SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
-'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
+'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
[--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
[-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
[--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
in-depth introduction.
After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
-page to learn what commands git offers. You can learn more about
-individual git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
+page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
+individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
-Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation
+Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
ifdef::stalenotes[]
============
You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
-unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
+unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
branch of the `git.git` repository.
Documentation for older releases are available here:
-* link:v1.8.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.3]
+* link:v2.0.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.1]
* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
+ link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
+
+* link:v1.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.4]
+
+* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
+ link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
+ link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
+ link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
+ link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
+
+* link:v1.8.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.5]
+
+* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
+
+* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
+
+* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
+
+* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
+
+* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
+
+* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
+
+* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
+
+* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
+
+* release notes for
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
+ link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
OPTIONS
-------
--version::
- Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
+ Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
--help::
Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
- available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
+ available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
option will bring up the manual page for that command.
+
Other options are available to control how the manual page is
because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
help ...`.
+-C <path>::
+ Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
+ directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
+ non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
+ <path>`.
++
+This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
+`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
+made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
+example the following invocations are equivalent:
+
+ git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
+ git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
+
-c <name>=<value>::
Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
given will override values from configuration files.
'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
--exec-path[=<path>]::
- Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
+ Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
the current setting and then exit.
--html-path::
- Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
+ Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
documentation is installed and exit.
--man-path::
Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
- this version of git and exit.
+ this version of Git and exit.
--info-path::
Print the path where the Info files documenting this
- version of git are installed and exit.
+ version of Git are installed and exit.
-p::
--paginate::
below).
--no-pager::
- Do not pipe git output into a pager.
+ Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
--git-dir=<path>::
Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
more detailed discussion).
--namespace=<path>::
- Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
+ Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
variable.
directory.
--no-replace-objects::
- Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
+ Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
+--literal-pathspecs::
+ Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
+ This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
+ variable to `1`.
+
+--glob-pathspecs::
+ Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
+ the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
+ globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
+ magic ":(literal)"
+
+--noglob-pathspecs::
+ Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
+ the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
+ globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
+ magic ":(glob)"
+
+--icase-pathspecs::
+ Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
+ the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
GIT COMMANDS
------------
-We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
+We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
("plumbing") commands.
High-level commands (porcelain)
Low-level commands (plumbing)
-----------------------------
-Although git includes its
+Although Git includes its
own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
Configuration Mechanism
-----------------------
-Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
-is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
-simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
-people. Here is an example:
+Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
+repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
+like this:
------------
#
; user identity
[user]
name = "Junio C Hamano"
- email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
+ email = "gitster@pobox.com"
------------
Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
-list.
+list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
Identifier Terminology
Symbolic Identifiers
--------------------
-Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
+Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
symbolic notation:
HEAD::
Environment Variables
---------------------
-Various git commands use the following environment variables:
+Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
-The git Repository
+The Git Repository
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
+These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
-git so take care if using Cogito etc.
+Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
'GIT_INDEX_FILE'::
This environment allows the specification of an alternate
index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
is used.
+'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
+ This environment variable allows the specification of an index
+ version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
+ files. By default index file version [23] is used.
+
'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
If the object storage directory is specified via this
environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
directory is used.
'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
- Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
+ Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
- of git object directories which can be used to search for git
+ of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
'GIT_DIR'::
The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
'GIT_WORK_TREE'::
- Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
- used in combination with repositories found automatically in
- a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
+ Set the path to the root of the working tree.
This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
'GIT_NAMESPACE'::
- Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
+ Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
- This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
- If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
- up into while looking for a repository directory.
- It will not exclude the current working directory or
- a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
- (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
+ This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
+ set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
+ into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
+ excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
+ exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
+ command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
+ the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
+ might be present in order to compare them with the current
+ directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
+ can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
+ subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
+ e.g.,
+ 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
- directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
+ directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
- can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
+ can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
command line.
-git Commits
+Git Commits
~~~~~~~~~~~
'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME'::
'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL'::
'EMAIL'::
see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
-git Diffs
+Git Diffs
~~~~~~~~~
'GIT_DIFF_OPTS'::
Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
- value passed on the git diff command line.
+ value passed on the Git diff command line.
'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
<old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
contents of <old|new>,
- <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
+ <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
<old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
+
The file parameters can point at the user's working file
+
For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
parameter, <path>.
++
+For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
+'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
+
+'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
+ A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
+
+'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
+ The total number of paths.
other
~~~~~
'GIT_PAGER'::
This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
- to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
+ to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
linkgit:git-config[1].
'GIT_EDITOR'::
This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
- It is used by several git commands when, on interactive mode,
+ It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
and 'git push' will use this command instead
of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
- The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
- the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
- shell command to execute on that remote system.
+ The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
+ four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
+ from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
+ remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
+ the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
+ than the default SSH port.
+
To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
for further details.
'GIT_ASKPASS'::
- If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
+ If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
'GIT_FLUSH'::
If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
- and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
- after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
+ 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
+ force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
+ flushed. If this
variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
- not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
+ not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
'GIT_TRACE'::
If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
- is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
+ is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
execution and external command execution.
If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
- and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
+ and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
trace messages into this file descriptor.
Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
- (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
+ (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
into it.
+'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
+ If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
+ the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
+ access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
+ recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
+ pack-related performance problems.
+
+'GIT_TRACE_PACKET'::
+ If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
+ coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
+ debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
+ is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
+
+GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
+ Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
+ pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
+ running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
+ for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
+ glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
+ literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
+ `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
+
+GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS::
+ Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
+ pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
+
+GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
+ Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
+ pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
+
+GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
+ Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
+ pathspecs as case-insensitive.
+
+'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
+ When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
+ track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
+ typically the name of the high-level command that updated
+ the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
+ A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
+ helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
+ variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
+ end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
+
+
Discussion[[Discussion]]
------------------------
More detail on the following is available from the
-link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
+link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
-A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
+A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
-All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
+All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
-may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
-with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
-recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
+may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
+with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
+recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
---------------------
See the references in the "description" section to get started
-using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
+using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
for a first-time user.
-The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
+The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
-introductions to the underlying git architecture.
+introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
examples.
The internals are documented in the
-link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
+link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
Users migrating from CVS may also want to
read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
Authors
-------
Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
-C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
+C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
gives you a more complete list of contributors.
projects / platform / upstream / git.git / blobdiff