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  26 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  27 <a name="boost_typeerasure.examples"></a><a class="link" href="examples.html" title="Examples">Examples</a>
  28 </h2></div></div></div>
  29 <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
  30 <dt><span class="section"><a href="examples.html#boost_typeerasure.examples.print_sequence">A polymorphic
  31       range formatter</a></span></dt>
  32 <dt><span class="section"><a href="examples.html#boost_typeerasure.examples.printf">A type-safe printf</a></span></dt>
  33 <dt><span class="section"><a href="examples.html#boost_typeerasure.examples.multifunction">Boost.Function
  34       with multiple signatures</a></span></dt>
  35 </dl></div>
  36 <div class="section">
  37 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
  38 <a name="boost_typeerasure.examples.print_sequence"></a><a class="link" href="examples.html#boost_typeerasure.examples.print_sequence" title="A polymorphic range formatter">A polymorphic
  39       range formatter</a>
  40 </h3></div></div></div>
  41 <p>
  42         (For the source of this example see <a href="../../../libs/type_erasure/example/print_sequence.cpp" target="_top">print_sequence.cpp</a>)
  43       </p>
  44 <p>
  45         This example defines a class hierarchy that allows a sequence to be formatted
  46         in several different ways. We'd like to be able to handle any sequence and
  47         any stream type, since the range formatting is independent of the formatting
  48         of individual elements. Thus, our interface needs to look something like
  49         this:
  50       </p>
  51 <p>
  52 </p>
  53 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">abstract_printer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
  54 <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
  55     <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  56     <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ostream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
  57 <span class="special">};</span>
  58 </pre>
  59 <p>
  60       </p>
  61 <p>
  62         Unfortunately, this is illegal because a virtual function cannot be a template.
  63         However, we can define a class with much the same behavior using Boost.TypeErasure.
  64       </p>
  65 <p>
  66 </p>
  67 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  68 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  69 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">operators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  70 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  71 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">same_type</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  72 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  73 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  74 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  75 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  76 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iomanip</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  77 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  78
  79 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">;</span>
  80
  81 <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">_t</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">placeholder</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
  82 <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">_iter</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">placeholder</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
  83 <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">_os</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">placeholder</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
  84
  85 <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_self</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  86 <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">base_and_derived</span>
  87 <span class="special">{</span>
  88     <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
  89 <span class="special">};</span>
  90
  91 <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span>
  92 <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">type_erasure</span> <span class="special">{</span>
  93
  94 <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  95 <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">concept_interface</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">base_and_derived</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
  96 <span class="special">{</span>
  97     <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">rebind_any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span>
  98     <span class="special">{</span>
  99         <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">base_and_derived</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;(),</span> <span class="keyword">const_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">concept_interface</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">));</span>
 100     <span class="special">}</span>
 101     <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">rebind_any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">()</span>
 102     <span class="special">{</span>
 103         <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">base_and_derived</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;(),</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">);</span>
 104     <span class="special">}</span>
 105 <span class="special">};</span>
 106
 107 <span class="special">}</span>
 108 <span class="special">}</span>
 109
 110 <span class="comment">// abstract_printer - An abstract base class for formatting sequences.</span>
 111 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">abstract_printer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 112 <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
 113     <span class="comment">// print - write a sequence to a std::ostream in a manner</span>
 114     <span class="comment">//   specific to the derived class.</span>
 115     <span class="comment">//</span>
 116     <span class="comment">// Requires: Range must be a Forward Range whose elements can be</span>
 117     <span class="comment">//   printed to os.</span>
 118     <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 119     <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ostream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 120         <span class="comment">// Capture the arguments</span>
 121         <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">Range</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
 122             <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">)),</span>
 123             <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">r</span><span class="special">));</span>
 124         <span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">requirements</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_os</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span> <span class="identifier">_iter</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_iter</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
 125         <span class="comment">// and forward to the real implementation</span>
 126         <span class="identifier">do_print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">));</span>
 127     <span class="special">}</span>
 128     <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">abstract_printer</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
 129 <span class="keyword">protected</span><span class="special">:</span>
 130     <span class="comment">// define the concept requirements of the arguments of</span>
 131     <span class="comment">// print and typedef the any types.</span>
 132     <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
 133         <span class="identifier">base_and_derived</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_os</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span>
 134         <span class="identifier">ostreamable</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">_os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_t</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span>
 135         <span class="identifier">ostreamable</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">_os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*&gt;,</span>
 136         <span class="identifier">forward_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">_iter</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">_t</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;,</span>
 137         <span class="identifier">same_type</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">forward_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">_iter</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">_t</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 138     <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">requirements</span><span class="special">;</span>
 139     <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">requirements</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_os</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ostream_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 140     <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">requirements</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_iter</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 141     <span class="comment">// do_print - This method must be implemented by derived classes</span>
 142     <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">do_print</span><span class="special">(</span>
 143         <span class="identifier">ostream_type</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 144 <span class="special">};</span>
 145
 146 <span class="comment">// separator_printer - writes the elements of a sequence</span>
 147 <span class="comment">//   separated by a fixed string.  For example, if</span>
 148 <span class="comment">//   the separator is ", " separator_printer produces</span>
 149 <span class="comment">//   a comma separated list.</span>
 150 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">separator_printer</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">abstract_printer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 151 <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
 152     <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">separator_printer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">sep</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">separator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sep</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
 153 <span class="keyword">protected</span><span class="special">:</span>
 154     <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">do_print</span><span class="special">(</span>
 155         <span class="identifier">ostream_type</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 156         <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 157             <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span>
 158             <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span>
 159             <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(;</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 160                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">separator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span>
 161             <span class="special">}</span>
 162         <span class="special">}</span>
 163     <span class="special">}</span>
 164 <span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
 165     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">separator</span><span class="special">;</span>
 166 <span class="special">};</span>
 167
 168 <span class="comment">// column_separator_printer - like separator_printer, but</span>
 169 <span class="comment">//   also inserts a line break after every n elements.</span>
 170 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">column_separator_printer</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">abstract_printer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 171 <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
 172     <span class="identifier">column_separator_printer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">sep</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">num_columns</span><span class="special">)</span>
 173       <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">separator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sep</span><span class="special">),</span>
 174         <span class="identifier">cols</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">num_columns</span><span class="special">)</span>
 175     <span class="special">{}</span>
 176 <span class="keyword">protected</span><span class="special">:</span>
 177     <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">do_print</span><span class="special">(</span>
 178         <span class="identifier">ostream_type</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 179         <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">count</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 180         <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(;</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 181             <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span>
 182             <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">requirements</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_iter</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">temp</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span>
 183             <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">temp</span><span class="special">;</span>
 184             <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">temp</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 185                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">separator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">();</span>
 186             <span class="special">}</span>
 187             <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(++</span><span class="identifier">count</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">cols</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 188                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
 189             <span class="special">}</span>
 190         <span class="special">}</span>
 191     <span class="special">}</span>
 192 <span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
 193     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">separator</span><span class="special">;</span>
 194     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">cols</span><span class="special">;</span>
 195 <span class="special">};</span>
 196
 197 <span class="comment">// aligned_column_printer - formats a sequence in columns</span>
 198 <span class="comment">//   reading down.  For example, given the sequence</span>
 199 <span class="comment">//   { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, aligned_column_printer might print</span>
 200 <span class="comment">//   1   4</span>
 201 <span class="comment">//   2   5</span>
 202 <span class="comment">//   3</span>
 203 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">aligned_column_printer</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">abstract_printer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 204 <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
 205     <span class="identifier">aligned_column_printer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">column_width</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">num_columns</span><span class="special">)</span>
 206       <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">column_width</span><span class="special">),</span>
 207         <span class="identifier">cols</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">num_columns</span><span class="special">)</span>
 208     <span class="special">{}</span>
 209 <span class="keyword">protected</span><span class="special">:</span>
 210     <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">do_print</span><span class="special">(</span>
 211         <span class="identifier">ostream_type</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span>
 212     <span class="special">{</span>
 213         <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span class="special">;</span>
 214         <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">;</span>
 215
 216         <span class="comment">// find the tops of the columns</span>
 217         <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">count</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 218         <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 219             <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">count</span><span class="special">;</span>
 220         <span class="special">}</span>
 221         <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">rows</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">count</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">cols</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">/</span> <span class="identifier">cols</span><span class="special">;</span>
 222         <span class="identifier">count</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 223         <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 224             <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">count</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">rows</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 225                 <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">);</span>
 226             <span class="special">}</span>
 227             <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">count</span><span class="special">;</span>
 228         <span class="special">}</span>
 229
 230         <span class="identifier">iterator_type</span> <span class="identifier">last_col</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">back</span><span class="special">();</span>
 231
 232         <span class="comment">// print the full rows</span>
 233         <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">back</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 234             <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator_type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span>
 235                 <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span>
 236                 <span class="identifier">end</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">)</span>
 237             <span class="special">{</span>
 238                 <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">);</span>
 239                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">**</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">;</span>
 240                 <span class="special">++*</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">;</span>
 241             <span class="special">}</span>
 242             <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
 243         <span class="special">}</span>
 244
 245         <span class="comment">// print the rows that are missing the last column</span>
 246         <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pop_back</span><span class="special">();</span>
 247         <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 248             <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">back</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">last_col</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 249                 <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator_type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span>
 250                     <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span>
 251                     <span class="identifier">end</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">column_iterators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">)</span>
 252                 <span class="special">{</span>
 253                     <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">);</span>
 254                     <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">**</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">;</span>
 255                     <span class="special">++*</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">;</span>
 256                 <span class="special">}</span>
 257                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
 258             <span class="special">}</span>
 259         <span class="special">}</span>
 260     <span class="special">}</span>
 261 <span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
 262     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">;</span>
 263     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">cols</span><span class="special">;</span>
 264 <span class="special">};</span>
 265
 266 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 267     <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">test</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">6</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">9</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="special">};</span>
 268     <span class="identifier">separator_printer</span> <span class="identifier">p1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">","</span><span class="special">);</span>
 269     <span class="identifier">p1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">test</span><span class="special">);</span>
 270     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 271     <span class="identifier">column_separator_printer</span> <span class="identifier">p2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">","</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">);</span>
 272     <span class="identifier">p2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">test</span><span class="special">);</span>
 273     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 274     <span class="identifier">aligned_column_printer</span> <span class="identifier">p3</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">16</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">);</span>
 275     <span class="identifier">p3</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">test</span><span class="special">);</span>
 276 <span class="special">}</span>
 277 </pre>
 278 <p>
 279       </p>
 280 </div>
 281 <div class="section">
 282 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 283 <a name="boost_typeerasure.examples.printf"></a><a class="link" href="examples.html#boost_typeerasure.examples.printf" title="A type-safe printf">A type-safe printf</a>
 284 </h3></div></div></div>
 285 <p>
 286         (For the source of this example see <a href="../../../libs/type_erasure/example/printf.cpp" target="_top">printf.cpp</a>)
 287       </p>
 288 <p>
 289         This example uses the library to implement a type safe printf.
 290       </p>
 291 <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
 292 <tr>
 293 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
 294 <th align="left">Note</th>
 295 </tr>
 296 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
 297           This example uses C++11 features. You'll need a recent compiler for it
 298           to work.
 299         </p></td></tr>
 300 </table></div>
 301 <p>
 302 </p>
 303 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">builtin</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 304 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">operators</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 305 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">any_cast</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 306 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 307 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 308 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">ios_state</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 309 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 310 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">sstream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 311 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iomanip</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 312 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 313 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 314
 315 <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 316 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">;</span>
 317 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">;</span>
 318
 319 <span class="comment">// We capture the arguments by reference and require nothing</span>
 320 <span class="comment">// except that each one must provide a stream insertion operator.</span>
 321 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
 322     <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
 323         <span class="identifier">typeid_</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;,</span>
 324         <span class="identifier">ostreamable</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
 325     <span class="special">&gt;,</span>
 326     <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">_self</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
 327 <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">any_printable</span><span class="special">;</span>
 328 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">any_printable</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">print_storage</span><span class="special">;</span>
 329
 330 <span class="comment">// Forward declaration of the implementation function</span>
 331 <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">print_impl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">print_storage</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">);</span>
 332
 333 <span class="comment">// print</span>
 334 <span class="comment">//</span>
 335 <span class="comment">// Writes values to a stream like the classic C printf function.  The</span>
 336 <span class="comment">// arguments are formatted based on specifiers in the format string,</span>
 337 <span class="comment">// which match the pattern:</span>
 338 <span class="comment">//</span>
 339 <span class="comment">// '%' [ argument-number '$' ] flags * [ width ] [ '.' precision ] [ type-code ] format-specifier</span>
 340 <span class="comment">//</span>
 341 <span class="comment">// Other characters in the format string are written to the stream unchanged.</span>
 342 <span class="comment">// In addition the sequence, "%%" can be used to print a literal '%' character.</span>
 343 <span class="comment">// Each component is explained in detail below</span>
 344 <span class="comment">//</span>
 345 <span class="comment">// argument-number:</span>
 346 <span class="comment">//   The value must be between 1 and sizeof... T.  It indicates the</span>
 347 <span class="comment">//   index of the argument to be formatted.  If no index is specified</span>
 348 <span class="comment">//   the arguments will be processed sequentially.  If an index is</span>
 349 <span class="comment">//   specified for one argument, then it must be specified for every argument.</span>
 350 <span class="comment">//</span>
 351 <span class="comment">// flags:</span>
 352 <span class="comment">//   Consists of zero or more of the following:</span>
 353 <span class="comment">//   '-': Left justify the argument</span>
 354 <span class="comment">//   '+': Print a plus sign for positive integers</span>
 355 <span class="comment">//   '0': Use leading 0's to pad instead of filling with spaces.</span>
 356 <span class="comment">//   ' ': If the value doesn't begin with a sign, prepend a space</span>
 357 <span class="comment">//   '#': Print 0x or 0 for hexadecimal and octal numbers.</span>
 358 <span class="comment">//</span>
 359 <span class="comment">// width:</span>
 360 <span class="comment">//   Indicates the minimum width to print.  This can be either</span>
 361 <span class="comment">//   an integer or a '*'.  an asterisk means to read the next</span>
 362 <span class="comment">//   argument (which must have type int) as the width.</span>
 363 <span class="comment">//</span>
 364 <span class="comment">// precision:</span>
 365 <span class="comment">//   For numeric arguments, indicates the number of digits to print.  For</span>
 366 <span class="comment">//   strings (%s) the precision indicates the maximum number of characters</span>
 367 <span class="comment">//   to print.  Longer strings will be truncated.  As with width</span>
 368 <span class="comment">//   this can be either an integer or a '*'.  an asterisk means</span>
 369 <span class="comment">//   to read the next argument (which must have type int) as</span>
 370 <span class="comment">//   the width.  If both the width and the precision are specified</span>
 371 <span class="comment">//   as '*', the width is read first.</span>
 372 <span class="comment">//</span>
 373 <span class="comment">// type-code:</span>
 374 <span class="comment">//   This is ignored, but provided for compatibility with C printf.</span>
 375 <span class="comment">//</span>
 376 <span class="comment">// format-specifier:</span>
 377 <span class="comment">//   Must be one of the following characters:</span>
 378 <span class="comment">//   d, i, u: The argument is formatted as a decimal integer</span>
 379 <span class="comment">//   o:       The argument is formatted as an octal integer</span>
 380 <span class="comment">//   x, X:    The argument is formatted as a hexadecimal integer</span>
 381 <span class="comment">//   p:       The argument is formatted as a pointer</span>
 382 <span class="comment">//   f:       The argument is formatted as a fixed point decimal</span>
 383 <span class="comment">//   e, E:    The argument is formatted in exponential notation</span>
 384 <span class="comment">//   g, G:    The argument is formatted as either fixed point or using</span>
 385 <span class="comment">//            scientific notation depending on its magnitude</span>
 386 <span class="comment">//   c:       The argument is formatted as a character</span>
 387 <span class="comment">//   s:       The argument is formatted as a string</span>
 388 <span class="comment">//</span>
 389 <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 390 <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;...</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">)</span>
 391 <span class="special">{</span>
 392     <span class="comment">// capture the arguments</span>
 393     <span class="identifier">print_storage</span> <span class="identifier">args</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">any_printable</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">)...</span> <span class="special">};</span>
 394     <span class="comment">// and forward to the real implementation</span>
 395     <span class="identifier">print_impl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">);</span>
 396 <span class="special">}</span>
 397
 398 <span class="comment">// This overload of print with no explicit stream writes to std::cout.</span>
 399 <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 400 <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;...</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">)</span>
 401 <span class="special">{</span>
 402     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">...);</span>
 403 <span class="special">}</span>
 404
 405 <span class="comment">// The implementation from here on can be separately compiled.</span>
 406
 407 <span class="comment">// utility function to parse an integer</span>
 408 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">parse_int</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 409     <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 410     <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">ch</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 411         <span class="keyword">switch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ch</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 412         <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'0'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'1'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'2'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'3'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'4'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 413         <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'5'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'6'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'7'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'8'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'9'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 414             <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ch</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="char">'0'</span><span class="special">);</span>
 415             <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 416         <span class="keyword">default</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">;</span>
 417         <span class="special">}</span>
 418         <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span>
 419     <span class="special">}</span>
 420     <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">;</span>
 421 <span class="special">}</span>
 422
 423 <span class="comment">// printf implementation</span>
 424 <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">print_impl</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">print_storage</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 425     <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">idx</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 426     <span class="identifier">ios_flags_saver</span> <span class="identifier">savef_outer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">dec</span><span class="special">);</span>
 427     <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">has_positional</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">;</span>
 428     <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">has_indexed</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">;</span>
 429     <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">ch</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">++)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 430         <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ch</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'%'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 431             <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'%'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="char">'%'</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">continue</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 432
 433             <span class="identifier">ios_flags_saver</span> <span class="identifier">savef</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">);</span>
 434             <span class="identifier">ios_precision_saver</span> <span class="identifier">savep</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">);</span>
 435             <span class="identifier">ios_fill_saver</span> <span class="identifier">savefill</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">);</span>
 436
 437             <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">precision</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 438             <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">pad_space</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">;</span>
 439             <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">pad_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">;</span>
 440
 441             <span class="comment">// parse argument index</span>
 442             <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="char">'0'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 443                 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">parse_int</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">);</span>
 444                 <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 445                     <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'$'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 446                         <span class="identifier">idx</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
 447                         <span class="identifier">has_indexed</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">;</span>
 448                         <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span>
 449                     <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 450                         <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setw</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
 451                         <span class="identifier">has_positional</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">;</span>
 452                         <span class="keyword">goto</span> <span class="identifier">parse_precision</span><span class="special">;</span>
 453                     <span class="special">}</span>
 454                 <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 455                     <span class="identifier">has_positional</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">;</span>
 456                 <span class="special">}</span>
 457             <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 458                 <span class="identifier">has_positional</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">;</span>
 459             <span class="special">}</span>
 460
 461             <span class="comment">// Parse format modifiers</span>
 462             <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">ch</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 463                 <span class="keyword">switch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ch</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 464                 <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'-'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">left</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 465                 <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'+'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">showpos</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 466                 <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'0'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">pad_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 467                 <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">' '</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">pad_space</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 468                 <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'#'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">showpoint</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">showbase</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 469                 <span class="keyword">default</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">goto</span> <span class="identifier">parse_width</span><span class="special">;</span>
 470                 <span class="special">}</span>
 471                 <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span>
 472             <span class="special">}</span>
 473
 474         <span class="identifier">parse_width</span><span class="special">:</span>
 475             <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">;</span>
 476             <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'*'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 477                 <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span>
 478                 <span class="identifier">width</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">any_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">idx</span><span class="special">++));</span>
 479             <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 480                 <span class="identifier">width</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">parse_int</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">);</span>
 481             <span class="special">}</span>
 482             <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setw</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">width</span><span class="special">);</span>
 483
 484         <span class="identifier">parse_precision</span><span class="special">:</span>
 485             <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'.'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 486                 <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span>
 487                 <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'*'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 488                     <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span>
 489                     <span class="identifier">precision</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">any_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">idx</span><span class="special">++));</span>
 490                 <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 491                     <span class="identifier">precision</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">parse_int</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">);</span>
 492                 <span class="special">}</span>
 493                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setprecision</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">precision</span><span class="special">);</span>
 494             <span class="special">}</span>
 495
 496             <span class="comment">// parse (and ignore) the type modifier</span>
 497             <span class="keyword">switch</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 498             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'h'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'h'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 499             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'l'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="char">'l'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 500             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'j'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 501             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'L'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 502             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'q'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 503             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'t'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 504             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'z'</span><span class="special">:</span>
 505                 <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 506             <span class="special">}</span>
 507
 508             <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">truncate</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 509
 510             <span class="comment">// parse the format code</span>
 511             <span class="keyword">switch</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">format</span><span class="special">++)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 512             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'d'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'i'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'u'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">dec</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 513             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'o'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">oct</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 514             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'p'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">hex</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 515             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'X'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uppercase</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">hex</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 516             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'f'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fixed</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 517             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'e'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">scientific</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 518             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'E'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uppercase</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">scientific</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 519             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'g'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 520             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'G'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uppercase</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 521             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'c'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'C'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 522             <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'s'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="char">'S'</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">truncate</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">precision</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setprecision</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
 523             <span class="keyword">default</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(!</span><span class="string">"Bad format string"</span><span class="special">);</span>
 524             <span class="special">}</span>
 525
 526             <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pad_zero</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">!(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">flags</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">left</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 527                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setfill</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="char">'0'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">internal</span><span class="special">;</span>
 528                 <span class="identifier">pad_space</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">;</span>
 529             <span class="special">}</span>
 530
 531             <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">truncate</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">||</span> <span class="identifier">pad_space</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 532                 <span class="comment">// These can't be handled by std::setw.  Write to a stringstream and</span>
 533                 <span class="comment">// pad/truncate manually.</span>
 534                 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostringstream</span> <span class="identifier">oss</span><span class="special">;</span>
 535                 <span class="identifier">oss</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">copyfmt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">);</span>
 536                 <span class="identifier">oss</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">idx</span><span class="special">++);</span>
 537                 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">data</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">oss</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">();</span>
 538
 539                 <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pad_space</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 540                     <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">||</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="char">'+'</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="char">'-'</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="char">' '</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 541                         <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="char">' '</span><span class="special">;</span>
 542                     <span class="special">}</span>
 543                 <span class="special">}</span>
 544                 <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">truncate</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">truncate</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 545                     <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resize</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">truncate</span><span class="special">);</span>
 546                 <span class="special">}</span>
 547                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">;</span>
 548             <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 549                 <span class="identifier">os</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">idx</span><span class="special">++);</span>
 550             <span class="special">}</span>
 551
 552             <span class="comment">// we can't have both positional and indexed arguments in</span>
 553             <span class="comment">// the format string.</span>
 554             <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">has_positional</span> <span class="special">^</span> <span class="identifier">has_indexed</span><span class="special">);</span>
 555
 556         <span class="special">}</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 557             <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">ch</span><span class="special">;</span>
 558         <span class="special">}</span>
 559     <span class="special">}</span>
 560 <span class="special">}</span>
 561
 562 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 563     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"int: %d\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">10</span><span class="special">);</span>
 564     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"int: %0#8X\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0xA56E</span><span class="special">);</span>
 565     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"double: %g\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14159265358979323846</span><span class="special">);</span>
 566     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"double: %f\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14159265358979323846</span><span class="special">);</span>
 567     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"double: %+20.9e\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14159265358979323846</span><span class="special">);</span>
 568     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"double: %0+20.9g\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14159265358979323846</span><span class="special">);</span>
 569     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"double: %*.*g\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">20</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14159265358979323846</span><span class="special">);</span>
 570     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"string: %.10s\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello World!"</span><span class="special">);</span>
 571     <span class="identifier">print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"double: %2$*.*g int: %1$d\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">20</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14159265358979323846</span><span class="special">);</span>
 572 <span class="special">}</span>
 573 </pre>
 574 <p>
 575       </p>
 576 </div>
 577 <div class="section">
 578 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 579 <a name="boost_typeerasure.examples.multifunction"></a><a class="link" href="examples.html#boost_typeerasure.examples.multifunction" title="Boost.Function with multiple signatures">Boost.Function
 580       with multiple signatures</a>
 581 </h3></div></div></div>
 582 <p>
 583         (For the source of this example see <a href="../../../libs/type_erasure/example/multifunction.cpp" target="_top">multifunction.cpp</a>)
 584       </p>
 585 <p>
 586         This example implements an extension of Boost.Function that supports multiple
 587         signatures.
 588       </p>
 589 <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
 590 <tr>
 591 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
 592 <th align="left">Note</th>
 593 </tr>
 594 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
 595           This example uses C++11 features. You'll need a recent compiler for it
 596           to work.
 597         </p></td></tr>
 598 </table></div>
 599 <p>
 600 </p>
 601 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 602 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">builtin</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 603 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">callable</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 604 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 605 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">variant</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 606 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">phoenix</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 607 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">phoenix</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 608 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">algorithm</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 609 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">algorithm</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 610 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 611 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 612 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 613
 614 <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 615 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_erasure</span><span class="special">;</span>
 616 <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">phoenix</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">phoenix</span><span class="special">;</span>
 617
 618 <span class="comment">// First of all we'll declare the multifunction template.</span>
 619 <span class="comment">// multifunction is like Boost.Function but instead of</span>
 620 <span class="comment">// taking one signature, it takes any number of them.</span>
 621 <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Sig</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 622 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">multifunction</span> <span class="special">=</span>
 623     <span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
 624         <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
 625             <span class="identifier">copy_constructible</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;,</span>
 626             <span class="identifier">typeid_</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;,</span>
 627             <span class="identifier">relaxed</span><span class="special">,</span>
 628             <span class="identifier">callable</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sig</span><span class="special">&gt;...</span>
 629         <span class="special">&gt;</span>
 630     <span class="special">&gt;;</span>
 631
 632 <span class="comment">// Let's use multifunction to process a variant.  We'll start</span>
 633 <span class="comment">// by defining a simple recursive variant to use.</span>
 634 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">make_recursive_variant</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
 635     <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span>
 636     <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span>
 637     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span>
 638     <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">recursive_variant_</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">variant_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 639 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">variant_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vector_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 640
 641 <span class="comment">// Now we'll define a multifunction that can operate</span>
 642 <span class="comment">// on the leaf nodes of the variant.</span>
 643 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">multifunction</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">)&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">function_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 644
 645 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">variant_handler</span>
 646 <span class="special">{</span>
 647 <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
 648     <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">variant_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">)</span>
 649     <span class="special">{</span>
 650         <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">apply_visitor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">);</span>
 651     <span class="special">}</span>
 652     <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set_handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">function_type</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">)</span>
 653     <span class="special">{</span>
 654         <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
 655     <span class="special">}</span>
 656 <span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
 657     <span class="comment">// A class that works with boost::apply_visitor</span>
 658     <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">dispatcher</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">static_visitor</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 659     <span class="special">{</span>
 660         <span class="comment">// used for the leaves</span>
 661         <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 662         <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 663         <span class="comment">// For a vector, we recursively operate on the elements</span>
 664         <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">vector_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
 665         <span class="special">{</span>
 666             <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">for_each</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">apply_visitor</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">));</span>
 667         <span class="special">}</span>
 668         <span class="identifier">function_type</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
 669     <span class="special">};</span>
 670     <span class="identifier">dispatcher</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 671 <span class="special">};</span>
 672
 673 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 674     <span class="identifier">variant_handler</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
 675     <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set_handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">phoenix</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"Value: "</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">phoenix</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">_1</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">);</span>
 676
 677     <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
 678     <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.718</span><span class="special">);</span>
 679     <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."</span><span class="special">);</span>
 680     <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vector_type</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">1.618</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">42</span> <span class="special">});</span>
 681 <span class="special">}</span>
 682 </pre>
 683 <p>
 684       </p>
 685 </div>
 686 </div>
 687 <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
 688 <td align="left"></td>
 689 <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2011-2013 Steven Watanabe<p>
 690         Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 691         file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
 692       </p>
 693 </div></td>
 694 </tr></table>
 695 <hr>
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