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30 // The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework (Google Test)
32 // This header file defines the Message class.
34 // IMPORTANT NOTE: Due to limitation of the C++ language, we have to
35 // leave some internal implementation details in this header file.
36 // They are clearly marked by comments like this:
38 // // INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN A USER PROGRAM.
40 // Such code is NOT meant to be used by a user directly, and is subject
41 // to CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. Therefore DO NOT DEPEND ON IT in a user
44 // IWYU pragma: private, include "gtest/gtest.h"
45 // IWYU pragma: friend gtest/.*
46 // IWYU pragma: friend gmock/.*
48 #ifndef GOOGLETEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_MESSAGE_H_
49 #define GOOGLETEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_MESSAGE_H_
55 #include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
57 GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4251 \
58 /* class A needs to have dll-interface to be used by clients of class B */)
60 // Ensures that there is at least one operator<< in the global namespace.
61 // See Message& operator<<(...) below for why.
62 void operator<<(const testing::internal::Secret&, int);
66 // The Message class works like an ostream repeater.
70 // 1. You stream a bunch of values to a Message object.
71 // It will remember the text in a stringstream.
72 // 2. Then you stream the Message object to an ostream.
73 // This causes the text in the Message to be streamed
78 // testing::Message foo;
79 // foo << 1 << " != " << 2;
82 // will print "1 != 2".
84 // Message is not intended to be inherited from. In particular, its
85 // destructor is not virtual.
87 // Note that stringstream behaves differently in gcc and in MSVC. You
88 // can stream a NULL char pointer to it in the former, but not in the
89 // latter (it causes an access violation if you do). The Message
90 // class hides this difference by treating a NULL char pointer as
92 class GTEST_API_ Message {
94 // The type of basic IO manipulators (endl, ends, and flush) for
96 typedef std::ostream& (*BasicNarrowIoManip)(std::ostream&);
99 // Constructs an empty Message.
103 Message(const Message& msg) : ss_(new ::std::stringstream) { // NOLINT
104 *ss_ << msg.GetString();
107 // Constructs a Message from a C-string.
108 explicit Message(const char* str) : ss_(new ::std::stringstream) {
112 // Streams a non-pointer value to this object.
113 template <typename T>
114 inline Message& operator<<(const T& val) {
115 // Some libraries overload << for STL containers. These
116 // overloads are defined in the global namespace instead of ::std.
118 // C++'s symbol lookup rule (i.e. Koenig lookup) says that these
119 // overloads are visible in either the std namespace or the global
120 // namespace, but not other namespaces, including the testing
121 // namespace which Google Test's Message class is in.
123 // To allow STL containers (and other types that has a << operator
124 // defined in the global namespace) to be used in Google Test
125 // assertions, testing::Message must access the custom << operator
126 // from the global namespace. With this using declaration,
127 // overloads of << defined in the global namespace and those
128 // visible via Koenig lookup are both exposed in this function.
134 // Streams a pointer value to this object.
136 // This function is an overload of the previous one. When you
137 // stream a pointer to a Message, this definition will be used as it
138 // is more specialized. (The C++ Standard, section
139 // [temp.func.order].) If you stream a non-pointer, then the
140 // previous definition will be used.
142 // The reason for this overload is that streaming a NULL pointer to
143 // ostream is undefined behavior. Depending on the compiler, you
144 // may get "0", "(nil)", "(null)", or an access violation. To
145 // ensure consistent result across compilers, we always treat NULL
147 template <typename T>
148 inline Message& operator<<(T* const& pointer) { // NOLINT
149 if (pointer == nullptr) {
157 // Since the basic IO manipulators are overloaded for both narrow
158 // and wide streams, we have to provide this specialized definition
159 // of operator <<, even though its body is the same as the
160 // templatized version above. Without this definition, streaming
161 // endl or other basic IO manipulators to Message will confuse the
163 Message& operator<<(BasicNarrowIoManip val) {
168 // Instead of 1/0, we want to see true/false for bool values.
169 Message& operator<<(bool b) { return *this << (b ? "true" : "false"); }
171 // These two overloads allow streaming a wide C string to a Message
172 // using the UTF-8 encoding.
173 Message& operator<<(const wchar_t* wide_c_str);
174 Message& operator<<(wchar_t* wide_c_str);
176 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
177 // Converts the given wide string to a narrow string using the UTF-8
178 // encoding, and streams the result to this Message object.
179 Message& operator<<(const ::std::wstring& wstr);
180 #endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
182 // Gets the text streamed to this object so far as an std::string.
183 // Each '\0' character in the buffer is replaced with "\\0".
185 // INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN A USER PROGRAM.
186 std::string GetString() const;
189 // We'll hold the text streamed to this object here.
190 const std::unique_ptr< ::std::stringstream> ss_;
192 // We declare (but don't implement) this to prevent the compiler
193 // from implementing the assignment operator.
194 void operator=(const Message&);
197 // Streams a Message to an ostream.
198 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Message& sb) {
199 return os << sb.GetString();
204 // Converts a streamable value to an std::string. A NULL pointer is
205 // converted to "(null)". When the input value is a ::string,
206 // ::std::string, ::wstring, or ::std::wstring object, each NUL
207 // character in it is replaced with "\\0".
208 template <typename T>
209 std::string StreamableToString(const T& streamable) {
210 return (Message() << streamable).GetString();
213 } // namespace internal
214 } // namespace testing
216 GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_() // 4251
218 #endif // GOOGLETEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_MESSAGE_H_