src/cryptsetup.c

   1 #include <string.h>
   2 #include <stdio.h>
   3 #include <stdlib.h>
   4 #include <stdint.h>
   5 #include <inttypes.h>
   6 #include <errno.h>
   7 #include <unistd.h>
   8 #include <fcntl.h>
   9 #include <assert.h>
  10
  11 #include <libcryptsetup.h>
  12 #include <popt.h>
  13
  14 #include "../config.h"
  15
  16 #include "cryptsetup.h"
  17
  18 static int opt_verbose = 0;
  19 static int opt_debug = 0;
  20 static char *opt_cipher = NULL;
  21 static char *opt_hash = NULL;
  22 static int opt_verify_passphrase = 0;
  23 static char *opt_key_file = NULL;
  24 static unsigned int opt_key_size = 0;
  25 static int opt_key_slot = -1;
  26 static uint64_t opt_size = 0;
  27 static uint64_t opt_offset = 0;
  28 static uint64_t opt_skip = 0;
  29 static int opt_readonly = 0;
  30 static int opt_iteration_time = 1000;
  31 static int opt_batch_mode = 0;
  32 static int opt_version_mode = 0;
  33 static int opt_timeout = 0;
  34 static int opt_tries = 3;
  35 static int opt_align_payload = 0;
  36 static int opt_non_exclusive = 0;
  37
  38 static const char **action_argv;
  39 static int action_argc;
  40
  41 static int action_create(int arg);
  42 static int action_remove(int arg);
  43 static int action_resize(int arg);
  44 static int action_status(int arg);
  45 static int action_luksFormat(int arg);
  46 static int action_luksOpen(int arg);
  47 static int action_luksAddKey(int arg);
  48 static int action_luksDelKey(int arg);
  49 static int action_luksKillSlot(int arg);
  50 static int action_luksRemoveKey(int arg);
  51 static int action_isLuks(int arg);
  52 static int action_luksUUID(int arg);
  53 static int action_luksDump(int arg);
  54
  55 static struct action_type {
  56         const char *type;
  57         int (*handler)(int);
  58         int arg;
  59         int required_action_argc;
  60         int required_dm_backend;
  61         int required_memlock;
  62         int show_status;
  63         const char *arg_desc;
  64         const char *desc;
  65 } action_types[] = {
  66         { "create",     action_create,          0, 2, 1, 1, 1, N_("<name> <device>"),N_("create device") },
  67         { "remove",     action_remove,          0, 1, 1, 0, 1, N_("<name>"), N_("remove device") },
  68         { "resize",     action_resize,          0, 1, 1, 1, 1, N_("<name>"), N_("resize active device") },
  69         { "status",     action_status,          0, 1, 1, 0, 1, N_("<name>"), N_("show device status") },
  70         { "luksFormat", action_luksFormat,      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, N_("<device> [<new key file>]"), N_("formats a LUKS device") },
  71         { "luksOpen",   action_luksOpen,        0, 2, 1, 1, 1, N_("<device> <name> "), N_("open LUKS device as mapping <name>") },
  72         { "luksAddKey", action_luksAddKey,      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, N_("<device> [<new key file>]"), N_("add key to LUKS device") },
  73         { "luksRemoveKey",action_luksRemoveKey, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, N_("<device> [<key file>]"), N_("removes supplied key or key file from LUKS device") },
  74         { "luksKillSlot",  action_luksKillSlot, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, N_("<device> <key slot>"), N_("wipes key with number <key slot> from LUKS device") },
  75         { "luksUUID",   action_luksUUID,        0, 1, 0, 0, 1, N_("<device>"), N_("print UUID of LUKS device") },
  76         { "isLuks",     action_isLuks,          0, 1, 0, 0, 0, N_("<device>"), N_("tests <device> for LUKS partition header") },
  77         { "luksClose",  action_remove,          0, 1, 1, 0, 1, N_("<name>"), N_("remove LUKS mapping") },
  78         { "luksDump",   action_luksDump,        0, 1, 0, 0, 1, N_("<device>"), N_("dump LUKS partition information") },
  79         { "luksDelKey", action_luksDelKey,      0, 2, 1, 1, 1, N_("<device> <key slot>"), N_("identical to luksKillSlot - DEPRECATED - see man page") },
  80         { "reload",     action_create,          1, 2, 1, 1, 1, N_("<name> <device>"), N_("modify active device - DEPRECATED - see man page") },
  81         { NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL }
  82 };
  83
  84 /* Interface Callbacks */
  85 static int yesDialog(char *msg)
  86 {
  87         char *answer = NULL;
  88         size_t size = 0;
  89         int r = 1;
  90
  91         if(isatty(0) && !opt_batch_mode) {
  92                 log_std("\nWARNING!\n========\n");
  93                 log_std("%s\n\nAre you sure? (Type uppercase yes): ", msg);
  94                 if(getline(&answer, &size, stdin) == -1) {
  95                         perror("getline");
  96                         free(answer);
  97                         return 0;
  98                 }
  99                 if(strcmp(answer, "YES\n"))
 100                         r = 0;
 101                 free(answer);
 102         }
 103
 104         return r;
 105 }
 106
 107 static void cmdLineLog(int class, char *msg) {
 108     switch(class) {
 109
 110     case CRYPT_LOG_NORMAL:
 111             fputs(msg, stdout);
 112             break;
 113     case CRYPT_LOG_ERROR:
 114             fputs(msg, stderr);
 115             break;
 116     default:
 117             fprintf(stderr, "Internal error on logging class for msg: %s", msg);
 118             break;
 119     }
 120 }
 121
 122 static struct interface_callbacks cmd_icb = {
 123         .yesDialog = yesDialog,
 124         .log = cmdLineLog,
 125 };
 126
 127 /* End ICBs */
 128
 129 static void show_status(int errcode)
 130 {
 131         char error[256];
 132
 133         if(!errcode && opt_verbose) {
 134                 log_std(_("Command successful.\n"));
 135                 return;
 136         }
 137
 138         crypt_get_error(error, sizeof(error));
 139
 140         if (!opt_verbose) {
 141                 char *error_ = strerror_r(errcode, error, sizeof(error));
 142                 if (error_ != error) {
 143                         strncpy(error, error_, sizeof(error));
 144                         error[sizeof error - 1] = '\0';
 145                 }
 146         }
 147
 148         log_err(_("Command failed"));
 149         if (*error)
 150                 log_err(": %s\n", error);
 151         else
 152                 log_err(".\n");
 153         return;
 154 }
 155
 156 static int action_create(int reload)
 157 {
 158         struct crypt_options options = {
 159                 .name = action_argv[0],
 160                 .device = action_argv[1],
 161                 .cipher = opt_cipher?opt_cipher:DEFAULT_CIPHER,
 162                 .hash = opt_hash ?: DEFAULT_HASH,
 163                 .key_file = opt_key_file,
 164                 .key_size = ((opt_key_size)?opt_key_size:DEFAULT_KEY_SIZE)/8,
 165                 .key_slot = opt_key_slot,
 166                 .passphrase_fd = 0,     /* stdin */
 167                 .flags = 0,
 168                 .size = opt_size,
 169                 .offset = opt_offset,
 170                 .skip = opt_skip,
 171                 .timeout = opt_timeout,
 172                 .tries = opt_tries,
 173                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 174         };
 175         int r;
 176
 177         if(reload)
 178                 log_err(_("The reload action is deprecated. Please use \"dmsetup reload\" in case you really need this functionality.\nWARNING: do not use reload to touch LUKS devices. If that is the case, hit Ctrl-C now.\n"));
 179
 180         if (options.hash && strcmp(options.hash, "plain") == 0)
 181                 options.hash = NULL;
 182         if (opt_verify_passphrase)
 183                 options.flags |= CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY;
 184         if (opt_readonly)
 185                 options.flags |= CRYPT_FLAG_READONLY;
 186
 187         if (reload)
 188                 r = crypt_update_device(&options);
 189         else
 190                 r = crypt_create_device(&options);
 191
 192         return r;
 193 }
 194
 195 static int action_remove(int arg)
 196 {
 197         struct crypt_options options = {
 198                 .name = action_argv[0],
 199                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 200         };
 201
 202         return crypt_remove_device(&options);
 203 }
 204
 205 static int action_resize(int arg)
 206 {
 207         struct crypt_options options = {
 208                 .name = action_argv[0],
 209                 .size = opt_size,
 210                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 211         };
 212
 213         return crypt_resize_device(&options);
 214 }
 215
 216 static int action_status(int arg)
 217 {
 218         struct crypt_options options = {
 219                 .name = action_argv[0],
 220                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 221         };
 222         int r;
 223
 224         r = crypt_query_device(&options);
 225         if (r < 0)
 226                 return r;
 227
 228         if (r == 0) {
 229                 /* inactive */
 230                 log_std("%s/%s is inactive.\n", crypt_get_dir(), options.name);
 231                 r = 1;
 232         } else {
 233                 /* active */
 234                 log_std("%s/%s is active:\n", crypt_get_dir(), options.name);
 235                 log_std("  cipher:  %s\n", options.cipher);
 236                 log_std("  keysize: %d bits\n", options.key_size * 8);
 237                 log_std("  device:  %s\n", options.device);
 238                 log_std("  offset:  %" PRIu64 " sectors\n", options.offset);
 239                 log_std("  size:    %" PRIu64 " sectors\n", options.size);
 240                 if (options.skip)
 241                         log_std("  skipped: %" PRIu64 " sectors\n", options.skip);
 242                 log_std("  mode:    %s\n", (options.flags & CRYPT_FLAG_READONLY)
 243                                            ? "readonly" : "read/write");
 244                 crypt_put_options(&options);
 245                 r = 0;
 246         }
 247         return r;
 248 }
 249
 250 static int action_luksFormat(int arg)
 251 {
 252         struct crypt_options options = {
 253                 .key_size = (opt_key_size ?: DEFAULT_LUKS_KEY_SIZE) / 8,
 254                 .key_slot = opt_key_slot,
 255                 .device = action_argv[0],
 256                 .cipher = opt_cipher ?: DEFAULT_LUKS_CIPHER,
 257                 .hash = opt_hash ?: DEFAULT_LUKS_HASH,
 258                 .new_key_file = action_argc > 1 ? action_argv[1] : NULL,
 259                 .flags = opt_verify_passphrase ? CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY : (!opt_batch_mode?CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY_IF_POSSIBLE :  0),
 260                 .iteration_time = opt_iteration_time,
 261                 .timeout = opt_timeout,
 262                 .align_payload = opt_align_payload,
 263                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 264         };
 265         int r = 0; char *msg = NULL;
 266
 267         /* Avoid overwriting possibly wrong part of device than user requested by rejecting these options */
 268         if (opt_offset || opt_skip) {
 269                 fprintf(stderr,"Options --offset and --skip are not supported for luksFormat.\n");
 270                 return -EINVAL;
 271         }
 272
 273         if(asprintf(&msg, _("This will overwrite data on %s irrevocably."), options.device) == -1) {
 274                 fputs(_("memory allocation error in action_luksFormat"), stderr);
 275                 return -ENOMEM;
 276         }
 277         r = yesDialog(msg);
 278         free(msg);
 279
 280         if (!r)
 281                 return -EINVAL;
 282
 283         return crypt_luksFormat(&options);
 284 }
 285
 286 static int action_luksOpen(int arg)
 287 {
 288         struct crypt_options options = {
 289                 .name = action_argv[1],
 290                 .device = action_argv[0],
 291                 .key_file = opt_key_file,
 292                 .key_size = opt_key_file ? (opt_key_size / 8) : 0, /* limit bytes read from keyfile */
 293                 .timeout = opt_timeout,
 294                 .tries = opt_key_file ? 1 : opt_tries, /* verify is usefull only for tty */
 295                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 296         };
 297
 298         if (opt_readonly)
 299                 options.flags |= CRYPT_FLAG_READONLY;
 300         if (opt_non_exclusive)
 301                 options.flags |= CRYPT_FLAG_NON_EXCLUSIVE_ACCESS;
 302         return crypt_luksOpen(&options);
 303 }
 304
 305 static int action_luksDelKey(int arg)
 306 {
 307     fprintf(stderr,"luksDelKey is a deprecated action name.\nPlease use luksKillSlot.\n");
 308     return action_luksKillSlot(arg);
 309 }
 310
 311 static int action_luksKillSlot(int arg)
 312 {
 313         struct crypt_options options = {
 314                 .device = action_argv[0],
 315                 .key_slot = atoi(action_argv[1]),
 316                 .key_file = opt_key_file,
 317                 .timeout = opt_timeout,
 318                 .flags = !opt_batch_mode?CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY_ON_DELKEY : 0,
 319                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 320         };
 321
 322         return crypt_luksKillSlot(&options);
 323 }
 324
 325 static int action_luksRemoveKey(int arg)
 326 {
 327         struct crypt_options options = {
 328                 .device = action_argv[0],
 329                 .new_key_file = action_argc>1?action_argv[1]:NULL,
 330                 .key_file = opt_key_file,
 331                 .timeout = opt_timeout,
 332                 .flags = !opt_batch_mode?CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY_ON_DELKEY : 0,
 333                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 334         };
 335
 336         return crypt_luksRemoveKey(&options);
 337 }
 338
 339 static int action_luksAddKey(int arg)
 340 {
 341         struct crypt_options options = {
 342                 .device = action_argv[0],
 343                 .new_key_file = action_argc>1?action_argv[1]:NULL,
 344                 .key_file = opt_key_file,
 345                 .key_slot = opt_key_slot,
 346                 .flags = opt_verify_passphrase ? CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY : (!opt_batch_mode?CRYPT_FLAG_VERIFY_IF_POSSIBLE : 0),
 347                 .iteration_time = opt_iteration_time,
 348                 .timeout = opt_timeout,
 349                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 350         };
 351
 352         return crypt_luksAddKey(&options);
 353 }
 354
 355 static int action_isLuks(int arg)
 356 {
 357         struct crypt_options options = {
 358                 .device = action_argv[0],
 359                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 360         };
 361
 362         return crypt_isLuks(&options);
 363 }
 364
 365 static int action_luksUUID(int arg)
 366 {
 367         struct crypt_options options = {
 368                 .device = action_argv[0],
 369                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 370         };
 371
 372         return crypt_luksUUID(&options);
 373 }
 374
 375 static int action_luksDump(int arg)
 376 {
 377         struct crypt_options options = {
 378                 .device = action_argv[0],
 379                 .icb = &cmd_icb,
 380         };
 381
 382         return crypt_luksDump(&options);
 383 }
 384
 385 static void usage(poptContext popt_context, int exitcode,
 386                   const char *error, const char *more)
 387 {
 388         poptPrintUsage(popt_context, stderr, 0);
 389         if (error)
 390                 log_err("%s: %s\n", more, error);
 391         exit(exitcode);
 392 }
 393
 394 static void help(poptContext popt_context, enum poptCallbackReason reason,
 395                  struct poptOption *key, const char * arg, void *data)
 396 {
 397         if (key->shortName == '?') {
 398                 struct action_type *action;
 399
 400                 log_std("%s\n",PACKAGE_STRING);
 401
 402                 poptPrintHelp(popt_context, stdout, 0);
 403
 404                 log_std(_("\n"
 405                          "<action> is one of:\n"));
 406
 407                 for(action = action_types; action->type; action++)
 408                         log_std("\t%s %s - %s\n", action->type, _(action->arg_desc), _(action->desc));
 409
 410                 log_std(_("\n"
 411                          "<name> is the device to create under %s\n"
 412                          "<device> is the encrypted device\n"
 413                          "<key slot> is the LUKS key slot number to modify\n"
 414                          "<key file> optional key file for the new key for luksAddKey action\n"),
 415                         crypt_get_dir());
 416                 exit(0);
 417         } else
 418                 usage(popt_context, 0, NULL, NULL);
 419 }
 420
 421 void set_debug_level(int level);
 422
 423 static void _dbg_version_and_cmd(int argc, char **argv)
 424 {
 425         int i;
 426
 427         log_std("# %s %s processing \"", PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_VERSION);
 428         for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 429                 if (i)
 430                         log_std(" ");
 431                 log_std(argv[i]);
 432         }
 433         log_std("\"\n");
 434 }
 435
 436 static int run_action(struct action_type *action)
 437 {
 438         int r;
 439
 440         if (dm_init(NULL, action->required_dm_backend) < 1) {
 441                 log_err("Cannot communicate with device-mapper. Is dm_mod kernel module loaded?\n");
 442                 return -ENOSYS;
 443         }
 444
 445         if (action->required_memlock)
 446                 memlock_inc(NULL);
 447
 448         r = action->handler(action->arg);
 449
 450         if (action->required_memlock)
 451                 memlock_dec(NULL);
 452
 453         if (action->required_dm_backend)
 454                 dm_exit();
 455
 456         if (r < 0 && (opt_verbose || action->show_status))
 457                 show_status(-r);
 458
 459         return r;
 460 }
 461
 462 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 463 {
 464         static char *popt_tmp;
 465         static struct poptOption popt_help_options[] = {
 466                 { NULL,    '\0', POPT_ARG_CALLBACK, help, 0, NULL,                         NULL },
 467                 { "help",  '?',  POPT_ARG_NONE,     NULL, 0, N_("Show this help message"), NULL },
 468                 { "usage", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE,     NULL, 0, N_("Display brief usage"),    NULL },
 469                 POPT_TABLEEND
 470         };
 471         static struct poptOption popt_options[] = {
 472                 { NULL,                '\0', POPT_ARG_INCLUDE_TABLE,                      popt_help_options,      0, N_("Help options:"),                                                   NULL },
 473                 { "verbose",           'v',  POPT_ARG_NONE,                               &opt_verbose,           0, N_("Shows more detailed error messages"),                              NULL },
 474                 { "debug",             '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE,                               &opt_debug,             0, N_("Show debug messsgages"),                                           NULL },
 475                 { "cipher",            'c',  POPT_ARG_STRING | POPT_ARGFLAG_SHOW_DEFAULT, &opt_cipher,            0, N_("The cipher used to encrypt the disk (see /proc/crypto)"),          NULL },
 476                 { "hash",              'h',  POPT_ARG_STRING | POPT_ARGFLAG_SHOW_DEFAULT, &opt_hash,              0, N_("The hash used to create the encryption key from the passphrase"),  NULL },
 477                 { "verify-passphrase", 'y',  POPT_ARG_NONE,                               &opt_verify_passphrase, 0, N_("Verifies the passphrase by asking for it twice"),                  NULL },
 478                 { "key-file",          'd',  POPT_ARG_STRING,                             &opt_key_file,          0, N_("Read the key from a file (can be /dev/random)"),                   NULL },
 479                 { "key-size",          's',  POPT_ARG_INT    | POPT_ARGFLAG_SHOW_DEFAULT, &opt_key_size,          0, N_("The size of the encryption key"),                                  N_("BITS") },
 480                 { "key-slot",          'S',  POPT_ARG_INT,                                &opt_key_slot,          0, N_("Slot number for new key (default is first free)"),      NULL },
 481                 { "size",              'b',  POPT_ARG_STRING,                             &popt_tmp,              1, N_("The size of the device"),                                          N_("SECTORS") },
 482                 { "offset",            'o',  POPT_ARG_STRING,                             &popt_tmp,              2, N_("The start offset in the backend device"),                          N_("SECTORS") },
 483                 { "skip",              'p',  POPT_ARG_STRING,                             &popt_tmp,              3, N_("How many sectors of the encrypted data to skip at the beginning"), N_("SECTORS") },
 484                 { "readonly",          'r',  POPT_ARG_NONE,                               &opt_readonly,          0, N_("Create a readonly mapping"),                                       NULL },
 485                 { "iter-time",         'i',  POPT_ARG_INT,                                &opt_iteration_time,    0, N_("PBKDF2 iteration time for LUKS (in ms)"),
 486                   N_("msecs") },
 487                 { "batch-mode",        'q',  POPT_ARG_NONE,                               &opt_batch_mode,        0, N_("Do not ask for confirmation"),                                     NULL },
 488                 { "version",        '\0',  POPT_ARG_NONE,                                 &opt_version_mode,        0, N_("Print package version"),                                     NULL },
 489                 { "timeout",           't',  POPT_ARG_INT,                                &opt_timeout,           0, N_("Timeout for interactive passphrase prompt (in seconds)"),          N_("secs") },
 490                 { "tries",             'T',  POPT_ARG_INT,                                &opt_tries,             0, N_("How often the input of the passphrase canbe retried"),            NULL },
 491                 { "align-payload",     '\0',  POPT_ARG_INT,                               &opt_align_payload,     0, N_("Align payload at <n> sector boundaries - for luksFormat"),         N_("SECTORS") },
 492                 { "non-exclusive",     '\0',  POPT_ARG_NONE,                              &opt_non_exclusive,     0, N_("Allows non-exclusive access for luksOpen, WARNING see manpage."),        NULL },
 493                 POPT_TABLEEND
 494         };
 495         poptContext popt_context;
 496         struct action_type *action;
 497         char *aname;
 498         int r;
 499         const char *null_action_argv[] = {NULL};
 500
 501         set_default_log(cmdLineLog);
 502
 503         setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
 504         bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
 505         textdomain(PACKAGE);
 506
 507         popt_context = poptGetContext(PACKAGE, argc, (const char **)argv,
 508                                       popt_options, 0);
 509         poptSetOtherOptionHelp(popt_context,
 510                                N_("[OPTION...] <action> <action-specific>]"));
 511
 512         while((r = poptGetNextOpt(popt_context)) > 0) {
 513                 unsigned long long ull_value;
 514                 char *endp;
 515
 516                 ull_value = strtoull(popt_tmp, &endp, 0);
 517                 if (*endp || !*popt_tmp)
 518                         r = POPT_ERROR_BADNUMBER;
 519
 520                 switch(r) {
 521                         case 1:
 522                                 opt_size = ull_value;
 523                                 break;
 524                         case 2:
 525                                 opt_offset = ull_value;
 526                                 break;
 527                         case 3:
 528                                 opt_skip = ull_value;
 529                                 break;
 530                 }
 531
 532                 if (r < 0)
 533                         break;
 534         }
 535
 536         if (r < -1)
 537                 usage(popt_context, 1, poptStrerror(r),
 538                       poptBadOption(popt_context, POPT_BADOPTION_NOALIAS));
 539         if (opt_version_mode) {
 540                 log_std("%s %s\n", PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_VERSION);
 541                 exit(0);
 542         }
 543
 544         if (opt_key_size % 8)
 545                 usage(popt_context, 1,
 546                       _("Key size must be a multiple of 8 bits"),
 547                       poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
 548
 549         if (!(aname = (char *)poptGetArg(popt_context)))
 550                 usage(popt_context, 1, _("Argument <action> missing."),
 551                       poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
 552         for(action = action_types; action->type; action++)
 553                 if (strcmp(action->type, aname) == 0)
 554                         break;
 555         if (!action->type)
 556                 usage(popt_context, 1, _("Unknown action."),
 557                       poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
 558
 559         action_argc = 0;
 560         action_argv = poptGetArgs(popt_context);
 561         /* Make return values of poptGetArgs more consistent in case of remaining argc = 0 */
 562         if(!action_argv)
 563                 action_argv = null_action_argv;
 564
 565         /* Count args, somewhat unnice, change? */
 566         while(action_argv[action_argc] != NULL)
 567                 action_argc++;
 568
 569         if(action_argc < action->required_action_argc) {
 570                 char buf[128];
 571                 snprintf(buf, 128,_("%s: requires %s as arguments"), action->type, action->arg_desc);
 572                 usage(popt_context, 1, buf,
 573                       poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
 574         }
 575
 576         if (opt_debug) {
 577                 opt_verbose = 1;
 578                 crypt_set_debug_level(-1);
 579                 _dbg_version_and_cmd(argc, argv);
 580         }
 581
 582         return run_action(action);
 583 }