    HASPIPENODE         enables/disables readpipenode() in node.c.

    HASPMAPENABLED      enables the automatic reporting of portmapper
                        registration information for TCP and UDP
                        ports that have been registered.

    HASPPID             indicates the dialect has parent PID support.

    HASPR_LDT           indicates the Solaris dialect has a pr_ldt
                        member in the pronodetype enum.

    HASPR_GWINDOWS      indicates the Solaris dialect has a pr_windows
                        member in the pronodetype enum.

    HASPRINTDEV         this value defines a private function for
                        printing the dialect's device number.  Used
                        by print.c/print_file().  Takes one argument:

                        char *HASPRINTDEV(struct lfile *)

    HASPRINTINO         this value names a private function for
                        printing the dialect's inode number.  Used
                        by print.c/print_file(). Takes one argument:

                        char *HASPRINTINO(struct lfile *)

    HASPRINTNM          this value names a private function for
                        printing the dialect's file name.  Used by
                        print.c/print_file().  Takes one argument:

                        void HASPRINTNM(struct lfile *)

    HASPRINTOFF         this value names a private function for
                        printing the dialect's file offset.  Used
                        by print.c/print_file().  Takes two arguments:

                        char *HASPRINTOFF(struct lfile *, int ty)

                        Where ty == 0 if the offset is to be printed
                        in 0t<decimal> format; 1, 0x<hexadecimal>.

    HASPRINTSZ          this value names a private function for
                        printing the dialect's file size.  Used
                        by print.c/print_file(). Takes one argument:

                        char *HASPRINTSZ(struct lfile *)

                        void HASPRINTNM(struct lfile *)

    HASPRIVFILETYPE     enables processing of the private file
                        type, whose number (from f_type of the file
                        struct) is defined by PRIVFILETYPE.
                        HASPRIVFILETYPE defines the function that
                        processes the file struct's f_data member.
                        Processing is initiated from the process_file()
                        function of the prfp.c library source file
                        or from the dialect's own process_file()
                        function.

    HASPRIVNMCACHE      enables printing of a file path from a
                        private name cache.  HASPRIVNMCACHE defines
                        the name of the printing function.  The
                        function takes one argument, a struct lfile
                        pointer to the file, and returns non-zero
                        if it prints a cached name to stdout.

    HASPRIVPRIPP        is defined for dialects that have a private
                        function for printing the IP protocol name.
                        When this is not defined, the function to
                        do that defaults to printiproto().

    HASPROCFS           defines the name (if any) of the process file
                        system -- e.g., /proc.

    HASPROCFS_PFSROOT   indicates PFSroot is in the BSD dialect's
                        <miscfs/procfs/procfs.h>.

    HASPSEUDOFS         indicates the FreeBSD dialect has pseudofs
                        file system support.

    HASPSXSEM           indicates the dialect has support for the POSIX
                        semaphore file type.

    HASPSXSHM           indicates the dialect has support for the POSIX
                        shared memory file type.

    HASPTYFS            indicates the *BSD dialect has a ptyfs file system.

    HASRNODE            enables/disables readrnode() in node.c.

    HASRNODE3           indicates the HPUX 10.20 or lower dialect has NFS3
                        support with a modified rnode structure.

    HASRPCV2H           The FreeBSD dialect has <nfs/rpcv2.h>.

    HAS_SANFS           indicates the AIX system has SANFS file system
                        support.

    HASSBSTATE          indicates the dialect has socket buffer state
                        information (e.g., SBS_* symbols) available.

    HASSECURITY         enables/disables restricting open file
                        information access.  (Also see HASNOSOCKSECURITY.)

    HASSELINUX          indicates the Linux dialect has SELinux security
                        context support available.

    HASSETLOCALE        is defined if the dialect has <locale.h> and
                        setlocale().

    HAS_SI_PRIV         indicates the FreeBSD 6.0 and higher cdev
                        structure has an si_priv member.

    HAS_SOCKET_PROTO_H  indicates the Solaris 10 system has the header file
                        <sys/socket_proto.h>.

    HASSOUXSOUA         indicates that the Solaris <sys/socketvar.h> has
                        soua_* members in its so_ux_addr structure.

    HASSPECDEVD         indicates the dialect has a special device
                        directory and defines the name of a function
                        that processes the results of a successful
                        stat(2) of a file in that directory.

    HASSPECNODE         indicates the DEC OSF/1, or Digital UNIX,
                        or Tru64 UNIX <sys/specdev.h> has a spec_node
                        structure definition.

    HASSNODE            indicates the dialect has snode support.

    HAS_SOCKET_SK       indicates that the Linux socket structure
                        has the ``struct sock *sk'' member.

    HASSOOPT            indicates the dialect has socket option
                        information (e.g., SO_* symbols) available.

    HASSOSTATE          indicates the dialect has socket state
                        information (e.g., SS_* symbols) available.

    HASSTATVFS          indicates the NetBSD dialect has a statvfs
                        struct definition.

    HASSTAT64           indicates the dialect's <sys/stat.h> contains
                        stat64.

    HAS_STD_CLONE       indicates the dialect uses a standard clone
                        device structure that can be used in common
                        library function clone processing.  If the
                        value is 1, the clone table will be built
                        by readdev() and cached when HASDCACHE is
                        defined; if the value is 2, it is assumed
                        the clone table is built independently.
                        (Also see CLONEMAJ and HAVECLONEMAJ.)

    HASSTREAMS          enables/disables streams.  CAUTION, requires
                        specific support code in the dialect sources.

    HAS_STRFTIME        indicates the dialect has the gmtime() and
                        strftime() C library functions that support
                        the -r marker format option.  Configure tests
                        for the functions and defines this symbol.

    HASSYSDC            enables the use of a system-wide device
                        cache file and defines its path.  See the
                        00DCACHE file of the lsof distribution for
                        more information on the system-wide device
                        cache file path option.

    HAS_SYS_PIPEH       indicates the dialect has a <sys/pipe.h>
                        header file.

    HAS_SYS_SX_H        indicates the FreeBSD 7.0 and higher system has
                        a <sys/sx.h> header file.

    HASTAGTOPATH        indicates the DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX, or
                        Tru64 UNIX dialect has a libmsfs.so,
                        containing tag_to_path().

    HAS_TMPFS           indicates the FreeBSD system has the <fs/tmpfs.h>
                        header file.

    HASTMPNODE          enables/disables readtnode() in node.c.

    HASTCPOPT           indicates the dialect has TCP option
                        information (i.e., from TF_* symbols)
                        available.

    HASTCPTPIQ          is defined when the dialect can duplicate
                        the receive and send queue sizes reported
                        by netstat.

    HASTCPTPIW          is defined when the dialect can duplicate
                        the receive and send window sizes reported
                        by netstat.

    HASTCPUDPSTATE      is defined when the dialect has support for
                        TCP and UDP state, including the "-s p:s"
                        option and associated speed ehancements.

    HASTFS              indicates that the Pyramid dialect has TFS
                        file system support.

    HAS_UFS1_2          indicates the FreeBSD 6 and higher system has
                        UFS1 and UFS2 members in its inode structure.

    HAS_UM_UFS          indicates the OpenBSD version has UM_UFS[12]
                        definitions.

    HASUNMINSOCK        indicates the Linux version has a user name
                        element in the socket structure; a value of
                        0 says there is no unix_address member; 1,
                        there is.

    HASUINT16TYPE       is defined when the dialect has a typedef
                        for u_int16 that may conflict with some other
                        header file's redefinition (e.g., <afs/std.h>).

    HASUTMPX            indicates the dialect has a <utmpx.h> header
                        file.

    HAS_UVM_INCL        indicates the NetBSD or OpenBSD dialect has
                        a <uvm> include directory.

    HAS_UW_CFS          indicates the UnixWare 7.1.1 or above dialect
                        has CFS file system support.

    HAS_UW_NSC          indicates the UnixWare 7.1.1 or above dialect
                        has a NonStop Cluster (NSC) kernel.

    HAS_V_LOCKF         indicates the FreeBSD version has a v_lockf
                        member in the vode structure, defined in
                        <sys/vnode.h>.

    HAS_VM_MEMATTR_T    indicates the FreeBSD <sys/conf.h> uses the
                        vm_memattr_t typedef.

    HASVMLOCKH          indicates the FreeBSD dialect has <vm/lock.h>.

    HASVNODE            enables/disables readvnode() function in node.c.

    HAS_V_PATH          indicates the dialect's vnode structure has a
                        v_path member.

    HAS_VSOCK           indicates that the Solaris version has a VSOCK
                        member in the vtype enum

    HASVXFS             enables Veritas VxFS file system support for
                        the dialect.  CAUTION, the dialect sources
                        must have the necessary support code.

    HASVXFSDNLC         indicates the VxFS file system has its own
                        name cache.

    HASVXFS_FS_H        indicates <sys/fs/vx_fs.h> exists.

    HASVXFS_MACHDEP_H   indicates <sys/fs/vx_machdep.h> exists.

    HASVXFS_OFF64_T     indicates <sys/fs/vx_solaris.h> exists and
                        has an off64_t typedef.

    HASXVFSRNL          indicates the dialect has VxFS Reverse Name
                        Lookup (RNL) support.

    HASVXFS_SOL_H       indicates <sys/fs/vx_sol.h> exists.

    HASVXFS_SOLARIS_H   indicates <sys/fs/vx_solaris.h> exists.

    HASVXFS_U64_T       if HASVXFS_SOLARIS_H is defined, this
                        variable indicates that <sys/fs/vx_solaris.h>
                        has a vx_u64_t typedef.

    HASVXFSUTIL         indicates the Solaris dialect has VxFS 3.4
                        or higher and has the utility libraries,
                        libvxfsutil.a (32 bit) and libvxfsutil64.a
                        (64 bit).

    HASVXFS_VX_INODE    indicates that <sys/fs/vx_inode.h> contains
                        a vx_inode structure.

    HASWCTYPE_H         indicates the FreeBSD version has wide-character
                        support and the <wctype.h> header file.  Note:
                        the HASWIDECHAR #define will also be set.

    HASWIDECHAR         indicates the dialect has the wide-character
                        support functions iswprint(), mblen() and mbtowc().

    HASXNAMNODE         indicates the OSR dialect has <sys/fs/xnamnode.h>.

    HASXOPT             defines help text for dialect-specific X option
                        and enables X option processing in usage.c and
                        main.c.

    HASXOPT_ROOT        when defined, restricts the dialect-specific
                        X option to processes whose real user ID
                        is root.

    HAS_ZFS             indicates the dialect has support for the ZFS file
                        system.

    HASXOPT_VALUE       defines the default binary value for the X option
                        in store.c.

    HASZONES            the Solaris dialect has zones.

    HAVECLONEMAJ        defines the name of the status variable
                        that indicates a clone major device number
                        is available in CLONEMAJ.  (Also see CLONEMAJ
                        and HAS_STD_CLONE.)

    HPUX_KERNBITS       defines the number of bits in the HP-UX 10.30
                        and above kernel "basic" word: 32 or 64.

    KA_T                defines the type cast required to assign
                        space to kernel pointers.  When not defined
                        by a dialect header file, KA_T defaults to
                        unsigned long.

    KA_T_FMT_X          defines the printf format for printing a
                        KA_T -- the default is "%#lx" for the
                        default unsigned long KA_T cast.

    LSOF_ARCH           See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_BLDCMT         See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_CC             See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_CCV            See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_HOST           See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_INCLUDE        See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_LOGNAME        See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_MKC            See the "The Mksrc Shell Script" section of
                        this file.

    LSOF_SYSINFO        See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_USER           See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_VERS           See 00XCONFIG.

    LSOF_VSTR           See 00XCONFIG.

    MACH                defines a MACH system.

    N_UNIXV             defines an alternate value for the N_UNIV symbol.

    NCACHELDPFX         defines C code to be executed before calling
                        ncache_load().

    NCACHELDSFX         defines C code to be executed after calling
                        ncache_load().

    NEEDS_BOOLEAN_T     indicates the FreeBSD 9 and above system needs a
                        boolean_t definition for <sys/conf.h>.

    NEEDS_MACH_PORT_T   is defined for Darwin versions that need the inclusion
                        of the header file <device/device_types.h>.

    NEVER_HASDCACHE     keeps the Customize script from offering to
                        change HASDCACHE by its presence anywhere
                        in a dialect's machine.h header file --
                        e.g., in a comment.  See the Customize
                        script or machine.h in dialects/linux/proc.

    NEVER_WARNDEVACCESS keeps the Customize script from offering to
                        change WARNDEVACCESS by its presence anywhere
                        in a dialect's machine.h header file --
                        including in a comment.  See the Customize
                        script or machine.h in dialects/linux/proc.

    NLIST_TYPE          is the type of the nlist table, Nl[], if it is
                        not nlist.  HASNLIST must be set for this
                        definition to be effective.

    NOWARNBLKDEV        specifies that no warning is to be issued
                        when no block devices are found.  This
                        definiton is used only when HASBLKDEV is
                        also defined.

    OFFDECDIG           specifies how many decimal digits will be
                        printed for the file offset in a 0t form
                        before switching to a 0x form.  The count
                        includes the "0t".  A count of zero means
                        the size is unlimited.

    PRIVFILETYPE        is the number of a private file type, found
                        in the f_type member of the file struct, to
                        be processed by the HASPRIVFILETYPE function.
                        See the AIX dialect sources for an example.

    _PSTAT_STREAM_GET_XPORT
                        indicates the HP-UX PSTAT header files require
                        this symbol to be defined for proper handling of
                        stream export data.

    SAVE_MP_IN_SFILE    indicates the dialect needs to have the mounts
                        structure pointer for a file system search argument
                        recorded in the dialect's sfile structure.  This
                        definition is made in the dialect's dlsof.h header
                        file within the sfile structure.

    TIMEVAL_LSOF        defines the name of the timeval structure.
                        The default is timeval.  /dev/kmem-based
                        Linux lsof redefines timeval with this
                        symbol to avoid conflicts between glibc
                        and kernel definitions.

    TYPELOGSECSHIFT     defines the type of the cdfs_LogSecShift
                        member of the cdfs structure for UnixWare
                        7 and higher.

    UID_ARG_T           defines the cast on a User ID when passed
                        as a function argument.

    USE_LIB_COMPLETEVFS
                        selects the use of the completevfs() function
                        in lsof4/lib/cvfs.c.

    USE_LIB_FIND_CH_INO
                        selects the use of the find_ch_ino() inode
                        function in lsof4/lib/fino.c.

                        Note: HASBLKDEV selects the has_bl_ino()
                        function.

    USE_LIB_IS_FILE_NAMED
                        selects the use of the is_file_named() function
                        in lsof4/lib/isfn.c.

    USE_LIB_LKUPDEV     selects the use of the lkupdev() function
                        in lsof4/lib/lkud.c.

                        Note: HASBLKDEV selects the lkupbdev() function.

    USE_LIB_PRINTDEVNAME
                        selects the use of the printdevname() function
                        in lsof4/lib/pdvn.c.

                        Note: HASBLKDEV selects the printbdevname()
                        function.

    USE_LIB_PRINT_TCPTPI
                        selects the use of the print_tcptpi() function
                        in lsof4/lib/ptti.c.

    USE_LIB_PROCESS_FILE
                        selects the use of the process_file() function
                        in lsof4/lib/prfp.c.

    USE_LIB_READDEV     selects the use of the readdev() and stkdir()
                        functions in lsof4/lib/rdev.c.

    USE_LIB_READMNT     selects the use of the readmnt() function
                        in lsof4/lib/rmnt.c.

    USE_LIB_RNAM        selects the use of the device cache functions
                        in lsof4/lib/rnam.c.

                        Note: HASNCACHE must also be defined.

    USE_LIB_RNCH        selects the use of the device cache functions
                        in lsof4/lib/rnch.c.

                        Note: HASNCACHE must also be defined.

    USE_STAT            is defined for those dialects that must
                        use the stat(2) function instead of lstat(2)
                        to scan /dev -- i.e., in the readdev()
                        function.

    VNODE_VFLAG         is an alternate name for the vnode structure's
                        v_flag member.

    WARNDEVACCESS       enables the issuing of a warning message when
                        lsof is unable to access /dev (or /device)
                        or one of its subdirectories, or stat(2)
                        a file in them. Some dialects (e.g., HP-UX)
                        have many inaccessible subdirectories and
                        it is appropriate to inhibit the warning
                        for them with WARNDEVACCESS.  The -w option
                        will also inhibit these warnings.

    WARNINGSTATE        when defined, disables the default issuing
                        of warning messages.  WARNINGSTATE is
                        undefined by default for all dialects in
                        the lsof distribution.

    WIDECHARINCL        defines the header file to be included (if any)
                        when wide-character support is enabled with
                        HASWIDECHAR.

    zeromem()           defines a macro to zero memory -- e.g., using
                        bzero() or memset().

Any dialect's machine.h file and Configure stanza can serve as a
template for building your own.  All machine.h files usually have
all definitions, disabling some (with comment prefix and suffix)
and enabling others.


Options: Common and Special
---------------------------

All but one lsof option is common; the specific option is ``-X''.
If a dialect does not support a common option, the related #define
in machine.h -- e.g., HASCOPT -- should be deselected.

The specific option, ``-X'', may be used by any dialect for its
own purpose.  Right now (May 30, 1995) the ``-X'' option is binary
(i.e., it's not allowed arguments of its own, and its value must
be 0 or 1) but that could be changed should the need arise.  The
option is enabled with the HASXOPT definition in machine.h; its
default value is defined by HASXOPT_VALUE.

The value of HASXOPT should be the text displayed for ``-X'' by
the usage() function in usage.c.  HASXOPT_VALUE should be the
default value, 0 or 1.

AIX for the IBM RICS System/6000 defines the ``-X'' option to
control readx() usage, since there is a bug in AIX kernels that
readx() can expose for other processes.


Defining Dialect-Specific Symbols and Global Storage
----------------------------------------------------

A dialect's dlsof.h and dstore.c files contain dialect-specific
symbol and global storage definitions.  There are symbol definitions,
for example, for function and data casts, and for file paths.
Dslof.h defines lookup names the nlist() table -- X_* symbols --
when nlist() is being used.

Global storage definitions include such things as structures for
local Virtual File System (vfs) information; mount information;
search file information; and kernel memory file descriptors --
e.g., Kmem for /dev/kmem, Mem for /dev/mem, Swap for /dev/drum.


Coding Dialect-specific Functions
---------------------------------

Each supported dialect must have some basic functions that the
common functions of the top level may call.  Some of them may be
obtained from the library in lsof4/lib, selected and customized by
#define's in the dialect machine.h header file.  Others may have
to be coded specifically for the dialect.

Each supported dialect usually has private functions, too.  Those
are wholly determined by the needs of the dialect's data organization
and access.

These are some of the basic functions that each dialect must supply
-- they're all defined in proto.h:

    initialize()                function to initialize the dialect

    is_file_named()             function to check if a file was named
                                by an optional file name argument
                                (lsof4/lib/isfn.c)

    gather_proc_info()          function to gather process table
                                and related information and cache it

    printchdevname()            function to locate and optionally
                                print the name of a character device
                                (lsof4/lib/pdvn.c)

    print_tcptpistate()         function to print the TCP or TPI
                                state for a TCP or UDP socket file,
                                if the one in lib/ptti.c isn't
                                suitable (define USE_LIB_PRINT_TCPTPI
                                to activate lib/ptti.c)

    process_file()              function to process an open file
                                structure (lsof4/lib/prfp.c)

    process_node()              function to process a primary node

    process_socket()            function to process a socket

    readdev() and stkdir()      functions to read and cache device
                                information (lsof4/lib/rdev.c)

    readmnt()                   function to read mount table information
                                (lsof4/lib/rmnt.c)

Other common functions may be needed, and might be obtained from
lsof4/lib, depending on the needs of the dialect's node and socket
file processing functions.

Check the functions in lsof4/lib and specific lsof4/dialects/*
files for examples.

As you build these functions you will probably have to add #include's
to dlsof.h.


Function Prototype Definitions and the _PROTOTYPE Macro
-------------------------------------------------------

Once you've defined your dialect-specific definitions, you should
define their prototypes in dproto.h or locally in the file where
they occur and are used.  Do this even if your compiler is not ANSI
compliant -- the _PROTOTYPE macro knows how to cope with that and
will avoid creating prototypes that will confuse your compiler.


The Makefile
------------

Here are some general rules for constructing the dialect Makefile.

    *  Use an existing dialect's Makefile as a template.

    *  Make sure the echo actions of the install rule are appropriate.

    *  Use the DEBUG string to set debugging options, like ``-g''.
       You may also need to use the -O option when forking and
       SIGCHLD signals defeat your debugger.

    *  Don't put ``\"'' in a compiler flags -D<symbol>=<string>
       clause in your Makefile.  Leave off the ``\"'' even though
       you want <string> to be a string literal and instead adapt
       the N_UNIX* macros you'll find in Makefiles for FreeBSD
       and Linux.  That will allow the Makefile's version.h rule
       to put CFLAGS into version.h without having to worry about
       the ``\"'' sequences.

    *  Finally, remember that strings can be passed from the top
       level's Configure shell script.  That's an appropriate way
       to handle options, especially if there are multiple versions
       of the Unix dialect to which you are porting lsof 4.


The Mksrc Shell Script
----------------------

Pattern your Mksrc shell script after an existing one from another
dialect.  Change the D shell variable to the name of your dialect's
subdirectory in lsof4/dialects.  Adjust any other shell variable
to your local conditions.  (Probably that won't be necessary.)

Note that, if using symbolic links from the top level to your
dialect subdirectory is impossible or impractical, you can set the
LSOF_MKC shell variable in Configure to something other than
"ln -s" -- e.g., "cp," and Configure will pass it to the Mksrc
shell script in the M environment variable.


The MkKernOpts Shell Script
---------------------------

The MkKernOptrs shell script is used by some dialects -- e.g.,
Pyramid DC/OSx and Reliant UNIX -- to determine the compile-time
options used to build the current kernel that affect kernel structure
definitions, so those same options can be used to build lsof.
Configure calls MkKernOpts for the selected dialects.

If your kernel is built with options that affect structure definitions.
-- most commonly affected are the proc structure from <sys/proc.h>
and the user structure from <sys/user.h> -- check the MkKernOpts
in lsof4/dialects/irix for a comprehensive example.


Testing and the Lsof Test Suite
-------------------------------

Once you have managed to create a port, here are some tips for
testing it.

*  First look at the test suite in the tests/ sub-directory of the
   lsof distribution.  While it will need to be customized to be
   usable with a new port, it should provide ideas on things to
   test.  Look for more information about the test suite in the
   00TEST file.

*  Pick a simple process whose open files you are likely to
   know and see if the lsof output agrees with what you know.
   (Hint: select the process with `lsof -p <process_PID>`.)

   Are the device numbers and device names correct?

   Are the file system names and mount points correct?

   Are inode numbers and sizes correct?

   Are command names, file descriptor numbers, UIDs, PIDs, PGIDs,
   and PPIDs correct?

   A simple tool that does a stat(2) of the files being examined
   and reports the stat struct contents can provide a reference for
   some values; so can `ls -l /dev/<device>`.

*  Let lsof list information about all open files and ask the
   same questions.  Look also for error messages about not being
   able to read a node or structure.

*  Pick a file that you know is open -- open it and hold it
   that way with a C program (not vi), if you must.  Ask lsof to
   find the file's open instance by specifying its path to lsof.

*  Create a C program that opens a large number of files and holds
   them open.  Background the test process and ask lsof to list
   its files.

*  Generate some locks -- you may need to write a C program to
   do this, hold the locked file open, and see if lsof can identify
   the lock properly.  You may need to write several C programs
   if your dialect supports different lock functions -- fnctl(),
   flock(), lockf(), locking().

*  Identify a process with known Internet file usage -- inetd
   is a good one -- and ask lsof to list its open files.  See if
   protocols and service names are listed properly.

   See if your lsof identifies Internet socket files properly for
   rlogind or telnetd processes.

*  Create a UNIX domain socket file, if your dialect allows it,
   hold it open by backgrounding the process, and see if lsof can
   identify the open UNIX domain socket file properly.

*  Create a FIFO file and see what lsof says about it.

*  Watch an open pipe -- `lsof -u <your_login>  | less` is a
   good way to do this.

*  See if lsof can identify NFS files and their devices properly.
   Open and hold open an NFS file and see if lsof can find the open
   instance by path.

*  If your test system has CD-ROM and floppy disk devices, open
   files on them and see if lsof reports their information correctly.
   Such devices often have special kernel structures associated
   with them and need special attention from lsof for their
   identification.  Pay particular attention to the inode numbers
   lsof reports for CD-ROM and floppy disk files -- often they are
   calculated dynamically, rather than stored in a kernel node
   structure.

*  If your implementation can probe the kernel name cache, look
   at some processes with open files whose paths you know to see
   if lsof identifies any name components.  If it doesn't, make
   sure the name components are in the name cache by accessing
   the files yourself with ls or a similar tool.

*  If your dialect supports the /proc file system, use a C program
   to open files there, background a test process, and ask lsof to
   report its open files.

*  If your dialect supports fattach(), create a small test program
   to use it, background a test process, and ask lsof to report
   its open files.

I can supply some quick-and-dirty tools for reporting stat buffer
contents, holding files open, creating UNIX domain files, creating
FIFOs, etc., if you need them.


Where Next?
-----------

Is this document complete?  Certainly not!  One might wish that it
were accompanied by man pages for all lsof functions, by free beer
or chocolates, by ...  (You get the idea.)

But those things are not likely to happen as long as lsof is a
privately supported, one man operation.

So, if you need more information on how lsof is constructed or
works in order to do a port of your own, you'll have to read the
lsof source code.  You can also ask me questions via email, but
keep in mind the private, one-man nature of current lsof support.


Vic Abell <abe@purdue.edu>
October 13, 2014