doc/bashref.ps

   1 %!PS-Adobe-2.0
   2 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.95a Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software
   3 %%Title: bashref.dvi
   4 %%Pages: 168
   5 %%PageOrder: Ascend
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   8 %%+ CMTI10 CMSLTT10 CMTT12 CMTT9 CMMI9 CMR9
   9 %%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter
  10 %%EndComments
  11 %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com)
  12 %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D 600 -t letter -o bashref.ps bashref.dvi
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  14 %DVIPSSource:  TeX output 2010.12.28:1430
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  19 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0
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  42 SI restore userdict/eop-hook known{eop-hook}if showpage}N/@start{
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  80 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:45:46
  81 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
  82 11 dict begin
  83 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
  84 /version (1.0) readonly def
  85 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
  86 /FullName (CMTT12) readonly def
  87 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
  88 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
  89 /ItalicAngle 0 def
  90 /isFixedPitch true def
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  94 /FontType 1 def
  95 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
  96 /Encoding 256 array
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 198 %%BeginFont: CMR9
 199 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR9 1.0
 200 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:59
 201 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
 202 11 dict begin
 203 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
 204 /version (1.0) readonly def
 205 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
 206 /FullName (CMR9) readonly def
 207 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
 208 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
 209 /ItalicAngle 0 def
 210 /isFixedPitch false def
 211 end readonly def
 212 /FontName /CMR9 def
 213 /PaintType 0 def
 214 /FontType 1 def
 215 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
 216 /Encoding 256 array
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 255 dup 110 /n put
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 268 readonly def
 269 /FontBBox{-39 -250 1036 750}readonly def
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 271 currentfile eexec
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 565 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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 568 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 569 cleartomark
 570 %%EndFont
 571 %%BeginFont: CMMI9
 572 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI9 1.100
 573 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:55
 574 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
 575 11 dict begin
 576 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
 577 /version (1.100) readonly def
 578 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
 579 /FullName (CMMI9) readonly def
 580 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
 581 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
 582 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
 583 /isFixedPitch false def
 584 end readonly def
 585 /FontName /CMMI9 def
 586 /PaintType 0 def
 587 /FontType 1 def
 588 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
 589 /Encoding 256 array
 590 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
 591 dup 58 /period put
 592 readonly def
 593 /FontBBox{-29 -250 1075 750}readonly def
 594 currentdict end
 595 currentfile eexec
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 634 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 635 cleartomark
 636 %%EndFont
 637 %%BeginFont: CMSLTT10
 638 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSLTT10 1.0
 639 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:41:43
 640 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
 641 11 dict begin
 642 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
 643 /version (1.0) readonly def
 644 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
 645 /FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def
 646 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
 647 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
 648 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
 649 /isFixedPitch true def
 650 end readonly def
 651 /FontName /CMSLTT10 def
 652 /PaintType 0 def
 653 /FontType 1 def
 654 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
 655 /Encoding 256 array
 656 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
 657 dup 39 /quoteright put
 658 dup 42 /asterisk put
 659 dup 45 /hyphen put
 660 dup 48 /zero put
 661 dup 49 /one put
 662 dup 50 /two put
 663 dup 51 /three put
 664 dup 58 /colon put
 665 dup 65 /A put
 666 dup 67 /C put
 667 dup 68 /D put
 668 dup 69 /E put
 669 dup 70 /F put
 670 dup 72 /H put
 671 dup 73 /I put
 672 dup 74 /J put
 673 dup 76 /L put
 674 dup 77 /M put
 675 dup 78 /N put
 676 dup 80 /P put
 677 dup 82 /R put
 678 dup 84 /T put
 679 dup 88 /X put
 680 dup 92 /backslash put
 681 dup 95 /underscore put
 682 dup 97 /a put
 683 dup 98 /b put
 684 dup 99 /c put
 685 dup 100 /d put
 686 dup 101 /e put
 687 dup 102 /f put
 688 dup 103 /g put
 689 dup 104 /h put
 690 dup 105 /i put
 691 dup 106 /j put
 692 dup 107 /k put
 693 dup 108 /l put
 694 dup 109 /m put
 695 dup 110 /n put
 696 dup 111 /o put
 697 dup 112 /p put
 698 dup 113 /q put
 699 dup 114 /r put
 700 dup 115 /s put
 701 dup 116 /t put
 702 dup 117 /u put
 703 dup 118 /v put
 704 dup 119 /w put
 705 dup 120 /x put
 706 dup 121 /y put
 707 readonly def
 708 /FontBBox{-20 -233 617 696}readonly def
 709 currentdict end
 710 currentfile eexec
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 980 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 981 cleartomark
 982 %%EndFont
 983 %%BeginFont: CMTT9
 984 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTT9 1.0
 985 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:46:24
 986 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
 987 11 dict begin
 988 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
 989 /version (1.0) readonly def
 990 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
 991 /FullName (CMTT9) readonly def
 992 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
 993 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
 994 /ItalicAngle 0 def
 995 /isFixedPitch true def
 996 end readonly def
 997 /FontName /CMTT9 def
 998 /PaintType 0 def
 999 /FontType 1 def
1000 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
1001 /Encoding 256 array
1002 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1003 dup 33 /exclam put
1004 dup 35 /numbersign put
1005 dup 36 /dollar put
1006 dup 38 /ampersand put
1007 dup 39 /quoteright put
1008 dup 40 /parenleft put
1009 dup 41 /parenright put
1010 dup 42 /asterisk put
1011 dup 44 /comma put
1012 dup 45 /hyphen put
1013 dup 46 /period put
1014 dup 47 /slash put
1015 dup 48 /zero put
1016 dup 49 /one put
1017 dup 50 /two put
1018 dup 51 /three put
1019 dup 52 /four put
1020 dup 58 /colon put
1021 dup 59 /semicolon put
1022 dup 60 /less put
1023 dup 62 /greater put
1024 dup 63 /question put
1025 dup 64 /at put
1026 dup 65 /A put
1027 dup 66 /B put
1028 dup 67 /C put
1029 dup 68 /D put
1030 dup 69 /E put
1031 dup 70 /F put
1032 dup 71 /G put
1033 dup 72 /H put
1034 dup 73 /I put
1035 dup 75 /K put
1036 dup 76 /L put
1037 dup 77 /M put
1038 dup 78 /N put
1039 dup 79 /O put
1040 dup 80 /P put
1041 dup 82 /R put
1042 dup 83 /S put
1043 dup 84 /T put
1044 dup 85 /U put
1045 dup 86 /V put
1046 dup 87 /W put
1047 dup 88 /X put
1048 dup 89 /Y put
1049 dup 90 /Z put
1050 dup 91 /bracketleft put
1051 dup 93 /bracketright put
1052 dup 94 /asciicircum put
1053 dup 95 /underscore put
1054 dup 96 /quoteleft put
1055 dup 97 /a put
1056 dup 98 /b put
1057 dup 99 /c put
1058 dup 100 /d put
1059 dup 101 /e put
1060 dup 102 /f put
1061 dup 103 /g put
1062 dup 104 /h put
1063 dup 105 /i put
1064 dup 106 /j put
1065 dup 107 /k put
1066 dup 108 /l put
1067 dup 109 /m put
1068 dup 110 /n put
1069 dup 111 /o put
1070 dup 112 /p put
1071 dup 113 /q put
1072 dup 114 /r put
1073 dup 115 /s put
1074 dup 116 /t put
1075 dup 117 /u put
1076 dup 118 /v put
1077 dup 119 /w put
1078 dup 120 /x put
1079 dup 121 /y put
1080 dup 122 /z put
1081 dup 123 /braceleft put
1082 dup 125 /braceright put
1083 dup 126 /asciitilde put
1084 readonly def
1085 /FontBBox{-6 -233 542 698}readonly def
1086 currentdict end
1087 currentfile eexec
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1487 cleartomark
1488 %%EndFont
1489 %%BeginFont: CMR10
1490 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR10 1.00B
1491 %%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:52
1492 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
1493 11 dict begin
1494 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
1495 /version (1.00B) readonly def
1496 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
1497 /FullName (CMR10) readonly def
1498 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1499 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1500 /ItalicAngle 0 def
1501 /isFixedPitch false def
1502 end readonly def
1503 /FontName /CMR10 def
1504 /PaintType 0 def
1505 /FontType 1 def
1506 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
1507 /Encoding 256 array
1508 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1509 dup 11 /ff put
1510 dup 12 /fi put
1511 dup 13 /fl put
1512 dup 14 /ffi put
1513 dup 33 /exclam put
1514 dup 34 /quotedblright put
1515 dup 36 /dollar put
1516 dup 37 /percent put
1517 dup 38 /ampersand put
1518 dup 39 /quoteright put
1519 dup 40 /parenleft put
1520 dup 41 /parenright put
1521 dup 44 /comma put
1522 dup 45 /hyphen put
1523 dup 46 /period put
1524 dup 47 /slash put
1525 dup 48 /zero put
1526 dup 49 /one put
1527 dup 50 /two put
1528 dup 51 /three put
1529 dup 52 /four put
1530 dup 53 /five put
1531 dup 54 /six put
1532 dup 55 /seven put
1533 dup 56 /eight put
1534 dup 57 /nine put
1535 dup 58 /colon put
1536 dup 59 /semicolon put
1537 dup 61 /equal put
1538 dup 63 /question put
1539 dup 65 /A put
1540 dup 66 /B put
1541 dup 67 /C put
1542 dup 68 /D put
1543 dup 69 /E put
1544 dup 70 /F put
1545 dup 71 /G put
1546 dup 72 /H put
1547 dup 73 /I put
1548 dup 74 /J put
1549 dup 75 /K put
1550 dup 76 /L put
1551 dup 77 /M put
1552 dup 78 /N put
1553 dup 79 /O put
1554 dup 80 /P put
1555 dup 81 /Q put
1556 dup 82 /R put
1557 dup 83 /S put
1558 dup 84 /T put
1559 dup 85 /U put
1560 dup 86 /V put
1561 dup 87 /W put
1562 dup 88 /X put
1563 dup 89 /Y put
1564 dup 90 /Z put
1565 dup 91 /bracketleft put
1566 dup 92 /quotedblleft put
1567 dup 93 /bracketright put
1568 dup 96 /quoteleft put
1569 dup 97 /a put
1570 dup 98 /b put
1571 dup 99 /c put
1572 dup 100 /d put
1573 dup 101 /e put
1574 dup 102 /f put
1575 dup 103 /g put
1576 dup 104 /h put
1577 dup 105 /i put
1578 dup 106 /j put
1579 dup 107 /k put
1580 dup 108 /l put
1581 dup 109 /m put
1582 dup 110 /n put
1583 dup 111 /o put
1584 dup 112 /p put
1585 dup 113 /q put
1586 dup 114 /r put
1587 dup 115 /s put
1588 dup 116 /t put
1589 dup 117 /u put
1590 dup 118 /v put
1591 dup 119 /w put
1592 dup 120 /x put
1593 dup 121 /y put
1594 dup 122 /z put
1595 dup 123 /endash put
1596 dup 124 /emdash put
1597 readonly def
1598 /FontBBox{-251 -250 1009 969}readonly def
1599 currentdict end
1600 currentfile eexec
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2119 cleartomark
2120 %%EndFont
2121 %%BeginFont: CMCSC10
2122 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMCSC10 1.0
2123 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 18 17:46:49
2124 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
2125 11 dict begin
2126 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
2127 /version (1.0) readonly def
2128 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
2129 /FullName (CMCSC10) readonly def
2130 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
2131 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
2132 /ItalicAngle 0 def
2133 /isFixedPitch false def
2134 end readonly def
2135 /FontName /CMCSC10 def
2136 /PaintType 0 def
2137 /FontType 1 def
2138 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
2139 /Encoding 256 array
2140 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
2141 dup 45 /hyphen put
2142 dup 47 /slash put
2143 dup 50 /two put
2144 dup 97 /a put
2145 dup 98 /b put
2146 dup 99 /c put
2147 dup 100 /d put
2148 dup 101 /e put
2149 dup 102 /f put
2150 dup 103 /g put
2151 dup 105 /i put
2152 dup 108 /l put
2153 dup 109 /m put
2154 dup 110 /n put
2155 dup 111 /o put
2156 dup 112 /p put
2157 dup 114 /r put
2158 dup 115 /s put
2159 dup 117 /u put
2160 dup 120 /x put
2161 readonly def
2162 /FontBBox{14 -250 1077 750}readonly def
2163 currentdict end
2164 currentfile eexec
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2298 cleartomark
2299 %%EndFont
2300 %%BeginFont: CMBX12
2301 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX12 1.0
2302 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:34:54
2303 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
2304 11 dict begin
2305 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
2306 /version (1.0) readonly def
2307 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
2308 /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def
2309 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
2310 /Weight (Bold) readonly def
2311 /ItalicAngle 0 def
2312 /isFixedPitch false def
2313 end readonly def
2314 /FontName /CMBX12 def
2315 /PaintType 0 def
2316 /FontType 1 def
2317 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
2318 /Encoding 256 array
2319 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
2320 dup 11 /ff put
2321 dup 12 /fi put
2322 dup 33 /exclam put
2323 dup 35 /numbersign put
2324 dup 36 /dollar put
2325 dup 39 /quoteright put
2326 dup 42 /asterisk put
2327 dup 44 /comma put
2328 dup 45 /hyphen put
2329 dup 46 /period put
2330 dup 48 /zero put
2331 dup 49 /one put
2332 dup 50 /two put
2333 dup 51 /three put
2334 dup 52 /four put
2335 dup 53 /five put
2336 dup 54 /six put
2337 dup 55 /seven put
2338 dup 56 /eight put
2339 dup 57 /nine put
2340 dup 58 /colon put
2341 dup 63 /question put
2342 dup 64 /at put
2343 dup 65 /A put
2344 dup 66 /B put
2345 dup 67 /C put
2346 dup 68 /D put
2347 dup 69 /E put
2348 dup 70 /F put
2349 dup 71 /G put
2350 dup 72 /H put
2351 dup 73 /I put
2352 dup 74 /J put
2353 dup 75 /K put
2354 dup 76 /L put
2355 dup 77 /M put
2356 dup 78 /N put
2357 dup 79 /O put
2358 dup 80 /P put
2359 dup 81 /Q put
2360 dup 82 /R put
2361 dup 83 /S put
2362 dup 84 /T put
2363 dup 85 /U put
2364 dup 86 /V put
2365 dup 87 /W put
2366 dup 88 /X put
2367 dup 89 /Y put
2368 dup 91 /bracketleft put
2369 dup 93 /bracketright put
2370 dup 96 /quoteleft put
2371 dup 97 /a put
2372 dup 98 /b put
2373 dup 99 /c put
2374 dup 100 /d put
2375 dup 101 /e put
2376 dup 102 /f put
2377 dup 103 /g put
2378 dup 104 /h put
2379 dup 105 /i put
2380 dup 106 /j put
2381 dup 107 /k put
2382 dup 108 /l put
2383 dup 109 /m put
2384 dup 110 /n put
2385 dup 111 /o put
2386 dup 112 /p put
2387 dup 113 /q put
2388 dup 114 /r put
2389 dup 115 /s put
2390 dup 116 /t put
2391 dup 117 /u put
2392 dup 118 /v put
2393 dup 119 /w put
2394 dup 120 /x put
2395 dup 121 /y put
2396 readonly def
2397 /FontBBox{-53 -251 1139 750}readonly def
2398 currentdict end
2399 currentfile eexec
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2797 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2798 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2799 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2800 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2801 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2802 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2803 cleartomark
2804 %%EndFont
2805 %%BeginFont: CMTI10
2806 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTI10 1.00B
2807 %%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:56:16
2808 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
2809 11 dict begin
2810 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
2811 /version (1.00B) readonly def
2812 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
2813 /FullName (CMTI10) readonly def
2814 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
2815 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
2816 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
2817 /isFixedPitch false def
2818 end readonly def
2819 /FontName /CMTI10 def
2820 /PaintType 0 def
2821 /FontType 1 def
2822 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
2823 /Encoding 256 array
2824 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
2825 dup 12 /fi put
2826 dup 45 /hyphen put
2827 dup 97 /a put
2828 dup 99 /c put
2829 dup 100 /d put
2830 dup 101 /e put
2831 dup 103 /g put
2832 dup 105 /i put
2833 dup 108 /l put
2834 dup 109 /m put
2835 dup 110 /n put
2836 dup 111 /o put
2837 dup 112 /p put
2838 dup 114 /r put
2839 dup 115 /s put
2840 dup 116 /t put
2841 dup 118 /v put
2842 dup 120 /x put
2843 readonly def
2844 /FontBBox{-163 -250 1146 969}readonly def
2845 currentdict end
2846 currentfile eexec
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2987 78739D31823C2DE468D1FBB9849CC92F18B5FBE9DD385576A54215DF9339D5B8
2988 3AB66E902E43732750DA2F57F9F6C928C84E1B6ED12FBEADAFCC659E571F7D8D
2989 2B9121C134EB9FEE6FAF9C46D29AC24EB5592C9EEC5BF4140E8BBAF20422E47F
2990 A16A7BD43A6DA305A9FEC0A4BF7237AE50572766B27A0A2A4AAD47465B50D487
2991 BF9FC09B1680AAF48203C0C0
2992 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2993 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2994 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2995 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2996 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2997 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2998 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2999 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3000 cleartomark
3001 %%EndFont
3002 %%BeginFont: CMMI10
3003 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI10 1.100
3004 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57
3005 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
3006 11 dict begin
3007 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
3008 /version (1.100) readonly def
3009 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
3010 /FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
3011 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3012 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3013 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
3014 /isFixedPitch false def
3015 end readonly def
3016 /FontName /CMMI10 def
3017 /PaintType 0 def
3018 /FontType 1 def
3019 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
3020 /Encoding 256 array
3021 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3022 dup 58 /period put
3023 readonly def
3024 /FontBBox{-32 -250 1048 750}readonly def
3025 currentdict end
3026 currentfile eexec
3027 D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA0529731C99A784CCBE85B4993B2EEBDE
3028 3B12D472B7CF54651EF21185116A69AB1096ED4BAD2F646635E019B6417CC77B
3029 532F85D811C70D1429A19A5307EF63EB5C5E02C89FC6C20F6D9D89E7D91FE470
3030 B72BEFDA23F5DF76BE05AF4CE93137A219ED8A04A9D7D6FDF37E6B7FCDE0D90B
3031 986423E5960A5D9FBB4C956556E8DF90CBFAEC476FA36FD9A5C8175C9AF513FE
3032 D919C2DDD26BDC0D99398B9F4D03D5993DFC0930297866E1CD0A319B6B1FD958
3033 9E394A533A081C36D456A09920001A3D2199583EB9B84B4DEE08E3D12939E321
3034 990CD249827D9648574955F61BAAA11263A91B6C3D47A5190165B0C25ABF6D3E
3035 6EC187E4B05182126BB0D0323D943170B795255260F9FD25F2248D04F45DFBFB
3036 DEF7FF8B19BFEF637B210018AE02572B389B3F76282BEB29CC301905D388C721
3037 59616893E774413F48DE0B408BC66DCE3FE17CB9F84D205839D58014D6A88823
3038 D9320AE93AF96D97A02C4D5A2BB2B8C7925C4578003959C46E3CE1A2F0EAC4BF
3039 8B9B325E46435BDE60BC54D72BC8ACB5C0A34413AC87045DC7B84646A324B808
3040 6FD8E34217213E131C3B1510415CE45420688ED9C1D27890EC68BD7C1235FAF9
3041 1DAB3A369DD2FC3BE5CF9655C7B7EDA7361D7E05E5831B6B8E2EEC542A7B38EE
3042 03BE4BAC6079D038ACB3C7C916279764547C2D51976BABA94BA9866D79F13909
3043 95AA39B0F03103A07CBDF441B8C5669F729020AF284B7FF52A29C6255FCAACF1
3044 74109050FBA2602E72593FBCBFC26E726EE4AEF97B7632BC4F5F353B5C67FED2
3045 3EA752A4A57B8F7FEFF1D7341D895F0A3A0BE1D8E3391970457A967EFF84F6D8
3046 47750B1145B8CC5BD96EE7AA99DDC9E06939E383BDA41175233D58AD263EBF19
3047 AFC0E2F840512D321166547B306C592B8A01E1FA2564B9A26DAC14256414E4C8
3048 42616728D918C74D13C349F4186EC7B9708B86467425A6FDB3A396562F7EE4D8
3049 40B43621744CF8A23A6E532649B66C2A0002DD04F8F39618E4F572819DD34837
3050 B5A08E643FDCA1505AF6A1FA3DDFD1FA758013CAED8ACDDBBB334D664DFF5B53
3051 9560176676ABB71BBD0EE56B4CC492C0652750227CEC6CBEEE374709231B00CD
3052 0DE83AFDE295B314F6C8B1FFD32251C1925D96A64D739FF1DA4926460B28B3DE
3053 E949AA0BA3DDB16534FBA30C32092D5F712B5E8C8D5142F35AF2906E6C219D2C
3054 7FD9A368C193E0EB9C7E25FF03C546B6ED993F964CEDB1B8537C617170787F37
3055 88D6F2AD02384B01067FE3F98257BAB958BB3BCD1001090A4502DA0638080EC6
3056 DB784CC8AC37CDC01B29BC481D6A05ADC6188785262358C1BF1D694BBF31C1F1
3057 AF117C1ACED44AAC6EB4B9A2511A6762DDE8FCCBA5
3058 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3059 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3060 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3061 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3062 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3063 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3064 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3065 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3066 cleartomark
3067 %%EndFont
3068 %%BeginFont: CMMI12
3069 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI12 1.100
3070 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 27 08:57:55
3071 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
3072 11 dict begin
3073 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
3074 /version (1.100) readonly def
3075 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
3076 /FullName (CMMI12) readonly def
3077 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3078 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3079 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
3080 /isFixedPitch false def
3081 end readonly def
3082 /FontName /CMMI12 def
3083 /PaintType 0 def
3084 /FontType 1 def
3085 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
3086 /Encoding 256 array
3087 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3088 dup 58 /period put
3089 readonly def
3090 /FontBBox{-30 -250 1026 750}readonly def
3091 currentdict end
3092 currentfile eexec
3093 D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA0529731C99A784CCBE85B4993B2EEBDE
3094 3B12D472B7CF54651EF21185116A69AB1096ED4BAD2F646635E019B6417CC77B
3095 532F85D811C70D1429A19A5307EF63EB5C5E02C89FC6C20F6D9D89E7D91FE470
3096 B72BEFDA23F5DF76BE05AF4CE93137A219ED8A04A9D7D6FDF37E6B7FCDE0D90B
3097 986423E5960A5D9FBB4C956556E8DF90CBFAEC476FA36FD9A5C8175C9AF513FE
3098 D919C2DDD26BDC0D99398B9F4D03D6A8F05B47AF95EF28A9C561DBDC98C47CF5
3099 5250011D19E9366EB6FD153D3A100CAA6212E3D5D93990737F8D326D347B7EDC
3100 4391C9DF440285B8FC159D0E98D4258FC57892DCC57F7903449E07914FBE9E67
3101 3C15C2153C061EB541F66C11E7EE77D5D77C0B11E1AC55101DA976CCACAB6993
3102 EED1406FBB7FF30EAC9E90B90B2AF4EC7C273CA32F11A5C1426FF641B4A2FB2F
3103 4E68635C93DB835737567FAF8471CBC05078DCD4E40E25A2F4E5AF46C234CF59
3104 2A1CE8F39E1BA1B2A594355637E474167EAD4D97D51AF0A899B44387E1FD933A
3105 323AFDA6BA740534A510B4705C0A15647AFBF3E53A82BF320DD96753639BE49C
3106 2F79A1988863EF977B800C9DB5B42039C23EB86953713F730E03EA22FF7BB2C1
3107 D97D33FD77B1BDCC2A60B12CF7805CFC90C5B914C0F30A673DF9587F93E47CEA
3108 5932DD1930560C4F0D97547BCD805D6D854455B13A4D7382A22F562D7C55041F
3109 0FD294BDAA1834820F894265A667E5C97D95FF152531EF97258F56374502865D
3110 A1E7C0C5FB7C6FB7D3C43FEB3431095A59FBF6F61CEC6D6DEE09F4EB0FD70D77
3111 2A8B0A4984C6120293F6B947944BE23259F6EB64303D627353163B6505FC8A60
3112 00681F7A3968B6CBB49E0420A691258F5E7B07B417157803FCBE9B9FB1F80FD8
3113 CA0DA1186446DD565542BCCC7D339A1EB34C7F49246E8D72E987EB477C6DB757
3114 99AF86CEBCD7605C487A00CD2CD093098182DC57B20D78ECE0BECF3A0BF88EBA
3115 C866DB19F34BBBED6634AFC0F08D2AFB2A92578A6F8B4ADCD6594737FF6EED7D
3116 5B536DA9E3E2CADB40DB7C600EA4D100D33C3B92B1CF857E012C4EB370BA8295
3117 55B50047CC8911C98FE1A7BA6CDEA82D34476286E710776823690AD333DD3A49
3118 335002F4680DBE1C21174BF016B0DF799B01EB9D6988479A8334BBA2F8DC7146
3119 BC0DAE9DE3A6453B181808E68A89E0C02DAC6264D002B422EBC1CF14F65D9888
3120 15EE6D514D3457F7F3C6A3D17EE1DA076F73ECC392D349174DA9E4680F29CE10
3121 0157E42CA35F5DBFF56BFC3AA07E61A78DBE882C5AB388220C19750D3643E7C8
3122 23D6673027CE568A4ACCE1D12B1D9E5A43507F4AF9BC873237F65A6B95078DD2
3123 378007CF0F0DE7CCEF760E19D6D1D7B412EC5D4972
3124 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3125 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3126 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3127 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3128 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3129 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3130 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3131 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3132 cleartomark
3133 %%EndFont
3134 %%BeginFont: CMSY10
3135 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0
3136 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57
3137 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
3138 11 dict begin
3139 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
3140 /version (1.0) readonly def
3141 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
3142 /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
3143 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3144 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3145 /ItalicAngle -14.035 def
3146 /isFixedPitch false def
3147 end readonly def
3148 /FontName /CMSY10 def
3149 /PaintType 0 def
3150 /FontType 1 def
3151 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
3152 /Encoding 256 array
3153 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3154 dup 0 /minus put
3155 dup 13 /circlecopyrt put
3156 dup 15 /bullet put
3157 dup 33 /arrowright put
3158 dup 55 /mapsto put
3159 readonly def
3160 /FontBBox{-29 -960 1116 775}readonly def
3161 currentdict end
3162 currentfile eexec
3163 D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052F09F9C8ADE9D907C058B87E9B6964
3164 7D53359E51216774A4EAA1E2B58EC3176BD1184A633B951372B4198D4E8C5EF4
3165 A213ACB58AA0A658908035BF2ED8531779838A960DFE2B27EA49C37156989C85
3166 E21B3ABF72E39A89232CD9F4237FC80C9E64E8425AA3BEF7DED60B122A52922A
3167 221A37D9A807DD01161779DDE7D31FF2B87F97C73D63EECDDA4C49501773468A
3168 27D1663E0B62F461F6E40A5D6676D1D12B51E641C1D4E8E2771864FC104F8CBF
3169 5B78EC1D88228725F1C453A678F58A7E1B7BD7CA700717D288EB8DA1F57C4F09
3170 0ABF1D42C5DDD0C384C7E22F8F8047BE1D4C1CC8E33368FB1AC82B4E96146730
3171 DE3302B2E6B819CB6AE455B1AF3187FFE8071AA57EF8A6616B9CB7941D44EC7A
3172 71A7BB3DF755178D7D2E4BB69859EFA4BBC30BD6BB1531133FD4D9438FF99F09
3173 4ECC068A324D75B5F696B8688EEB2F17E5ED34CCD6D047A4E3806D000C199D7C
3174 515DB70A8D4F6146FE068DC1E5DE8BC57033D79919697C81395D5B94C3AAAB11
3175 52D73937B8F82D3E2E764DA1B3BE273CBB84E4B1919CC1D5586C21F6FC23BF1D
3176 82DE5A8DFA3E8F5C25622AAB9F7A588532D13C663079C8FB84DA6BD4D2DEDB2F
3177 84CE30D0F188EEA26BAA650B1AA18C7D241CC179AE82933C45A82BD57808E2D8
3178 032E1ABA37E4FD8E27AF35326011B8BD7FCA4EA71B5FDB60F7D63D0874B77656
3179 F289B324BE95E33A9B732669966C96E64C4840A8EDE39410E6F6F0F027063530
3180 B760AECC1594FED97FDAF84016D6D7CD8358E062040143593FD734B7EBEF810C
3181 6B1B941E0676910D0A04466C27EB62523967DA65748264D137D8ED841E3D36A8
3182 06761884C9AC0DE7C88FBA06B933E311EC28B17428C69C796E3F14C6E7CF97E7
3183 9FF2559E5D1F9EA00554A5995096075ED8901E2F45E76B2C5566E947E41294B5
3184 9BC17D2F1AB2C577F2710540F7235BB4569D2FEE06C8E45C8A1C0BDCA78A43D5
3185 7A687297D36E269B9EC59754EDB5DE481018BA228AEC200DD877D3E5DA7159C6
3186 50F4D7348BA64508F84DAF7FCF01B8C5ABFBE5861D4B32F9E32C7C4B2B6EA064
3187 F179E8F62E3A59DC65FB475A3DB61C36E43AB3EEF286A50FD5F57277747CB7B7
3188 78284143B3F0196437A1DEC9E61454F80C6720D8008EB945799236677E7FA331
3189 E091CD5D924C48EF02DEB2B54D8EE02897C481C815C24F15A7548E2ED908E3DE
3190 3763983CE2ED0A86B6BB97B4626F1AAFFAFF27CEF18947AF2EB40D7124A122C7
3191 6A6ED9E0528A29F7A238DB73B95869018D40674CEDB9A993B6C117FADE48A8C5
3192 C6ADAE4960C0D56F3E30ACB38CA8AA8443166BCFF6A5FC2177C6836859CDE55B
3193 E0F1E80605C8670AC34DC8E8586ACA6E1CECE99C53A42C5730
3194 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3195 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3196 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3197 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3198 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3199 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3200 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3201 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3202 cleartomark
3203 %%EndFont
3204 %%BeginFont: CMSL10
3205 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSL10 1.0
3206 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:40:20
3207 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
3208 11 dict begin
3209 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
3210 /version (1.0) readonly def
3211 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
3212 /FullName (CMSL10) readonly def
3213 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3214 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3215 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
3216 /isFixedPitch false def
3217 end readonly def
3218 /FontName /CMSL10 def
3219 /PaintType 0 def
3220 /FontType 1 def
3221 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
3222 /Encoding 256 array
3223 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3224 dup 11 /ff put
3225 dup 12 /fi put
3226 dup 14 /ffi put
3227 dup 45 /hyphen put
3228 dup 49 /one put
3229 dup 50 /two put
3230 dup 51 /three put
3231 dup 65 /A put
3232 dup 66 /B put
3233 dup 67 /C put
3234 dup 68 /D put
3235 dup 69 /E put
3236 dup 70 /F put
3237 dup 71 /G put
3238 dup 72 /H put
3239 dup 73 /I put
3240 dup 75 /K put
3241 dup 76 /L put
3242 dup 77 /M put
3243 dup 78 /N put
3244 dup 79 /O put
3245 dup 80 /P put
3246 dup 82 /R put
3247 dup 83 /S put
3248 dup 84 /T put
3249 dup 85 /U put
3250 dup 87 /W put
3251 dup 88 /X put
3252 dup 97 /a put
3253 dup 98 /b put
3254 dup 99 /c put
3255 dup 100 /d put
3256 dup 101 /e put
3257 dup 102 /f put
3258 dup 103 /g put
3259 dup 104 /h put
3260 dup 105 /i put
3261 dup 106 /j put
3262 dup 107 /k put
3263 dup 108 /l put
3264 dup 109 /m put
3265 dup 110 /n put
3266 dup 111 /o put
3267 dup 112 /p put
3268 dup 113 /q put
3269 dup 114 /r put
3270 dup 115 /s put
3271 dup 116 /t put
3272 dup 117 /u put
3273 dup 118 /v put
3274 dup 119 /w put
3275 dup 120 /x put
3276 dup 121 /y put
3277 readonly def
3278 /FontBBox{-62 -250 1123 750}readonly def
3279 currentdict end
3280 currentfile eexec
3281 D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA0529731C99A784CCBE85B4993B2EEBDE
3282 3B12D472B7CF54651EF21185116A69AB1096ED4BAD2F646635E019B6417CC77B
3283 532F85D811C70D1429A19A5307EF63EB5C5E02C89FC6C20F6D9D89E7D91FE470
3284 B72BEFDA23F5DF76BE05AF4CE93137A219ED8A04A9D7D6FDF37E6B7FCDE0D90B
3285 986423E5960A5D9FBB4C956556E8DF90CBFAEC476FA36FD9A5C8175C9AF513FE
3286 D919C2DDD26BDC0D99398B9F4D03D5993DFC0930297866E1CD0A319B6B1FD958
3287 9429B9D40924DC059325D9D4CC0344F3F997A99E6CC0676735EBCD685AAC9142
3288 08DAFEC78BB41AFC2F1C219910BDF41D6279284EF600B69776CA15BC8A34347C
3289 30783C52AFA60FBE3E353E2AE354CF87B558776A22C776C7A0B5AB5CE1F941EF
3290 C2D9CAC37294BF407A671F10E4743BF842143F4F7DFEE643BA3BBD8BB9E3F24A
3291 BCCF7F0ADF8BA500620C81033EAE8C4EF2C1DEF13AC575F1B3BBB66F093D3B78
3292 5412B82B67FFA087AF57182B2230F9F2137180CA58A7D9B2C822FF04BE6CD01D
3293 43B2CA7058C7B953F6D9B5D6E91ECBAA5CDE1159B0E59C83DBAD96D6C8C8BAB1
3294 374EF652D10C0F3EE7104472C98DD3572AAF2D45A70BF7061447E21EE3C3BF23
3295 DF39C2D1B35B42CD5297BEBE6BC94F7C9DC6E61EC67E4F677256FED9064BD3E4
3296 B51A71B1D27CA4E5AA9E1D8080E6DAB5310711EEF87C40859FA935B19524AE83
3297 63B163FA8397BDFF443227FEDF7DB27DC35D89FB1C5E435DA0619A5C88AFC73B
3298 89A2DF5E767C5B536BC7167A840A0C32BD57A14DE69A7D0D819AC36FF32F908A
3299 5070F32983BB007437E3500799DF5E0AD3710A4C0000F0098D5BE99F2EB9C1C2
3300 C444FD9552D0DCA098A94B3BF176F511CEE13DB7EFFAED7C47B5ADCF8D4700F5
3301 7A5FD1B49560969BF5C44F3749370663A04776F749DDD7B50674D93254426C4B
3302 EFE264BEE7810EC93784B7C01A7F29EFD92547E13A2C7851A2E709FBD5B87850
3303 4A44F08F56A542DBE072D2FBC58D9E6468E1AB858DC35240E30D31C7AC13D6C5
3304 7D2BB634BEE96FA0E10F842B11A789F72A333DD6DDCB1BC23227EBC406E50B40
3305 30AF0C48E6359AB0C46898CDAF1118E46BFF8B00F54EACBC2AC262AB898C42B9
3306 2E080C10DE923C195F9FB3A03CAAEEA6A78E5994B2DC3A318F06679925ABB1AB
3307 5BEEBB2591961C13F25248DF7E43D2F7D8EF2DFE0C9F6332503E58DFFC63582F
3308 A120BF80E4342491BFE3833012907CFD93A90AA3E216D6D4DC0EB815173DDE5C
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3644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3645 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3646 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3647 cleartomark
3648 %%EndFont
3649 %%BeginFont: CMTT10
3650 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTT10 1.00B
3651 %%CreationDate: 1992 Apr 26 10:42:42
3652 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
3653 11 dict begin
3654 /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
3655 /version (1.00B) readonly def
3656 /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
3657 /FullName (CMTT10) readonly def
3658 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3659 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3660 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3661 /isFixedPitch true def
3662 end readonly def
3663 /FontName /CMTT10 def
3664 /PaintType 0 def
3665 /FontType 1 def
3666 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
3667 /Encoding 256 array
3668 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3669 dup 33 /exclam put
3670 dup 34 /quotedbl put
3671 dup 35 /numbersign put
3672 dup 36 /dollar put
3673 dup 37 /percent put
3674 dup 38 /ampersand put
3675 dup 39 /quoteright put
3676 dup 40 /parenleft put
3677 dup 41 /parenright put
3678 dup 42 /asterisk put
3679 dup 43 /plus put
3680 dup 44 /comma put
3681 dup 45 /hyphen put
3682 dup 46 /period put
3683 dup 47 /slash put
3684 dup 48 /zero put
3685 dup 49 /one put
3686 dup 50 /two put
3687 dup 51 /three put
3688 dup 52 /four put
3689 dup 53 /five put
3690 dup 54 /six put
3691 dup 55 /seven put
3692 dup 56 /eight put
3693 dup 57 /nine put
3694 dup 58 /colon put
3695 dup 59 /semicolon put
3696 dup 60 /less put
3697 dup 61 /equal put
3698 dup 62 /greater put
3699 dup 63 /question put
3700 dup 64 /at put
3701 dup 65 /A put
3702 dup 66 /B put
3703 dup 67 /C put
3704 dup 68 /D put
3705 dup 69 /E put
3706 dup 70 /F put
3707 dup 71 /G put
3708 dup 72 /H put
3709 dup 73 /I put
3710 dup 75 /K put
3711 dup 76 /L put
3712 dup 77 /M put
3713 dup 78 /N put
3714 dup 79 /O put
3715 dup 80 /P put
3716 dup 81 /Q put
3717 dup 82 /R put
3718 dup 83 /S put
3719 dup 84 /T put
3720 dup 85 /U put
3721 dup 86 /V put
3722 dup 87 /W put
3723 dup 88 /X put
3724 dup 89 /Y put
3725 dup 90 /Z put
3726 dup 91 /bracketleft put
3727 dup 92 /backslash put
3728 dup 93 /bracketright put
3729 dup 94 /asciicircum put
3730 dup 95 /underscore put
3731 dup 96 /quoteleft put
3732 dup 97 /a put
3733 dup 98 /b put
3734 dup 99 /c put
3735 dup 100 /d put
3736 dup 101 /e put
3737 dup 102 /f put
3738 dup 103 /g put
3739 dup 104 /h put
3740 dup 105 /i put
3741 dup 106 /j put
3742 dup 107 /k put
3743 dup 108 /l put
3744 dup 109 /m put
3745 dup 110 /n put
3746 dup 111 /o put
3747 dup 112 /p put
3748 dup 113 /q put
3749 dup 114 /r put
3750 dup 115 /s put
3751 dup 116 /t put
3752 dup 117 /u put
3753 dup 118 /v put
3754 dup 119 /w put
3755 dup 120 /x put
3756 dup 121 /y put
3757 dup 122 /z put
3758 dup 123 /braceleft put
3759 dup 124 /bar put
3760 dup 125 /braceright put
3761 dup 126 /asciitilde put
3762 readonly def
3763 /FontBBox{-4 -235 731 800}readonly def
3764 currentdict end
3765 currentfile eexec
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4363 %%Page: -1 3
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4368 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57 b Fr(1)275 778 y Ft(1.1)92
4369 b(What)31 b(is)f(Bash?)22 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4370 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4371 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4372 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)52 b Ft(1)275 888 y(1.2)92 b(What)31
4373 b(is)f(a)h(shell?)13 b Fm(:)j(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4374 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4375 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4376 (:)g(:)44 b Ft(1)150 1130 y Fr(2)135 b(De\014nitions)13
4377 b Fn(:)20 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4378 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4379 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)57 b Fr(3)150 1400 y(3)135 b(Basic)45
4380 b(Shell)g(F)-11 b(eatures)27 b Fn(:)21 b(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4381 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
4382 (:)f(:)72 b Fr(5)275 1537 y Ft(3.1)92 b(Shell)30 b(Syn)m(tax)25
4383 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4384 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4385 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)55
4386 b Ft(5)399 1646 y(3.1.1)93 b(Shell)30 b(Op)s(eration)c
4387 Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4388 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4389 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)56 b Ft(5)399 1756
4390 y(3.1.2)93 b(Quoting)15 b Fm(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4391 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4392 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4393 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)45 b Ft(6)524 1866 y(3.1.2.1)93 b(Escap)s(e)30
4394 b(Character)11 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4395 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4396 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)41 b Ft(6)524 1975 y(3.1.2.2)93
4397 b(Single)31 b(Quotes)d Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4398 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4399 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)58 b Ft(6)524
4400 2085 y(3.1.2.3)93 b(Double)31 b(Quotes)26 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4401 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4402 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)56
4403 b Ft(6)524 2194 y(3.1.2.4)93 b(ANSI-C)30 b(Quoting)d
4404 Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4405 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4406 f(:)g(:)h(:)57 b Ft(6)524 2304 y(3.1.2.5)93 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)
4407 32 b(T)-8 b(ranslation)8 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4408 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
4409 (:)38 b Ft(7)399 2413 y(3.1.3)93 b(Commen)m(ts)26 b Fm(:)15
4410 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4411 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4412 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)56 b
4413 Ft(7)275 2523 y(3.2)92 b(Shell)30 b(Commands)21 b Fm(:)14
4414 b(:)i(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4415 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4416 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)51 b Ft(8)399
4417 2633 y(3.2.1)93 b(Simple)30 b(Commands)c Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4418 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4419 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57
4420 b Ft(8)399 2742 y(3.2.2)93 b(Pip)s(elines)18 b Fm(:)d(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
4421 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4422 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
4423 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)48 b Ft(8)399
4424 2852 y(3.2.3)93 b(Lists)30 b(of)h(Commands)15 b Fm(:)f(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)g
4425 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4426 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)45
4427 b Ft(9)399 2961 y(3.2.4)93 b(Comp)s(ound)28 b(Commands)22
4428 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4429 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4430 f(:)g(:)54 b Ft(9)524 3071 y(3.2.4.1)93 b(Lo)s(oping)30
4431 b(Constructs)8 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4432 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4433 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)38 b Ft(10)524 3181 y(3.2.4.2)93 b(Conditional)31
4434 b(Constructs)18 b Fm(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4435 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)47
4436 b Ft(10)524 3290 y(3.2.4.3)93 b(Grouping)30 b(Commands)15
4437 b Fm(:)f(:)i(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4438 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)45
4439 b Ft(13)399 3400 y(3.2.5)93 b(Copro)s(cesses)18 b Fm(:)d(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4440 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4441 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4442 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)47 b Ft(14)399 3509 y(3.2.6)93
4443 b(GNU)31 b(P)m(arallel)c Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4444 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4445 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)55
4446 b Ft(14)275 3619 y(3.3)92 b(Shell)30 b(F)-8 b(unctions)29
4447 b Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4448 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4449 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58
4450 b Ft(15)275 3729 y(3.4)92 b(Shell)30 b(P)m(arameters)17
4451 b Fm(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4452 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4453 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)46 b Ft(17)399
4454 3838 y(3.4.1)93 b(P)m(ositional)32 b(P)m(arameters)20
4455 b Fm(:)d(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4456 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4457 (:)f(:)50 b Ft(17)399 3948 y(3.4.2)93 b(Sp)s(ecial)30
4458 b(P)m(arameters)16 b Fm(:)h(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4459 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4460 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b Ft(18)275 4057
4461 y(3.5)92 b(Shell)30 b(Expansions)17 b Fm(:)d(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4462 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4463 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4464 f(:)g(:)h(:)46 b Ft(19)399 4167 y(3.5.1)93 b(Brace)31
4465 b(Expansion)21 b Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4466 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4467 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)50 b Ft(19)399
4468 4276 y(3.5.2)93 b(Tilde)30 b(Expansion)10 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4469 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4470 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4471 (:)f(:)40 b Ft(20)399 4386 y(3.5.3)93 b(Shell)30 b(P)m(arameter)i
4472 (Expansion)18 b Fm(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4473 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4474 48 b Ft(21)399 4496 y(3.5.4)93 b(Command)29 b(Substitution)12
4475 b Fm(:)j(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4476 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4477 (:)42 b Ft(24)399 4605 y(3.5.5)93 b(Arithmetic)31 b(Expansion)19
4478 b Fm(:)c(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4479 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4480 (:)h(:)48 b Ft(24)399 4715 y(3.5.6)93 b(Pro)s(cess)30
4481 b(Substitution)d Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4482 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4483 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)57 b Ft(24)399 4824 y(3.5.7)93
4484 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(Splitting)20 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4485 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4486 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)49
4487 b Ft(25)399 4934 y(3.5.8)93 b(Filename)32 b(Expansion)13
4488 b Fm(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4489 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4490 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)43 b Ft(25)524 5044 y(3.5.8.1)93 b(P)m(attern)31
4491 b(Matc)m(hing)d Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4492 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4493 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)56 b Ft(26)399 5153 y(3.5.9)93 b(Quote)31
4494 b(Remo)m(v)-5 b(al)9 b Fm(:)17 b(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4495 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4496 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)39
4497 b Ft(27)275 5263 y(3.6)92 b(Redirections)26 b Fm(:)15
4498 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4499 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4500 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)55
4501 b Ft(27)p eop end
4502 %%Page: -2 4
4503 TeXDict begin -2 3 bop 150 -116 a Ft(ii)2612 b(Bash)31
4504 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)399 83 y(3.6.1)93 b(Redirecting)31
4505 b(Input)23 b Fm(:)14 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4506 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4507 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)52 b Ft(28)399 193
4508 y(3.6.2)93 b(Redirecting)31 b(Output)26 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4509 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4510 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)56
4511 b Ft(28)399 302 y(3.6.3)93 b(App)s(ending)28 b(Redirected)k(Output)12
4512 b Fm(:)h(:)j(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4513 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)41 b Ft(29)399
4514 412 y(3.6.4)93 b(Redirecting)31 b(Standard)e(Output)h(and)f(Standard)h
4515 (Error)d Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)58 b Ft(29)399
4516 521 y(3.6.5)93 b(App)s(ending)28 b(Standard)i(Output)f(and)h(Standard)f
4517 (Error)19 b Fm(:)14 b(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)48
4518 b Ft(29)399 631 y(3.6.6)93 b(Here)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)c
4519 Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4520 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4521 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)56 b Ft(29)399 741 y(3.6.7)93
4522 b(Here)31 b(Strings)c Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4523 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4524 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58
4525 b Ft(30)399 850 y(3.6.8)93 b(Duplicating)32 b(File)f(Descriptors)16
4526 b Fm(:)g(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4527 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)46
4528 b Ft(30)399 960 y(3.6.9)93 b(Mo)m(ving)32 b(File)f(Descriptors)19
4529 b Fm(:)d(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4530 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)49
4531 b Ft(30)399 1069 y(3.6.10)93 b(Op)s(ening)29 b(File)j(Descriptors)f
4532 (for)f(Reading)h(and)f(W)-8 b(riting)19 b Fm(:)e(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4533 49 b Ft(30)275 1179 y(3.7)92 b(Executing)31 b(Commands)17
4534 b Fm(:)d(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4535 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4536 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)46 b Ft(30)399 1289 y(3.7.1)93
4537 b(Simple)30 b(Command)f(Expansion)23 b Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4538 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4539 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)52 b Ft(31)399 1398 y(3.7.2)93 b(Command)29
4540 b(Searc)m(h)i(and)f(Execution)d Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4541 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)56
4542 b Ft(31)399 1508 y(3.7.3)93 b(Command)29 b(Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m
4543 (t)8 b Fm(:)16 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4544 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)38 b Ft(32)399 1617
4545 y(3.7.4)93 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t)18 b Fm(:)d(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4546 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4547 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4548 (:)h(:)47 b Ft(33)399 1727 y(3.7.5)93 b(Exit)31 b(Status)c
4549 Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4550 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4551 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57 b
4552 Ft(33)399 1836 y(3.7.6)93 b(Signals)15 b Fm(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4553 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4554 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4555 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)44 b Ft(34)275 1946
4556 y(3.8)92 b(Shell)30 b(Scripts)23 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4557 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4558 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4559 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)53 b Ft(34)150 2188 y Fr(4)135
4560 b(Shell)45 b(Builtin)g(Commands)22 b Fn(:)e(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4561 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)67
4562 b Fr(37)275 2325 y Ft(4.1)92 b(Bourne)30 b(Shell)g(Builtins)e
4563 Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4564 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4565 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)57 b Ft(37)275 2435 y(4.2)92
4566 b(Bash)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)24 b Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4567 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4568 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)54
4569 b Ft(43)275 2545 y(4.3)92 b(Mo)s(difying)30 b(Shell)g(Beha)m(vior)9
4570 b Fm(:)17 b(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4571 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4572 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)39 b Ft(53)399 2654 y(4.3.1)93 b(The)30
4573 b(Set)g(Builtin)c Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4574 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4575 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)55 b
4576 Ft(54)399 2764 y(4.3.2)93 b(The)30 b(Shopt)f(Builtin)13
4577 b Fm(:)j(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4578 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4579 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)43 b Ft(57)275 2873 y(4.4)92 b(Sp)s(ecial)30
4580 b(Builtins)21 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4581 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4582 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)50
4583 b Ft(62)150 3116 y Fr(5)135 b(Shell)45 b(V)-11 b(ariables)19
4584 b Fn(:)h(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4585 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)64
4586 b Fr(63)275 3253 y Ft(5.1)92 b(Bourne)30 b(Shell)g(V)-8
4587 b(ariables)22 b Fm(:)16 b(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4588 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4589 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)51 b Ft(63)275
4590 3362 y(5.2)92 b(Bash)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)16 b Fm(:)h(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f
4591 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4592 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4593 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)46 b Ft(63)150 3605 y
4594 Fr(6)135 b(Bash)44 b(F)-11 b(eatures)13 b Fn(:)20 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4595 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4596 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b Fr(73)275
4597 3742 y Ft(6.1)92 b(In)m(v)m(oking)31 b(Bash)d Fm(:)16
4598 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4599 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4600 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b
4601 Ft(73)275 3851 y(6.2)92 b(Bash)30 b(Startup)g(Files)20
4602 b Fm(:)c(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4603 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4604 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)49 b Ft(75)275
4605 3961 y(6.3)92 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)32 b(Shells)11 b Fm(:)16
4606 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4607 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4608 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)41 b Ft(76)399
4609 4071 y(6.3.1)93 b(What)31 b(is)f(an)h(In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(Shell?)17
4610 b Fm(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4611 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)47 b
4612 Ft(77)399 4180 y(6.3.2)93 b(Is)30 b(this)g(Shell)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e?)
4613 14 b Fm(:)k(:)e(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4614 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4615 44 b Ft(77)399 4290 y(6.3.3)93 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)33
4616 b(Shell)d(Beha)m(vior)23 b Fm(:)17 b(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4617 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4618 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)52 b Ft(77)275 4399 y(6.4)92 b(Bash)30
4619 b(Conditional)h(Expressions)22 b Fm(:)14 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4620 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4621 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)51 b Ft(78)275 4509 y(6.5)92
4622 b(Shell)30 b(Arithmetic)c Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4623 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4624 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4625 (:)55 b Ft(80)275 4619 y(6.6)92 b(Aliases)12 b Fm(:)k(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f
4626 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4627 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4628 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)42
4629 b Ft(81)275 4728 y(6.7)92 b(Arra)m(ys)17 b Fm(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4630 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4631 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
4632 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)47
4633 b Ft(82)275 4838 y(6.8)92 b(The)29 b(Directory)j(Stac)m(k)e
4634 Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4635 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4636 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b Ft(83)399 4947 y(6.8.1)93
4637 b(Directory)32 b(Stac)m(k)f(Builtins)14 b Fm(:)i(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4638 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4639 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)44 b Ft(83)275
4640 5057 y(6.9)92 b(Con)m(trolling)31 b(the)g(Prompt)24 b
4641 Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4642 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4643 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)54 b Ft(84)275 5166 y(6.10)92 b(The)30
4644 b(Restricted)h(Shell)23 b Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4645 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4646 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)53
4647 b Ft(86)275 5276 y(6.11)92 b(Bash)31 b(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de)9
4648 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4649 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
4650 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)38 b Ft(86)p eop
4651 end
4652 %%Page: -3 5
4653 TeXDict begin -3 4 bop 3674 -116 a Ft(iii)150 83 y Fr(7)135
4654 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)24 b Fn(:)c(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
4655 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4656 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)69 b Fr(91)275 220 y
4657 Ft(7.1)92 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)h(Basics)17 b Fm(:)f(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4658 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4659 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
4660 g(:)h(:)f(:)47 b Ft(91)275 330 y(7.2)92 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)h
4661 (Builtins)25 b Fm(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4662 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
4663 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)55 b Ft(92)275
4664 439 y(7.3)92 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)h(V)-8 b(ariables)19
4665 b Fm(:)e(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4666 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4667 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)49 b Ft(94)150 682 y Fr(8)135
4668 b(Command)45 b(Line)g(Editing)27 b Fn(:)20 b(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4669 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)72
4670 b Fr(95)275 819 y Ft(8.1)92 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)30 b(to)h(Line)f
4671 (Editing)d Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
4672 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
4673 (:)h(:)f(:)56 b Ft(95)275 928 y(8.2)92 b(Readline)31
4674 b(In)m(teraction)8 b Fm(:)17 b(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4675 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
4676 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)38
4677 b Ft(95)399 1038 y(8.2.1)93 b(Readline)31 b(Bare)g(Essen)m(tials)d
4678 Fm(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
4679 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)57
4680 b Ft(96)399 1147 y(8.2.2)93 b(Readline)31 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)i
4681 (Commands)27 b Fm(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
4682 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57
4683 b Ft(96)399 1257 y(8.2.3)93 b(Readline)31 b(Killing)g(Commands)19
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4795 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)40 b Ft(133)p eop end
4796 %%Page: -4 6
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4832 eop end
4833 %%Page: 1 7
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4853 b(functional)f(impro)m(v)m(emen)m(ts)i(o)m(v)m(er)g Fs(sh)d
4854 Ft(for)i(b)s(oth)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(and)d(programming)g(use.)275
4855 1679 y(While)h(the)g Fl(gnu)f Ft(op)s(erating)h(system)g(pro)m(vides)f
4856 (other)h(shells,)g(including)f(a)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g
4857 Fs(csh)p Ft(,)f(Bash)150 1788 y(is)j(the)h(default)f(shell.)49
4858 b(Lik)m(e)34 b(other)g Fl(gnu)f Ft(soft)m(w)m(are,)i(Bash)f(is)f(quite)
4859 h(p)s(ortable.)49 b(It)33 b(curren)m(tly)g(runs)f(on)150
4860 1898 y(nearly)c(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix)h(and)e(a)i(few)f
4861 (other)h(op)s(erating)g(systems)f Fp(\000)g Ft(indep)s(enden)m
4862 (tly-supp)s(orted)150 2008 y(p)s(orts)j(exist)h(for)f
4863 Fl(ms-dos)p Ft(,)f Fl(os/2)p Ft(,)i(and)f(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150
4864 2231 y Fr(1.2)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(a)h(shell?)150 2390
4865 y Ft(A)m(t)32 b(its)f(base,)h(a)f(shell)g(is)h(simply)e(a)h(macro)h
4866 (pro)s(cessor)f(that)g(executes)i(commands.)42 b(The)30
4867 b(term)h(macro)150 2500 y(pro)s(cessor)25 b(means)g(functionalit)m(y)i
4868 (where)d(text)j(and)d(sym)m(b)s(ols)h(are)h(expanded)e(to)i(create)h
4869 (larger)f(expres-)150 2609 y(sions.)275 2739 y(A)34 b(Unix)h(shell)g
4870 (is)f(b)s(oth)g(a)h(command)g(in)m(terpreter)g(and)f(a)h(programming)f
4871 (language.)55 b(As)35 b(a)g(com-)150 2848 y(mand)30 b(in)m(terpreter,)i
4872 (the)g(shell)f(pro)m(vides)g(the)h(user)e(in)m(terface)j(to)f(the)f
4873 (ric)m(h)h(set)g(of)f Fl(gnu)g Ft(utilities.)44 b(The)150
4874 2958 y(programming)30 b(language)h(features)f(allo)m(w)h(these)g
4875 (utilities)g(to)g(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined.)41 b(Files)31
4876 b(con)m(taining)g(com-)150 3068 y(mands)e(can)i(b)s(e)e(created,)j(and)
4877 d(b)s(ecome)i(commands)f(themselv)m(es.)42 b(These)30
4878 b(new)f(commands)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)150 3177 y(same)f(status)h(as)f
4879 (system)g(commands)g(in)g(directories)h(suc)m(h)f(as)g(`)p
4880 Fs(/bin)p Ft(',)g(allo)m(wing)i(users)d(or)h(groups)f(to)150
4881 3287 y(establish)h(custom)f(en)m(vironmen)m(ts)h(to)g(automate)h(their)
4882 f(common)f(tasks.)275 3417 y(Shells)j(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)m
4883 (teractiv)m(ely)k(or)d(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)54
4884 b(In)33 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)f(they)e(accept)150
4885 3526 y(input)21 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(from)g(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)37
4886 b(When)22 b(executing)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)27
4887 b(shells)c(execute)g(commands)150 3636 y(read)30 b(from)g(a)h(\014le.)
4888 275 3765 y(A)41 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)h(execution)h(of)e
4889 Fl(gnu)g Ft(commands,)i(b)s(oth)e(sync)m(hronously)f(and)h(async)m
4890 (hronously)-8 b(.)150 3875 y(The)29 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)i(for)e(sync)m
4891 (hronous)f(commands)h(to)h(complete)h(b)s(efore)e(accepting)i(more)e
4892 (input;)g(asyn-)150 3985 y(c)m(hronous)22 b(commands)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h
4893 (to)f(execute)h(in)e(parallel)i(with)f(the)f(shell)h(while)g(it)g
4894 (reads)g(and)f(executes)150 4094 y(additional)35 b(commands.)50
4895 b(The)33 b Fq(redirection)h Ft(constructs)g(p)s(ermit)f(\014ne-grained)
4896 g(con)m(trol)i(of)f(the)g(input)150 4204 y(and)40 b(output)f(of)i
4897 (those)f(commands.)70 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)45 b(the)c(shell)f(allo)m(ws)h
4898 (con)m(trol)h(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)150
4899 4313 y(commands')30 b(en)m(vironmen)m(ts.)275 4443 y(Shells)k(also)i
4900 (pro)m(vide)g(a)f(small)h(set)f(of)g(built-in)g(commands)g(\()p
4901 Fq(builtins)t Ft(\))g(implemen)m(ting)h(function-)150
4902 4553 y(alit)m(y)i(imp)s(ossible)e(or)g(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)e
4903 (obtain)g(via)g(separate)g(utilities.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)37
4904 b(example,)i Fs(cd)p Ft(,)e Fs(break)p Ft(,)150 4662
4905 y Fs(continue)p Ft(,)43 b(and)f Fs(exec)p Ft(\))g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e
4906 (implemen)m(ted)i(outside)g(of)f(the)h(shell)f(b)s(ecause)h(they)f
4907 (directly)150 4772 y(manipulate)37 b(the)g(shell)f(itself.)61
4908 b(The)36 b Fs(history)p Ft(,)g Fs(getopts)p Ft(,)g Fs(kill)p
4909 Ft(,)h(or)g Fs(pwd)f Ft(builtins,)h(among)h(others,)150
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4911 (but)d(they)h(are)h(more)f(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)g(use)e(as)h
4912 (builtin)150 4991 y(commands.)40 b(All)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h
4913 (builtins)f(are)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(subsequen)m(t)g(sections.)275
4914 5121 y(While)39 b(executing)h(commands)e(is)g(essen)m(tial,)43
4915 b(most)c(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(\(and)g(complexit)m(y\))j(of)e
4916 (shells)150 5230 y(is)34 b(due)f(to)i(their)f(em)m(b)s(edded)f
4917 (programming)h(languages.)52 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(an)m(y)f(high-lev)m(el)i
4918 (language,)h(the)d(shell)150 5340 y(pro)m(vides)c(v)-5
4919 b(ariables,)32 b(\015o)m(w)e(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(quoting,)g(and)
4920 f(functions.)p eop end
4921 %%Page: 2 8
4922 TeXDict begin 2 7 bop 150 -116 a Ft(2)2617 b(Bash)31
4923 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)275 299 y(Shells)21 b(o\013er)i(features)f
4924 (geared)h(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(for)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(use)d(rather)g
4925 (than)g(to)h(augmen)m(t)g(the)f(pro-)150 408 y(gramming)32
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4927 (job)g(con)m(trol,)j(command)c(line)i(editing,)150 518
4928 y(command)d(history)g(and)g(aliases.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31
4929 b(of)g(these)g(features)f(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(this)g(man)m(ual.)p
4930 eop end
4931 %%Page: 3 9
4932 TeXDict begin 3 8 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(2:)41
4933 b(De\014nitions)2662 b(3)150 299 y Fo(2)80 b(De\014nitions)150
4934 552 y Ft(These)30 b(de\014nitions)g(are)h(used)e(throughout)h(the)h
4935 (remainder)f(of)g(this)h(man)m(ual.)150 720 y Fs(POSIX)240
4936 b Ft(A)27 b(family)g(of)g(op)s(en)f(system)g(standards)g(based)g(on)h
4937 (Unix.)39 b(Bash)27 b(is)g(primarily)f(concerned)630
4938 830 y(with)k(the)h(Shell)f(and)g(Utilities)i(p)s(ortion)e(of)h(the)f
4939 Fl(posix)g Ft(1003.1)j(standard.)150 995 y Fs(blank)240
4940 b Ft(A)30 b(space)h(or)g(tab)f(c)m(haracter.)150 1161
4941 y Fs(builtin)144 b Ft(A)35 b(command)g(that)g(is)g(implemen)m(ted)g(in)
4942 m(ternally)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)g(itself,)i(rather)d(than)h(b)m(y)630
4943 1271 y(an)30 b(executable)i(program)e(somewhere)h(in)f(the)g(\014le)h
4944 (system.)150 1436 y Fs(control)d(operator)630 1546 y
4945 Ft(A)20 b Fs(token)f Ft(that)i(p)s(erforms)e(a)i(con)m(trol)g
4946 (function.)37 b(It)21 b(is)f(a)h Fs(newline)d Ft(or)j(one)f(of)h(the)f
4947 (follo)m(wing:)630 1655 y(`)p Fs(||)p Ft(',)31 b(`)p
4948 Fs(&&)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(&)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(;)p Ft(',)g(`)p
4949 Fs(;;)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(|)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(|&)p Ft(',)f(`)p
4950 Fs(\()p Ft(',)h(or)g(`)p Fs(\))p Ft('.)150 1821 y Fs(exit)e(status)630
4951 1931 y Ft(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(returned)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(command)f(to)h
4952 (its)g(caller.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(restricted)h(to)h
4953 (eigh)m(t)630 2040 y(bits,)h(so)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5
4954 b(alue)31 b(is)f(255.)150 2206 y Fs(field)240 b Ft(A)27
4955 b(unit)g(of)g(text)h(that)g(is)f(the)g(result)g(of)g(one)h(of)f(the)g
4956 (shell)g(expansions.)40 b(After)27 b(expansion,)630 2315
4957 y(when)e(executing)h(a)g(command,)h(the)f(resulting)f(\014elds)g(are)h
4958 (used)f(as)h(the)g(command)f(name)630 2425 y(and)30 b(argumen)m(ts.)150
4959 2591 y Fs(filename)96 b Ft(A)30 b(string)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(used)e
4960 (to)h(iden)m(tify)g(a)f(\014le.)150 2756 y Fs(job)336
4961 b Ft(A)31 b(set)h(of)f(pro)s(cesses)g(comprising)g(a)g(pip)s(eline,)g
4962 (and)g(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cesses)g(descended)g(from)f(it,)630
4963 2866 y(that)h(are)g(all)g(in)f(the)h(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group.)150
4964 3031 y Fs(job)f(control)630 3141 y Ft(A)22 b(mec)m(hanism)g(b)m(y)f
4965 (whic)m(h)h(users)f(can)h(selectiv)m(ely)i(stop)e(\(susp)s(end\))e(and)
4966 h(restart)i(\(resume\))630 3251 y(execution)32 b(of)e(pro)s(cesses.)150
4967 3416 y Fs(metacharacter)630 3526 y Ft(A)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(that,)g
4968 (when)d(unquoted,)i(separates)g(w)m(ords.)38 b(A)26 b(metac)m(haracter)
4969 i(is)d(a)g Fs(blank)630 3635 y Ft(or)30 b(one)h(of)g(the)f(follo)m
4970 (wing)i(c)m(haracters:)42 b(`)p Fs(|)p Ft(',)31 b(`)p
4971 Fs(&)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(;)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(\()p Ft(',)f(`)p
4972 Fs(\))p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(<)p Ft(',)g(or)f(`)p Fs(>)p Ft('.)150
4973 3801 y Fs(name)288 b Ft(A)37 b Fs(word)f Ft(consisting)i(solely)h(of)e
4974 (letters,)j(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)e(and)f(underscores,)h(and)f(b)s
4975 (eginning)630 3910 y(with)23 b(a)g(letter)h(or)f(underscore.)38
4976 b Fs(Name)p Ft(s)22 b(are)h(used)f(as)i(shell)f(v)-5
4977 b(ariable)24 b(and)e(function)h(names.)630 4020 y(Also)31
4978 b(referred)f(to)h(as)f(an)h Fs(identifier)p Ft(.)150
4979 4186 y Fs(operator)96 b Ft(A)38 b Fs(control)28 b(operator)36
4980 b Ft(or)h(a)i Fs(redirection)27 b(operator)p Ft(.)61
4981 b(See)38 b(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirec-)630 4295 y(tions],)f(page)f(27,)i
4982 (for)d(a)g(list)h(of)f(redirection)h(op)s(erators.)58
4983 b(Op)s(erators)35 b(con)m(tain)j(at)f(least)630 4405
4984 y(one)31 b(unquoted)e Fs(metacharacter)p Ft(.)150 4570
4985 y Fs(process)f(group)630 4680 y Ft(A)i(collection)k(of)c(related)h(pro)
4986 s(cesses)g(eac)m(h)g(ha)m(ving)g(the)g(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
4987 Fl(id)p Ft(.)150 4846 y Fs(process)e(group)h(ID)630 4955
4988 y Ft(A)h(unique)g(iden)m(ti\014er)h(that)f(represen)m(ts)h(a)g
4989 Fs(process)d(group)h Ft(during)g(its)i(lifetime.)150
4990 5121 y Fs(reserved)d(word)630 5230 y Ft(A)h Fs(word)e
4991 Ft(that)i(has)f(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)g(shell.)40
4992 b(Most)30 b(reserv)m(ed)e(w)m(ords)g(in)m(tro)s(duce)630
4993 5340 y(shell)j(\015o)m(w)f(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(suc)m(h)f(as)g
4994 Fs(for)g Ft(and)g Fs(while)p Ft(.)p eop end
4995 %%Page: 4 10
4996 TeXDict begin 4 9 bop 150 -116 a Ft(4)2617 b(Bash)31
4997 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(return)e(status)630
4998 408 y Ft(A)h(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Fs(exit)g(status)p Ft(.)150
4999 568 y Fs(signal)192 b Ft(A)40 b(mec)m(hanism)h(b)m(y)e(whic)m(h)h(a)h
5000 (pro)s(cess)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(noti\014ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(k)m(ernel)f
5001 (of)g(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)630 677 y(o)s(ccurring)30 b(in)g(the)h(system.)
5002 150 837 y Fs(special)d(builtin)630 946 y Ft(A)j(shell)f(builtin)g
5003 (command)h(that)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(classi\014ed)h(as)g(sp)s(ecial)g(b)m
5004 (y)f(the)h Fl(posix)f Ft(stan-)630 1056 y(dard.)150 1215
5005 y Fs(token)240 b Ft(A)38 b(sequence)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(considered)f
5006 (a)h(single)g(unit)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(shell.)64 b(It)38
5007 b(is)g(either)h(a)630 1325 y Fs(word)29 b Ft(or)i(an)f
5008 Fs(operator)p Ft(.)150 1484 y Fs(word)288 b Ft(A)28 b(sequence)g(of)g
5009 (c)m(haracters)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(unit)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(shell.)40
5010 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(include)630 1594 y(unquoted)i
5011 Fs(metacharacters)p Ft(.)p eop end
5012 %%Page: 5 11
5013 TeXDict begin 5 10 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
5014 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(5)150 299
5015 y Fo(3)80 b(Basic)54 b(Shell)e(F)-13 b(eatures)150 603
5016 y Ft(Bash)21 b(is)g(an)f(acron)m(ym)i(for)e(`)p Fs(Bourne-Again)27
5017 b(SHell)p Ft('.)37 b(The)20 b(Bourne)g(shell)h(is)g(the)g(traditional)h
5018 (Unix)f(shell)150 712 y(originally)h(written)f(b)m(y)f(Stephen)g
5019 (Bourne.)38 b(All)21 b(of)g(the)g(Bourne)f(shell)h(builtin)f(commands)g
5020 (are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 822 y(in)26 b(Bash,)h(The)f(rules)f(for)h
5021 (ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(and)d(quoting)h(are)h(tak)m(en)g(from)f(the)g
5022 Fl(posix)f Ft(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(for)f(the)150 931
5023 y(`standard')k(Unix)g(shell.)275 1089 y(This)h(c)m(hapter)i(brie\015y)e
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5025 b(commands,)32 b(con)m(trol)i(struc-)150 1199 y(tures,)k(shell)e
5026 (functions,)h(shell)g Fk(p)-5 b(ar)g(ameters)p Ft(,)41
5027 b(shell)36 b(expansions,)i Fk(r)-5 b(e)g(dir)g(e)g(ctions)p
5028 Ft(,)40 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(a)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)150 1308
5029 y(direct)31 b(input)e(and)h(output)g(from)g(and)g(to)h(named)f
5030 (\014les,)g(and)g(ho)m(w)g(the)h(shell)g(executes)g(commands.)150
5031 1576 y Fr(3.1)68 b(Shell)45 b(Syn)l(tax)150 1735 y Ft(When)40
5032 b(the)h(shell)g(reads)f(input,)i(it)f(pro)s(ceeds)f(through)g(a)h
5033 (sequence)g(of)g(op)s(erations.)71 b(If)40 b(the)h(input)150
5034 1845 y(indicates)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(a)g(commen)m(t,)h(the)f
5035 (shell)g(ignores)g(the)g(commen)m(t)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(\(`)p
5036 Fs(#)p Ft('\),)h(and)e(the)150 1954 y(rest)i(of)f(that)h(line.)275
5037 2112 y(Otherwise,)h(roughly)f(sp)s(eaking,)i(the)f(shell)g(reads)g(its)
5038 g(input)f(and)h(divides)f(the)i(input)e(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)150
5039 2222 y(and)23 b(op)s(erators,)j(emplo)m(ying)e(the)g(quoting)h(rules)e
5040 (to)h(select)i(whic)m(h)d(meanings)h(to)h(assign)f(v)-5
5041 b(arious)23 b(w)m(ords)150 2331 y(and)30 b(c)m(haracters.)275
5042 2489 y(The)38 b(shell)h(then)f(parses)g(these)h(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)f
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5045 (haracters,)i(expands)d(others,)h(redirects)h(input)e(and)g(output)150
5046 2708 y(as)d(needed,)g(executes)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(command,)j(w)m
5047 (aits)f(for)f(the)g(command's)g(exit)i(status,)f(and)f(mak)m(es)150
5048 2818 y(that)31 b(exit)g(status)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33
5049 b(for)d(further)f(insp)s(ection)h(or)h(pro)s(cessing.)150
5050 3040 y Fj(3.1.1)63 b(Shell)41 b(Op)s(eration)150 3187
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5055 (\014le)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)j(page)e(34\),)k
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5062 b(3.1.2)i([Quoting],)f(page)f(6.)40 b(These)26 b(tok)m(ens)i(are)f
5063 (separated)g(b)m(y)f Fs(metacharacters)p Ft(.)36 b(Alias)330
5064 4039 y(expansion)30 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)d(b)m(y)j(this)f(step)g(\(see)i
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5066 b(P)m(arses)35 b(the)g(tok)m(ens)g(in)m(to)h(simple)e(and)g(comp)s
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5069 b(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(shell)h(expansions)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5)g
5070 ([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(19\),)330 4550 y(breaking)35
5071 b(the)g(expanded)g(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)g(lists)f(of)g(\014lenames)h
5072 (\(see)g(Section)f(3.5.8)i([Filename)g(Ex-)330 4660 y(pansion],)30
5073 b(page)h(25\))h(and)e(commands)g(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)199
5074 4806 y(5.)61 b(P)m(erforms)36 b(an)m(y)i(necessary)f(redirections)g
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5076 4915 y(mo)m(v)m(es)c(the)e(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g(and)f(their)g
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5079 ([Executing)f(Commands],)f(page)h(30\).)199 5208 y(7.)61
5080 b(Optionally)40 b(w)m(aits)g(for)f(the)g(command)g(to)h(complete)g(and)
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5082 y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(33\).)p
5083 eop end
5084 %%Page: 6 12
5085 TeXDict begin 6 11 bop 150 -116 a Ft(6)2617 b(Bash)31
5086 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fj(3.1.2)63 b(Quoting)150
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5100 b(expansion)h Ft(c)m(haracter,)h(usually)f(`)p Fs(!)p
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5103 -8 b(acilities],)26 b(page)c(125,)j(for)20 b(more)h(details)h
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5105 b(are)i(three)f(quoting)g(mec)m(hanisms:)55 b(the)37
5106 b Fq(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)7 b Ft(,)40 b(single)d(quotes,)j(and)c
5107 (double)150 1469 y(quotes.)150 1655 y Fj(3.1.2.1)63 b(Escap)s(e)41
5108 b(Character)150 1802 y Ft(A)36 b(non-quoted)f(bac)m(kslash)h(`)p
5109 Fs(\\)p Ft(')g(is)f(the)h(Bash)g(escap)s(e)f(c)m(haracter.)58
5110 b(It)36 b(preserv)m(es)f(the)h(literal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36
5111 b(of)150 1911 y(the)27 b(next)g(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(follo)m(ws,)i
5112 (with)d(the)h(exception)g(of)g Fs(newline)p Ft(.)38 b(If)26
5113 b(a)h Fs(\\newline)d Ft(pair)i(app)s(ears,)150 2021 y(and)k(the)h(bac)m
5114 (kslash)g(itself)g(is)g(not)g(quoted,)g(the)f Fs(\\newline)f
5115 Ft(is)h(treated)i(as)f(a)g(line)g(con)m(tin)m(uation)h(\(that)150
5116 2131 y(is,)f(it)g(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(the)h(input)e(stream)i
5117 (and)f(e\013ectiv)m(ely)j(ignored\).)150 2317 y Fj(3.1.2.2)63
5118 b(Single)42 b(Quotes)150 2464 y Ft(Enclosing)24 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
5119 (single)h(quotes)g(\(`)p Fs(')p Ft('\))g(preserv)m(es)g(the)f(literal)i
5120 (v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)h(within)150
5121 2573 y(the)31 b(quotes.)42 b(A)31 b(single)h(quote)f(ma)m(y)g(not)g(o)s
5122 (ccur)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(single)h(quotes,)f(ev)m(en)h(when)d
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5125 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)f(double)f(quotes)h(\(`)p Fs(")p
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5127 b(of)g(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(within)150 3125 y(the)34
5128 b(quotes,)h(with)f(the)g(exception)h(of)f(`)p Fs($)p
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5130 (expansion)h(is)g(enabled,)h(`)p Fs(!)p Ft('.)150 3235
5131 y(The)25 b(c)m(haracters)h(`)p Fs($)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p
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5134 (page)h(19\).)41 b(The)28 b(bac)m(kslash)i(retains)f(its)h(sp)s(ecial)f
5135 (meaning)g(only)g(when)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)150 3454 y(b)m(y)41
5136 b(one)f(of)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(c)m(haracters:)63 b(`)p
5137 Fs($)p Ft(',)43 b(`)p Fs(`)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(")p Ft(',)g(`)p
5138 Fs(\\)p Ft(',)f(or)e Fs(newline)p Ft(.)69 b(Within)41
5139 b(double)f(quotes,)150 3564 y(bac)m(kslashes)25 b(that)h(are)f(follo)m
5140 (w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(one)h(of)g(these)g(c)m(haracters)h(are)f(remo)m(v)m
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5142 b(without)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)f(meaning)h(are)f(left)h(unmo)s(di\014ed.)47
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5146 3892 y(b)s(e)f(p)s(erformed)g(unless)g(an)h(`)p Fs(!)p
5147 Ft(')g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(double)f(quotes)i(is)f(escap)s(ed)g(using)f
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5149 b(preceding)f(the)h(`)p Fs(!)p Ft(')f(is)h(not)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)275
5150 4130 y(The)41 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameters)f(`)p Fs(*)p
5151 Ft(')h(and)f(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)g
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5153 b(3.5.3)h([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)h(Expansion],)e(page)h(21\).)150
5154 4426 y Fj(3.1.2.4)63 b(ANSI-C)40 b(Quoting)150 4573 y
5155 Ft(W)-8 b(ords)41 b(of)h(the)f(form)g Fs($')p Fi(string)11
5156 b Fs(')38 b Ft(are)k(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)75
5157 b(The)41 b(w)m(ord)g(expands)f(to)i Fq(string)8 b Ft(,)44
5158 b(with)150 4682 y(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)g(c)m(haracters)h(replaced)f
5159 (as)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(ANSI)g(C)g(standard.)79
5160 b(Bac)m(kslash)150 4792 y(escap)s(e)31 b(sequences,)g(if)f(presen)m(t,)
5161 h(are)g(deco)s(ded)f(as)g(follo)m(ws:)150 4938 y Fs(\\a)384
5162 b Ft(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))150 5084 y Fs(\\b)384 b Ft(bac)m(kspace)150
5163 5230 y Fs(\\e)150 5340 y(\\E)g Ft(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)h
5164 (\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))p eop end
5165 %%Page: 7 13
5166 TeXDict begin 7 12 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
5167 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(7)150 299
5168 y Fs(\\f)384 b Ft(form)30 b(feed)150 488 y Fs(\\n)384
5169 b Ft(newline)150 678 y Fs(\\r)g Ft(carriage)32 b(return)150
5170 868 y Fs(\\t)384 b Ft(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)150 1057
5171 y Fs(\\v)384 b Ft(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150 1247 y Fs(\\\\)384
5172 b Ft(bac)m(kslash)150 1436 y Fs(\\')g Ft(single)31 b(quote)150
5173 1626 y Fs(\\")384 b Ft(double)30 b(quote)150 1816 y Fs(\\)p
5174 Fi(nnn)288 b Ft(the)31 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
5175 b(alue)31 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fq(nnn)e
5176 Ft(\(one)i(to)g(three)g(digits\))150 2005 y Fs(\\x)p
5177 Fi(HH)288 b Ft(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f(whose)f(v)-5
5178 b(alue)36 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b
5179 Fq(HH)46 b Ft(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 2115 y(hex)30
5180 b(digits\))150 2304 y Fs(\\u)p Fi(HHHH)192 b Ft(the)33
5181 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5
5182 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630
5183 2414 y Fq(HHHH)41 b Ft(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)f(hex)g(digits\))150
5184 2604 y Fs(\\U)p Fi(HHHHHHHH)630 2713 y Ft(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)
5185 g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g
5186 (hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2823 y Fq(HHHHHHHH)42
5187 b Ft(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)g(hex)g(digits\))150 3012
5188 y Fs(\\c)p Fi(x)336 b Ft(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p Fq(x)38
5189 b Ft(c)m(haracter)150 3217 y(The)30 b(expanded)f(result)i(is)f
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5193 (preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(dollar)h(sign)e(\(`)p Fs($)p
5194 Ft('\))i(will)f(cause)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(translated)150
5195 3703 y(according)f(to)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)41
5196 b(If)24 b(the)h(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f Fs(C)g
5197 Ft(or)g Fs(POSIX)p Ft(,)f(the)h(dollar)h(sign)f(is)g(ignored.)150
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5200 b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f(b)m(y)f(the)g
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5202 4087 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the)
5203 g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)h Fs(TEXTDOMAIN)c Ft(shell)j(v)-5
5204 b(ariable,)150 4196 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p
5205 Fs(.mo)p Ft('.)43 b(If)31 b(y)m(ou)h(use)f(the)h Fs(TEXTDOMAIN)c
5206 Ft(v)-5 b(ariable,)33 b(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(set)150
5207 4306 y(the)22 b Fs(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)23
5208 b(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cation)i(of)e(the)h(message)g(catalog)i(\014les.)38
5209 b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4416 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31
5210 b(in)f(this)g(fashion:)41 b Fs(TEXTDOMAINDIR)p Ft(/)p
5211 Fs(LC_MESSAGES)p Ft(/LC)p 2528 4416 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p
5212 Fs(TEXTDOMAIN)p Ft(.mo.)150 4645 y Fj(3.1.3)63 b(Commen)m(ts)150
5213 4792 y Ft(In)21 b(a)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)g(or)e(an)g(in)m
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5219 (haracters)g(on)f(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored.)150
5220 5121 y(An)43 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(without)f(the)g
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5222 (allo)m(w)150 5230 y(commen)m(ts.)56 b(The)34 b Fs
5223 (interactive_comments)c Ft(option)35 b(is)g(on)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)g
5224 (in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)55 b(See)150 5340 y(Section)30
5225 b(6.3)f([In)m(teractiv)m(e)j(Shells],)d(page)h(76,)g(for)e(a)i
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5227 eop end
5228 %%Page: 8 14
5229 TeXDict begin 8 13 bop 150 -116 a Ft(8)2617 b(Bash)31
5230 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fr(3.2)68 b(Shell)45
5231 b(Commands)150 458 y Ft(A)d(simple)g(shell)g(command)f(suc)m(h)h(as)g
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5233 (follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)150 568 y(argumen)m(ts,)31 b(separated)g(b)m(y)
5234 f(spaces.)275 714 y(More)h(complex)h(shell)f(commands)g(are)g(comp)s
5235 (osed)g(of)g(simple)g(commands)g(arranged)g(together)h(in)150
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5309 %%Page: 9 15
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5387 %%Page: 10 16
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5436 b(according)f(to)g(the)g(rules)f(de-)630 3580 y(scrib)s(ed)41
5437 b(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)g([Shell)g(Arithmetic],)j(page)d
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5439 b Fq(expr2)41 b Ft(is)34 b(then)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35
5440 b(rep)s(eatedly)f(un)m(til)g(it)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)35
5441 b(to)g(zero.)51 b(Eac)m(h)630 3800 y(time)23 b Fq(expr2)30
5442 b Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)e(a)g(non-zero)h(v)-5 b(alue,)25
5443 b Fq(commands)h Ft(are)d(executed)g(and)g(the)g(arith-)630
5444 3909 y(metic)29 b(expression)f Fq(expr3)36 b Ft(is)28
5445 b(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)g(omitted,)i
5446 (it)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)630 4019 y(if)i(it)h(ev)-5
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5448 b(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f(in)630
5449 4128 y Fq(commands)j Ft(that)d(is)f(executed,)i(or)e(false)h(if)f(an)m
5450 (y)h(of)g(the)f(expressions)g(is)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid.)275
5451 4287 y(The)26 b Fs(break)g Ft(and)h Fs(continue)e Ft(builtins)i(\(see)h
5452 (Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(37\))g(ma)m(y)
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5454 4596 y Fj(3.2.4.2)63 b(Conditional)42 b(Constructs)150
5455 4767 y Fs(if)384 b Ft(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
5456 Fs(if)f Ft(command)g(is:)870 4902 y Fs(if)47 b Fi(test-commands)11
5457 b Fs(;)44 b(then)965 5011 y Fi(consequent-commands)11
5458 b Fs(;)870 5121 y([elif)46 b Fi(more-test-commands)11
5459 b Fs(;)42 b(then)965 5230 y Fi(more-consequents)11 b
5460 Fs(;])870 5340 y([else)46 b Fi(alternate-consequents)11
5461 b Fs(;])p eop end
5462 %%Page: 11 17
5463 TeXDict begin 11 16 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
5464 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(11)870 299
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5468 (executed.)70 b(If)40 b Fq(test-commands)k Ft(returns)39
5469 b(a)h(non-zero)630 651 y(status,)45 b(eac)m(h)e Fs(elif)d
5470 Ft(list)i(is)g(executed)h(in)e(turn,)j(and)d(if)g(its)h(exit)h(status)f
5471 (is)f(zero,)46 b(the)630 761 y(corresp)s(onding)37 b
5472 Fq(more-consequen)m(ts)42 b Ft(is)c(executed)g(and)f(the)h(command)g
5473 (completes.)63 b(If)630 870 y(`)p Fs(else)29 b Fi
5474 (alternate-consequents)11 b Ft(')23 b(is)30 b(presen)m(t,)f(and)g(the)g
5475 (\014nal)g(command)f(in)h(the)g(\014nal)630 980 y Fs(if)44
5476 b Ft(or)g Fs(elif)f Ft(clause)i(has)f(a)h(non-zero)g(exit)g(status,)j
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5478 y(executed.)k(The)34 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)
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5480 (condition)h(tested)g(true.)150 1356 y Fs(case)288 b
5481 Ft(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Fs(case)e Ft(command)h(is:)870
5482 1489 y Fs(case)47 b Fi(word)57 b Fs(in)47 b([)g([\(])g
5483 Fi(pattern)57 b Fs([|)47 b Fi(pattern)11 b Fs(]...)l(\))48
5484 b Fi(command-list)55 b Fs(;;]...)46 b(esac)630 1622 y(case)20
5485 b Ft(will)i(selectiv)m(ely)j(execute)e(the)e Fq(command-list)k
5486 Ft(corresp)s(onding)20 b(to)i(the)g(\014rst)f Fq(pattern)630
5487 1731 y Ft(that)42 b(matc)m(hes)g Fq(w)m(ord)t Ft(.)71
5488 b(If)41 b(the)g(shell)g(option)g Fs(nocasematch)d Ft(\(see)k(the)f
5489 (description)g(of)630 1841 y Fs(shopt)34 b Ft(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h
5490 ([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e(57\))g(is)g(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m
5491 (h)g(is)630 1951 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(without)i(regard)g(to)g(the)g
5492 (case)h(of)f(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters.)44 b(The)30
5493 b(`)p Fs(|)p Ft(')h(is)g(used)630 2060 y(to)e(separate)g(m)m(ultiple)g
5494 (patterns,)g(and)e(the)i(`)p Fs(\))p Ft(')f(op)s(erator)g(terminates)h
5495 (a)g(pattern)f(list.)41 b(A)630 2170 y(list)31 b(of)g(patterns)f(and)g
5496 (an)g(asso)s(ciated)i(command-list)f(is)f(kno)m(wn)g(as)h(a)g
5497 Fq(clause)5 b Ft(.)630 2303 y(Eac)m(h)42 b(clause)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g
5498 (terminated)h(with)e(`)p Fs(;;)p Ft(',)45 b(`)p Fs(;&)p
5499 Ft(',)f(or)d(`)p Fs(;;&)p Ft('.)73 b(The)41 b Fq(w)m(ord)j
5500 Ft(under-)630 2412 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g
5501 (expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)630
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5503 b(b)s(efore)f(matc)m(hing)h(is)f(attempted.)82 b(Eac)m(h)45
5504 b Fq(pattern)630 2632 y Ft(undergo)s(es)38 b(tilde)h(expansion,)i
5505 (parameter)e(expansion,)i(command)d(substitution,)j(and)630
5506 2741 y(arithmetic)32 b(expansion.)630 2874 y(There)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
5507 (an)h(arbitrary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h Fs(case)f Ft(clauses,)i(eac)m
5508 (h)g(terminated)g(b)m(y)e(a)i(`)p Fs(;;)p Ft(',)630 2984
5509 y(`)p Fs(;&)p Ft(',)c(or)e(`)p Fs(;;&)p Ft('.)39 b(The)25
5510 b(\014rst)g(pattern)h(that)g(matc)m(hes)h(determines)e(the)h
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5512 y(Here)35 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(using)e Fs(case)g Ft(in)g(a)h(script)g
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5514 3336 y(in)m(teresting)d(feature)f(of)f(an)g(animal:)870
5515 3469 y Fs(echo)47 b(-n)g("Enter)f(the)h(name)f(of)i(an)f(animal:)f(")
5516 870 3579 y(read)h(ANIMAL)870 3688 y(echo)g(-n)g("The)f($ANIMAL)g(has)h
5517 (")870 3798 y(case)g($ANIMAL)e(in)965 3907 y(horse)i(|)g(dog)g(|)h
5518 (cat\))e(echo)h(-n)g("four";;)965 4017 y(man)g(|)h(kangaroo)d(\))j
5519 (echo)e(-n)i("two";;)965 4127 y(*\))g(echo)e(-n)h("an)g(unknown)f
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5530 b(,)31 b(and)f(execute)630 4941 y(an)m(y)h(asso)s(ciated)h
5531 Fq(command-list)h Ft(on)d(a)h(successful)f(matc)m(h.)630
5532 5074 y(The)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(no)g
5533 Fq(pattern)g Ft(is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)g(return)e
5534 (status)630 5183 y(is)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h
5535 Fq(command-list)i Ft(executed.)150 5340 y Fs(select)p
5536 eop end
5537 %%Page: 12 18
5538 TeXDict begin 12 17 bop 150 -116 a Ft(12)2572 b(Bash)31
5539 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(The)i Fs(select)f Ft(construct)i
5540 (allo)m(ws)h(the)f(easy)g(generation)h(of)e(men)m(us.)50
5541 b(It)34 b(has)f(almost)i(the)630 408 y(same)c(syn)m(tax)g(as)f(the)h
5542 Fs(for)e Ft(command:)870 544 y Fs(select)46 b Fi(name)57
5543 b Fs([in)47 b Fi(words)57 b Fs(...)o(];)47 b(do)h Fi(commands)11
5544 b Fs(;)44 b(done)630 679 y Ft(The)d(list)i(of)e(w)m(ords)h(follo)m
5545 (wing)h Fs(in)e Ft(is)h(expanded,)i(generating)f(a)f(list)g(of)g
5546 (items.)75 b(The)630 789 y(set)41 b(of)f(expanded)f(w)m(ords)g(is)i
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5548 630 898 y(preceded)30 b(b)m(y)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)40
5549 b(If)29 b(the)i(`)p Fs(in)f Fi(words)11 b Ft(')29 b(is)h(omitted,)i
5550 (the)e(p)s(ositional)i(parameters)630 1008 y(are)22 b(prin)m(ted,)h(as)
5551 f(if)f(`)p Fs(in)30 b("$@")p Ft(')21 b(had)g(b)s(een)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)
5552 37 b(The)21 b Fs(PS3)g Ft(prompt)g(is)g(then)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)630
5553 1118 y(and)38 b(a)h(line)g(is)f(read)h(from)f(the)h(standard)e(input.)
5554 65 b(If)38 b(the)h(line)g(consists)g(of)f(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)630
5555 1227 y(corresp)s(onding)33 b(to)i(one)f(of)g(the)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(w)
5556 m(ords,)f(then)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)h Fq(name)k
5557 Ft(is)34 b(set)g(to)630 1337 y(that)g(w)m(ord.)49 b(If)32
5558 b(the)i(line)f(is)h(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(the)e(w)m(ords)g(and)f(prompt)
5559 h(are)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(again.)50 b(If)630 1446 y Fs(EOF)23
5560 b Ft(is)g(read,)j(the)d Fs(select)f Ft(command)i(completes.)40
5561 b(An)m(y)23 b(other)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(read)g(causes)g
5562 Fq(name)630 1556 y Ft(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)g(n)m(ull.)41
5563 b(The)29 b(line)i(read)f(is)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)f(the)h(v)-5
5564 b(ariable)31 b Fs(REPLY)p Ft(.)630 1691 y(The)42 b Fq(commands)j
5565 Ft(are)d(executed)h(after)g(eac)m(h)g(selection)h(un)m(til)e(a)h
5566 Fs(break)d Ft(command)i(is)630 1801 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p)
5567 s(oin)m(t)g(the)h Fs(select)d Ft(command)i(completes.)630
5568 1936 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f
5569 (to)i(pic)m(k)f(a)g(\014lename)h(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)630
5570 2046 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f
5571 (index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 2181 y Fs(select)46
5572 b(fname)g(in)i(*;)870 2291 y(do)870 2400 y(echo)f(you)g(picked)f
5573 ($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870 2510 y(break;)870 2620 y(done)150
5574 2781 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870 2916 y(\(\()h Fi(expression)56
5575 b Fs(\)\))630 3051 y Ft(The)33 b(arithmetic)i Fq(expression)f
5576 Ft(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(according)g(to)f(the)g(rules)f(describ)s
5577 (ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630 3161 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f
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5579 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630 3271 y(non-zero,)27
5580 b(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)g(0;)h(otherwise)f(the)g(return)e(status)i
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5582 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 3516 y Fs(let)47 b(")p Fi(expression)11
5583 b Fs(")630 3651 y Ft(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i
5584 (page)f(43,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g(the)h
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5586 y([[)47 b Fi(expression)56 b Fs(]])630 4083 y Ft(Return)25
5587 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g(or)g(1)g(dep)s(ending)e(on)h(the)h(ev)-5
5588 b(aluation)27 b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630
5589 4193 y(sion)j Fq(expression)p Ft(.)41 b(Expressions)29
5590 b(are)i(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m
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5593 (\014le-)630 4412 y(name)24 b(expansion)h(are)g(not)f(p)s(erformed)f
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5596 b(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g
5597 (expansion,)g(command)630 4631 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f
5598 (substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s
5599 (erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630 4740 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g
5600 (as)h(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e
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5602 Fs([[)p Ft(',)i(the)f(`)p Fs(<)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(>)p
5603 Ft(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)h(lexicographically)h(using)e(the)630
5604 4985 y(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale.)630 5121 y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p
5605 Fs(==)p Ft(')f(and)g(`)p Fs(!=)p Ft(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g
5606 (the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e(righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630
5607 5230 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h(pattern)f(and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)
5608 g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630
5609 5340 y(Section)37 b(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)e(Matc)m(hing],)j(page)c(26.)
5610 59 b(If)36 b(the)g(shell)g(option)h Fs(nocasematch)p
5611 eop end
5612 %%Page: 13 19
5613 TeXDict begin 13 18 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
5614 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(13)630 299
5615 y(\(see)42 b(the)f(description)g(of)h Fs(shopt)d Ft(in)i(Section)h
5616 (4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)45 b(page)d(57\))630
5617 408 y(is)e(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s(erformed)g(without)g
5618 (regard)h(to)h(the)f(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)630 518
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5622 (otherwise.)47 b(An)m(y)32 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(pattern)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s
5623 (e)f(quoted)g(to)630 737 y(force)f(it)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)f
5624 (a)h(string.)630 867 y(An)i(additional)i(binary)e(op)s(erator,)i(`)p
5625 Fs(=~)p Ft(',)g(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)37 b(with)c(the)h(same)g
5626 (precedence)h(as)630 976 y(`)p Fs(==)p Ft(')29 b(and)f(`)p
5627 Fs(!=)p Ft('.)40 b(When)29 b(it)g(is)g(used,)f(the)h(string)g(to)h(the)
5628 e(righ)m(t)i(of)f(the)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(consid-)630
5629 1086 y(ered)34 b(an)g(extended)g(regular)g(expression)g(and)f(matc)m
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5631 b Ft(3\)\).)630 1196 y(The)29 b(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)30
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5689 %%Page: 14 20
5690 TeXDict begin 14 19 bop 150 -116 a Ft(14)2572 b(Bash)31
5691 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs({})870 436 y({)47
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5703 Ft(b)m(y)e Fs(blank)p Ft(s)e(or)h(other)h(shell)f(metac)m(haracters.)62
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5711 Ft(is)k(a)g(shell)f(command)h(preceded)f(b)m(y)g(the)h
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5766 eop end
5767 %%Page: 15 21
5768 TeXDict begin 15 20 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
5769 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(15)390 299
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5789 (certain)g(common)g(idioms)f(that)g(op)s(erate)h(on)f(lines)g(read)g
5790 (from)f(a)i(\014le)150 1800 y(\(in)e(this)h(case,)g(\014lenames\):)390
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5796 48 b(config-{})d(;)i(do-something2)e(<)i({}")g(|)g(process-output)275
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5800 (renaming:)390 2902 y Fs(ls)47 b(*.gz)g(|)g(parallel)f(-j+0)g("zcat)h
5801 ({})g(|)g(bzip2)g(>{.}.bz2)e(&&)j(rm)f({}")150 3035 y
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5830 5121 y Fi(name)57 b Fs(\(\))47 b Fi(compound-command)54
5831 b Fs([)48 b Fi(redirections)55 b Fs(])390 5230 y(or)p
5832 eop end
5833 %%Page: 16 22
5834 TeXDict begin 16 21 bop 150 -116 a Ft(16)2572 b(Bash)31
5835 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)390 299 y Fs(function)46 b Fi(name)57
5836 b Fs([\(\)])46 b Fi(compound-command)54 b Fs([)48 b Fi(redirections)55
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5840 b Fs(function)f Ft(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(is)g(supplied,)i(the)e
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5843 h Fq(comp)s(ound-command)j Ft(\(see)e(Section)h(3.2.4)g([Comp)s(ound)
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5863 (historical)i(reasons,)h(in)e(the)g(most)g(common)g(usage)g(the)g
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5865 (the)f(function)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(separated)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(o)s
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5869 (are)150 2140 y(separated)26 b(from)f(the)h(command)f(list)i(b)m(y)e
5870 (whitespace)h(or)g(another)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracter.)41
5871 b(Also,)28 b(when)150 2250 y(using)i(the)g(braces,)h(the)g
5872 Fq(list)i Ft(m)m(ust)d(b)s(e)g(terminated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(semicolon,)h(a)
5873 e(`)p Fs(&)p Ft(',)h(or)g(a)f(newline.)275 2381 y(When)i(a)i(function)f
5874 (is)g(executed,)i(the)e(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)f(function)g(b)s(ecome)
5875 g(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(pa-)150 2491 y(rameters)42 b(during)e(its)i
5876 (execution)h(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4.1)h([P)m(ositional)h(P)m
5877 (arameters],)i(page)c(17\).)75 b(The)150 2600 y(sp)s(ecial)37
5878 b(parameter)f(`)p Fs(#)p Ft(')g(that)h(expands)e(to)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)
5879 s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(is)g(up)s(dated)f(to)150
5880 2710 y(re\015ect)h(the)f(c)m(hange.)56 b(Sp)s(ecial)35
5881 b(parameter)h Fs(0)f Ft(is)g(unc)m(hanged.)54 b(The)35
5882 b(\014rst)f(elemen)m(t)j(of)e(the)g Fs(FUNCNAME)150 2819
5883 y Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h
5884 (function)f(while)g(the)h(function)f(is)g(executing.)275
5885 2951 y(All)25 b(other)g(asp)s(ects)g(of)g(the)g(shell)g(execution)h(en)
5886 m(vironmen)m(t)g(are)f(iden)m(tical)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)f(function)g
5887 (and)150 3061 y(its)35 b(caller)i(with)d(these)i(exceptions:)50
5888 b(the)36 b Fs(DEBUG)d Ft(and)h Fs(RETURN)g Ft(traps)g(are)i(not)f
5889 (inherited)f(unless)h(the)150 3170 y(function)26 b(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)
5890 m(en)i(the)g Fs(trace)d Ft(attribute)j(using)f(the)g
5891 Fs(declare)e Ft(builtin)i(or)g(the)h Fs(-o)i(functrace)150
5892 3280 y Ft(option)f(has)e(b)s(een)h(enabled)g(with)g(the)g
5893 Fs(set)f Ft(builtin,)i(\(in)f(whic)m(h)f(case)j(all)f(functions)e
5894 (inherit)h(the)g Fs(DEBUG)150 3389 y Ft(and)33 b Fs(RETURN)f
5895 Ft(traps\),)j(and)e(the)h Fs(ERR)f Ft(trap)h(is)g(not)g(inherited)f
5896 (unless)g(the)h Fs(-o)c(errtrace)h Ft(shell)j(option)150
5897 3499 y(has)h(b)s(een)f(enabled.)55 b(See)35 b(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f
5898 (Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(37,)i(for)c(the)i(description)f(of)150
5899 3608 y(the)c Fs(trap)e Ft(builtin.)275 3740 y(The)38
5900 b Fs(FUNCNEST)f Ft(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(if)d(set)h(to)g(a)g(n)m(umeric)
5901 f(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(greater)h(than)f(0,)j(de\014nes)d(a)g(maxim)m(um)150
5902 3850 y(function)24 b(nesting)h(lev)m(el.)40 b(F)-8 b(unction)25
5903 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations)i(that)e(exceed)g(the)g(limit)g(cause)g(the)g
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5905 4091 y(If)37 b(the)g(builtin)g(command)h Fs(return)d
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5908 (after)i(the)f(function)f(call.)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(command)f(asso)s
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5910 g(b)s(efore)f(execution)i(resumes.)57 b(When)37 b(a)f(function)g
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5912 (ositional)h(parameters)f(and)g(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(`)p
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5916 Fs(return)p Ft(,)150 4639 y(that)j(is)g(the)f(function's)h(return)e
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5922 4989 y(are)31 b(visible)g(only)f(to)h(the)g(function)f(and)g(the)g
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5924 b(names)f(and)g(de\014nitions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h(with)f(the)h
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5926 Ft(or)150 5230 y Fs(typeset)d Ft(builtin)h(commands)h(\(see)h(Section)g
5927 (4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(43\).)55 b(The)35
5928 b(`)p Fs(-F)p Ft(')g(option)g(to)150 5340 y Fs(declare)f
5929 Ft(or)i Fs(typeset)e Ft(will)i(list)h(the)f(function)g(names)g(only)g
5930 (\(and)g(optionally)h(the)f(source)g(\014le)h(and)p eop
5931 end
5932 %%Page: 17 23
5933 TeXDict begin 17 22 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
5934 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(17)150 299
5935 y(line)33 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)g(if)f(the)h Fs(extdebug)e
5936 Ft(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled\).)49 b(F)-8 b(unctions)33
5937 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(exp)s(orted)g(so)h(that)150 408 y(subshells)f
5938 (automatically)37 b(ha)m(v)m(e)d(them)g(de\014ned)e(with)h(the)g(`)p
5939 Fs(-f)p Ft(')h(option)g(to)g(the)f Fs(export)f Ft(builtin)h(\(see)150
5940 518 y(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(37\).)47
5941 b(Note)33 b(that)g(shell)f(functions)g(and)f(v)-5 b(ariables)33
5942 b(with)150 628 y(the)d(same)g(name)g(ma)m(y)g(result)g(in)g(m)m
5943 (ultiple)g(iden)m(tically-named)i(en)m(tries)f(in)e(the)h(en)m
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5945 b(Care)30 b(should)g(b)s(e)f(tak)m(en)j(in)e(cases)h(where)f(this)g(ma)
5946 m(y)h(cause)g(a)g(problem.)275 883 y(F)-8 b(unctions)33
5947 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(recursiv)m(e.)48 b(The)32 b Fs(FUNCNEST)f
5948 Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(limit)g(the)f
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5950 (restrict)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(function)f(in)m(v)m(o)s
5951 (cations.)42 b(By)27 b(default,)g(no)g(limit)150 1103
5952 y(is)j(placed)h(on)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(recursiv)m(e)f
5953 (calls.)150 1352 y Fr(3.4)68 b(Shell)45 b(P)l(arameters)150
5954 1512 y Ft(A)23 b Fq(parameter)31 b Ft(is)23 b(an)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(that)
5955 f(stores)g(v)-5 b(alues.)39 b(It)23 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(a)g
5956 Fs(name)p Ft(,)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(or)h(one)f(of)h(the)f(sp)s
5957 (ecial)150 1621 y(c)m(haracters)i(listed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)39
5958 b(A)24 b Fq(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Ft(is)24 b(a)g(parameter)g(denoted)f(b)
5959 m(y)h(a)g Fs(name)p Ft(.)37 b(A)24 b(v)-5 b(ariable)24
5960 b(has)f(a)h Fq(v)-5 b(alue)150 1731 y Ft(and)33 b(zero)i(or)e(more)h
5961 Fq(attributes)t Ft(.)51 b(A)m(ttributes)34 b(are)g(assigned)g(using)f
5962 (the)h Fs(declare)e Ft(builtin)h(command)150 1841 y(\(see)e(the)g
5963 (description)f(of)h(the)f Fs(declare)f Ft(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.2)
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5965 (set)g(if)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(assigned)h(a)g(v)-5
5966 b(alue.)40 b(The)28 b(n)m(ull)h(string)f(is)h(a)g(v)-5
5967 b(alid)28 b(v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(Once)150 2096 y(a)31 b(v)-5
5968 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(unset)g(only)h(b)m(y)f
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5971 (statemen)m(t)h(of)e(the)h(form)390 2389 y Fi(name)11
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5973 b(alue)40 b Ft(is)35 b(not)g(giv)m(en,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35
5974 b(is)g(assigned)g(the)f(n)m(ull)h(string.)53 b(All)35
5975 b Fq(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Ft(s)35 b(undergo)f(tilde)h(ex-)150
5976 2644 y(pansion,)h(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36
5977 b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)150
5978 2754 y(and)k(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)42 b(\(detailed)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)
5979 72 b(If)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)g(its)g Fs(integer)e
5980 Ft(attribute)i(set,)j(then)150 2863 y Fq(v)-5 b(alue)38
5981 b Ft(is)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f
5982 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h Fs($\(\(...)o(\)\))f Ft(expansion)h(is)g(not)g
5983 (used)150 2973 y(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.5)i([Arithmetic)e(Expansion],)f
5984 (page)h(24\).)42 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(splitting)g(is)g(not)f(p)s
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5986 Fs("$@")f Ft(as)h(explained)g(b)s(elo)m(w.)54 b(Filename)36
5987 b(expansion)f(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed.)53 b(Assign-)150
5988 3192 y(men)m(t)33 b(statemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)f(also)g(app)s(ear)f(as)g
5989 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g Fs(alias)p Ft(,)e Fs(declare)p
5990 Ft(,)g Fs(typeset)p Ft(,)g Fs(export)p Ft(,)150 3302
5991 y Fs(readonly)p Ft(,)d(and)i Fs(local)f Ft(builtin)h(commands.)275
5992 3448 y(In)f(the)h(con)m(text)i(where)d(an)h(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m
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5994 b(ariable)31 b(or)150 3557 y(arra)m(y)f(index)g(\(see)h(Section)g(6.7)g
5995 ([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(82\),)g(the)f(`)p Fs(+=)p Ft(')g(op)s(erator)g
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6000 b Ft(attribute)38 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(set,)k Fq(v)-5 b(alue)43
6001 b Ft(is)38 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)39 b(as)f(an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)f
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6003 b(curren)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(whic)m(h)e(is)g(also)h(ev)-5
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6006 (assignmen)m(t)j(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)f([Arra)m(ys],)i(page)f(82\),)h
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6008 b(not)f(unset)h(\(as)g(it)g(is)f(when)g(using)g(`)p Fs(=)p
6009 Ft('\),)i(and)e(new)g(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(are)g(app)s(ended)d(to)k(the)f
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6011 g(arra)m(y's)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)g(\(for)g(indexed)g(arra)m(ys\),)i
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6013 b(alue)35 b(pairs)e(in)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)-8
6014 b(.)51 b(When)33 b(applied)g(to)h(a)g(string-v)-5 b(alued)34
6015 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b Fq(v)-5 b(alue)39 b Ft(is)150
6016 4434 y(expanded)30 b(and)f(app)s(ended)g(to)i(the)g(v)-5
6017 b(ariable's)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)150 4645 y Fj(3.4.1)63
6018 b(P)m(ositional)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 4792 y Ft(A)28
6019 b Fq(p)s(ositional)h(parameter)35 b Ft(is)28 b(a)g(parameter)g(denoted)
6020 g(b)m(y)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(other)g(than)e(the)h(single)150
6021 4902 y(digit)34 b Fs(0)p Ft(.)48 b(P)m(ositional)36 b(parameters)d(are)
6022 g(assigned)h(from)e(the)i(shell's)f(argumen)m(ts)g(when)f(it)i(is)f(in)
6023 m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)150 5011 y(and)38 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(reassigned)i(using)
6024 e(the)h Fs(set)g Ft(builtin)f(command.)67 b(P)m(ositional)41
6025 b(parameter)e Fs(N)g Ft(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 5121 y(referenced)34
6026 b(as)h Fs(${N})p Ft(,)g(or)f(as)h Fs($N)e Ft(when)h Fs(N)g
6027 Ft(consists)h(of)f(a)h(single)g(digit.)54 b(P)m(ositional)37
6028 b(parameters)d(ma)m(y)150 5230 y(not)j(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)g(with)f
6029 (assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts.)61 b(The)36 b Fs(set)g
6030 Ft(and)g Fs(shift)f Ft(builtins)h(are)h(used)f(to)150
6031 5340 y(set)k(and)f(unset)f(them)i(\(see)g(Chapter)f(4)g([Shell)h
6032 (Builtin)g(Commands],)h(page)f(37\).)68 b(The)39 b(p)s(ositional)p
6033 eop end
6034 %%Page: 18 24
6035 TeXDict begin 18 23 bop 150 -116 a Ft(18)2572 b(Bash)31
6036 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y(parameters)44 b(are)g(temp)s(orarily)
6037 g(replaced)h(when)e(a)h(shell)g(function)g(is)g(executed)g(\(see)h
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6039 b(page)f(15\).)275 546 y(When)c(a)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g
6040 (consisting)f(of)h(more)f(than)g(a)g(single)h(digit)g(is)f(expanded,)g
6041 (it)h(m)m(ust)150 656 y(b)s(e)h(enclosed)h(in)f(braces.)150
6042 859 y Fj(3.4.2)63 b(Sp)s(ecial)41 b(P)m(arameters)150
6043 1006 y Ft(The)d(shell)g(treats)h(sev)m(eral)g(parameters)f(sp)s
6044 (ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(These)38 b(parameters)h(ma)m(y)f(only)g(b)s(e)g
6045 (referenced;)150 1115 y(assignmen)m(t)31 b(to)g(them)g(is)f(not)h(allo)
6046 m(w)m(ed.)150 1280 y Fs(*)432 b Ft(Expands)29 b(to)h(the)h(p)s
6047 (ositional)f(parameters,)h(starting)g(from)e(one.)41
6048 b(When)30 b(the)g(expansion)630 1389 y(o)s(ccurs)e(within)f(double)h
6049 (quotes,)h(it)g(expands)e(to)i(a)f(single)h(w)m(ord)f(with)g(the)g(v)-5
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6051 (the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(of)e(the)h Fs(IFS)e Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(v)
6052 -5 b(ariable.)41 b(That)30 b(is,)630 1609 y Fs("$*")h
6053 Ft(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)h Fs("$1)p Fi(c)11
6054 b Fs($2)p Fi(c)g Fs(...)l(")p Ft(,)33 b(where)f Fq(c)38
6055 b Ft(is)32 b(the)h(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)j(of)f(the)f(v)-5
6056 b(alue)630 1718 y(of)30 b(the)g Fs(IFS)g Ft(v)-5 b(ariable.)41
6057 b(If)30 b Fs(IFS)f Ft(is)h(unset,)g(the)g(parameters)g(are)h(separated)
6058 f(b)m(y)g(spaces.)41 b(If)630 1828 y Fs(IFS)29 b Ft(is)i(n)m(ull,)f
6059 (the)h(parameters)g(are)f(joined)h(without)f(in)m(terv)m(ening)i
6060 (separators.)150 1991 y Fs(@)432 b Ft(Expands)29 b(to)h(the)h(p)s
6061 (ositional)f(parameters,)h(starting)g(from)e(one.)41
6062 b(When)30 b(the)g(expansion)630 2100 y(o)s(ccurs)c(within)g(double)f
6063 (quotes,)j(eac)m(h)f(parameter)g(expands)e(to)i(a)g(separate)g(w)m
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6065 b(alen)m(t)30 b(to)f Fs("$1")g("$2")h(...)o Ft(.)40 b(If)28
6066 b(the)g(double-quoted)h(expansion)f(o)s(ccurs)630 2319
6067 y(within)d(a)h(w)m(ord,)g(the)g(expansion)f(of)h(the)g(\014rst)f
6068 (parameter)h(is)f(joined)h(with)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)630
6069 2429 y(part)f(of)g(the)g(original)g(w)m(ord,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g
6070 (of)g(the)g(last)h(parameter)f(is)g(joined)f(with)630
6071 2539 y(the)37 b(last)g(part)g(of)f(the)h(original)h(w)m(ord.)59
6072 b(When)36 b(there)h(are)g(no)f(p)s(ositional)h(parameters,)630
6073 2648 y Fs("$@")29 b Ft(and)h Fs($@)g Ft(expand)f(to)j(nothing)e
6074 (\(i.e.,)i(they)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed\).)150 2811 y Fs(#)432
6075 b Ft(Expands)29 b(to)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)h
6076 (parameters)g(in)f(decimal.)150 2974 y Fs(?)432 b Ft(Expands)29
6077 b(to)i(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h(most)f(recen)m(tly)i(executed)f
6078 (foreground)f(pip)s(eline.)150 3137 y Fs(-)432 b Ft(\(A)31
6079 b(h)m(yphen.\))42 b(Expands)30 b(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)g(option)h
6080 (\015ags)f(as)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(up)s(on)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)630
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6082 (set)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(itself)g(\(suc)m(h)f(as)h(the)f(`)p
6083 Fs(-i)p Ft(')630 3356 y(option\).)150 3519 y Fs($)432
6084 b Ft(Expands)39 b(to)j(the)f(pro)s(cess)f Fl(id)h Ft(of)g(the)g(shell.)
6085 73 b(In)40 b(a)h Fs(\(\))f Ft(subshell,)j(it)e(expands)f(to)i(the)630
6086 3628 y(pro)s(cess)30 b Fl(id)g Ft(of)h(the)g(in)m(v)m(oking)g(shell,)g
6087 (not)g(the)f(subshell.)150 3791 y Fs(!)432 b Ft(Expands)39
6088 b(to)i(the)g(pro)s(cess)e Fl(id)i Ft(of)f(the)h(most)g(recen)m(tly)g
6089 (executed)g(bac)m(kground)g(\(asyn-)630 3901 y(c)m(hronous\))30
6090 b(command.)150 4064 y Fs(0)432 b Ft(Expands)20 b(to)j(the)f(name)g(of)g
6091 (the)g(shell)g(or)f(shell)h(script.)38 b(This)21 b(is)h(set)g(at)h
6092 (shell)f(initialization.)630 4173 y(If)44 b(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
6093 (ed)i(with)e(a)g(\014le)g(of)h(commands)e(\(see)j(Section)f(3.8)g
6094 ([Shell)f(Scripts],)630 4283 y(page)39 b(34\),)i Fs($0)d
6095 Ft(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(that)h(\014le.)64
6096 b(If)37 b(Bash)i(is)f(started)g(with)g(the)g(`)p Fs(-c)p
6097 Ft(')630 4392 y(option)i(\(see)g(Section)h(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)h
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6100 f(executed,)i(if)f(one)g(is)f(presen)m(t.)42 b(Otherwise,)31
6101 b(it)g(is)f(set)630 4612 y(to)h(the)g(\014lename)f(used)g(to)h(in)m(v)m
6102 (ok)m(e)h(Bash,)f(as)g(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)f(argumen)m(t)h(zero.)150
6103 4774 y Fs(_)432 b Ft(\(An)27 b(underscore.\))39 b(A)m(t)29
6104 b(shell)e(startup,)h(set)f(to)h(the)g(absolute)g(pathname)f(used)f(to)i
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6108 b(,)43 b(expands)c(to)j(the)e(last)i(argumen)m(t)f(to)g(the)g(previous)
6109 f(command,)630 5103 y(after)35 b(expansion.)54 b(Also)36
6110 b(set)f(to)h(the)f(full)f(pathname)h(used)f(to)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)i(eac)
6111 m(h)f(command)630 5213 y(executed)42 b(and)e(placed)i(in)e(the)h(en)m
6112 (vironmen)m(t)h(exp)s(orted)f(to)g(that)h(command.)72
6113 b(When)630 5322 y(c)m(hec)m(king)32 b(mail,)f(this)g(parameter)g(holds)
6114 e(the)i(name)f(of)h(the)g(mail)g(\014le.)p eop end
6115 %%Page: 19 25
6116 TeXDict begin 19 24 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
6117 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(19)150 299
6118 y Fr(3.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Expansions)150 458 y Ft(Expansion)27
6119 b(is)i(p)s(erformed)d(on)i(the)g(command)g(line)h(after)f(it)h(has)f(b)
6120 s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)i Fs(token)p Ft(s.)38 b(There)28
6121 b(are)150 568 y(sev)m(en)j(kinds)e(of)i(expansion)f(p)s(erformed:)225
6122 711 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(brace)31 b(expansion)225 850 y
6123 Fp(\017)60 b Ft(tilde)31 b(expansion)225 988 y Fp(\017)60
6124 b Ft(parameter)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion)225
6125 1127 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(command)30 b(substitution)225
6126 1266 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(arithmetic)32 b(expansion)225
6127 1405 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting)225 1544
6128 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(\014lename)31 b(expansion)275 1716
6129 y(The)i(order)g(of)h(expansions)g(is:)47 b(brace)34 b(expansion,)h
6130 (tilde)g(expansion,)f(parameter,)i(v)-5 b(ariable,)36
6131 b(and)150 1825 y(arithmetic)46 b(expansion)f(and)g(command)f
6132 (substitution)h(\(done)g(in)g(a)g(left-to-righ)m(t)j(fashion\),)h(w)m
6133 (ord)150 1935 y(splitting,)31 b(and)f(\014lename)h(expansion.)275
6134 2078 y(On)42 b(systems)h(that)h(can)g(supp)s(ort)e(it,)47
6135 b(there)d(is)f(an)h(additional)g(expansion)f(a)m(v)-5
6136 b(ailable:)69 b Fq(pro)s(cess)150 2188 y(substitution)p
6137 Ft(.)61 b(This)36 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)f(at)i(the)f(same)h(time)f(as)h
6138 (parameter,)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)40 b(and)d(arithmetic)150
6139 2297 y(expansion)30 b(and)g(command)g(substitution.)275
6140 2440 y(Only)35 b(brace)i(expansion,)h(w)m(ord)e(splitting,)j(and)d
6141 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(can)h(c)m(hange)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
6142 2550 y(of)h(w)m(ords)f(of)g(the)h(expansion;)i(other)e(expansions)f
6143 (expand)g(a)h(single)g(w)m(ord)f(to)h(a)g(single)g(w)m(ord.)58
6144 b(The)150 2660 y(only)32 b(exceptions)i(to)f(this)f(are)h(the)f
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6146 (P)m(arameters],)150 2769 y(page)e(18\))h(and)d Fs("${)p
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6148 (page)g(82\).)275 2912 y(After)41 b(all)i(expansions,)h
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6150 (v)-5 b(al],)47 b(page)42 b(27\))h(is)150 3022 y(p)s(erformed.)150
6151 3230 y Fj(3.5.1)63 b(Brace)40 b(Expansion)150 3377 y
6152 Ft(Brace)28 b(expansion)f(is)h(a)f(mec)m(hanism)h(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)f
6153 (arbitrary)h(strings)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(generated.)40
6154 b(This)27 b(mec)m(ha-)150 3486 y(nism)e(is)h(similar)g(to)g
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6157 (generated)g(need)f(not)h(exist.)57 b(P)m(atterns)36
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6159 3705 y(an)29 b(optional)i Fq(pream)m(ble)5 b Ft(,)30
6160 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)d(either)h(a)g(series)g(of)g(comma-separated)h
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6162 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)g(pair)g(of)g(braces,)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)f
6163 (an)g(optional)h Fq(p)s(ostscript)r Ft(.)56 b(The)36
6164 b(pream)m(ble)g(is)150 3924 y(pre\014xed)28 b(to)h(eac)m(h)h(string)f
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6167 (string,)h(expanding)e(left)j(to)f(righ)m(t.)275 4177
6168 y(Brace)37 b(expansions)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(nested.)59
6169 b(The)36 b(results)g(of)h(eac)m(h)g(expanded)f(string)g(are)h(not)g
6170 (sorted;)150 4287 y(left)31 b(to)g(righ)m(t)g(order)f(is)g(preserv)m
6171 (ed.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)390 4430 y Fs(bash$)46
6172 b(echo)h(a{d,c,b}e)390 4539 y(ade)g(ace)g(abe)275 4682
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6181 b Ft(,)44 b(inclusiv)m(e.)73 b(Supplied)150 5011 y(in)m(tegers)33
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6185 b Ft(b)s(egins)36 b(with)g(a)h(zero,)i(the)e(shell)g(attempts)g(to)g
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6191 b Fq(y)8 b Ft(,)38 b(inclusiv)m(e.)62 b(Note)p eop end
6192 %%Page: 20 26
6193 TeXDict begin 20 25 bop 150 -116 a Ft(20)2572 b(Bash)31
6194 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y(that)f(b)s(oth)e Fq(x)35
6195 b Ft(and)28 b Fq(y)37 b Ft(m)m(ust)29 b(b)s(e)f(of)h(the)g(same)g(t)m
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6197 (used)f(as)150 408 y(the)j(di\013erence)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(eac)m(h)h
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6200 (efore)h(an)m(y)h(other)g(expansions,)h(and)e(an)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i
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6202 (in)h(the)f(result.)45 b(It)32 b(is)g(strictly)g(textual.)46
6203 b(Bash)32 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(apply)150 764 y(an)m(y)27
6204 b(syn)m(tactic)i(in)m(terpretation)g(to)f(the)f(con)m(text)i(of)e(the)g
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6212 b(alid)33 b(sequence)g(expression.)48 b(An)m(y)33 b(incorrectly)h
6213 (formed)150 1338 y(brace)d(expansion)f(is)g(left)h(unc)m(hanged.)275
6214 1474 y(A)25 b Fs({)g Ft(or)g(`)p Fs(,)p Ft(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)
6215 g(with)g(a)h(bac)m(kslash)f(to)h(prev)m(en)m(t)g(its)g(b)s(eing)f
6216 (considered)g(part)g(of)g(a)h(brace)150 1583 y(expression.)51
6217 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(a)m(v)m(oid)i(con\015icts)e(with)g(parameter)g
6218 (expansion,)h(the)f(string)g(`)p Fs(${)p Ft(')g(is)g(not)g(considered)
6219 150 1693 y(eligible)e(for)e(brace)h(expansion.)275 1829
6220 y(This)f(construct)h(is)g(t)m(ypically)i(used)d(as)h(shorthand)f(when)g
6221 (the)h(common)g(pre\014x)f(of)h(the)g(strings)g(to)150
6222 1939 y(b)s(e)f(generated)h(is)g(longer)g(than)f(in)g(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m
6223 (e)i(example:)390 2074 y Fs(mkdir)46 b(/usr/local/src/bash/{old,n)o
6224 (ew,)o(dist)o(,bug)o(s})275 2210 y Ft(or)390 2346 y Fs(chown)g(root)h
6225 (/usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/)o({ex?)o(.?*,)o(how)o(_ex})o(})150
6226 2547 y Fj(3.5.2)63 b(Tilde)41 b(Expansion)150 2694 y
6227 Ft(If)29 b(a)h(w)m(ord)g(b)s(egins)f(with)g(an)h(unquoted)f(tilde)h(c)m
6228 (haracter)h(\(`)p Fs(~)p Ft('\),)g(all)g(of)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(up)
6229 d(to)j(the)f(\014rst)150 2804 y(unquoted)23 b(slash)h(\(or)h(all)g(c)m
6230 (haracters,)i(if)d(there)g(is)h(no)f(unquoted)f(slash\))h(are)h
6231 (considered)f(a)g Fq(tilde-pre\014x)6 b Ft(.)150 2913
6232 y(If)38 b(none)g(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f
6233 (are)h(quoted,)h(the)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(the)i(tilde-pre\014x)150
6234 3023 y(follo)m(wing)28 b(the)f(tilde)g(are)g(treated)h(as)f(a)g(p)s
6235 (ossible)f Fq(login)i(name)5 b Ft(.)40 b(If)26 b(this)g(login)i(name)f
6236 (is)f(the)h(n)m(ull)g(string,)150 3132 y(the)35 b(tilde)g(is)g
6237 (replaced)g(with)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g
6238 Fs(HOME)e Ft(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)54 b(If)34 b Fs(HOME)g
6239 Ft(is)h(unset,)g(the)g(home)150 3242 y(directory)e(of)g(the)f(user)g
6240 (executing)i(the)e(shell)h(is)f(substituted)g(instead.)47
6241 b(Otherwise,)33 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)150 3352 y(is)d(replaced)h(with)
6242 f(the)h(home)f(directory)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)
6243 e(login)j(name.)275 3487 y(If)g(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)h(`)p
6244 Fs(~+)p Ft(',)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(v)-5
6245 b(ariable)34 b Fs(PWD)d Ft(replaces)j(the)f(tilde-pre\014x.)47
6246 b(If)150 3597 y(the)31 b(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)g(`)p Fs(~-)p
6247 Ft(',)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h(v)-5
6248 b(ariable)31 b Fs(OLDPWD)p Ft(,)e(if)h(it)h(is)g(set,)g(is)f
6249 (substituted.)275 3733 y(If)e(the)i(c)m(haracters)g(follo)m(wing)h(the)
6250 e(tilde)h(in)f(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)h(consist)f(of)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
6251 (er)f Fq(N)10 b Ft(,)30 b(optionally)150 3843 y(pre\014xed)22
6252 b(b)m(y)h(a)h(`)p Fs(+)p Ft(')f(or)h(a)f(`)p Fs(-)p Ft(',)j(the)d
6253 (tilde-pre\014x)g(is)h(replaced)f(with)g(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e
6254 (elemen)m(t)j(from)e(the)150 3952 y(directory)36 b(stac)m(k,)i(as)e(it)
6255 g(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f
6256 Fs(dirs)g Ft(builtin)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)g(c)m(haracters)
6257 150 4062 y(follo)m(wing)40 b(tilde)f(in)g(the)f(tilde-pre\014x)h(as)g
6258 (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(\(see)h(Section)f(6.8)h([The)e(Directory)i(Stac)m
6259 (k],)150 4171 y(page)c(83\).)57 b(If)35 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x,)i(sans)
6260 e(the)h(tilde,)h(consists)f(of)g(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(without)i(a)f
6261 (leading)h(`)p Fs(+)p Ft(')g(or)150 4281 y(`)p Fs(-)p
6262 Ft(',)31 b(`)p Fs(+)p Ft(')f(is)h(assumed.)275 4417 y(If)e(the)i(login)
6263 g(name)g(is)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)31 b(or)g(the)f(tilde)h(expansion)f
6264 (fails,)i(the)e(w)m(ord)g(is)h(left)g(unc)m(hanged.)275
6265 4553 y(Eac)m(h)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(assignmen)m(t)h(is)e(c)m(hec)m
6266 (k)m(ed)j(for)d(unquoted)g(tilde-pre\014xes)h(immediately)g(follo)m
6267 (wing)150 4662 y(a)d(`)p Fs(:)p Ft(')g(or)g(the)g(\014rst)f(`)p
6268 Fs(=)p Ft('.)54 b(In)34 b(these)h(cases,)i(tilde)e(expansion)g(is)g
6269 (also)h(p)s(erformed.)52 b(Consequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)37
6270 b(one)150 4772 y(ma)m(y)27 b(use)e(\014le)h(names)g(with)g(tildes)g(in)
6271 g(assignmen)m(ts)h(to)g Fs(PATH)p Ft(,)f Fs(MAILPATH)p
6272 Ft(,)e(and)i Fs(CDPATH)p Ft(,)f(and)h(the)g(shell)150
6273 4882 y(assigns)31 b(the)f(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)275
6274 5018 y(The)29 b(follo)m(wing)j(table)g(sho)m(ws)e(ho)m(w)g(Bash)h
6275 (treats)g(unquoted)e(tilde-pre\014xes:)150 5179 y Fs(~)432
6276 b Ft(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fs($HOME)150 5340
6277 y(~/foo)240 b Ft(`)p Fs($HOME/foo)p Ft(')p eop end
6278 %%Page: 21 27
6279 TeXDict begin 21 26 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
6280 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(21)150 299
6281 y Fs(~fred/foo)630 408 y Ft(The)30 b(sub)s(directory)f
6282 Fs(foo)h Ft(of)g(the)h(home)f(directory)h(of)g(the)f(user)g
6283 Fs(fred)150 580 y(~+/foo)192 b Ft(`)p Fs($PWD/foo)p Ft(')150
6284 752 y Fs(~-/foo)g Ft(`)p Fs(${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo)p Ft(')150
6285 924 y Fs(~)p Fi(N)384 b Ft(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g
6286 (displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Fs(dirs)g(+)p Fi(N)11
6287 b Ft(')150 1096 y Fs(~+)p Fi(N)336 b Ft(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m
6288 (ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Fs(dirs)g(+)p
6289 Fi(N)11 b Ft(')150 1267 y Fs(~-)p Fi(N)336 b Ft(The)30
6290 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p
6291 Fs(dirs)g(-)p Fi(N)11 b Ft(')150 1479 y Fj(3.5.3)63 b(Shell)41
6292 b(P)m(arameter)f(Expansion)150 1626 y Ft(The)g(`)p Fs($)p
6293 Ft(')h(c)m(haracter)i(in)m(tro)s(duces)d(parameter)h(expansion,)j
6294 (command)d(substitution,)i(or)e(arithmetic)150 1735 y(expansion.)d(The)
6295 22 b(parameter)h(name)f(or)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(expanded)h(ma)
6296 m(y)h(b)s(e)f(enclosed)h(in)f(braces,)i(whic)m(h)150
6297 1845 y(are)31 b(optional)g(but)f(serv)m(e)h(to)h(protect)f(the)g(v)-5
6298 b(ariable)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(from)g(c)m(haracters)i
6299 (immediately)150 1955 y(follo)m(wing)g(it)f(whic)m(h)f(could)g(b)s(e)g
6300 (in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(name.)275 2101
6301 y(When)44 b(braces)i(are)f(used,)j(the)e(matc)m(hing)g(ending)f(brace)g
6302 (is)g(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p Fs(})p Ft(')g(not)g(escap)s(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)
6303 150 2211 y(bac)m(kslash)40 b(or)f(within)g(a)g(quoted)g(string,)j(and)c
6304 (not)i(within)e(an)h(em)m(b)s(edded)f(arithmetic)j(expansion,)150
6305 2321 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(or)h(parameter)g(expansion.)275
6306 2468 y(The)40 b(basic)h(form)g(of)g(parameter)h(expansion)e(is)h($)p
6307 Fs({)p Fq(parameter)7 b Fs(})p Ft(.)73 b(The)40 b(v)-5
6308 b(alue)42 b(of)f Fq(parameter)48 b Ft(is)150 2577 y(substituted.)43
6309 b(The)31 b(braces)g(are)h(required)e(when)h Fq(parameter)38
6310 b Ft(is)31 b(a)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(with)f(more)150
6311 2687 y(than)h(one)g(digit,)i(or)e(when)g Fq(parameter)39
6312 b Ft(is)32 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)e(is)h
6313 (not)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)150 2796 y(as)f(part)f(of)g(its)h
6314 (name.)275 2943 y(If)c(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(of)f
6315 Fq(parameter)35 b Ft(is)27 b(an)h(exclamation)i(p)s(oin)m(t)d(\(!\),)i
6316 (a)f(lev)m(el)i(of)d(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(indirec-)150
6317 3053 y(tion)e(is)f(in)m(tro)s(duced.)39 b(Bash)27 b(uses)e(the)i(v)-5
6318 b(alue)27 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(formed)f(from)g(the)g(rest)h
6319 (of)f Fq(parameter)34 b Ft(as)150 3162 y(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h(v)-5
6320 b(ariable;)34 b(this)e(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(is)g(then)f(expanded)f(and)h
6321 (that)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)h(used)e(in)h(the)h(rest)150
6322 3272 y(of)h(the)f(substitution,)i(rather)e(than)g(the)h(v)-5
6323 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fq(parameter)40 b Ft(itself.)51 b(This)33
6324 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)g(as)h Fs(indirect)150 3381 y(expansion)p
6325 Ft(.)k(The)30 b(exceptions)h(to)h(this)e(are)h(the)f(expansions)g(of)h
6326 ($)p Fs({)p Ft(!)p Fq(pre\014x)150 3491 y Fs(})36 b Ft(and)f($)p
6327 Fs({)p Ft(!)p Fq(name)5 b Ft([)p Fs(@)p Ft(])p Fs(})37
6328 b Ft(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)58 b(The)36 b(exclamation)i(p)s(oin)m
6329 (t)e(m)m(ust)g(immediately)h(follo)m(w)h(the)150 3601
6330 y(left)31 b(brace)g(in)f(order)g(to)h(in)m(tro)s(duce)f(indirection.)
6331 275 3748 y(In)39 b(eac)m(h)i(of)g(the)f(cases)h(b)s(elo)m(w,)i
6332 Fq(w)m(ord)h Ft(is)c(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(tilde)f(expansion,)j
6333 (parameter)e(expansion,)150 3857 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g
6334 (arithmetic)i(expansion.)275 4004 y(When)h(not)h(p)s(erforming)e
6335 (substring)h(expansion,)h(using)f(the)h(form)f(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m
6336 (w,)h(Bash)g(tests)150 4114 y(for)44 b(a)i(parameter)f(that)g(is)g
6337 (unset)f(or)h(n)m(ull.)84 b(Omitting)45 b(the)g(colon)h(results)e(in)g
6338 (a)i(test)f(only)g(for)g(a)150 4223 y(parameter)36 b(that)f(is)g
6339 (unset.)55 b(Put)34 b(another)i(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(if)d(the)g(colon)
6340 h(is)f(included,)h(the)f(op)s(erator)g(tests)h(for)150
6341 4333 y(b)s(oth)22 b Fq(parameter)7 b Ft('s)22 b(existence)i(and)e(that)
6342 h(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(is)g(not)f(n)m(ull;)k(if)c(the)h(colon)g(is)g
6343 (omitted,)i(the)e(op)s(erator)150 4442 y(tests)31 b(only)g(for)f
6344 (existence.)150 4620 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(:)p
6345 Fp(\000)p Fi(word)g Fs(})630 4730 y Ft(If)30 b Fq(parameter)37
6346 b Ft(is)30 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull,)f(the)h(expansion)f(of)g
6347 Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(is)c(substituted.)40 b(Otherwise,)630
6348 4839 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h Fq(parameter)37
6349 b Ft(is)31 b(substituted.)150 5011 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11
6350 b Fs(:=)p Fi(word)g Fs(})630 5121 y Ft(If)32 b Fq(parameter)40
6351 b Ft(is)32 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull,)g(the)f(expansion)h(of)f
6352 Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(is)d(assigned)f(to)i Fq(parameter)7 b
6353 Ft(.)630 5230 y(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f Fq(parameter)38
6354 b Ft(is)31 b(then)g(substituted.)42 b(P)m(ositional)33
6355 b(parameters)e(and)f(sp)s(ecial)630 5340 y(parameters)h(ma)m(y)g(not)f
6356 (b)s(e)g(assigned)h(to)g(in)f(this)g(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)p
6357 eop end
6358 %%Page: 22 28
6359 TeXDict begin 22 27 bop 150 -116 a Ft(22)2572 b(Bash)31
6360 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11
6361 b Fs(:?)p Fi(word)g Fs(})630 408 y Ft(If)26 b Fq(parameter)33
6362 b Ft(is)26 b(n)m(ull)g(or)g(unset,)h(the)f(expansion)g(of)g
6363 Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(\(or)c(a)h(message)g(to)g(that)f(e\013ect)630
6364 518 y(if)i Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(is)d(not)g(presen)m(t\))h(is)f(written)g(to)
6365 h(the)f(standard)f(error)h(and)f(the)h(shell,)h(if)f(it)h(is)f(not)630
6366 628 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)33 b(exits.)42 b(Otherwise,)30
6367 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fq(parameter)38 b Ft(is)30
6368 b(substituted.)150 774 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(:+)p
6369 Fi(word)g Fs(})630 883 y Ft(If)35 b Fq(parameter)42 b
6370 Ft(is)36 b(n)m(ull)f(or)h(unset,)g(nothing)g(is)f(substituted,)i
6371 (otherwise)e(the)h(expansion)630 993 y(of)31 b Fq(w)m(ord)i
6372 Ft(is)e(substituted.)150 1139 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11
6373 b Fs(:)p Fi(offset)g Fs(})150 1249 y(${)p Fi(parameter)g
6374 Fs(:)p Fi(offset)g Fs(:)p Fi(le)o(ngt)o(h)g Fs(})630
6375 1358 y Ft(Expands)44 b(to)i(up)e(to)i Fq(length)g Ft(c)m(haracters)h
6376 (of)e Fq(parameter)53 b Ft(starting)46 b(at)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)630
6377 1468 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)30 b(b)m(y)g Fq(o\013set)r Ft(.)43
6378 b(If)30 b Fq(length)h Ft(is)g(omitted,)g(expands)f(to)h(the)g
6379 (substring)f(of)g Fq(parameter)630 1577 y Ft(starting)38
6380 b(at)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)h
6381 Fq(o\013set)r Ft(.)62 b Fq(length)38 b Ft(and)e Fq(o\013set)k
6382 Ft(are)e(arithmetic)630 1687 y(expressions)30 b(\(see)i(Section)g(6.5)g
6383 ([Shell)f(Arithmetic],)h(page)g(80\).)43 b(This)30 b(is)h(referred)f
6384 (to)i(as)630 1797 y(Substring)d(Expansion.)630 1924 y(If)c
6385 Fq(o\013set)k Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)27 b(to)g(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i
6386 (than)g(zero,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)g(used)f(as)h(an)g(o\013set)g
6387 (from)630 2034 y(the)c(end)e(of)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)22
6388 b(of)g Fq(parameter)7 b Ft(.)38 b(If)20 b Fq(length)i
6389 Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)23 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i(than)f(zero,)
6390 630 2144 y(and)g Fq(parameter)29 b Ft(is)21 b(not)h(`)p
6391 Fs(@)p Ft(')g(and)f(not)h(an)g(indexed)f(or)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)
6392 m(y)-8 b(,)25 b(it)d(is)g(in)m(terpreted)630 2253 y(as)37
6393 b(an)f(o\013set)i(from)e(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f(v)-5
6394 b(alue)37 b(of)g Fq(parameter)44 b Ft(rather)36 b(than)h(a)f(n)m(um)m
6395 (b)s(er)g(of)630 2363 y(c)m(haracters,)49 b(and)42 b(the)i(expansion)f
6396 (is)h(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)g
6397 (o\013sets.)81 b(If)630 2472 y Fq(parameter)37 b Ft(is)31
6398 b(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(',)g(the)g(result)f(is)h Fq(length)g
6399 Ft(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(b)s(eginning)e(at)j Fq(o\013set)r
6400 Ft(.)630 2582 y(If)k Fq(parameter)43 b Ft(is)36 b(an)g(indexed)g(arra)m
6401 (y)g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')g(or)h(`)p
6402 Fs(*)p Ft(',)h(the)e(result)g(is)630 2692 y(the)h Fq(length)g
6403 Ft(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)h
6404 Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs([)p Fi(offset)g Fs(])o(})p
6405 Ft(.)54 b(A)630 2801 y(negativ)m(e)33 b Fq(o\013set)g
6406 Ft(is)e(tak)m(en)h(relativ)m(e)g(to)g(one)f(greater)g(than)g(the)f
6407 (maxim)m(um)h(index)f(of)h(the)630 2911 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)k(arra)m(y)-8
6408 b(.)57 b(Substring)34 b(expansion)i(applied)f(to)h(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m
6409 (e)i(arra)m(y)e(pro)s(duces)630 3020 y(unde\014ned)28
6410 b(results.)630 3148 y(Note)37 b(that)f(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(o\013set)f(m)m
6411 (ust)f(b)s(e)f(separated)h(from)f(the)h(colon)h(b)m(y)e(at)i(least)g
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6413 (the)h(`)p Fs(:-)p Ft(')f(expansion.)57 b(Substring)35
6414 b(indexing)h(is)630 3367 y(zero-based)24 b(unless)f(the)h(p)s
6415 (ositional)g(parameters)g(are)g(used,)g(in)g(whic)m(h)f(case)h(the)g
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6417 b(If)29 b Fq(o\013set)j Ft(is)e(0,)g(and)f(the)g(p)s(ositional)h
6418 (parameters)g(are)g(used,)f Fs($@)630 3587 y Ft(is)h(pre\014xed)g(to)h
6419 (the)f(list.)150 3733 y Fs(${!)p Fi(prefix)11 b Fs(*})150
6420 3842 y(${!)p Fi(prefix)g Fs(@})630 3952 y Ft(Expands)23
6421 b(to)i(the)g(names)f(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)25 b(whose)f(names)g(b)s
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6423 4061 y(the)k(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)g Fs(IFS)f
6424 Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(When)29 b(`)p Fs(@)p
6425 Ft(')g(is)g(used)f(and)h(the)g(expan-)630 4171 y(sion)35
6426 b(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)i(eac)m(h)f(v)-5
6427 b(ariable)36 b(name)f(expands)g(to)g(a)h(separate)630
6428 4281 y(w)m(ord.)150 4427 y Fs(${!)p Fi(name)11 b Fs([@]})150
6429 4536 y(${!)p Fi(name)g Fs([*]})630 4646 y Ft(If)26 b
6430 Fq(name)32 b Ft(is)27 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)29
6431 b(expands)d(to)h(the)g(list)g(of)g(arra)m(y)g(indices)g(\(k)m(eys\))h
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6433 b Fq(name)30 b Ft(is)24 b(not)g(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)27
6434 b(expands)c(to)i(0)f(if)h Fq(name)k Ft(is)24 b(set)h(and)e(n)m(ull)h
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6436 (the)i(expansion)f(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)k(eac)m(h)d
6437 (k)m(ey)630 4975 y(expands)30 b(to)h(a)f(separate)i(w)m(ord.)150
6438 5121 y Fs(${#)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(})630 5230 y Ft(The)40
6439 b(length)g(in)g(c)m(haracters)i(of)e(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5
6440 b(alue)41 b(of)f Fq(parameter)47 b Ft(is)40 b(substituted.)630
6441 5340 y(If)i Fq(parameter)50 b Ft(is)43 b(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(')g(or)g(`)p
6442 Fs(@)p Ft(',)k(the)c(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(substituted)f(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m
6443 (b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)p eop end
6444 %%Page: 23 29
6445 TeXDict begin 23 28 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
6446 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(23)630 299
6447 y(parameters.)45 b(If)32 b Fq(parameter)38 b Ft(is)32
6448 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)g(`)p Fs(*)p
6449 Ft(')h(or)g(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(',)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)630
6450 408 y(substituted)30 b(is)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(elemen)m(ts)i
6451 (in)e(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)150 573 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11
6452 b Fs(#)p Fi(word)g Fs(})150 682 y(${)p Fi(parameter)g
6453 Fs(##)p Fi(word)g Fs(})630 792 y Ft(The)31 b Fq(w)m(ord)k
6454 Ft(is)d(expanded)f(to)i(pro)s(duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)f(as)i(in)e
6455 (\014lename)h(expansion)g(\(see)630 902 y(Section)k(3.5.8)h([Filename)g
6456 (Expansion],)g(page)f(25\).)56 b(If)35 b(the)h(pattern)f(matc)m(hes)i
6457 (the)e(b)s(e-)630 1011 y(ginning)g(of)g(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5
6458 b(alue)36 b(of)f Fq(parameter)7 b Ft(,)36 b(then)f(the)g(result)g(of)g
6459 (the)g(expansion)630 1121 y(is)28 b(the)g(expanded)e(v)-5
6460 b(alue)28 b(of)g Fq(parameter)35 b Ft(with)27 b(the)h(shortest)g(matc)m
6461 (hing)h(pattern)f(\(the)g(`)p Fs(#)p Ft(')630 1230 y(case\))e(or)f(the)
6462 g(longest)g(matc)m(hing)h(pattern)f(\(the)g(`)p Fs(##)p
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6464 b Ft(is)25 b(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')630 1340 y(or)j(`)p Fs(*)p
6465 Ft(',)i(the)e(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)29 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f
6466 (applied)h(to)g(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)630
6467 1450 y(turn,)i(and)g(the)h(expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)g(list.)
6468 45 b(If)32 b Fq(parameter)38 b Ft(is)32 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
6469 b(ariable)630 1559 y(subscripted)39 b(with)g(`)p Fs(@)p
6470 Ft(')h(or)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)j(the)d(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5
6471 b(al)41 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m(h)630
6472 1669 y(mem)m(b)s(er)30 b(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h
6473 (expansion)f(is)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 1833
6474 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(\045)p Fi(word)g Fs(})150
6475 1943 y(${)p Fi(parameter)g Fs(\045\045)p Fi(word)g Fs(})630
6476 2052 y Ft(The)35 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(is)c(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s(duce)e(a)
6477 i(pattern)f(just)g(as)h(in)f(\014lename)h(expansion.)55
6478 b(If)630 2162 y(the)43 b(pattern)f(matc)m(hes)i(a)e(trailing)i(p)s
6479 (ortion)e(of)g(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)g
6480 Fq(parameter)7 b Ft(,)630 2271 y(then)39 b(the)g(result)g(of)h(the)f
6481 (expansion)g(is)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f Fq(parameter)46
6482 b Ft(with)39 b(the)h(shortest)630 2381 y(matc)m(hing)31
6483 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Fs(\045)p Ft(')g(case\))h(or)e(the)h(longest)h
6484 (matc)m(hing)f(pattern)g(\(the)g(`)p Fs(\045\045)p Ft(')g(case\))630
6485 2491 y(deleted.)49 b(If)32 b Fq(parameter)40 b Ft(is)33
6486 b(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')g(or)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)h(the)f(pattern)g(remo)m(v)-5
6487 b(al)34 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f(applied)f(to)630 2600 y(eac)m(h)38
6488 b(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)f(turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)h
6489 (the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)61 b(If)630 2710 y Fq(parameter)38
6490 b Ft(is)32 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(subscripted)e(with)h
6491 (`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')g(or)h(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5
6492 b(al)630 2819 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m
6493 (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g
6494 (is)630 2929 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 3093 y
6495 Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(/)p Fi(pattern)g Fs(/)p
6496 Fi(s)o(tri)o(ng)f Fs(})630 3203 y Ft(The)37 b Fq(pattern)g
6497 Ft(is)g(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s(duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)g(as)h(in)e
6498 (\014lename)i(expansion.)630 3313 y Fq(P)m(arameter)46
6499 b Ft(is)38 b(expanded)f(and)g(the)i(longest)g(matc)m(h)g(of)f
6500 Fq(pattern)g Ft(against)h(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)630
6501 3422 y(replaced)33 b(with)f Fq(string)8 b Ft(.)47 b(If)33
6502 b Fq(pattern)f Ft(b)s(egins)g(with)h(`)p Fs(/)p Ft(',)g(all)h(matc)m
6503 (hes)f(of)g Fq(pattern)g Ft(are)g(re-)630 3532 y(placed)27
6504 b(with)f Fq(string)8 b Ft(.)40 b(Normally)27 b(only)g(the)g(\014rst)f
6505 (matc)m(h)h(is)g(replaced.)40 b(If)26 b Fq(pattern)g
6506 Ft(b)s(egins)630 3641 y(with)33 b(`)p Fs(#)p Ft(',)i(it)f(m)m(ust)f
6507 (matc)m(h)i(at)f(the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(expanded)f(v)-5
6508 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fq(parameter)7 b Ft(.)630 3751 y(If)34
6509 b Fq(pattern)g Ft(b)s(egins)g(with)g(`)p Fs(\045)p Ft(',)h(it)g(m)m
6510 (ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5
6511 b(alue)35 b(of)630 3861 y Fq(parameter)7 b Ft(.)40 b(If)29
6512 b Fq(string)36 b Ft(is)29 b(n)m(ull,)h(matc)m(hes)g(of)f
6513 Fq(pattern)g Ft(are)g(deleted)h(and)e(the)h Fs(/)f Ft(follo)m(wing)630
6514 3970 y Fq(pattern)34 b Ft(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(omitted.)51
6515 b(If)33 b Fq(parameter)41 b Ft(is)33 b(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')h(or)g(`)p
6516 Fs(*)p Ft(',)g(the)g(substitution)f(op)s(eration)630
6517 4080 y(is)38 b(applied)g(to)g(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)f(in)
6518 g(turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)g(the)g(re-)630
6519 4189 y(sultan)m(t)f(list.)59 b(If)36 b Fq(parameter)43
6520 b Ft(is)36 b(an)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(subscripted)e(with)h
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6523 (b)s(er)f(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)630
6524 4408 y(expansion)g(is)h(the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)150
6525 4573 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(^)p Fi(pattern)g
6526 Fs(})150 4682 y(${)p Fi(parameter)g Fs(^^)p Fi(pattern)g
6527 Fs(})150 4792 y(${)p Fi(parameter)g Fs(,)p Fi(pattern)g
6528 Fs(})150 4902 y(${)p Fi(parameter)g Fs(,,)p Fi(pattern)g
6529 Fs(})630 5011 y Ft(This)35 b(expansion)h(mo)s(di\014es)f(the)h(case)h
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6531 b Ft(.)57 b(The)630 5121 y Fq(pattern)36 b Ft(is)f(expanded)g(to)h(pro)
6532 s(duce)e(a)i(pattern)g(just)f(as)h(in)f(\014lename)g(expansion.)56
6533 b(The)630 5230 y(`)p Fs(^)p Ft(')36 b(op)s(erator)g(con)m(v)m(erts)h
6534 (lo)m(w)m(ercase)h(letters)f(matc)m(hing)g Fq(pattern)f
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6536 y(op)s(erator)g(con)m(v)m(erts)i(matc)m(hing)f(upp)s(ercase)e(letters)i
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6538 Fs(,,)p Ft(')p eop end
6539 %%Page: 24 30
6540 TeXDict begin 24 29 bop 150 -116 a Ft(24)2572 b(Bash)31
6541 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(expansions)g(con)m(v)m(ert)i(eac)m(h)
6542 g(matc)m(hed)f(c)m(haracter)h(in)e(the)h(expanded)f(v)-5
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6544 Fs(,)p Ft(')24 b(expansions)f(matc)m(h)i(and)e(con)m(v)m(ert)j(only)d
6545 (the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(in)d(the)h(expanded)f(v)-5
6546 b(alue.)630 518 y(If)31 b Fq(pattern)g Ft(is)g(omitted,)i(it)f(is)f
6547 (treated)h(lik)m(e)h(a)e(`)p Fs(?)p Ft(',)h(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(hes)i(ev)
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6549 b Ft(is)31 b(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')f(or)h(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)f(the)h(case)g(mo)
6550 s(di\014cation)g(op)s(eration)g(is)f(applied)g(to)i(eac)m(h)f(p)s(osi-)
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6552 (is)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)40 b(If)23 b Fq(parameter)32
6553 b Ft(is)630 847 y(an)e(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(subscripted)d
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6556 (mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)g(turn,)g(and)f(the)h
6557 (expansion)f(is)h(the)g(resultan)m(t)630 1066 y(list.)150
6558 1263 y Fj(3.5.4)63 b(Command)41 b(Substitution)150 1410
6559 y Ft(Command)f(substitution)h(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(output)g(of)h(a)f
6560 (command)g(to)h(replace)g(the)g(command)f(itself.)150
6561 1519 y(Command)29 b(substitution)h(o)s(ccurs)h(when)e(a)i(command)f(is)
6562 g(enclosed)h(as)g(follo)m(ws:)390 1653 y Fs($\()p Fi(command)11
6563 b Fs(\))150 1786 y Ft(or)390 1919 y Fs(`)p Fi(command)g
6564 Fs(`)150 2052 y Ft(Bash)45 b(p)s(erforms)f(the)h(expansion)f(b)m(y)h
6565 (executing)i Fq(command)h Ft(and)c(replacing)i(the)f(command)g(sub-)150
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6571 b Fi(file)11 b Fs(\))20 b Ft(can)i(b)s(e)f(replaced)g(b)m(y)h(the)g
6572 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)22 b(but)f(faster)h Fs($\(<)30 b
6573 Fi(file)11 b Fs(\))p Ft(.)275 2514 y(When)33 b(the)i(old-st)m(yle)h
6574 (bac)m(kquote)f(form)f(of)g(substitution)g(is)g(used,)h(bac)m(kslash)f
6575 (retains)h(its)f(literal)150 2624 y(meaning)k(except)h(when)e(follo)m
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6578 (b)m(y)g(a)150 2733 y(bac)m(kslash)j(terminates)g(the)f(command)g
6579 (substitution.)69 b(When)40 b(using)g(the)g Fs($\()p
6580 Fi(command)11 b Fs(\))37 b Ft(form,)42 b(all)150 2843
6581 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f(paren)m(theses)h(mak)m(e)
6582 g(up)f(the)g(command;)h(none)f(are)h(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8
6583 b(.)275 2976 y(Command)22 b(substitutions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(nested.)39
6584 b(T)-8 b(o)23 b(nest)g(when)f(using)h(the)g(bac)m(kquoted)h(form,)g
6585 (escap)s(e)150 3086 y(the)31 b(inner)e(bac)m(kquotes)j(with)e(bac)m
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6587 (double)f(quotes,)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(\014lename)g(expansion)
6588 150 3329 y(are)i(not)f(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(the)h(results.)150
6589 3526 y Fj(3.5.5)63 b(Arithmetic)40 b(Expansion)150 3672
6590 y Ft(Arithmetic)25 b(expansion)g(allo)m(ws)g(the)g(ev)-5
6591 b(aluation)26 b(of)f(an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(and)g(the)g
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6593 b(format)g(for)g(arithmetic)i(expansion)e(is:)390 3915
6594 y Fs($\(\()47 b Fi(expression)55 b Fs(\)\))275 4049 y
6595 Ft(The)33 b(expression)g(is)h(treated)g(as)g(if)g(it)g(w)m(ere)g
6596 (within)f(double)h(quotes,)h(but)e(a)h(double)f(quote)h(inside)150
6597 4158 y(the)27 b(paren)m(theses)g(is)g(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)-8
6598 b(.)41 b(All)27 b(tok)m(ens)h(in)e(the)h(expression)g(undergo)f
6599 (parameter)h(ex-)150 4268 y(pansion,)h(command)f(substitution,)h(and)f
6600 (quote)i(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)41 b(Arithmetic)28 b(expansions)g(ma)m(y)g
6601 (b)s(e)f(nested.)275 4401 y(The)34 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)37
6602 b(is)f(p)s(erformed)e(according)i(to)g(the)g(rules)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m
6603 (w)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)150 4511 y(Arithmetic],)32
6604 b(page)f(80\).)42 b(If)30 b(the)h(expression)f(is)g(in)m(v)-5
6605 b(alid,)32 b(Bash)e(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(message)g(indicating)h(failure)150
6606 4620 y(to)f(the)g(standard)e(error)h(and)g(no)g(substitution)g(o)s
6607 (ccurs.)150 4817 y Fj(3.5.6)63 b(Pro)s(cess)42 b(Substitution)150
6608 4964 y Ft(Pro)s(cess)i(substitution)g(is)g(supp)s(orted)f(on)h(systems)
6609 g(that)h(supp)s(ort)d(named)i(pip)s(es)f(\()p Fl(fif)n(o)p
6610 Ft(s\))i(or)f(the)150 5073 y(`)p Fs(/dev/fd)p Ft(')29
6611 b(metho)s(d)h(of)g(naming)g(op)s(en)g(\014les.)41 b(It)30
6612 b(tak)m(es)i(the)f(form)f(of)390 5207 y Fs(<\()p Fi(list)11
6613 b Fs(\))150 5340 y Ft(or)p eop end
6614 %%Page: 25 31
6615 TeXDict begin 25 30 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
6616 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(25)390 299
6617 y Fs(>\()p Fi(list)11 b Fs(\))150 434 y Ft(The)23 b(pro)s(cess)g
6618 Fq(list)j Ft(is)d(run)f(with)h(its)h(input)f(or)g(output)g(connected)h
6619 (to)h(a)e Fl(fif)n(o)g Ft(or)h(some)g(\014le)f(in)g(`)p
6620 Fs(/dev/fd)p Ft('.)150 544 y(The)28 b(name)h(of)g(this)f(\014le)h(is)g
6621 (passed)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(command)h(as)
6622 f(the)h(result)g(of)g(the)150 654 y(expansion.)40 b(If)28
6623 b(the)h Fs(>\()p Fi(list)11 b Fs(\))26 b Ft(form)h(is)i(used,)f
6624 (writing)h(to)g(the)f(\014le)h(will)g(pro)m(vide)f(input)g(for)g
6625 Fq(list)r Ft(.)41 b(If)28 b(the)150 763 y Fs(<\()p Fi(list)11
6626 b Fs(\))23 b Ft(form)h(is)i(used,)f(the)h(\014le)f(passed)g(as)g(an)g
6627 (argumen)m(t)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(read)g(to)h(obtain)g(the)f(output)g(of)
6628 150 873 y Fq(list)r Ft(.)41 b(Note)31 b(that)f(no)f(space)h(ma)m(y)g
6629 (app)s(ear)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)g Fs(<)f Ft(or)h
6630 Fs(>)f Ft(and)g(the)g(left)h(paren)m(thesis,)h(otherwise)150
6631 982 y(the)g(construct)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(a)h
6632 (redirection.)275 1118 y(When)36 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)40
6633 b(pro)s(cess)c(substitution)h(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(sim)m(ultaneously)i
6634 (with)g(parameter)g(and)150 1228 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
6635 b(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)i(expansion.)
6636 150 1428 y Fj(3.5.7)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 b(Splitting)150
6637 1575 y Ft(The)30 b(shell)h(scans)g(the)g(results)f(of)h(parameter)g
6638 (expansion,)g(command)g(substitution,)g(and)f(arithmetic)150
6639 1685 y(expansion)g(that)h(did)f(not)g(o)s(ccur)h(within)e(double)h
6640 (quotes)h(for)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting.)275 1820 y(The)43
6641 b(shell)h(treats)h(eac)m(h)h(c)m(haracter)f(of)g Fs($IFS)e
6642 Ft(as)h(a)g(delimiter,)49 b(and)43 b(splits)h(the)h(results)e(of)i(the)
6643 150 1930 y(other)40 b(expansions)f(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)e(on)h(these)g(c)
6644 m(haracters.)70 b(If)39 b Fs(IFS)g Ft(is)h(unset,)i(or)d(its)h(v)-5
6645 b(alue)40 b(is)g(exactly)150 2039 y Fs(<space><tab><newline>)p
6646 Ft(,)26 b(the)32 b(default,)g(then)f(sequences)h(of)62
6647 b Fs(<space>)p Ft(,)30 b Fs(<tab>)p Ft(,)h(and)f Fs(<newline>)150
6648 2149 y Ft(at)39 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(and)f(end)h(of)g(the)h(results)f
6649 (of)g(the)g(previous)g(expansions)g(are)g(ignored,)j(and)d(an)m(y)150
6650 2258 y(sequence)31 b(of)g Fs(IFS)f Ft(c)m(haracters)j(not)e(at)g(the)g
6651 (b)s(eginning)g(or)f(end)h(serv)m(es)g(to)h(delimit)f(w)m(ords.)42
6652 b(If)30 b Fs(IFS)g Ft(has)150 2368 y(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)30
6653 b(other)g(than)g(the)g(default,)g(then)f(sequences)h(of)g(the)g
6654 (whitespace)g(c)m(haracters)h Fs(space)e Ft(and)g Fs(tab)150
6655 2478 y Ft(are)36 b(ignored)g(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)f(and)g(end)g(of)h
6656 (the)g(w)m(ord,)h(as)f(long)g(as)g(the)g(whitespace)h(c)m(haracter)g
6657 (is)150 2587 y(in)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g Fs(IFS)f
6658 Ft(\(an)h Fs(IFS)f Ft(whitespace)h(c)m(haracter\).)60
6659 b(An)m(y)35 b(c)m(haracter)j(in)d Fs(IFS)g Ft(that)i(is)f(not)g
6660 Fs(IFS)150 2697 y Ft(whitespace,)27 b(along)f(with)f(an)m(y)g(adjacen)m
6661 (t)h Fs(IFS)e Ft(whitespace)i(c)m(haracters,)i(delimits)e(a)f(\014eld.)
6662 38 b(A)26 b(sequence)150 2806 y(of)35 b Fs(IFS)f Ft(whitespace)h(c)m
6663 (haracters)i(is)d(also)i(treated)g(as)f(a)g(delimiter.)55
6664 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g Fs(IFS)f Ft(is)h(n)m(ull,)h(no)
6665 150 2916 y(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting)h(o)s(ccurs.)275 3052
6666 y(Explicit)44 b(n)m(ull)f(argumen)m(ts)g(\()p Fs("")g
6667 Ft(or)h Fs('')p Ft(\))f(are)g(retained.)80 b(Unquoted)43
6668 b(implicit)h(n)m(ull)f(argumen)m(ts,)150 3161 y(resulting)24
6669 b(from)f(the)g(expansion)g(of)h(parameters)g(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(no)e
6670 (v)-5 b(alues,)25 b(are)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)40 b(If)23 b(a)g(parameter)150
6671 3271 y(with)30 b(no)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(expanded)e(within)h(double)
6672 g(quotes,)h(a)g(n)m(ull)f(argumen)m(t)h(results)f(and)g(is)g(retained.)
6673 275 3406 y(Note)h(that)g(if)g(no)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs,)g(no)h
6674 (splitting)g(is)f(p)s(erformed.)150 3607 y Fj(3.5.8)63
6675 b(Filename)41 b(Expansion)150 3754 y Ft(After)26 b(w)m(ord)g
6676 (splitting,)i(unless)d(the)i(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft(')f(option)g(has)g(b)s(een)
6677 f(set)i(\(see)g(Section)g(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)150
6678 3863 y(page)h(54\),)i(Bash)d(scans)h(eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(for)g(the)h(c)
6679 m(haracters)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(?)p Ft(',)g(and)e(`)p
6680 Fs([)p Ft('.)39 b(If)26 b(one)h(of)g(these)f(c)m(haracters)150
6681 3973 y(app)s(ears,)h(then)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)h(regarded)g(as)g(a)g
6682 Fq(pattern)p Ft(,)g(and)g(replaced)g(with)f(an)h(alphab)s(etically)h
6683 (sorted)150 4082 y(list)k(of)g(\014le)g(names)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)f
6684 (pattern.)45 b(If)32 b(no)f(matc)m(hing)i(\014le)f(names)g(are)g
6685 (found,)f(and)h(the)g(shell)150 4192 y(option)c Fs(nullglob)e
6686 Ft(is)i(disabled,)h(the)f(w)m(ord)g(is)g(left)g(unc)m(hanged.)40
6687 b(If)28 b(the)g Fs(nullglob)e Ft(option)i(is)g(set,)i(and)150
6688 4302 y(no)38 b(matc)m(hes)h(are)f(found,)h(the)f(w)m(ord)f(is)h(remo)m
6689 (v)m(ed.)65 b(If)37 b(the)h Fs(failglob)e Ft(shell)i(option)g(is)g
6690 (set,)j(and)c(no)150 4411 y(matc)m(hes)f(are)g(found,)f(an)g(error)f
6691 (message)j(is)e(prin)m(ted)f(and)h(the)g(command)g(is)g(not)g
6692 (executed.)56 b(If)35 b(the)150 4521 y(shell)e(option)h
6693 Fs(nocaseglob)c Ft(is)j(enabled,)h(the)g(matc)m(h)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)e
6694 (without)i(regard)g(to)h(the)g(case)g(of)150 4630 y(alphab)s(etic)d(c)m
6695 (haracters.)275 4766 y(When)23 b(a)h(pattern)f(is)h(used)f(for)g
6696 (\014lename)h(expansion,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(`)p Fs(.)p
6697 Ft(')f(at)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(a)g(\014lename)150 4876
6698 y(or)f(immediately)i(follo)m(wing)g(a)f(slash)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(matc)
6699 m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(,)27 b(unless)c(the)g(shell)h(option)g
6700 Fs(dotglob)150 4985 y Ft(is)31 b(set.)45 b(When)31 b(matc)m(hing)h(a)g
6701 (\014le)f(name,)h(the)g(slash)f(c)m(haracter)i(m)m(ust)e(alw)m(a)m(ys)i
6702 (b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(.)150 5095 y(In)30
6703 b(other)g(cases,)i(the)e(`)p Fs(.)p Ft(')h(c)m(haracter)h(is)e(not)h
6704 (treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 5230 y(See)28 b(the)g(description)g
6705 (of)g Fs(shopt)e Ft(in)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)i
6706 (page)g(57,)g(for)f(a)g(descrip-)150 5340 y(tion)j(of)f(the)h
6707 Fs(nocaseglob)p Ft(,)d Fs(nullglob)p Ft(,)g Fs(failglob)p
6708 Ft(,)h(and)g Fs(dotglob)g Ft(options.)p eop end
6709 %%Page: 26 32
6710 TeXDict begin 26 31 bop 150 -116 a Ft(26)2572 b(Bash)31
6711 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)275 299 y(The)h Fs(GLOBIGNORE)f
6712 Ft(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g
6713 (the)g(set)f(of)h(\014lenames)f(matc)m(hing)i(a)150 408
6714 y(pattern.)k(If)25 b Fs(GLOBIGNORE)e Ft(is)j(set,)h(eac)m(h)g(matc)m
6715 (hing)g(\014lename)f(that)g(also)h(matc)m(hes)f(one)g(of)g(the)g
6716 (patterns)150 518 y(in)33 b Fs(GLOBIGNORE)d Ft(is)j(remo)m(v)m(ed)h
6717 (from)e(the)i(list)f(of)g(matc)m(hes.)50 b(The)33 b(\014lenames)g(`)p
6718 Fs(.)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(..)p Ft(')h(are)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)150
6719 628 y(ignored)g(when)e Fs(GLOBIGNORE)f Ft(is)j(set)g(and)f(not)h(n)m
6720 (ull.)48 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)35 b(setting)f Fs(GLOBIGNORE)c
6721 Ft(to)j(a)g(non-n)m(ull)150 737 y(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(has)f(the)h
6722 (e\013ect)h(of)f(enabling)g(the)g Fs(dotglob)e Ft(shell)h(option,)j(so)
6723 e(all)g(other)g(\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)150 847 y(with)43
6724 b(a)h(`)p Fs(.)p Ft(')f(will)h(matc)m(h.)80 b(T)-8 b(o)44
6725 b(get)h(the)e(old)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)h(ignoring)f(\014lenames)h(b)s
6726 (eginning)f(with)g(a)150 956 y(`)p Fs(.)p Ft(',)c(mak)m(e)g(`)p
6727 Fs(.*)p Ft(')e(one)g(of)g(the)h(patterns)f(in)g Fs(GLOBIGNORE)p
6728 Ft(.)58 b(The)37 b Fs(dotglob)e Ft(option)j(is)f(disabled)g(when)150
6729 1066 y Fs(GLOBIGNORE)28 b Ft(is)i(unset.)150 1251 y Fj(3.5.8.1)63
6730 b(P)m(attern)40 b(Matc)m(hing)150 1398 y Ft(An)m(y)24
6731 b(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(app)s(ears)f(in)g(a)h(pattern,)i(other)e(than)f
6732 (the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(describ)s(ed)150
6733 1508 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)31 b(matc)m(hes)g(itself.)42 b(The)29
6734 b Fl(nul)h Ft(c)m(haracter)i(ma)m(y)e(not)h(o)s(ccur)f(in)g(a)h
6735 (pattern.)40 b(A)31 b(bac)m(kslash)g(escap)s(es)150 1618
6736 y(the)38 b(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracter;)43 b(the)37 b(escaping)i(bac)m
6737 (kslash)e(is)h(discarded)f(when)f(matc)m(hing.)63 b(The)36
6738 b(sp)s(ecial)150 1727 y(pattern)30 b(c)m(haracters)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)e
6739 (quoted)i(if)f(they)h(are)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(matc)m(hed)i(literally)-8
6740 b(.)275 1855 y(The)29 b(sp)s(ecial)i(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(ha)m(v)m
6741 (e)f(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)150 2000 y Fs(*)432
6742 b Ft(Matc)m(hes)31 b(an)m(y)e(string,)h(including)f(the)g(n)m(ull)g
6743 (string.)41 b(When)29 b(the)g Fs(globstar)e Ft(shell)i(option)630
6744 2110 y(is)37 b(enabled,)h(and)e(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(')h(is)g(used)f(in)g(a)h
6745 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(con)m(text,)j(t)m(w)m(o)e(adjacen)m(t)g(`)p
6746 Fs(*)p Ft('s)630 2219 y(used)f(as)g(a)h(single)g(pattern)g(will)f(matc)
6747 m(h)i(all)f(\014les)f(and)g(zero)h(or)g(more)f(directories)i(and)630
6748 2329 y(sub)s(directories.)g(If)25 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(a)g(`)p
6749 Fs(/)p Ft(',)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(adjacen)m(t)h(`)p Fs(*)p Ft('s)e(will)g
6750 (matc)m(h)h(only)f(directories)630 2439 y(and)k(sub)s(directories.)150
6751 2584 y Fs(?)432 b Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(y)f(single)g(c)m(haracter.)
6752 150 2730 y Fs([...)o(])241 b Ft(Matc)m(hes)27 b(an)m(y)e(one)g(of)g
6753 (the)g(enclosed)g(c)m(haracters.)41 b(A)25 b(pair)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)
6754 i(separated)e(b)m(y)g(a)630 2839 y(h)m(yphen)i(denotes)h(a)g
6755 Fq(range)g(expression)p Ft(;)g(an)m(y)h(c)m(haracter)g(that)f(sorts)g
6756 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(those)h(t)m(w)m(o)630 2949 y(c)m(haracters,)f
6757 (inclusiv)m(e,)f(using)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)j(collating)g
6758 (sequence)e(and)f(c)m(haracter)630 3058 y(set,)31 b(is)f(matc)m(hed.)42
6759 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(follo)m(wing)g(the)e(`)p
6760 Fs([)p Ft(')h(is)f(a)h(`)p Fs(!)p Ft(')f(or)g(a)h(`)p
6761 Fs(^)p Ft(')g(then)f(an)m(y)630 3168 y(c)m(haracter)c(not)f(enclosed)g
6762 (is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(A)25 b(`)p Fp(\000)p Ft(')f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e
6763 (matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(including)h(it)g(as)g(the)630 3278
6764 y(\014rst)32 b(or)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(in)e(the)g(set.)50
6765 b(A)33 b(`)p Fs(])p Ft(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed)i(b)m(y)f
6766 (including)g(it)g(as)h(the)630 3387 y(\014rst)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)e
6767 (the)h(set.)40 b(The)25 b(sorting)h(order)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)f
6768 (range)g(expressions)f(is)630 3497 y(determined)e(b)m(y)g(the)g(curren)
6769 m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(and)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(of)g(the)h
6770 Fs(LC_COLLATE)c Ft(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable,)630 3606 y(if)30
6771 b(set.)630 3734 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)g(in)f(the)g(default)g(C)f
6772 (lo)s(cale,)k(`)p Fs([a-dx-z])p Ft(')31 b(is)i(equiv)-5
6773 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(`)p Fs([abcdxyz])p Ft('.)630 3843
6774 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)e(dictionary)i
6775 (order,)76 b(and)67 b(in)g(these)h(lo)s(cales)630 3953
6776 y(`)p Fs([a-dx-z])p Ft(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e(equiv)-5
6777 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Fs([abcdxyz])p Ft(';)g(it)g(migh)m(t)f(b)s(e)f
6778 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 4063 y(to)34 b(`)p Fs([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p
6779 Ft(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h
6780 (in)m(terpretation)h(of)630 4172 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i
6781 (expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s
6782 (cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630 4282 y(the)e Fs(LC_COLLATE)c
6783 Ft(or)k Fs(LC_ALL)d Ft(en)m(vironmen)m(t)j(v)-5 b(ariable)31
6784 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(`)p Fs(C)p Ft('.)630 4409
6785 y(Within)23 b(`)p Fs([)p Ft(')h(and)e(`)p Fs(])p Ft(',)j
6786 Fq(c)m(haracter)g(classes)j Ft(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(using)f
6787 (the)i(syn)m(tax)f Fs([:)p Fq(class)t Fs(:])p Ft(,)630
6788 4519 y(where)30 b Fq(class)35 b Ft(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m
6789 (wing)h(classes)f(de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fl(posix)f Ft(standard:)870
6790 4647 y Fs(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g(digit)g(graph)g
6791 (lower)870 4756 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)190
6792 b(xdigit)630 4884 y Ft(A)42 b(c)m(haracter)h(class)f(matc)m(hes)h(an)m
6793 (y)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(elonging)f(to)g(that)g(class.)75
6794 b(The)41 b Fs(word)630 4993 y Ft(c)m(haracter)32 b(class)f(matc)m(hes)h
6795 (letters,)f(digits,)h(and)d(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p
6796 Fs(_)p Ft('.)630 5121 y(Within)25 b(`)p Fs([)p Ft(')f(and)g(`)p
6797 Fs(])p Ft(',)i(an)e Fq(equiv)-5 b(alence)26 b(class)j
6798 Ft(can)24 b(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(using)g(the)g(syn)m(tax)h
6799 Fs([=)p Fq(c)6 b Fs(=])p Ft(,)630 5230 y(whic)m(h)29
6800 b(matc)m(hes)i(all)f(c)m(haracters)h(with)e(the)h(same)g(collation)h(w)
6801 m(eigh)m(t)g(\(as)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)630 5340
6802 y(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale\))j(as)d(the)h(c)m(haracter)h
6803 Fq(c)6 b Ft(.)p eop end
6804 %%Page: 27 33
6805 TeXDict begin 27 32 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
6806 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(27)630 299
6807 y(Within)21 b(`)p Fs([)p Ft(')h(and)e(`)p Fs(])p Ft(',)j(the)f(syn)m
6808 (tax)f Fs([.)p Fq(sym)m(b)s(ol)t Fs(.])f Ft(matc)m(hes)i(the)f
6809 (collating)j(sym)m(b)s(ol)c Fq(sym)m(b)s(ol)t Ft(.)275
6810 450 y(If)29 b(the)g Fs(extglob)f Ft(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f
6811 (using)g(the)h Fs(shopt)e Ft(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f
6812 (pattern)150 560 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58
6813 b(In)35 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(description,)g(a)f Fq(pattern-list)j
6814 Ft(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 669 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f(separated)
6815 h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Fs(|)p Ft('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33 b(patterns)f(ma)m
6816 (y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150 779 y(more)e(of)f(the)h
6817 (follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150 930 y Fs(?\()p Fi(pattern-list)11
6818 b Fs(\))630 1040 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h
6819 (of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150 1191 y Fs(*\()p
6820 Fi(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 1300 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32
6821 b(zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
6822 150 1452 y Fs(+\()p Fi(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 1561
6823 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)
6824 m(en)i(patterns.)150 1712 y Fs(@\()p Fi(pattern-list)11
6825 b Fs(\))630 1822 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g
6826 (patterns.)150 1973 y Fs(!\()p Fi(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630
6827 2083 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m
6828 (en)g(patterns.)150 2274 y Fj(3.5.9)63 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7
6829 b(al)150 2421 y Ft(After)32 b(the)g(preceding)g(expansions,)h(all)f
6830 (unquoted)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
6831 Fs(\\)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(')p Ft(',)f(and)g(`)p Fs(")p Ft(')150
6832 2530 y(that)f(did)f(not)g(result)g(from)g(one)h(of)g(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m
6833 (e)i(expansions)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 2754 y Fr(3.6)68
6834 b(Redirections)150 2914 y Ft(Before)43 b(a)f(command)f(is)h(executed,)j
6835 (its)d(input)f(and)g(output)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e Fq(redirected)k
6836 Ft(using)c(a)h(sp)s(ecial)150 3023 y(notation)33 b(in)m(terpreted)g(b)m
6837 (y)f(the)g(shell.)46 b(Redirection)33 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)f
6838 (to)i(op)s(en)e(and)h(close)h(\014les)f(for)150 3133
6839 y(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)49
6840 b(The)33 b(follo)m(wing)h(redirection)g(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)h
6841 (precede)150 3243 y(or)29 b(app)s(ear)g(an)m(ywhere)g(within)g(a)h
6842 (simple)f(command)g(or)h(ma)m(y)g(follo)m(w)g(a)g(command.)40
6843 b(Redirections)31 b(are)150 3352 y(pro)s(cessed)f(in)g(the)g(order)g
6844 (they)h(app)s(ear,)f(from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)275
6845 3483 y(Eac)m(h)45 b(redirection)h(that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preceded)g(b)
6846 m(y)h(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)h(instead)h(b)
6847 s(e)150 3592 y(preceded)41 b(b)m(y)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(of)g(the)g(form)g
6848 Fs({)p Fq(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fs(})p Ft(.)72 b(In)40 b(this)h(case,)k
6849 (for)c(eac)m(h)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)150 3702 y(except)30
6850 b Fs(>)p Ft(&-)f(and)f Fs(<)p Ft(&-,)h(the)g(shell)g(will)h(allo)s
6851 (cate)h(a)e(\014le)h(descriptor)e(greater)j(than)d(10)i(and)e(assign)i
6852 (it)f(to)150 3811 y Fs({)p Fq(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fs(})p
6853 Ft(.)42 b(If)31 b Fs(>)p Ft(&-)f(or)h Fs(<)p Ft(&-)g(is)g(preceded)g(b)
6854 m(y)g Fs({)p Fq(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fs(})p Ft(,)31 b(the)g(v)-5
6855 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fq(v)-5 b(arname)37 b Ft(de\014nes)30
6856 b(the)h(\014le)150 3921 y(descriptor)f(to)h(close.)275
6857 4051 y(In)c(the)i(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)g(if)e(the)h(\014le)g
6858 (descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is)g(omitted,)i(and)f(the)f(\014rst)g
6859 (c)m(har-)150 4161 y(acter)42 b(of)f(the)g(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g
6860 (is)g(`)p Fs(<)p Ft(',)i(the)e(redirection)g(refers)g(to)g(the)g
6861 (standard)f(input)f(\(\014le)150 4271 y(descriptor)33
6862 b(0\).)49 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f
6863 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)h(is)f(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(',)h(the)f(redirection)
6864 g(refers)150 4380 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h
6865 (descriptor)f(1\).)275 4510 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
6866 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)f(in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f
6867 (unless)e(other-)150 4620 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5
6868 b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f(expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)
6869 e(expansion,)i(command)150 4730 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h
6870 (expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g
6871 (and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 4839 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g
6872 (than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h(rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275
6873 4970 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g(redirections)h(is)g
6874 (signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390
6875 5100 y Fs(ls)47 b(>)h Fi(dirlist)56 b Fs(2>&1)150 5230
6876 y Ft(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g(output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
6877 (1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i(\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)
6878 150 5340 y(\014le)h Fq(dirlist)r Ft(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)p
6879 eop end
6880 %%Page: 28 34
6881 TeXDict begin 28 33 bop 150 -116 a Ft(28)2572 b(Bash)31
6882 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)390 299 y Fs(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g
6883 Fi(dirlist)150 428 y Ft(directs)28 b(only)f(the)g(standard)g(output)g
6884 (to)h(\014le)f Fq(dirlist)r Ft(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error)
6885 g(w)m(as)g(made)h(a)f(cop)m(y)150 537 y(of)k(the)f(standard)g(output)g
6886 (b)s(efore)g(the)g(standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g
6887 Fq(dirlist)r Ft(.)275 666 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j
6888 (\014lenames)e(sp)s(ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g
6889 (redirections,)i(as)e(describ)s(ed)150 776 y(in)k(the)h(follo)m(wing)g
6890 (table:)150 924 y Fs(/dev/fd/)p Fi(fd)630 1034 y Ft(If)f
6891 Fq(fd)j Ft(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)
6892 h Fq(fd)i Ft(is)d(duplicated.)150 1182 y Fs(/dev/stdin)630
6893 1292 y Ft(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f(duplicated.)150
6894 1440 y Fs(/dev/stdout)630 1550 y Ft(File)i(descriptor)e(1)h(is)f
6895 (duplicated.)150 1698 y Fs(/dev/stderr)630 1807 y Ft(File)i(descriptor)
6896 e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 1956 y Fs(/dev/tcp/)p Fi(host)11
6897 b Fs(/)p Fi(port)630 2065 y Ft(If)41 b Fq(host)i Ft(is)f(a)g(v)-5
6898 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c
6899 Fq(p)s(ort)j Ft(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 2175
6900 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(or)h(service)h(name,)j(Bash)c(attempts)h(to)g(op)s
6901 (en)f(a)g(TCP)g(connection)h(to)g(the)630 2285 y(corresp)s(onding)29
6902 b(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150 2433 y Fs(/dev/udp/)p Fi(host)11
6903 b Fs(/)p Fi(port)630 2542 y Ft(If)41 b Fq(host)i Ft(is)f(a)g(v)-5
6904 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c
6905 Fq(p)s(ort)j Ft(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 2652
6906 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(or)i(service)g(name,)k(Bash)c(attempts)g(to)h(op)s
6907 (en)e(a)h(UDP)g(connection)g(to)h(the)630 2762 y(corresp)s(onding)29
6908 b(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)275 2910 y(A)h(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)
6909 h(a)e(\014le)h(causes)g(the)f(redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275
6910 3039 y(Redirections)f(using)e(\014le)i(descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f
6911 (9)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150
6912 3148 y(con\015ict)i(with)f(\014le)h(descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f
6913 (in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)150 3337 y Fj(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40
6914 b(Input)150 3483 y Ft(Redirection)35 b(of)f(input)f(causes)i(the)f
6915 (\014le)g(whose)g(name)g(results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g
6916 Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(to)d(b)s(e)150 3593 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(reading)g(on)g
6917 (\014le)h(descriptor)f Fs(n)p Ft(,)h(or)f(the)g(standard)g(input)f
6918 (\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(0\))h(if)f Fs(n)g Ft(is)h(not)150
6919 3703 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275 3832 y(The)c(general)j(format)e(for)h
6920 (redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390 3961 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11
6921 b Fs(]<)p Fi(word)150 4149 y Fj(3.6.2)63 b(Redirecting)40
6922 b(Output)150 4296 y Ft(Redirection)31 b(of)g(output)f(causes)h(the)f
6923 (\014le)h(whose)f(name)g(results)h(from)e(the)i(expansion)f(of)h
6924 Fq(w)m(ord)i Ft(to)f(b)s(e)150 4405 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(writing)g(on)g
6925 (\014le)h(descriptor)f Fq(n)p Ft(,)g(or)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h
6926 (\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\))h(if)g Fq(n)e Ft(is)i(not)150
6927 4515 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)f(not)h
6928 (exist)g(it)g(is)f(created;)i(if)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(exist)h(it)g(is)g
6929 (truncated)f(to)h(zero)g(size.)275 4644 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)
6930 h(redirecting)g(output)f(is:)390 4773 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11
6931 b Fs(]>[|])p Fi(word)275 4902 y Ft(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s
6932 (erator)g(is)g(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(',)g(and)f(the)h Fs(noclobber)d
6933 Ft(option)j(to)g(the)g Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)g(has)h(b)s(een)150
6934 5011 y(enabled,)i(the)f(redirection)h(will)f(fail)h(if)f(the)g(\014le)g
6935 (whose)g(name)g(results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g
6936 Fq(w)m(ord)150 5121 y Ft(exists)f(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)g(\014le.)41
6937 b(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p
6938 Fs(>|)p Ft(',)h(or)f(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)150
6939 5230 y(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(')36 b(and)f(the)g Fs(noclobber)e
6940 Ft(option)j(is)g(not)g(enabled,)h(the)e(redirection)h(is)g(attempted)g
6941 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h(\014le)150 5340 y(named)30 b(b)m(y)g
6942 Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(exists.)p eop end
6943 %%Page: 29 35
6944 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
6945 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)150 299
6946 y Fj(3.6.3)63 b(App)s(ending)42 b(Redirected)e(Output)150
6947 446 y Ft(Redirection)23 b(of)e(output)h(in)f(this)h(fashion)f(causes)h
6948 (the)g(\014le)g(whose)f(name)h(results)f(from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)
6949 150 555 y Fq(w)m(ord)28 b Ft(to)e(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)g(for)h(app)s
6950 (ending)e(on)i(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fq(n)p Ft(,)g(or)g(the)g(standard)
6951 f(output)h(\(\014le)g(descriptor)150 665 y(1\))31 b(if)f
6952 Fq(n)g Ft(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s
6953 (es)g(not)h(exist)g(it)g(is)f(created.)275 803 y(The)f(general)j
6954 (format)e(for)h(app)s(ending)e(output)h(is:)390 940 y
6955 Fs([)p Fi(n)11 b Fs(]>>)p Fi(word)150 1143 y Fj(3.6.4)63
6956 b(Redirecting)40 b(Standard)h(Output)g(and)g(Standard)g(Error)150
6957 1290 y Ft(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s(oth)f(the)g(standard)g
6958 (output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f(the)g(standard)f(error)
6959 150 1399 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f
6960 (redirected)h(to)g(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)h(is)f(the)g(expansion)h
6961 (of)f Fq(w)m(ord)t Ft(.)275 1537 y(There)f(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)h(formats)e
6962 (for)h(redirecting)g(standard)e(output)h(and)g(standard)f(error:)390
6963 1675 y Fs(&>)p Fi(word)150 1812 y Ft(and)390 1950 y Fs(>&)p
6964 Fi(word)150 2087 y Ft(Of)h(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(forms,)e(the)h(\014rst)e
6965 (is)i(preferred.)39 b(This)30 b(is)g(seman)m(tically)j(equiv)-5
6966 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 2225 y Fs(>)p Fi(word)57 b Fs(2>&1)150
6967 2427 y Fj(3.6.5)63 b(App)s(ending)42 b(Standard)f(Output)g(and)g
6968 (Standard)g(Error)150 2574 y Ft(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s
6969 (oth)f(the)g(standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f
6970 (the)g(standard)f(error)150 2684 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
6971 (2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f(app)s(ended)f(to)i(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g
6972 (is)h(the)f(expansion)h(of)f Fq(w)m(ord)t Ft(.)275 2822
6973 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(app)s(ending)f(standard)h(output)g(and)f
6974 (standard)h(error)g(is:)390 2959 y Fs(&>>)p Fi(word)150
6975 3097 y Ft(This)g(is)g(seman)m(tically)j(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
6976 b(to)390 3235 y Fs(>>)p Fi(word)57 b Fs(2>&1)150 3437
6977 y Fj(3.6.6)63 b(Here)41 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)150 3584 y
6978 Ft(This)c(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(redirection)i(instructs)e(the)h(shell)f(to)
6979 i(read)e(input)g(from)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(source)h(un)m(til)g(a)150
6980 3694 y(line)31 b(con)m(taining)g(only)g Fq(w)m(ord)i
6981 Ft(\(with)d(no)h(trailing)g(blanks\))f(is)g(seen.)41
6982 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(lines)f(read)g(up)f(to)i(that)150
6983 3803 y(p)s(oin)m(t)f(are)h(then)f(used)g(as)g(the)h(standard)f(input)f
6984 (for)h(a)h(command.)275 3941 y(The)e(format)i(of)g(here-do)s(cumen)m
6985 (ts)f(is:)390 4078 y Fs(<<[)p Fp(\000)p Fs(])p Fi(word)772
6986 4188 y(here-document)390 4298 y(delimiter)275 4435 y
6987 Ft(No)j(parameter)h(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)h
6988 (expansion,)f(or)f(\014lename)g(ex-)150 4545 y(pansion)h(is)h(p)s
6989 (erformed)f(on)g Fq(w)m(ord)t Ft(.)54 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(c)m(haracters)
6990 i(in)d Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(are)d(quoted,)i(the)e Fq(delimiter)42
6991 b Ft(is)35 b(the)150 4654 y(result)40 b(of)g(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5
6992 b(al)42 b(on)e Fq(w)m(ord)t Ft(,)i(and)d(the)i(lines)f(in)g(the)g
6993 (here-do)s(cumen)m(t)h(are)f(not)g(expanded.)150 4764
6994 y(If)32 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(is)d(unquoted,)f(all)i(lines)f(of)f(the)h
6995 (here-do)s(cumen)m(t)g(are)g(sub)5 b(jected)32 b(to)i(parameter)f
6996 (expansion,)150 4874 y(command)25 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h
6997 (expansion.)39 b(In)24 b(the)h(latter)h(case,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i
6998 (sequence)150 4983 y Fs(\\newline)h Ft(is)j(ignored,)f(and)g(`)p
6999 Fs(\\)p Ft(')h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(quote)g(the)g(c)m
7000 (haracters)h(`)p Fs(\\)p Ft(',)e(`)p Fs($)p Ft(',)h(and)f(`)p
7001 Fs(`)p Ft('.)275 5121 y(If)21 b(the)i(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f
7002 (`)p Fs(<<-)p Ft(',)i(then)e(all)h(leading)g(tab)g(c)m(haracters)h(are)
7003 e(stripp)s(ed)f(from)h(input)150 5230 y(lines)33 b(and)e(the)i(line)g
7004 (con)m(taining)h Fq(delimiter)7 b Ft(.)47 b(This)31 b(allo)m(ws)j
7005 (here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f(within)e(shell)i(scripts)f(to)150
7006 5340 y(b)s(e)e(inden)m(ted)g(in)g(a)h(natural)f(fashion.)p
7007 eop end
7008 %%Page: 30 36
7009 TeXDict begin 30 35 bop 150 -116 a Ft(30)2572 b(Bash)31
7010 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fj(3.6.7)63 b(Here)41
7011 b(Strings)150 446 y Ft(A)30 b(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)32 b(of)e(here)h(do)s
7012 (cumen)m(ts,)f(the)g(format)h(is:)390 602 y Fs(<<<)47
7013 b Fi(word)275 758 y Ft(The)29 b Fq(w)m(ord)34 b Ft(is)c(expanded)g(and)
7014 g(supplied)f(to)i(the)f(command)h(on)f(its)h(standard)e(input.)150
7015 979 y Fj(3.6.8)63 b(Duplicating)41 b(File)g(Descriptors)150
7016 1126 y Ft(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 1282
7017 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11 b Fs(]<&)p Fi(word)150 1438 y Ft(is)35
7018 b(used)e(to)j(duplicate)f(input)f(\014le)g(descriptors.)53
7019 b(If)34 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(expands)c(to)h(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h
7020 (the)f(\014le)150 1547 y(descriptor)e(denoted)h(b)m(y)g
7021 Fq(n)f Ft(is)g(made)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(a)h(cop)m(y)g(of)g(that)g(\014le)g
7022 (descriptor.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(digits)g(in)f Fq(w)m(ord)150
7023 1657 y Ft(do)c(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)g
7024 (for)g(input,)g(a)h(redirection)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)40
7025 b(If)29 b Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)150 1766 y(to)31
7026 b(`)p Fs(-)p Ft(',)g(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fq(n)f Ft(is)g(closed.)43
7027 b(If)30 b Fq(n)g Ft(is)g(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(the)h(standard)f
7028 (input)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))150 1876 y(is)g(used.)275
7029 2032 y(The)f(op)s(erator)390 2188 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11 b
7030 Fs(]>&)p Fi(word)150 2344 y Ft(is)40 b(used)g(similarly)h(to)g
7031 (duplicate)f(output)g(\014le)h(descriptors.)70 b(If)40
7032 b Fq(n)f Ft(is)i(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(the)f(standard)150
7033 2454 y(output)30 b(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))h(is)f(used.)39
7034 b(If)30 b(the)g(digits)h(in)e Fq(w)m(ord)34 b Ft(do)29
7035 b(not)i(sp)s(ecify)e(a)i(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)150
7036 2563 y(for)38 b(output,)i(a)e(redirection)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)63
7037 b(As)38 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)f(case,)k(if)c Fq(n)f Ft(is)h(omitted,)k(and)
7038 37 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(do)s(es)150 2673 y(not)28 b(expand)f(to)i(one)f
7039 (or)f(more)h(digits,)i(the)e(standard)e(output)i(and)f(standard)g
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7041 b(.)150 3003 y Fj(3.6.9)63 b(Mo)m(ving)41 b(File)h(Descriptors)150
7042 3150 y Ft(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 3306
7043 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11 b Fs(]<&)p Fi(digit)g Fs(-)150 3462
7044 y Ft(mo)m(v)m(es)33 b(the)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f Fq(digit)k
7045 Ft(to)d(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fq(n)p Ft(,)f(or)h(the)g(standard)f
7046 (input)f(\(\014le)j(descriptor)e(0\))150 3572 y(if)f
7047 Fq(n)g Ft(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b Fq(digit)33
7048 b Ft(is)e(closed)g(after)g(b)s(eing)f(duplicated)g(to)h
7049 Fq(n)p Ft(.)275 3728 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)31 b(the)f(redirection)h(op)s
7050 (erator)390 3884 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11 b Fs(]>&)p Fi(digit)g
7051 Fs(-)150 4040 y Ft(mo)m(v)m(es)29 b(the)g(\014le)f(descriptor)f
7052 Fq(digit)k Ft(to)e(\014le)f(descriptor)g Fq(n)p Ft(,)g(or)g(the)g
7053 (standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))150
7054 4150 y(if)i Fq(n)g Ft(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150
7055 4370 y Fj(3.6.10)63 b(Op)s(ening)42 b(File)g(Descriptors)g(for)g
7056 (Reading)e(and)h(W)-10 b(riting)150 4517 y Ft(The)30
7057 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 4673 y Fs([)p Fi(n)11
7058 b Fs(]<>)p Fi(word)150 4829 y Ft(causes)39 b(the)g(\014le)g(whose)g
7059 (name)g(is)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(to)d(b)s(e)g(op)s
7060 (ened)f(for)g(b)s(oth)h(reading)g(and)150 4939 y(writing)33
7061 b(on)f(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fq(n)p Ft(,)h(or)g(on)f(\014le)h
7062 (descriptor)g(0)g(if)f Fq(n)g Ft(is)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)47
7063 b(If)32 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 5049 y(exist,)e(it)g(is)g
7064 (created.)150 5313 y Fr(3.7)68 b(Executing)46 b(Commands)p
7065 eop end
7066 %%Page: 31 37
7067 TeXDict begin 31 36 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
7068 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(31)150 299
7069 y Fj(3.7.1)63 b(Simple)41 b(Command)h(Expansion)150 446
7070 y Ft(When)33 b(a)g(simple)g(command)g(is)g(executed,)h(the)g(shell)f(p)
7071 s(erforms)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)i(expansions,)e(assign-)150
7072 555 y(men)m(ts,)e(and)f(redirections,)h(from)f(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)
7073 199 702 y(1.)61 b(The)38 b(w)m(ords)f(that)i(the)g(parser)e(has)h(mark)
7074 m(ed)g(as)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(\(those)g(preceding)f
7075 (the)330 812 y(command)30 b(name\))h(and)f(redirections)h(are)f(sa)m(v)
7076 m(ed)i(for)e(later)h(pro)s(cessing.)199 952 y(2.)61 b(The)39
7077 b(w)m(ords)g(that)i(are)f(not)g(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(ts)h
7078 (or)e(redirections)i(are)f(expanded)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330
7079 1062 y(tion)d(3.5)i([Shell)e(Expansions],)h(page)g(19\).)61
7080 b(If)37 b(an)m(y)g(w)m(ords)f(remain)h(after)h(expansion,)h(the)e
7081 (\014rst)330 1171 y(w)m(ord)31 b(is)g(tak)m(en)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(the)g
7082 (name)h(of)f(the)h(command)f(and)f(the)i(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g(are)g
7083 (the)h(argu-)330 1281 y(men)m(ts.)199 1422 y(3.)61 b(Redirections)25
7084 b(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)g
7085 (Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)d(27\).)199 1562
7086 y(4.)61 b(The)25 b(text)h(after)f(the)g(`)p Fs(=)p Ft(')h(in)e(eac)m(h)
7087 j(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(t)h(undergo)s(es)e(tilde)i
7088 (expansion,)g(parameter)330 1672 y(expansion,)49 b(command)d
7089 (substitution,)j(arithmetic)d(expansion,)k(and)45 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5
7090 b(al)46 b(b)s(efore)330 1781 y(b)s(eing)30 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5
7091 b(ariable.)275 1959 y(If)32 b(no)i(command)f(name)g(results,)h(the)g(v)
7092 -5 b(ariable)34 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)
7093 h(en)m(viron-)150 2069 y(men)m(t.)39 b(Otherwise,)27
7094 b(the)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m
7095 (t)h(of)g(the)f(executed)h(command)g(and)150 2178 y(do)35
7096 b(not)f(a\013ect)j(the)d(curren)m(t)h(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)54
7097 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(the)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(attempts)f(to)h(assign)
7098 150 2288 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5
7099 b(ariable,)42 b(an)c(error)g(o)s(ccurs,)j(and)c(the)i(command)f(exits)h
7100 (with)g(a)f(non-zero)150 2397 y(status.)275 2544 y(If)33
7101 b(no)g(command)g(name)h(results,)g(redirections)g(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f
7102 (but)g(do)h(not)f(a\013ect)i(the)f(curren)m(t)150 2654
7103 y(shell)d(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)41 b(A)30 b(redirection)h(error)f(causes)h
7104 (the)g(command)f(to)h(exit)g(with)f(a)h(non-zero)g(status.)275
7105 2800 y(If)26 b(there)i(is)f(a)h(command)f(name)h(left)g(after)g
7106 (expansion,)g(execution)h(pro)s(ceeds)e(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m
7107 (w.)150 2910 y(Otherwise,)39 b(the)e(command)g(exits.)62
7108 b(If)37 b(one)g(of)g(the)h(expansions)f(con)m(tained)h(a)g(command)f
7109 (substitu-)150 3020 y(tion,)i(the)d(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h(command)
7110 f(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h(last)g(command)f(substitution)
7111 150 3129 y(p)s(erformed.)55 b(If)35 b(there)g(w)m(ere)h(no)g(command)f
7112 (substitutions,)i(the)e(command)h(exits)g(with)f(a)h(status)g(of)150
7113 3239 y(zero.)150 3450 y Fj(3.7.2)63 b(Command)41 b(Searc)m(h)f(and)h
7114 (Execution)150 3597 y Ft(After)i(a)h(command)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(split)h
7115 (in)m(to)h(w)m(ords,)j(if)c(it)g(results)g(in)g(a)h(simple)f(command)g
7116 (and)f(an)150 3707 y(optional)32 b(list)f(of)f(argumen)m(ts,)h(the)g
7117 (follo)m(wing)g(actions)h(are)f(tak)m(en.)199 3853 y(1.)61
7118 b(If)24 b(the)g(command)g(name)g(con)m(tains)i(no)e(slashes,)i(the)e
7119 (shell)h(attempts)g(to)g(lo)s(cate)h(it.)39 b(If)24 b(there)g(exists)
7120 330 3963 y(a)h(shell)g(function)f(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)h(that)f
7121 (function)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h
7122 (3.3)h([Shell)330 4073 y(F)-8 b(unctions],)31 b(page)h(15.)199
7123 4213 y(2.)61 b(If)41 b(the)g(name)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(matc)m(h)i(a)e
7124 (function,)j(the)e(shell)f(searc)m(hes)i(for)e(it)h(in)f(the)g(list)h
7125 (of)g(shell)330 4323 y(builtins.)e(If)30 b(a)h(matc)m(h)g(is)f(found,)g
7126 (that)h(builtin)f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)199 4463 y(3.)61
7127 b(If)40 b(the)g(name)h(is)f(neither)h(a)f(shell)h(function)f(nor)g(a)g
7128 (builtin,)j(and)d(con)m(tains)h(no)g(slashes,)i(Bash)330
7129 4573 y(searc)m(hes)c(eac)m(h)g(elemen)m(t)g(of)g Fs($PATH)d
7130 Ft(for)i(a)g(directory)h(con)m(taining)g(an)f(executable)h(\014le)f(b)m
7131 (y)g(that)330 4682 y(name.)56 b(Bash)36 b(uses)f(a)h(hash)e(table)j(to)
7132 f(remem)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(full)f(pathnames)g(of)h(executable)h(\014les)e
7133 (to)330 4792 y(a)m(v)m(oid)e(m)m(ultiple)f Fs(PATH)f
7134 Ft(searc)m(hes)i(\(see)f(the)g(description)g(of)f Fs(hash)g
7135 Ft(in)g(Section)i(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)330 4902 y(Builtins],)37
7136 b(page)f(37\).)55 b(A)35 b(full)g(searc)m(h)g(of)g(the)g(directories)h
7137 (in)f Fs($PATH)e Ft(is)i(p)s(erformed)f(only)h(if)g(the)330
7138 5011 y(command)24 b(is)h(not)g(found)e(in)i(the)g(hash)f(table.)39
7139 b(If)25 b(the)f(searc)m(h)i(is)e(unsuccessful,)h(the)g(shell)g(searc)m
7140 (hes)330 5121 y(for)e(a)h(de\014ned)e(shell)h(function)h(named)e
7141 Fs(command_not_found_handle)p Ft(.)32 b(If)23 b(that)h(function)f
7142 (exists,)330 5230 y(it)32 b(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)h
7143 (original)g(command)f(and)g(the)h(original)g(command's)f(argumen)m(ts)h
7144 (as)g(its)330 5340 y(argumen)m(ts,)h(and)e(the)i(function's)e(exit)i
7145 (status)g(b)s(ecomes)f(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)h(the)f(shell.)46
7146 b(If)31 b(that)p eop end
7147 %%Page: 32 38
7148 TeXDict begin 32 37 bop 150 -116 a Ft(32)2572 b(Bash)31
7149 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)330 299 y(function)g(is)g(not)g(de\014ned,)f
7150 (the)i(shell)f(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)g(message)h(and)f(returns)e(an)i
7151 (exit)h(status)g(of)330 408 y(127.)199 549 y(4.)61 b(If)33
7152 b(the)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g(successful,)g(or)f(if)g(the)h(command)f(name)g
7153 (con)m(tains)i(one)f(or)f(more)g(slashes,)i(the)330 658
7154 y(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(named)f(program)g(in)h(a)g(separate)h
7155 (execution)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)55 b(Argumen)m(t)35 b(0)330
7156 768 y(is)30 b(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(giv)m(en,)g(and)f(the)h
7157 (remaining)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g(command)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the)
7158 330 877 y(argumen)m(ts)g(supplied,)e(if)h(an)m(y)-8 b(.)199
7159 1018 y(5.)61 b(If)35 b(this)h(execution)h(fails)f(b)s(ecause)g(the)f
7160 (\014le)h(is)g(not)g(in)f(executable)j(format,)f(and)e(the)h(\014le)g
7161 (is)g(not)330 1127 y(a)d(directory)-8 b(,)34 b(it)f(is)g(assumed)e(to)j
7162 (b)s(e)d(a)i Fq(shell)g(script)h Ft(and)e(the)h(shell)f(executes)i(it)f
7163 (as)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)330 1237 y(Section)g(3.8)h([Shell)e(Scripts],)g
7164 (page)i(34.)199 1377 y(6.)61 b(If)38 b(the)h(command)f(w)m(as)h(not)g
7165 (b)s(egun)e(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)42 b(the)c(shell)h(w)m(aits)h(for)
7166 e(the)h(command)f(to)330 1487 y(complete)32 b(and)e(collects)i(its)f
7167 (exit)g(status.)150 1697 y Fj(3.7.3)63 b(Command)41 b(Execution)f(En)m
7168 (vironmen)m(t)150 1844 y Ft(The)30 b(shell)g(has)h(an)f
7169 Fq(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)r Ft(,)h(whic)m(h)e(consists)h(of)f
7170 (the)h(follo)m(wing:)225 1990 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(op)s(en)32
7171 b(\014les)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(at)g(in)m(v)m(o)s
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7180 b(traps)g(set)h(b)m(y)f Fs(trap)225 2770 y Fp(\017)60
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7209 4981 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(shell)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33
7210 b(and)e(functions)h(mark)m(ed)g(for)g(exp)s(ort,)g(along)h(with)f(v)-5
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7217 eop end
7218 %%Page: 33 39
7219 TeXDict begin 33 38 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
7220 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(33)275 299
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7230 881 y(its)g(paren)m(t)f(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation.)49
7231 b(Builtin)32 b(commands)g(that)h(are)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(part)g
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7233 b(in)f(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)72 b(Changes)40
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7236 1244 y(Subshells)24 b(spa)m(wned)h(to)i(execute)g(command)f
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7240 (`)p Fs(-e)p Ft(')f(option)h(in)g(suc)m(h)f(subshells.)275
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7246 b(the)h(\014le)f(descriptors)g(of)h(the)f(calling)i(shell)f(as)f(mo)s
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7251 2182 y(list)i(of)g(name-v)-5 b(alue)31 b(pairs,)f(of)h(the)f(form)g
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7253 m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(manipulate)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)69
7254 b(On)38 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)44 b(the)c(shell)150 2436
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7259 (t.)39 b(The)150 2655 y Fs(export)c Ft(and)i(`)p Fs(declare)29
7260 b(-x)p Ft(')36 b(commands)h(allo)m(w)i(parameters)e(and)g(functions)g
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7262 b(from)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(v)-5
7263 b(alue)21 b(of)g(a)g(parameter)g(in)f(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(is)e
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7274 y(The)j(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(for)f(an)m(y)g(simple)h(command)f(or)g
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7307 b(arious)p eop end
7308 %%Page: 34 40
7309 TeXDict begin 34 39 bop 150 -116 a Ft(34)2572 b(Bash)31
7310 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y(failure)37 b(mo)s(des.)61
7311 b(When)37 b(a)g(command)g(terminates)h(on)f(a)g(fatal)i(signal)f(whose)
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7313 408 y(uses)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(128)p Fs(+)p Fq(N)42
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7331 1827 y Fj(3.7.6)63 b(Signals)150 1974 y Ft(When)36 b(Bash)g(is)h(in)m
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7353 Fs(SIGTSTP)p Ft(.)275 3129 y(The)h(shell)i(exits)g(b)m(y)f(default)g
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7356 y(resends)41 b(the)i Fs(SIGHUP)e Ft(to)i(all)g(jobs,)i(running)c(or)h
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7394 %%Page: 35 41
7395 TeXDict begin 35 40 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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7447 %%Page: 36 42
7448 TeXDict begin 36 41 bop eop end
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7525 %%Page: 38 44
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7568 b(than)f(or)g(equal)g(to)h(1.)63 b(The)38 b(return)e(status)j(is)e
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7572 y Ft(The)25 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(concatenated)i(together)f(in)m(to)f
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7584 4483 y(zeroth)e(argumen)m(t)g(passed)f(to)h Fq(command)t
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7589 g(shell)h(passes)f Fq(name)37 b Ft(as)31 b(the)h(zeroth)g(argumen)m(t)g
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7591 Ft(is)c(sp)s(eci\014ed,)k(redirections)d(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j
7592 (a\013ect)g(the)e(curren)m(t)630 4922 y(shell)33 b(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)
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7595 h(non-zero.)150 5200 y Fs(exit)870 5340 y(exit)47 b([)p
7596 Fi(n)11 b Fs(])p eop end
7597 %%Page: 39 45
7598 TeXDict begin 39 44 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
7599 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(39)630 299 y(Exit)30
7600 b(the)g(shell,)h(returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g Fq(n)f
7601 Ft(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(paren)m(t.)41 b(If)30 b Fq(n)f
7602 Ft(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 408 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g(of)g(the)g
7603 (last)g(command)f(executed.)41 b(An)m(y)26 b(trap)h(on)f
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7605 (terminates.)150 675 y Fs(export)870 808 y(export)46
7606 b([-fn])g([-p])h([)p Fi(name)11 b Fs([=)p Fi(value)g
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7608 b(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)i(c)m(hild)f(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(the)h(en)m
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7610 Ft(')29 b(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(the)g Fq(name)5 b
7611 Ft(s)30 b(refer)f(to)h(shell)g(functions;)f(otherwise)h(the)g(names)630
7612 1160 y(refer)36 b(to)i(shell)e(v)-5 b(ariables.)60 b(The)36
7613 b(`)p Fs(-n)p Ft(')h(option)g(means)f(to)h(no)g(longer)g(mark)f(eac)m
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7615 b(no)g Fq(names)j Ft(are)d(supplied,)h(or)f(if)g(the)g(`)p
7616 Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(a)d(list)h(of)630
7617 1379 y(exp)s(orted)c(names)h(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed.)60
7618 b(The)37 b(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')f(option)h(displa)m(ys)g(output)f(in)g(a)h
7619 (form)f(that)630 1489 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)h(input.)41
7620 b(If)31 b(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)d
7621 (=)p Fq(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Ft(,)32 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
7622 b(of)630 1598 y(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set)h(to)g
7623 Fq(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Ft(.)630 1731 y(The)29 b(return)e(status)j(is)f
7624 (zero)h(unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)f
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7626 b(alid)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name,)f(or)h(`)p
7627 Fs(-f)p Ft(')f(is)g(supplied)f(with)g(a)i(name)f(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)
7628 630 1951 y(shell)g(function.)150 2107 y Fs(getopts)870
7629 2240 y(getopts)46 b Fi(optstring)56 b(name)h Fs([)p Fi(args)11
7630 b Fs(])630 2373 y(getopts)28 b Ft(is)i(used)g(b)m(y)g(shell)g(scripts)g
7631 (to)g(parse)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)41 b Fq(optstring)d
7632 Ft(con-)630 2483 y(tains)k(the)g(option)f(c)m(haracters)i(to)g(b)s(e)d
7633 (recognized;)49 b(if)42 b(a)f(c)m(haracter)j(is)d(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m
7634 (y)f(a)630 2592 y(colon,)33 b(the)f(option)g(is)g(exp)s(ected)g(to)h
7635 (ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)e(argumen)m(t,)i(whic)m(h)f(should)e(b)s(e)h
7636 (separated)630 2702 y(from)37 b(it)h(b)m(y)f(white)h(space.)63
7637 b(The)37 b(colon)h(\(`)p Fs(:)p Ft('\))h(and)d(question)i(mark)f(\(`)p
7638 Fs(?)p Ft('\))i(ma)m(y)f(not)g(b)s(e)630 2812 y(used)g(as)g(option)h(c)
7639 m(haracters.)67 b(Eac)m(h)39 b(time)g(it)g(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k
7640 Fs(getopts)37 b Ft(places)i(the)g(next)630 2921 y(option)29
7641 b(in)f(the)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Fq(name)5 b
7642 Ft(,)29 b(initializing)h Fq(name)k Ft(if)28 b(it)h(do)s(es)f(not)g
7643 (exist,)i(and)e(the)630 3031 y(index)33 b(of)g(the)h(next)f(argumen)m
7644 (t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(pro)s(cessed)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(v)-5
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7648 b(an)630 3250 y(option)36 b(requires)e(an)h(argumen)m(t,)i
7649 Fs(getopts)c Ft(places)j(that)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(v)-5
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7651 (not)g(reset)g Fs(OPTIND)e Ft(automatically;)41 b(it)36
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7653 (m)m(ultiple)h(calls)f(to)g Fs(getopts)e Ft(within)h(the)h(same)g
7654 (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(if)e(a)630 3579 y(new)30
7655 b(set)h(of)f(parameters)h(is)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(used.)630
7656 3712 y(When)41 b(the)h(end)e(of)i(options)g(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)k
7657 Fs(getopts)39 b Ft(exits)j(with)f(a)h(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)630
7658 3821 y(greater)32 b(than)e(zero.)41 b Fs(OPTIND)29 b
7659 Ft(is)h(set)h(to)g(the)g(index)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(non-option)g
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7661 Fs(?)p Ft('.)630 4064 y Fs(getopts)c Ft(normally)j(parses)e(the)i(p)s
7662 (ositional)g(parameters,)g(but)e(if)i(more)f(argumen)m(ts)h(are)630
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7664 Ft(parses)g(those)i(instead.)630 4307 y Fs(getopts)h
7665 Ft(can)h(rep)s(ort)g(errors)g(in)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(a)m(ys.)51
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7667 b Ft(is)34 b(a)630 4416 y(colon,)i Fq(silen)m(t)i Ft(error)33
7668 b(rep)s(orting)h(is)h(used.)51 b(In)33 b(normal)i(op)s(eration)f
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7670 -5 b(alid)30 b(options)g(or)f(missing)g(option)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f
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7676 Fs(getopts)c Ft(places)j(`)p Fs(?)p Ft(')f(in)m(to)h
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7686 (message)f(is)g(prin)m(ted.)p eop end
7687 %%Page: 40 46
7688 TeXDict begin 40 45 bop 150 -116 a Ft(40)2572 b(Bash)31
7689 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(If)i Fs(getopts)f Ft(is)h(silen)m(t,)
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7692 408 y(the)d(option)f(c)m(haracter)i(found.)150 573 y
7693 Fs(hash)870 710 y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h Fi(filename)11
7694 b Fs(])45 b([-dt])h([)p Fi(name)11 b Fs(])630 847 y Ft(Eac)m(h)32
7695 b(time)g Fs(hash)e Ft(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)j(it)d(remem)m(b)s(ers)g
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7698 (not)g(b)s(e)f(searc)m(hed)i(for)f(on)g(subsequen)m(t)630
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7700 (y)h(searc)m(hing)i(through)d(the)i(directories)630 1176
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7709 e(eac)m(h)h Fq(name)5 b Ft(.)41 b(If)30 b(the)630 1614
7710 y(`)p Fs(-t)p Ft(')35 b(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h(full)f
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7718 f(reused)f(as)h(input.)42 b(If)31 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(giv)m
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7722 b(status)h(is)f(zero)i(unless)e(a)h Fq(name)31 b Ft(is)26
7723 b(not)g(found)e(or)i(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)26 b(option)g(is)g
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7725 2600 y Ft(Prin)m(t)24 b(the)h(absolute)g(pathname)g(of)f(the)h(curren)m
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7728 (prin)m(ted)g(will)h(not)g(con)m(tain)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(links.)55
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7730 b(is)g(supplied,)i(the)e(pathname)f(prin)m(ted)h(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h
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7735 150 3203 y Fs(readonly)870 3340 y(readonly)46 b([-aApf])f([)p
7736 Fi(name)11 b Fs([=)p Fi(value)g Fs(]])43 b(...)630 3477
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7741 (h)h Fq(name)k Ft(refers)22 b(to)i(a)f(shell)630 3696
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7773 eop end
7774 %%Page: 41 47
7775 TeXDict begin 41 46 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
7776 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(41)630 299 y(asso)s(ciated)30
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7795 1395 y(c)m(hanged.)48 b(If)32 b Fq(n)g Ft(is)h(not)f(supplied,)h(it)g
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7844 %%Page: 42 48
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7876 Fs([)p Ft(',)j(the)d(`)p Fs(<)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(>)p
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7922 eop end
7923 %%Page: 43 49
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8004 %%Page: 44 50
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8065 %%Page: 45 51
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8128 (error)h(o)s(ccurred,)f(and)g(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)630
8129 4769 y Fq(command)34 b Ft(otherwise.)630 4902 y(If)25
8130 b(either)g(the)h(`)p Fs(-V)p Ft(')f(or)g(`)p Fs(-v)p
8131 Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(supplied,)h(a)f(description)g(of)h
8132 Fq(command)i Ft(is)d(prin)m(ted.)630 5011 y(The)i(`)p
8133 Fs(-v)p Ft(')h(option)h(causes)f(a)h(single)f(w)m(ord)g(indicating)h
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8135 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)g Fq(command)j Ft(to)c(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed;)j
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8138 (status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f Fq(command)k Ft(is)c(found,)h(and)630
8139 5340 y(non-zero)31 b(if)f(not.)p eop end
8140 %%Page: 46 52
8141 TeXDict begin 46 51 bop 150 -116 a Ft(46)2572 b(Bash)31
8142 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(declare)870 439
8143 y(declare)46 b([-aAfFilrtux])e([-p])j([)p Fi(name)11
8144 b Fs([=)p Fi(value)g Fs(])43 b(...)o(])630 579 y Ft(Declare)29
8145 b(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b(and)e(giv)m(e)j(them)e(attributes.)40
8146 b(If)27 b(no)g Fq(name)5 b Ft(s)27 b(are)h(giv)m(en,)h(then)e(displa)m
8147 (y)630 689 y(the)k(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31
8148 b(instead.)630 829 y(The)c(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')h(option)g(will)g(displa)m
8149 (y)g(the)g(attributes)g(and)g(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h
8150 Fq(name)5 b Ft(.)40 b(When)27 b(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')630
8151 939 y(is)j(used)g(with)g Fq(name)36 b Ft(argumen)m(ts,)31
8152 b(additional)g(options)f(are)h(ignored.)630 1079 y(When)36
8153 b(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')f(is)h(supplied)f(without)h Fq(name)41
8154 b Ft(argumen)m(ts,)d Fs(declare)c Ft(will)i(displa)m(y)g(the)g(at-)630
8155 1189 y(tributes)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)g(all)h(v)-5
8156 b(ariables)31 b(ha)m(ving)h(the)f(attributes)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h
8157 (the)g(addi-)630 1298 y(tional)h(options.)41 b(If)30
8158 b(no)g(other)h(options)g(are)g(supplied)e(with)h(`)p
8159 Fs(-p)p Ft(',)g Fs(declare)f Ft(will)i(displa)m(y)630
8160 1408 y(the)f(attributes)g(and)e(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)g(all)g(shell)g(v)
8161 -5 b(ariables.)41 b(The)29 b(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft(')g(option)h(will)g
8162 (restrict)g(the)630 1518 y(displa)m(y)h(to)g(shell)f(functions.)630
8163 1658 y(The)36 b(`)p Fs(-F)p Ft(')h(option)g(inhibits)f(the)h(displa)m
8164 (y)g(of)g(function)g(de\014nitions;)i(only)e(the)g(function)630
8165 1767 y(name)30 b(and)f(attributes)i(are)f(prin)m(ted.)40
8166 b(If)30 b(the)g Fs(extdebug)e Ft(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled)g(using)
8167 630 1877 y Fs(shopt)24 b Ft(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)f
8168 (Builtin],)k(page)e(57\),)i(the)d(source)h(\014le)f(name)h(and)630
8169 1987 y(line)38 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(where)i(the)g(function)f(is)h
8170 (de\014ned)e(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(as)e(w)m(ell.)64
8171 b(`)p Fs(-F)p Ft(')38 b(implies)630 2096 y(`)p Fs(-f)p
8172 Ft('.)630 2236 y(The)32 b(`)p Fs(-g)p Ft(')h(option)g(forces)g(v)-5
8173 b(ariables)33 b(to)h(b)s(e)e(created)h(or)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(at)j(the)f
8174 (global)h(scop)s(e,)630 2346 y(ev)m(en)39 b(when)f Fs(\\)p
8175 Ft(fBdeclare)p Fs(\\)p Ft(fP)h(is)g(executed)h(in)e(a)h(shell)g
8176 (function.)66 b(It)39 b(is)g(ignored)g(in)f(all)630 2456
8177 y(other)31 b(cases.)630 2596 y(The)c(follo)m(wing)h(options)g(can)f(b)s
8178 (e)g(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(output)e(to)i(v)-5 b(ariables)28
8179 b(with)f(the)g(sp)s(ec-)630 2705 y(i\014ed)j(attributes)h(or)f(to)h
8180 (giv)m(e)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(attributes:)630 2876
8181 y Fs(-a)384 b Ft(Eac)m(h)36 b Fq(name)k Ft(is)34 b(an)h(indexed)g(arra)
8182 m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)1110
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8184 b Fq(name)k Ft(is)23 b(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)e(v)-5
8185 b(ariable)24 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)1110
8186 3267 y(page)31 b(82\).)630 3438 y Fs(-f)384 b Ft(Use)31
8187 b(function)f(names)g(only)-8 b(.)630 3608 y Fs(-i)384
8188 b Ft(The)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(treated)h(as)g(an)f
8189 (in)m(teger;)41 b(arithmetic)c(ev)-5 b(aluation)1110
8190 3718 y(\(see)29 b(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arithmetic],)i(page)e(80\))h
8191 (is)f(p)s(erformed)e(when)h(the)1110 3828 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
8192 b(is)g(assigned)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)630 3999 y Fs(-l)384
8193 b Ft(When)26 b(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)f(assigned)g(a)g(v)-5
8194 b(alue,)28 b(all)f(upp)s(er-case)e(c)m(haracters)j(are)1110
8195 4108 y(con)m(v)m(erted)k(to)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case.)43 b(The)30
8196 b(upp)s(er-case)g(attribute)h(is)g(disabled.)630 4279
8197 y Fs(-r)384 b Ft(Mak)m(e)25 b Fq(name)5 b Ft(s)23 b(readonly)-8
8198 b(.)39 b(These)24 b(names)f(cannot)h(then)f(b)s(e)g(assigned)h(v)-5
8199 b(alues)1110 4389 y(b)m(y)30 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t)h
8200 (statemen)m(ts)h(or)f(unset.)630 4560 y Fs(-t)384 b Ft(Giv)m(e)33
8201 b(eac)m(h)h Fq(name)j Ft(the)32 b Fs(trace)f Ft(attribute.)46
8202 b(T)-8 b(raced)32 b(functions)g(inherit)g(the)1110 4669
8203 y Fs(DEBUG)26 b Ft(and)h Fs(RETURN)f Ft(traps)h(from)g(the)h(calling)h
8204 (shell.)40 b(The)27 b(trace)i(attribute)1110 4779 y(has)h(no)g(sp)s
8205 (ecial)h(meaning)g(for)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)630 4950 y
8206 Fs(-u)384 b Ft(When)28 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)f(assigned)h(a)f
8207 (v)-5 b(alue,)30 b(all)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case)i(c)m(haracters)f(are)1110
8208 5059 y(con)m(v)m(erted)i(to)f(upp)s(er-case.)40 b(The)30
8209 b(lo)m(w)m(er-case)j(attribute)e(is)g(disabled.)630 5230
8210 y Fs(-x)384 b Ft(Mark)30 b(eac)m(h)h Fq(name)k Ft(for)29
8211 b(exp)s(ort)h(to)g(subsequen)m(t)f(commands)h(via)g(the)g(en)m(vi-)1110
8212 5340 y(ronmen)m(t.)p eop end
8213 %%Page: 47 53
8214 TeXDict begin 47 52 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
8215 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(47)630 299 y(Using)28
8216 b(`)p Fs(+)p Ft(')h(instead)f(of)g(`)p Fs(-)p Ft(')g(turns)f(o\013)i
8217 (the)f(attribute)h(instead,)g(with)f(the)g(exceptions)h(that)630
8218 408 y(`)p Fs(+a)p Ft(')h(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(destro)m(y)
8219 g(an)f(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(and)f(`)p Fs(+r)p
8220 Ft(')g(will)g(not)g(remo)m(v)m(e)i(the)630 518 y(readonly)e(attribute.)
8221 41 b(When)30 b(used)f(in)g(a)h(function,)g Fs(declare)e
8222 Ft(mak)m(es)j(eac)m(h)f Fq(name)35 b Ft(lo)s(cal,)630
8223 628 y(as)30 b(with)g(the)h Fs(local)e Ft(command,)h(unless)f(the)i(`)p
8224 Fs(-g)p Ft(')f(option)g(is)h(used.)40 b(If)29 b(a)i(v)-5
8225 b(ariable)31 b(name)630 737 y(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(=)p
8226 Fq(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Ft(,)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(v)-5
8227 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)g(to)g Fq(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Ft(.)630
8228 867 y(The)35 b(return)f(status)i(is)g(zero)g(unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5
8229 b(alid)36 b(option)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered,)h(an)f(attempt)630
8230 977 y(is)c(made)g(to)g(de\014ne)f(a)h(function)g(using)f(`)p
8231 Fs(-f)f(foo=bar)p Ft(',)h(an)h(attempt)g(is)g(made)g(to)h(assign)630
8232 1087 y(a)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(to)g(a)f(readonly)g(v)-5
8233 b(ariable,)47 b(an)42 b(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)h(assign)f(a)h(v)-5
8234 b(alue)42 b(to)h(an)630 1196 y(arra)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30
8235 b(without)g(using)e(the)i(comp)s(ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g
8236 (\(see)h(Section)f(6.7)630 1306 y([Arra)m(ys],)47 b(page)c(82\),)48
8237 b(one)43 b(of)g(the)g Fq(names)k Ft(is)c(not)g(a)g(v)-5
8238 b(alid)43 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(name,)i(an)630
8239 1415 y(attempt)28 b(is)f(made)h(to)f(turn)f(o\013)i(readonly)f(status)g
8240 (for)g(a)h(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(an)e(attempt)630
8241 1525 y(is)h(made)h(to)g(turn)e(o\013)i(arra)m(y)f(status)h(for)f(an)g
8242 (arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)30 b(or)e(an)g(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630
8243 1634 y(displa)m(y)j(a)f(non-existen)m(t)i(function)e(with)g(`)p
8244 Fs(-f)p Ft('.)150 1785 y Fs(echo)870 1915 y(echo)47 b([-neE])f([)p
8245 Fi(arg)57 b Fs(...)o(])630 2045 y Ft(Output)31 b(the)i
8246 Fq(arg)8 b Ft(s,)33 b(separated)g(b)m(y)g(spaces,)g(terminated)g(with)f
8247 (a)h(newline.)47 b(The)32 b(return)630 2155 y(status)40
8248 b(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(0.)69 b(If)39 b(`)p Fs(-n)p Ft(')h(is)f(sp)s
8249 (eci\014ed,)j(the)e(trailing)h(newline)e(is)h(suppressed.)66
8250 b(If)630 2265 y(the)29 b(`)p Fs(-e)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)h(giv)m(en,)g
8251 (in)m(terpretation)g(of)g(the)f(follo)m(wing)h(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)
8252 g(c)m(har-)630 2374 y(acters)38 b(is)f(enabled.)60 b(The)36
8253 b(`)p Fs(-E)p Ft(')h(option)g(disables)g(the)g(in)m(terpretation)h(of)f
8254 (these)g(escap)s(e)630 2484 y(c)m(haracters,)h(ev)m(en)d(on)g(systems)g
8255 (where)f(they)h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)h(b)m(y)e(default.)55
8256 b(The)34 b Fs(xpg_)630 2593 y(echo)d Ft(shell)h(option)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s
8257 (e)e(used)h(to)h(dynamically)g(determine)f(whether)f(or)i(not)f
8258 Fs(echo)630 2703 y Ft(expands)39 b(these)i(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracters)g
8259 (b)m(y)g(default.)70 b Fs(echo)39 b Ft(do)s(es)h(not)g(in)m(terpret)h
8260 (`)p Fs(--)p Ft(')f(to)630 2813 y(mean)30 b(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)
8261 630 2943 y Fs(echo)f Ft(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(escap)s(e)
8262 f(sequences:)630 3093 y Fs(\\a)384 b Ft(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630
8263 3244 y Fs(\\b)384 b Ft(bac)m(kspace)630 3395 y Fs(\\c)g
8264 Ft(suppress)28 b(further)h(output)630 3545 y Fs(\\e)630
8265 3655 y(\\E)384 b Ft(escap)s(e)630 3806 y Fs(\\f)g Ft(form)30
8266 b(feed)630 3956 y Fs(\\n)384 b Ft(new)30 b(line)630 4107
8267 y Fs(\\r)384 b Ft(carriage)32 b(return)630 4258 y Fs(\\t)384
8268 b Ft(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 4408 y Fs(\\v)384 b Ft(v)m(ertical)32
8269 b(tab)630 4559 y Fs(\\\\)384 b Ft(bac)m(kslash)630 4710
8270 y Fs(\\0)p Fi(nnn)240 b Ft(the)32 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g
8271 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(the)g(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5
8272 b(alue)32 b Fq(nnn)f Ft(\(zero)i(to)1110 4819 y(three)e(o)s(ctal)g
8273 (digits\))630 4970 y Fs(\\x)p Fi(HH)288 b Ft(the)40 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)
8274 m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)h(the)f(hexadecimal)i(v)-5
8275 b(alue)40 b Fq(HH)1110 5080 y Ft(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e
8276 (digits\))630 5230 y Fs(\\u)p Fi(HHHH)192 b Ft(the)41
8277 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
8278 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 5340 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5
8279 b(alue)31 b Fq(HHHH)41 b Ft(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)e(hex)h(digits\))p
8280 eop end
8281 %%Page: 48 54
8282 TeXDict begin 48 53 bop 150 -116 a Ft(48)2572 b(Bash)31
8283 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(\\U)p Fi(HHHHHHHH)1110
8284 408 y Ft(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g
8285 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 518 y(adecimal)32
8286 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fq(HHHHHHHH)41 b Ft(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)h(hex)e
8287 (digits\))150 684 y Fs(enable)870 822 y(enable)46 b([-a])h([-dnps])f
8288 ([-f)g Fi(filename)11 b Fs(])45 b([)p Fi(name)57 b Fs(...)o(])630
8289 960 y Ft(Enable)36 b(and)f(disable)h(builtin)g(shell)g(commands.)56
8290 b(Disabling)37 b(a)g(builtin)e(allo)m(ws)i(a)f(disk)630
8291 1070 y(command)e(whic)m(h)g(has)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)f(shell)h
8292 (builtin)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(executed)h(without)630 1180 y(sp)s(ecifying)27
8293 b(a)g(full)g(pathname,)g(ev)m(en)h(though)f(the)g(shell)g(normally)g
8294 (searc)m(hes)h(for)f(builtins)630 1289 y(b)s(efore)32
8295 b(disk)f(commands.)46 b(If)31 b(`)p Fs(-n)p Ft(')h(is)g(used,)g(the)g
8296 Fq(name)5 b Ft(s)32 b(b)s(ecome)h(disabled.)45 b(Otherwise)630
8297 1399 y Fq(name)5 b Ft(s)44 b(are)h(enabled.)82 b(F)-8
8298 b(or)45 b(example,)k(to)c(use)f(the)g Fs(test)f Ft(binary)h(found)f
8299 (via)h Fs($PATH)630 1508 y Ft(instead)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtin)g
8300 (v)m(ersion,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Fs(enable)e(-n)h(test)p
8301 Ft('.)630 1646 y(If)42 b(the)h(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')f(option)h(is)f
8302 (supplied,)j(or)d(no)h Fq(name)k Ft(argumen)m(ts)c(app)s(ear,)i(a)e
8303 (list)g(of)g(shell)630 1756 y(builtins)37 b(is)h(prin)m(ted.)63
8304 b(With)38 b(no)f(other)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(the)d(list)g(consists)g(of)g
8305 (all)h(enabled)630 1866 y(shell)33 b(builtins.)46 b(The)32
8306 b(`)p Fs(-a)p Ft(')h(option)g(means)f(to)i(list)f(eac)m(h)h(builtin)e
8307 (with)g(an)g(indication)i(of)630 1975 y(whether)c(or)g(not)h(it)g(is)f
8308 (enabled.)630 2113 y(The)40 b(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft(')g(option)g(means)g(to)h
8309 (load)g(the)f(new)f(builtin)h(command)g Fq(name)45 b
8310 Ft(from)40 b(shared)630 2223 y(ob)5 b(ject)26 b Fq(\014lename)5
8311 b Ft(,)28 b(on)d(systems)h(that)g(supp)s(ort)e(dynamic)h(loading.)40
8312 b(The)25 b(`)p Fs(-d)p Ft(')h(option)g(will)630 2332
8313 y(delete)32 b(a)e(builtin)g(loaded)h(with)f(`)p Fs(-f)p
8314 Ft('.)630 2470 y(If)h(there)g(are)g(no)g(options,)h(a)f(list)h(of)f
8315 (the)g(shell)g(builtins)g(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)43 b(The)31
8316 b(`)p Fs(-s)p Ft(')f(option)630 2580 y(restricts)f Fs(enable)e
8317 Ft(to)i(the)f Fl(posix)g Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)40
8318 b(If)27 b(`)p Fs(-s)p Ft(')i(is)f(used)g(with)g(`)p Fs(-f)p
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8348 5340 y Fs(local)p eop end
8349 %%Page: 49 55
8350 TeXDict begin 49 54 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
8351 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(49)870 299 y Fs(local)46
8352 b([)p Fi(option)11 b Fs(])45 b Fi(name)11 b Fs([=)p Fi(value)g
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8374 b(lines)g(from)f(the)h(standard)f(input)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(indexed)f
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8377 Ft(if)d(the)g(`)p Fs(-u)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(supplied.)56
8378 b(The)35 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b Fs(MAPFILE)d Ft(is)630
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8384 Fq(arra)m(y)39 b Ft(at)31 b(index)f Fq(origin)p Ft(.)41
8385 b(The)30 b(default)h(index)f(is)g(0.)630 2631 y Fs(-s)384
8386 b Ft(Discard)31 b(the)f(\014rst)g Fq(coun)m(t)j Ft(lines)e(read.)630
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8389 b(lines)f(from)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fq(fd)j Ft(instead)e(of)f(the)h
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8391 b Fq(callbac)m(k)49 b Ft(eac)m(h)42 b(time)g Fq(quan)m(tum)p
8392 Ft(P)f(lines)h(are)f(read.)74 b(The)41 b(`)p Fs(-c)p
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8394 Ft(.)630 3371 y Fs(-c)384 b Ft(Sp)s(ecify)30 b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
8395 (of)i(lines)f(read)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)g(call)h(to)f
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8397 Ft(')g(is)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(without)g(`)p Fs(-c)p Ft(',)i(the)f
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8427 %%Page: 50 56
8428 TeXDict begin 50 55 bop 150 -116 a Ft(50)2572 b(Bash)31
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8508 b(Other)30 b Fq(name)36 b Ft(argumen)m(ts)30 b(are)h(ignored.)630
8509 5230 y Fs(-d)f Fi(delim)114 b Ft(The)41 b(\014rst)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)f
8510 Fq(delim)g Ft(is)g(used)g(to)g(terminate)h(the)f(input)f(line,)1110
8511 5340 y(rather)30 b(than)g(newline.)p eop end
8512 %%Page: 51 57
8513 TeXDict begin 51 56 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
8514 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(51)630 299 y Fs(-e)384
8515 b Ft(Readline)28 b(\(see)h(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)f(Line)g(Editing],)i
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8519 (editing)f(settings.)630 687 y Fs(-i)e Fi(text)162 b
8520 Ft(If)36 b(Readline)i(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used)f(to)h(read)g(the)g(line,)j
8521 Fq(text)f Ft(is)e(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)1110 797 y(editing)31
8522 b(bu\013er)e(b)s(efore)h(editing)h(b)s(egins.)630 966
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8526 (honor)g(a)h(delimiter)g(if)f(few)m(er)h(than)1110 1295
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8528 (delimiter.)630 1465 y Fs(-N)g Fi(nchars)1110 1574 y
8529 Fs(read)39 b Ft(returns)f(after)j(reading)e(exactly)j
8530 Fq(nc)m(hars)h Ft(c)m(haracters)f(rather)d(than)1110
8531 1684 y(w)m(aiting)32 b(for)f(a)g(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)g
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8533 Fs(read)f Ft(times)i(out.)43 b(Delimiter)33 b(c)m(haracters)f(encoun)m
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8535 (ecially)g(and)f(do)f(not)i(cause)f Fs(read)f Ft(to)i(return)e(un)m
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8537 2182 y Fs(-p)f Fi(prompt)1110 2291 y Ft(Displa)m(y)38
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8543 d(do)s(es)f(not)h(act)h(as)f(an)f(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)1110
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8545 (of)g(the)g(line.)43 b(In)30 b(particular,)i(a)1110 2899
8546 y(bac)m(kslash-newline)f(pair)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(as)i(a)g
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8548 b(mo)s(de.)40 b(If)27 b(input)f(is)i(coming)g(from)f(a)h(terminal,)h(c)
8549 m(haracters)g(are)f(not)1110 3178 y(ec)m(ho)s(ed.)630
8550 3347 y Fs(-t)i Fi(timeout)1110 3457 y Ft(Cause)23 b Fs(read)f
8551 Ft(to)i(time)f(out)h(and)e(return)g(failure)h(if)g(a)h(complete)g(line)
8552 g(of)f(input)1110 3567 y(is)44 b(not)f(read)h(within)e
8553 Fq(timeout)47 b Ft(seconds.)80 b Fq(timeout)46 b Ft(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)f(a)
8554 h(decimal)1110 3676 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)26 b(with)h(a)h(fractional)h(p)s
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8556 b(This)1110 3786 y(option)g(is)g(only)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(if)c
8557 Fs(read)g Ft(is)h(reading)g(input)f(from)g(a)h(terminal,)1110
8558 3895 y(pip)s(e,)25 b(or)e(other)i(sp)s(ecial)f(\014le;)i(it)f(has)e(no)
8559 h(e\013ect)h(when)e(reading)h(from)g(regular)1110 4005
8560 y(\014les.)55 b(If)34 b Fq(timeout)k Ft(is)d(0,)i Fs(read)d
8561 Ft(returns)g(success)h(if)g(input)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)37
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8563 e(otherwise.)69 b(The)39 b(exit)h(status)g(is)1110 4224
8564 y(greater)32 b(than)e(128)h(if)g(the)f(timeout)i(is)e(exceeded.)630
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8566 (descriptor)h Fq(fd)t Ft(.)150 4563 y Fs(readarray)870
8567 4672 y(readarray)45 b([-n)i Fi(count)11 b Fs(])46 b([-O)h
8568 Fi(origin)11 b Fs(])45 b([-s)i Fi(count)11 b Fs(])46
8569 b([-t])g([-u)h Fi(fd)11 b Fs(])47 b([)870 4782 y(-C)g
8570 Fi(callback)11 b Fs(])45 b([-c)i Fi(quantum)11 b Fs(])45
8571 b([)p Fi(array)11 b Fs(])630 4922 y Ft(Read)37 b(lines)g(from)f(the)h
8572 (standard)f(input)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(indexed)f(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
8573 b(ariable)37 b Fq(arra)m(y)8 b Ft(,)39 b(or)630 5031
8574 y(from)30 b(\014le)g(descriptor)h Fq(fd)i Ft(if)d(the)h(`)p
8575 Fs(-u)p Ft(')f(option)h(is)f(supplied.)630 5171 y(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)
8576 g Fs(mapfile)p Ft(.)150 5340 y Fs(source)p eop end
8577 %%Page: 52 58
8578 TeXDict begin 52 57 bop 150 -116 a Ft(52)2572 b(Bash)31
8579 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)870 299 y Fs(source)46 b Fi(filename)630
8580 434 y Ft(A)30 b(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Fs(.)g Ft(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)g
8581 ([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(37\).)150 595
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8583 b Fs(...)o(])630 866 y Ft(F)-8 b(or)41 b(eac)m(h)h Fq(name)5
8584 b Ft(,)44 b(indicate)e(ho)m(w)f(it)g(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)
8585 h(if)g(used)f(as)h(a)g(command)630 976 y(name.)630 1111
8586 y(If)d(the)g(`)p Fs(-t)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(used,)i
8587 Fs(type)d Ft(prin)m(ts)g(a)i(single)f(w)m(ord)g(whic)m(h)g(is)g(one)g
8588 (of)h(`)p Fs(alias)p Ft(',)630 1221 y(`)p Fs(function)p
8589 Ft(',)32 b(`)p Fs(builtin)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(file)p Ft(')g(or)h(`)p
8590 Fs(keyword)p Ft(',)f(if)h Fq(name)38 b Ft(is)33 b(an)f(alias,)j(shell)e
8591 (function,)630 1330 y(shell)i(builtin,)g(disk)g(\014le,)h(or)e(shell)h
8592 (reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)55
8593 b(If)34 b(the)h Fq(name)40 b Ft(is)35 b(not)630 1440
8594 y(found,)29 b(then)h(nothing)h(is)f(prin)m(ted,)g(and)g
8595 Fs(type)f Ft(returns)g(a)i(failure)g(status.)630 1575
8596 y(If)39 b(the)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(option)h(is)f(used,)i
8597 Fs(type)d Ft(either)h(returns)f(the)i(name)f(of)g(the)g(disk)g(\014le)g
8598 (that)630 1685 y(w)m(ould)30 b(b)s(e)g(executed,)h(or)g(nothing)f(if)g
8599 (`)p Fs(-t)p Ft(')h(w)m(ould)f(not)g(return)g(`)p Fs(file)p
8600 Ft('.)630 1820 y(The)23 b(`)p Fs(-P)p Ft(')g(option)h(forces)g(a)g
8601 (path)f(searc)m(h)h(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fq(name)5 b Ft(,)26
8602 b(ev)m(en)e(if)f(`)p Fs(-t)p Ft(')g(w)m(ould)g(not)h(return)630
8603 1930 y(`)p Fs(file)p Ft('.)630 2065 y(If)34 b(a)i(command)e(is)h
8604 (hashed,)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(-P)p Ft(')h(prin)m(t)f(the)h
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8606 y(the)c(\014le)f(that)h(app)s(ears)f(\014rst)f(in)h Fs($PATH)p
8607 Ft(.)630 2310 y(If)36 b(the)h(`)p Fs(-a)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(used,)g
8608 Fs(type)f Ft(returns)f(all)j(of)f(the)g(places)g(that)g(con)m(tain)h
8609 (an)f(exe-)630 2420 y(cutable)d(named)f Fq(\014le)5 b
8610 Ft(.)49 b(This)32 b(includes)h(aliases)i(and)d(functions,)i(if)f(and)f
8611 (only)i(if)f(the)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')630 2529 y(option)e(is)f(not)h
8612 (also)g(used.)630 2665 y(If)26 b(the)h(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g
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8614 (functions,)g(as)g(with)630 2774 y(the)k Fs(command)d
8615 Ft(builtin.)630 2910 y(The)j(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(all)h
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8618 y(typeset)46 b([-afFrxi])f([-p])i([)p Fi(name)11 b Fs([=)p
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8620 Ft(command)h(is)g(supplied)g(for)g(compatibilit)m(y)j(with)d(the)h
8621 (Korn)e(shell;)j(ho)m(w-)630 3561 y(ev)m(er,)g(it)g(has)f(b)s(een)g
8622 (deprecated)h(in)f(fa)m(v)m(or)i(of)e(the)h Fs(declare)d
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8624 b([-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST])41 b([)p Fi(limit)11 b Fs(])630
8625 3993 y(ulimit)25 b Ft(pro)m(vides)h(con)m(trol)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)f
8626 (resources)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(to)e(pro)s(cesses)f(started)h(b)m
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8629 (terpreted)630 4212 y(as)i(follo)m(ws:)630 4373 y Fs(-S)384
8630 b Ft(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(soft)h(limit)g(asso)s(ciated)h
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8632 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(hard)g(limit)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h
8633 (resource.)630 4695 y Fs(-a)384 b Ft(All)31 b(curren)m(t)f(limits)h
8634 (are)g(rep)s(orted.)630 4856 y Fs(-b)384 b Ft(The)30
8635 b(maxim)m(um)g(so)s(c)m(k)m(et)i(bu\013er)e(size.)630
8636 5018 y Fs(-c)384 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(core)g(\014les)
8637 f(created.)630 5179 y Fs(-d)384 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g
8638 (a)g(pro)s(cess's)f(data)h(segmen)m(t.)630 5340 y Fs(-e)384
8639 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(sc)m(heduling)h(priorit)m(y)f(\()p
8640 Fs(")p Ft(nice)p Fs(")p Ft(\).)p eop end
8641 %%Page: 53 59
8642 TeXDict begin 53 58 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
8643 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(53)630 299 y Fs(-f)384
8644 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(\014les)f(written)h(b)m(y)f(the)
8645 g(shell)h(and)f(its)h(c)m(hildren.)630 484 y Fs(-i)384
8646 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(p)s(ending)e
8647 (signals.)630 668 y Fs(-l)384 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(that)g
8648 (ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(lo)s(c)m(k)m(ed)i(in)m(to)f(memory)-8
8649 b(.)630 853 y Fs(-m)384 b Ft(The)36 b(maxim)m(um)g(residen)m(t)h(set)g
8650 (size)g(\(man)m(y)g(systems)f(do)h(not)f(honor)g(this)1110
8651 963 y(limit\).)630 1148 y Fs(-n)384 b Ft(The)38 b(maxim)m(um)h(n)m(um)m
8652 (b)s(er)e(of)i(op)s(en)f(\014le)h(descriptors)g(\(most)g(systems)g(do)
8653 1110 1257 y(not)31 b(allo)m(w)g(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)31
8654 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(set\).)630 1442 y Fs(-p)384 b Ft(The)30
8655 b(pip)s(e)f(bu\013er)h(size.)630 1627 y Fs(-q)384 b Ft(The)30
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8658 (sc)m(heduling)f(priorit)m(y)-8 b(.)630 1996 y Fs(-s)384
8659 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(stac)m(k)i(size.)630 2181
8660 y Fs(-t)384 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(cpu)g(time)h
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8662 (b)s(er)f(of)i(pro)s(cesses)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(to)e(a)f(single)i
8663 (user.)630 2551 y Fs(-v)384 b Ft(The)41 b(maxim)m(um)h(amoun)m(t)g(of)h
8664 (virtual)f(memory)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)44 b(to)e(the)g(shell,)1110
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8666 2845 y Fs(-x)384 b Ft(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i
8667 (\014le)f(lo)s(c)m(ks.)630 3030 y Fs(-T)384 b Ft(The)30
8668 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(threads.)630 3215
8669 y(If)i Fq(limit)j Ft(is)e(giv)m(en,)h(it)f(is)g(the)g(new)f(v)-5
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8672 Fs(soft)p Ft(,)g(and)g Fs(unlimited)d Ft(stand)j(for)g(the)g(curren)m
8673 (t)g(hard)f(limit,)j(the)e(curren)m(t)630 3434 y(soft)38
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8675 b(.)66 b(A)38 b(hard)f(limit)h(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(increased)i(b)m(y)f(a)
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8679 b(the)f(curren)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f(the)f(soft)i(limit)f(for)g
8680 (the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)630 3763 y(resource)27 b(is)h(prin)m(ted,)f
8681 (unless)g(the)g(`)p Fs(-H)p Ft(')g(option)h(is)f(supplied.)38
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8683 b(neither)f(`)p Fs(-H)p Ft(')h(nor)f(`)p Fs(-S)p Ft(')h(is)f(supplied,)
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8685 b(If)630 3982 y(no)35 b(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)j(then)d(`)p
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8688 Ft(',)g(whic)m(h)g(is)g(in)g(seconds,)h(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(',)g(whic)m(h)e
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8702 %%Page: 54 60
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8772 b(name.)p eop end
8773 %%Page: 55 61
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8775 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y Fs(-m)384
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8812 eop end
8813 %%Page: 56 62
8814 TeXDict begin 56 61 bop 150 -116 a Ft(56)2572 b(Bash)31
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8880 %%Page: 57 63
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8941 %%Page: 58 64
8942 TeXDict begin 58 63 bop 150 -116 a Ft(58)2572 b(Bash)31
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8959 b(If)31 b(m)m(ultiple)h Fq(optname)37 b Ft(argumen)m(ts)31
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8963 1778 y Fs(-o)384 b Ft(Restricts)28 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)28
8964 b(of)f Fq(optname)33 b Ft(to)c(b)s(e)d(those)i(de\014ned)f(for)g(the)g
8965 (`)p Fs(-o)p Ft(')h(op-)1110 1888 y(tion)23 b(to)h(the)f
8966 Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)h([The)d(Set)i(Builtin],)
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8968 Ft(')f(or)g(`)p Fs(-u)p Ft(')f(is)h(used)g(with)f(no)h
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8980 2892 y Fs(autocd)192 b Ft(If)27 b(set,)h(a)g(command)f(name)g(that)h
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8984 3112 y(used)g(b)m(y)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)630
8985 3258 y Fs(cdable_vars)1110 3367 y Ft(If)h(this)h(is)g(set,)i(an)e
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9014 %%Page: 59 65
9015 TeXDict begin 59 64 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
9016 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(59)630 299 y Fs(checkwinsize)
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9034 Fs(<)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(')h(op)s(erators.)57
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9084 %%Page: 60 66
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9087 f(b)m(y)i(the)f Fs(DEBUG)f Ft(trap)h(returns)f(a)i(v)-5
9088 b(alue)38 b(of)f(2,)1290 408 y(and)c(the)g(shell)h(is)f(executing)i(in)
9089 e(a)h(subroutine)e(\(a)i(shell)g(function)f(or)1290 518
9090 y(a)h(shell)h(script)f(executed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g Fs(.)g
9091 Ft(or)g Fs(source)e Ft(builtins\),)j(a)g(call)g(to)1290
9092 628 y Fs(return)29 b Ft(is)h(sim)m(ulated.)1159 763 y(4.)61
9093 b Fs(BASH_ARGC)34 b Ft(and)i Fs(BASH_ARGV)e Ft(are)j(up)s(dated)e(as)h
9094 (describ)s(ed)g(in)g(their)1290 873 y(descriptions)30
9095 b(\(see)i(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
9096 b(page)f(63\).)1159 1009 y(5.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)57
9097 b(tracing)g(is)g(enabled:)93 b(command)56 b(substitution,)63
9098 b(shell)1290 1118 y(functions,)30 b(and)f(subshells)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)
9099 j(with)d Fs(\()h Fi(command)39 b Fs(\))30 b Ft(inherit)g(the)1290
9100 1228 y Fs(DEBUG)f Ft(and)h Fs(RETURN)e Ft(traps.)1159
9101 1363 y(6.)61 b(Error)41 b(tracing)i(is)f(enabled:)63
9102 b(command)42 b(substitution,)i(shell)f(func-)1290 1473
9103 y(tions,)30 b(and)f(subshells)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e
9104 Fs(\()h Fi(command)39 b Fs(\))29 b Ft(inherit)g(the)h
9105 Fs(ERR)1290 1583 y Ft(trap.)630 1744 y Fs(extglob)144
9106 b Ft(If)26 b(set,)i(the)f(extended)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)g(features)g
9107 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)1110 1854 y(Section)j(3.5.8.1)i
9108 ([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(26\))h(are)f(enabled.)630
9109 2016 y Fs(extquote)96 b Ft(If)49 b(set,)54 b Fs($')p
9110 Fi(string)11 b Fs(')46 b Ft(and)j Fs($")p Fi(string)11
9111 b Fs(")46 b Ft(quoting)k(is)f(p)s(erformed)e(within)1110
9112 2125 y Fs(${)p Fi(parameter)11 b Fs(})30 b Ft(expansions)j(enclosed)h
9113 (in)g(double)f(quotes.)51 b(This)32 b(option)1110 2235
9114 y(is)e(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default.)630 2397 y Fs(failglob)96
9115 b Ft(If)36 b(set,)j(patterns)d(whic)m(h)g(fail)h(to)h(matc)m(h)f
9116 (\014lenames)f(during)g(\014lename)g(ex-)1110 2506 y(pansion)30
9117 b(result)g(in)g(an)g(expansion)h(error.)630 2668 y Fs(force_fignore)
9118 1110 2778 y Ft(If)43 b(set,)k(the)d(su\016xes)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)
9119 i(the)f Fs(FIGNORE)f Ft(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(cause)1110
9120 2887 y(w)m(ords)31 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(ignored)h(when)f(p)s(erforming)f(w)m
9121 (ord)h(completion)i(ev)m(en)f(if)g(the)1110 2997 y(ignored)37
9122 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(the)h(only)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)62
9123 b(See)37 b(Section)h(5.2)1110 3106 y([Bash)24 b(V)-8
9124 b(ariables],)27 b(page)e(63,)h(for)d(a)h(description)g(of)g
9125 Fs(FIGNORE)p Ft(.)37 b(This)22 b(option)1110 3216 y(is)30
9126 b(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default.)630 3378 y Fs(globstar)96
9127 b Ft(If)38 b(set,)j(the)e(pattern)f(`)p Fs(**)p Ft(')h(used)e(in)i(a)f
9128 (\014lename)h(expansion)f(con)m(text)j(will)1110 3487
9129 y(matc)m(h)f(a)g(\014les)f(and)f(zero)i(or)g(more)f(directories)h(and)f
9130 (sub)s(directories.)66 b(If)1110 3597 y(the)30 b(pattern)g(is)g(follo)m
9131 (w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)d(a)i(`)p Fs(/)p Ft(',)f(only)g(directories)h(and)f
9132 (sub)s(directories)1110 3707 y(matc)m(h.)630 3868 y Fs(gnu_errfmt)1110
9133 3978 y Ft(If)35 b(set,)j(shell)e(error)g(messages)g(are)h(written)e(in)
9134 h(the)g(standard)f Fl(gnu)g Ft(error)1110 4088 y(message)c(format.)630
9135 4249 y Fs(histappend)1110 4359 y Ft(If)c(set,)j(the)e(history)g(list)g
9136 (is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)f(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5
9137 b(alue)29 b(of)1110 4468 y(the)d Fs(HISTFILE)d Ft(v)-5
9138 b(ariable)26 b(when)e(the)h(shell)h(exits,)h(rather)e(than)h(o)m(v)m
9139 (erwriting)1110 4578 y(the)31 b(\014le.)630 4740 y Fs(histreedit)1110
9140 4849 y Ft(If)i(set,)h(and)f(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)g(a)g
9141 (user)g(is)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g(opp)s(ortunit)m(y)1110
9142 4959 y(to)d(re-edit)g(a)g(failed)g(history)f(substitution.)630
9143 5121 y Fs(histverify)1110 5230 y Ft(If)35 b(set,)i(and)e(Readline)h(is)
9144 f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h(the)f(results)g(of)g(history)h(substitu-)1110
9145 5340 y(tion)h(are)g(not)g(immediately)h(passed)e(to)h(the)g(shell)g
9146 (parser.)59 b(Instead,)38 b(the)p eop end
9147 %%Page: 61 67
9148 TeXDict begin 61 66 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
9149 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(61)1110 299 y(resulting)40
9150 b(line)f(is)h(loaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(Readline)g(editing)g(bu\013er,)h
9151 (allo)m(wing)1110 408 y(further)29 b(mo)s(di\014cation.)630
9152 564 y Fs(hostcomplete)1110 673 y Ft(If)38 b(set,)j(and)c(Readline)i(is)
9153 f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h(Bash)g(will)f(attempt)h(to)g(p)s(erform)1110
9154 783 y(hostname)d(completion)h(when)e(a)h(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(a)f
9155 (`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(com-)1110 892 y(pleted)g(\(see)h
9156 (Section)f(8.4.6)i([Commands)d(F)-8 b(or)36 b(Completion],)g(page)g
9157 (112\).)1110 1002 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)
9158 630 1157 y Fs(huponexit)1110 1267 y Ft(If)i(set,)i(Bash)f(will)h(send)d
9159 Fs(SIGHUP)h Ft(to)h(all)h(jobs)e(when)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)
9160 1110 1377 y(shell)31 b(exits)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g
9161 (page)f(34\).)630 1532 y Fs(interactive_comments)1110
9162 1641 y Ft(Allo)m(w)c(a)g(w)m(ord)e(b)s(eginning)g(with)h(`)p
9163 Fs(#)p Ft(')g(to)h(cause)f(that)h(w)m(ord)f(and)f(all)i(remain-)1110
9164 1751 y(ing)41 b(c)m(haracters)i(on)e(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f
9165 (ignored)g(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)1110
9166 1861 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)630
9167 2016 y Fs(lastpipe)96 b Ft(If)24 b(set,)i(and)e(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f
9168 (not)f(activ)m(e,)k(the)d(shell)f(runs)f(the)i(last)g(command)1110
9169 2125 y(of)37 b(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(not)h(executed)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m
9170 (kground)g(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)1110 2235 y(en)m(vironmen)m
9171 (t.)630 2390 y Fs(lithist)144 b Ft(If)22 b(enabled,)i(and)d(the)h
9172 Fs(cmdhist)e Ft(option)j(is)f(enabled,)i(m)m(ulti-line)f(commands)1110
9173 2500 y(are)28 b(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(history)g(with)f(em)m(b)s
9174 (edded)g(newlines)h(rather)g(than)f(using)1110 2609 y(semicolon)32
9175 b(separators)f(where)e(p)s(ossible.)630 2765 y Fs(login_shell)1110
9176 2874 y Ft(The)35 b(shell)h(sets)g(this)f(option)h(if)g(it)g(is)f
9177 (started)h(as)g(a)g(login)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Sec-)1110
9178 2984 y(tion)29 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)h(Bash],)f(page)g(73\).)41
9179 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(ma)m(y)g(not)f(b)s(e)g(c)m(hanged.)630
9180 3139 y Fs(mailwarn)96 b Ft(If)34 b(set,)i(and)e(a)h(\014le)g(that)g
9181 (Bash)f(is)h(c)m(hec)m(king)h(for)f(mail)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(accessed)
9182 1110 3249 y(since)24 b(the)h(last)g(time)f(it)h(w)m(as)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m
9183 (ed,)k(the)c(message)h Fs("The)k(mail)h(in)f Fi(mail-)1110
9184 3358 y(file)40 b Fs(has)29 b(been)g(read")g Ft(is)i(displa)m(y)m(ed.)
9185 630 3513 y Fs(no_empty_cmd_completion)1110 3623 y Ft(If)f(set,)g(and)g
9186 (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)h(Bash)g(will)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)e
9187 (searc)m(h)1110 3733 y(the)25 b Fs(PATH)f Ft(for)h(p)s(ossible)f
9188 (completions)j(when)d(completion)i(is)f(attempted)h(on)1110
9189 3842 y(an)k(empt)m(y)h(line.)630 3998 y Fs(nocaseglob)1110
9190 4107 y Ft(If)38 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(\014lenames)g(in)f(a)h
9191 (case-insensitiv)m(e)j(fashion)c(when)1110 4217 y(p)s(erforming)29
9192 b(\014lename)i(expansion.)630 4372 y Fs(nocasematch)1110
9193 4482 y Ft(If)42 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(patterns)g(in)f(a)h
9194 (case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion)d(when)1110 4591 y(p)s(erforming)31
9195 b(matc)m(hing)i(while)f(executing)i Fs(case)d Ft(or)h
9196 Fs([[)g Ft(conditional)h(com-)1110 4701 y(mands.)630
9197 4856 y Fs(nullglob)96 b Ft(If)23 b(set,)j(Bash)e(allo)m(ws)g
9198 (\014lename)g(patterns)g(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(no)g(\014les)f(to)i
9199 (expand)1110 4966 y(to)31 b(a)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(rather)f(than)g
9200 (themselv)m(es.)630 5121 y Fs(progcomp)96 b Ft(If)25
9201 b(set,)i(the)f(programmable)g(completion)g(facilities)i(\(see)f
9202 (Section)f(8.6)h([Pro-)1110 5230 y(grammable)45 b(Completion],)k(page)c
9203 (117\))h(are)f(enabled.)82 b(This)44 b(option)h(is)1110
9204 5340 y(enabled)30 b(b)m(y)h(default.)p eop end
9205 %%Page: 62 68
9206 TeXDict begin 62 67 bop 150 -116 a Ft(62)2572 b(Bash)31
9207 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(promptvars)1110
9208 408 y Ft(If)24 b(set,)i(prompt)d(strings)h(undergo)f(parameter)i
9209 (expansion,)g(command)f(sub-)1110 518 y(stitution,)34
9210 b(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5
9211 b(al)33 b(after)g(b)s(eing)e(ex-)1110 628 y(panded)39
9212 b(as)i(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w)i(\(see)g(Section)g(6.9)g([Prin)m
9213 (ting)g(a)g(Prompt],)1110 737 y(page)31 b(84\).)42 b(This)30
9214 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)630 897 y
9215 Fs(restricted_shell)1110 1006 y Ft(The)40 b(shell)h(sets)g(this)g
9216 (option)g(if)g(it)h(is)e(started)i(in)e(restricted)i(mo)s(de)e(\(see)
9217 1110 1116 y(Section)c(6.10)g([The)f(Restricted)g(Shell],)i(page)e
9218 (86\).)56 b(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(ma)m(y)h(not)1110
9219 1225 y(b)s(e)c(c)m(hanged.)49 b(This)32 b(is)h(not)h(reset)f(when)f
9220 (the)h(startup)g(\014les)f(are)i(executed,)1110 1335
9221 y(allo)m(wing)k(the)e(startup)f(\014les)h(to)g(disco)m(v)m(er)h
9222 (whether)f(or)f(not)i(a)f(shell)g(is)g(re-)1110 1445
9223 y(stricted.)630 1604 y Fs(shift_verbose)1110 1714 y Ft(If)g(this)g(is)g
9224 (set,)j(the)d Fs(shift)f Ft(builtin)h(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)g(message)
9225 i(when)d(the)1110 1823 y(shift)30 b(coun)m(t)h(exceeds)g(the)g(n)m(um)m
9226 (b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters.)630 1983 y
9227 Fs(sourcepath)1110 2092 y Ft(If)22 b(set,)j(the)e Fs(source)e
9228 Ft(builtin)h(uses)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(of)g Fs(PATH)e
9229 Ft(to)j(\014nd)d(the)h(directory)1110 2202 y(con)m(taining)29
9230 b(the)e(\014le)h(supplied)e(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t.)40
9231 b(This)27 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)1110 2311 y(b)m(y)j(default.)630
9232 2471 y Fs(xpg_echo)96 b Ft(If)31 b(set,)h(the)g Fs(echo)e
9233 Ft(builtin)h(expands)f(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(e)j(sequences)f(b)m(y)f
9234 (de-)1110 2580 y(fault.)630 2740 y(The)c(return)f(status)i(when)f
9235 (listing)h(options)g(is)f(zero)i(if)e(all)i Fq(optnames)i
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9237 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f(unsetting)g(options,)i(the)e(return)f
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9239 b Ft(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(shell)h(option.)150
9240 3191 y Fr(4.4)68 b(Sp)t(ecial)45 b(Builtins)150 3351
9241 y Ft(F)-8 b(or)35 b(historical)h(reasons,)g(the)e Fl(posix)g
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9243 (as)h Fk(sp)-5 b(e-)150 3460 y(cial)p Ft(.)47 b(When)33
9244 b(Bash)f(is)h(executing)g(in)f Fl(posix)g Ft(mo)s(de,)h(the)g(sp)s
9245 (ecial)g(builtins)e(di\013er)i(from)f(other)g(builtin)150
9246 3570 y(commands)e(in)g(three)h(resp)s(ects:)199 3704
9247 y(1.)61 b(Sp)s(ecial)31 b(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h(shell)h
9248 (functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)199 3839 y(2.)61
9249 b(If)30 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)h
9250 (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(exits.)199 3973
9251 y(3.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)30 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(the)f(command)
9252 g(sta)m(y)i(in)e(e\013ect)i(in)e(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330
9253 4083 y(after)i(the)f(command)h(completes.)275 4242 y(When)36
9254 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(executing)i(in)e Fl(posix)f Ft(mo)s(de,)j(these)f
9255 (builtins)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)h(no)f(di\013eren)m(tly)h(than)150
9256 4352 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h(builtin)e(commands.)41
9257 b(The)30 b(Bash)g Fl(posix)g Ft(mo)s(de)g(is)g(describ)s(ed)f(in)h
9258 (Section)h(6.11)150 4462 y([Bash)g(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(86.)275
9259 4596 y(These)f(are)g(the)h Fl(posix)f Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins:)390
9260 4731 y Fs(break)46 b(:)i(.)f(continue)f(eval)g(exec)h(exit)g(export)f
9261 (readonly)f(return)h(set)390 4840 y(shift)g(trap)h(unset)p
9262 eop end
9263 %%Page: 63 69
9264 TeXDict begin 63 68 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
9265 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(63)150 299 y Fo(5)80
9266 b(Shell)53 b(V)-13 b(ariables)150 541 y Ft(This)21 b(c)m(hapter)i
9267 (describ)s(es)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(that)f(Bash)h(uses.)
9268 37 b(Bash)23 b(automatically)h(assigns)f(default)150
9269 651 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(v)-5
9270 b(ariables.)150 888 y Fr(5.1)68 b(Bourne)45 b(Shell)g(V)-11
9271 b(ariables)150 1047 y Ft(Bash)30 b(uses)g(certain)h(shell)g(v)-5
9272 b(ariables)31 b(in)f(the)g(same)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(as)g(the)f(Bourne)g
9273 (shell.)41 b(In)30 b(some)g(cases,)i(Bash)150 1157 y(assigns)f(a)f
9274 (default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
9275 1320 y Fs(CDPATH)192 b Ft(A)39 b(colon-separated)i(list)e(of)g
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9277 Fs(cd)f Ft(builtin)630 1430 y(command.)150 1592 y Fs(HOME)288
9278 b Ft(The)23 b(curren)m(t)h(user's)f(home)g(directory;)k(the)d(default)g
9279 (for)f(the)h Fs(cd)f Ft(builtin)g(command.)38 b(The)630
9280 1702 y(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37
9281 b(is)g(also)g(used)e(b)m(y)h(tilde)h(expansion)f(\(see)i(Section)f
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9283 1973 y Fs(IFS)336 b Ft(A)25 b(list)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)i(that)f
9284 (separate)g(\014elds;)h(used)e(when)f(the)i(shell)f(splits)h(w)m(ords)e
9285 (as)i(part)630 2083 y(of)31 b(expansion.)150 2245 y Fs(MAIL)288
9286 b Ft(If)44 b(this)g(parameter)h(is)g(set)g(to)g(a)f(\014lename)h(or)f
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9330 %%Page: 64 70
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9407 eop end
9408 %%Page: 65 71
9409 TeXDict begin 65 70 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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9468 %%Page: 66 72
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9540 eop end
9541 %%Page: 67 73
9542 TeXDict begin 67 72 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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9586 b(A)31 b(sample)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Fs(.o:~)p
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9623 %%Page: 68 74
9624 TeXDict begin 68 73 bop 150 -116 a Ft(68)2572 b(Bash)31
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9709 h(using)g(a)g(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)p eop end
9710 %%Page: 69 75
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9712 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(69)630 299 y(bac)m(kslash)34
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9754 3007 y Fs(HOSTNAME)96 b Ft(The)30 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h
9755 (host.)150 3159 y Fs(HOSTTYPE)96 b Ft(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)
9756 g(mac)m(hine)h(Bash)g(is)f(running)f(on.)150 3310 y Fs(IGNOREEOF)630
9757 3420 y Ft(Con)m(trols)e(the)h(action)g(of)f(the)g(shell)g(on)g(receipt)
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9768 3968 y(to)g(the)g(shell.)41 b(This)29 b(is)i(only)f(in)g(e\013ect)i
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9770 b Ft(The)68 b(name)h(of)f(the)h(Readline)g(initialization)j(\014le,)78
9771 b(o)m(v)m(erriding)69 b(the)g(default)g(of)630 4228 y(`)p
9772 Fs(~/.inputrc)p Ft('.)150 4380 y Fs(LANG)288 b Ft(Used)28
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9780 b(.)150 4902 y Fs(LC_COLLATE)630 5011 y Ft(This)37 b(v)-5
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9787 e(page)h(25\).)p eop end
9788 %%Page: 70 76
9789 TeXDict begin 70 75 bop 150 -116 a Ft(70)2572 b(Bash)31
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9800 b(ranslation],)32 b(page)f(7\).)150 1059 y Fs(LC_NUMERIC)630
9801 1168 y Ft(This)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(determines)f(the)h(lo)s(cale)h
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9803 1329 y Fs(LINENO)192 b Ft(The)30 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)h(the)g
9804 (script)h(or)f(shell)g(function)h(curren)m(tly)f(executing.)150
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9806 Ft(command)i(to)g(determine)g(the)g(column)g(length)g(for)g(prin)m
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9808 b(set)e(up)s(on)e(receipt)i(of)g(a)g Fs(SIGWINCH)p Ft(.)150
9809 1760 y Fs(MACHTYPE)96 b Ft(A)26 b(string)g(that)h(fully)f(describ)s(es)
9810 f(the)h(system)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(on)f(whic)m(h)f(Bash)i(is)f(executing,)i
9811 (in)e(the)630 1870 y(standard)k Fl(gnu)g Fq(cpu-compan)m(y-system)h
9812 Ft(format.)150 2030 y Fs(MAILCHECK)630 2140 y Ft(Ho)m(w)d(often)g(\(in)
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9815 Fs(MAILPATH)e Ft(or)i Fs(MAIL)e Ft(v)-5 b(ariables.)43
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9849 Ft(had)30 b(b)s(een)f(executed.)150 4960 y Fs(PPID)288
9850 b Ft(The)30 b(pro)s(cess)g Fl(id)g Ft(of)h(the)f(shell's)h(paren)m(t)g
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9856 eop end
9857 %%Page: 71 77
9858 TeXDict begin 71 76 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
9859 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(71)150 299 y Fs(PROMPT_DIRTRIM)630
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9933 %%Page: 72 78
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9988 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)p eop end
9989 %%Page: 73 79
9990 TeXDict begin 73 78 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
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10052 (as)g(a)p eop end
10053 %%Page: 74 80
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10247 Ft(mo)s(de,)h(as)f(with)g(the)h(`)p Fs(--posix)p Ft(')d(command)i(line)
10248 h(option,)h(it)f(follo)m(ws)150 2898 y(the)e Fl(posix)f
10249 Ft(standard)h(for)f(startup)h(\014les.)38 b(In)24 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h
10250 (in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shells)d(expand)f(the)h Fs(ENV)f
10251 Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)150 3007 y(and)30 b(commands)g(are)g(read)h(and)e
10252 (executed)j(from)d(the)i(\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e
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10254 (read.)150 3343 y Fj(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(b)m(y)g(remote)h(shell)h
10255 (daemon)150 3490 y Ft(Bash)36 b(attempts)h(to)g(determine)f(when)f(it)i
10256 (is)f(b)s(eing)g(run)e(with)i(its)g(standard)g(input)f(connected)i(to)g
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10258 (y)f(the)h(remote)g(shell)g(daemon,)h(usually)e Fs(rshd)p
10259 Ft(,)h(or)g(the)150 3709 y(secure)c(shell)f(daemon)h
10260 Fs(sshd)p Ft(.)49 b(If)33 b(Bash)g(determines)h(it)g(is)f(b)s(eing)g
10261 (run)f(in)i(this)f(fashion,)h(it)g(reads)g(and)150 3819
10262 y(executes)42 b(commands)e(from)g(`)p Fs(~/.bashrc)p
10263 Ft(',)h(if)g(that)g(\014le)f(exists)i(and)e(is)g(readable.)72
10264 b(It)40 b(will)h(not)g(do)150 3929 y(this)35 b(if)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
10265 (as)f Fs(sh)p Ft(.)55 b(The)34 b(`)p Fs(--norc)p Ft(')g(option)i(ma)m
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10268 (to)i(force)f(another)g(\014le)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(read,)i(but)e
10269 Fs(rshd)f Ft(do)s(es)i(not)g(generally)150 4148 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)32
10270 b(the)f(shell)f(with)h(those)f(options)h(or)f(allo)m(w)i(them)f(to)g(b)
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10272 b(with)g(unequal)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)e(and)i(real)g Fg(uid/gid)p
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10274 (e\013ectiv)m(e)i(user)d(\(group\))h(id)f(not)h(equal)g(to)g(the)g
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10276 Fs(-p)e Ft(option)h(is)g(not)h(supplied,)e(no)h(startup)g(\014les)g
10277 (are)g(read,)h(shell)f(functions)g(are)g(not)g(inherited)150
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10279 Ft(,)h Fs(BASHOPTS)p Ft(,)g Fs(CDPATH)p Ft(,)g(and)e
10280 Fs(GLOBIGNORE)e Ft(v)-5 b(ariables,)45 b(if)150 4850
10281 y(they)28 b(app)s(ear)f(in)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored,)
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10286 (is)g(not)h(reset.)150 5342 y Fr(6.3)68 b(In)l(teractiv)l(e)47
10287 b(Shells)p eop end
10288 %%Page: 77 83
10289 TeXDict begin 77 82 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
10290 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(77)150 299 y Fj(6.3.1)63
10291 b(What)40 b(is)h(an)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shell?)150
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10294 (eci\014ed,)150 555 y(without)f(sp)s(ecifying)h(the)f(`)p
10295 Fs(-c)p Ft(')g(option,)j(and)c(whose)h(input)g(and)g(error)g(output)g
10296 (are)g(b)s(oth)g(connected)150 665 y(to)d(terminals)g(\(as)g
10297 (determined)f(b)m(y)g Fs(isatty\(3\))p Ft(\),)f(or)h(one)h(started)f
10298 (with)g(the)h(`)p Fs(-i)p Ft(')f(option.)275 797 y(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m
10299 (e)j(shell)d(generally)i(reads)e(from)g(and)g(writes)g(to)h(a)g(user's)
10300 f(terminal.)275 929 y(The)e(`)p Fs(-s)p Ft(')i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h
10301 (option)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(set)g(the)g(p)s(ositional)g
10302 (parameters)f(when)g(an)g(in)m(ter-)150 1038 y(activ)m(e)k(shell)d(is)h
10303 (started.)150 1232 y Fj(6.3.2)63 b(Is)41 b(this)g(Shell)g(In)m
10304 (teractiv)m(e?)150 1379 y Ft(T)-8 b(o)30 b(determine)g(within)f(a)h
10305 (startup)g(script)f(whether)g(or)h(not)g(Bash)g(is)g(running)e(in)m
10306 (teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)33 b(test)e(the)150 1489 y(v)-5
10307 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)f(`)p Fs(-)p Ft(')h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameter.)41
10308 b(It)29 b(con)m(tains)i Fs(i)e Ft(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m
10309 (teractiv)m(e.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)390 1621
10310 y Fs(case)47 b("$-")f(in)390 1730 y(*i*\))h(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)h
10311 (interactive)e(;;)390 1840 y(*\))i(echo)g(This)f(shell)h(is)g(not)g
10312 (interactive)e(;;)390 1949 y(esac)275 2081 y Ft(Alternativ)m(ely)-8
10313 b(,)28 b(startup)23 b(scripts)h(ma)m(y)g(examine)g(the)g(v)-5
10314 b(ariable)25 b Fs(PS1)p Ft(;)g(it)g(is)e(unset)h(in)f(non-in)m
10315 (teractiv)m(e)150 2191 y(shells,)31 b(and)e(set)i(in)f(in)m(teractiv)m
10316 (e)k(shells.)40 b(Th)m(us:)390 2323 y Fs(if)47 b([)h(-z)f("$PS1")f(];)h
10317 (then)772 2432 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(not)f(interactive)390
10318 2542 y(else)772 2651 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(interactive)390
10319 2761 y(fi)150 2955 y Fj(6.3.3)63 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)38
10320 b(Shell)k(Beha)m(vior)150 3102 y Ft(When)30 b(the)h(shell)f(is)h
10321 (running)d(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)34 b(it)d(c)m(hanges)h(its)f(b)s
10322 (eha)m(vior)f(in)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)m(a)m(ys.)199 3234
10323 y(1.)61 b(Startup)37 b(\014les)g(are)h(read)f(and)g(executed)h(as)f
10324 (describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(6.2)g([Bash)g(Startup)e(Files],)330
10325 3343 y(page)31 b(75.)199 3475 y(2.)61 b(Job)35 b(Con)m(trol)g(\(see)h
10326 (Chapter)f(7)g([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(91\))g(is)f(enabled)g(b)m
10327 (y)g(default.)55 b(When)34 b(job)330 3585 y(con)m(trol)h(is)f(in)f
10328 (e\013ect,)k(Bash)d(ignores)g(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(job)e
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10330 Fs(SIGTTOU)p Ft(,)29 b(and)g Fs(SIGTSTP)p Ft(.)199 3826
10331 y(3.)61 b(Bash)39 b(expands)f(and)g(displa)m(ys)h Fs(PS1)f
10332 Ft(b)s(efore)h(reading)g(the)g(\014rst)f(line)h(of)g(a)g(command,)i
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10334 Fs(PS2)e Ft(b)s(efore)i(reading)g(the)g(second)f(and)h(subsequen)m(t)f
10335 (lines)h(of)g(a)g(m)m(ulti-line)330 4045 y(command.)199
10336 4177 y(4.)61 b(Bash)26 b(executes)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)27
10337 b(of)f(the)h Fs(PROMPT_COMMAND)22 b Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)27
10338 b(as)g(a)f(command)g(b)s(efore)g(prin)m(ting)330 4287
10339 y(the)31 b(primary)e(prompt,)h Fs($PS1)f Ft(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h
10340 ([Bash)f(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(63\).)199 4419
10341 y(5.)61 b(Readline)30 b(\(see)h(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)e(Line)i
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10343 4528 y(from)h(the)g(user's)g(terminal.)199 4660 y(6.)61
10344 b(Bash)36 b(insp)s(ects)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(the)g
10345 Fs(ignoreeof)e Ft(option)j(to)g Fs(set)29 b(-o)36 b Ft(instead)h(of)f
10346 (exiting)i(imme-)330 4770 y(diately)f(when)e(it)i(receiv)m(es)h(an)e
10347 Fs(EOF)f Ft(on)h(its)g(standard)f(input)g(when)h(reading)g(a)g(command)
10348 g(\(see)330 4879 y(Section)31 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g
10349 (54\).)199 5011 y(7.)61 b(Command)43 b(history)h(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)
10350 g([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)51 b(page)45 b(125\))h(and)d
10351 (history)330 5121 y(expansion)23 b(\(see)i(Section)f(9.3)h([History)f
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10353 b(Bash)330 5230 y(will)23 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(command)f(history)h(to)h
10354 (the)f(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Fs($HISTFILE)d Ft(when)i(an)h(in)m
10355 (teractiv)m(e)j(shell)330 5340 y(exits.)p eop end
10356 %%Page: 78 84
10357 TeXDict begin 78 83 bop 150 -116 a Ft(78)2572 b(Bash)31
10358 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)199 299 y(8.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(\(see)
10359 g(Section)g(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(81\))h(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(b)m(y)
10360 h(default.)199 431 y(9.)61 b(In)24 b(the)g(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)h
10361 (traps,)g(Bash)g(ignores)f Fs(SIGTERM)f Ft(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.6)h
10362 ([Signals],)g(page)f(34\).)154 563 y(10.)61 b(In)26 b(the)h(absence)h
10363 (of)f(an)m(y)g(traps,)g Fs(SIGINT)e Ft(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)e
10364 (\(\(see)k(Section)e(3.7.6)i([Signals],)330 672 y(page)i(34\).)42
10365 b Fs(SIGINT)29 b Ft(will)h(in)m(terrupt)g(some)h(shell)g(builtins.)154
10366 804 y(11.)61 b(An)40 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e(shell)g(sends)e(a)i
10367 Fs(SIGHUP)d Ft(to)j(all)g(jobs)f(on)g(exit)h(if)g(the)f
10368 Fs(huponexit)e Ft(shell)330 914 y(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g
10369 (\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.6)i([Signals],)e(page)g(34\).)154
10370 1046 y(12.)61 b(The)26 b(`)p Fs(-n)p Ft(')f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)k
10371 (option)d(is)g(ignored,)h(and)f(`)p Fs(set)k(-n)p Ft(')25
10372 b(has)h(no)g(e\013ect)i(\(see)e(Section)h(4.3.1)h([The)330
10373 1155 y(Set)j(Builtin],)g(page)g(54\).)154 1287 y(13.)61
10374 b(Bash)32 b(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)g(p)s(erio)s(dically)-8
10375 b(,)34 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)g(the)h
10376 Fs(MAIL)p Ft(,)e Fs(MAILPATH)p Ft(,)330 1397 y(and)f
10377 Fs(MAILCHECK)e Ft(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(\(see)h(Section)f(5.2)g
10378 ([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(63\).)154 1528
10379 y(14.)61 b(Expansion)32 b(errors)h(due)f(to)i(references)f(to)h(un)m(b)
10380 s(ound)c(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)34 b(after)g(`)p Fs(set)29
10381 b(-u)p Ft(')k(has)g(b)s(een)330 1638 y(enabled)d(will)h(not)g(cause)g
10382 (the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit)g(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h
10383 (Builtin],)g(page)g(54\).)154 1770 y(15.)61 b(The)48
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10385 h Fq(v)-5 b(ar)54 b Ft(b)s(eing)48 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull)f(in)330
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10387 b Ft(expansions)k(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.3)g([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)i
10388 (Expansion],)e(page)h(21\).)154 2011 y(16.)61 b(Redirection)31
10389 b(errors)f(encoun)m(tered)h(b)m(y)f(shell)h(builtins)f(will)g(not)h
10390 (cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)154 2143 y(17.)61 b(When)26
10391 b(running)f(in)i Fl(posix)e Ft(mo)s(de,)j(a)f(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f
10392 (returning)g(an)g(error)h(status)g(will)g(not)f(cause)330
10393 2253 y(the)31 b(shell)f(to)h(exit)h(\(see)f(Section)g(6.11)h([Bash)f
10394 (POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(86\).)154 2385 y(18.)61 b(A)34
10395 b(failed)g Fs(exec)f Ft(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g(exit)h
10396 (\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)f(Builtins],)330
10397 2494 y(page)e(37\).)154 2626 y(19.)61 b(P)m(arser)31
10398 b(syn)m(tax)f(errors)g(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)
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10400 (directory)g(argumen)m(ts)f(to)i(the)e Fs(cd)g Ft(builtin)g(is)h
10401 (enabled)f(b)m(y)h(default)330 2868 y(\(see)35 b(the)g(description)f
10402 (of)h(the)f Fs(cdspell)f Ft(option)h(to)i(the)e Fs(shopt)f
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10404 b(Builtin],)h(page)g(57\).)154 3109 y(21.)61 b(The)42
10405 b(shell)h(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)f(the)h
10406 Fs(TMOUT)e Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(and)e(exit)h(if)g(a)g(command)f(is)h
10407 (not)330 3219 y(read)30 b(within)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
10408 (er)g(of)i(seconds)f(after)g(prin)m(ting)g Fs($PS1)f
10409 Ft(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)330 3328 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
10410 b(page)f(63\).)150 3555 y Fr(6.4)68 b(Bash)45 b(Conditional)h
10411 (Expressions)150 3715 y Ft(Conditional)26 b(expressions)g(are)g(used)f
10412 (b)m(y)g(the)h Fs([[)f Ft(comp)s(ound)g(command)g(and)g(the)h
10413 Fs(test)f Ft(and)g Fs([)g Ft(builtin)150 3824 y(commands.)275
10414 3956 y(Expressions)32 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(unary)f(or)h(binary)-8
10415 b(.)48 b(Unary)33 b(expressions)f(are)i(often)f(used)f(to)i(examine)g
10416 (the)150 4066 y(status)26 b(of)g(a)h(\014le.)39 b(There)26
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10418 (erators)f(as)g(w)m(ell.)40 b(If)26 b(the)150 4175 y
10419 Fq(\014le)38 b Ft(argumen)m(t)c(to)f(one)h(of)f(the)g(primaries)g(is)g
10420 (of)g(the)g(form)g(`)p Fs(/dev/fd/)p Fi(N)11 b Ft(',)31
10421 b(then)i(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fq(N)43 b Ft(is)150 4285
10422 y(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)e(If)26 b(the)g Fq(\014le)31 b Ft(argumen)m(t)26
10423 b(to)h(one)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)e(is)h(one)g(of)g(`)p
10424 Fs(/dev/stdin)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(/dev/stdout)p Ft(',)150
10425 4395 y(or)30 b(`)p Fs(/dev/stderr)p Ft(',)e(\014le)j(descriptor)f(0,)h
10426 (1,)g(or)g(2,)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)32 b(is)e(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)
10427 275 4526 y(When)j(used)g(with)h(`)p Fs([[)p Ft(',)h(the)f(`)p
10428 Fs(<)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g
10429 (lexicographically)j(using)c(the)h(curren)m(t)150 4636
10430 y(lo)s(cale.)42 b(The)30 b Fs(test)f Ft(command)i(uses)f(ASCI)s(I)e
10431 (ordering.)275 4768 y(Unless)44 b(otherwise)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)j
10432 (primaries)c(that)h(op)s(erate)g(on)g(\014les)f(follo)m(w)i(sym)m(b)s
10433 (olic)f(links)g(and)150 4878 y(op)s(erate)31 b(on)f(the)h(target)h(of)e
10434 (the)h(link,)f(rather)h(than)f(the)g(link)h(itself.)150
10435 5032 y Fs(-a)f Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10436 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists.)150 5186 y Fs(-b)30 b Fi(file)162
10437 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31
10438 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(sp)s(ecial)g(\014le.)150
10439 5340 y Fs(-c)f Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10440 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(ecial)
10441 f(\014le.)p eop end
10442 %%Page: 79 85
10443 TeXDict begin 79 84 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
10444 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(79)150 299 y Fs(-d)30
10445 b Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36
10446 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(directory)-8 b(.)150
10447 463 y Fs(-e)30 b Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10448 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists.)150 628 y Fs(-f)30 b Fi(file)162
10449 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31
10450 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)f(\014le.)150 792 y Fs(-g)g
10451 Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b
10452 Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-group-id)h(bit)g(is)f(set.)150
10453 956 y Fs(-h)g Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36
10454 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150
10455 1121 y Fs(-k)f Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10456 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g Fs(")p Ft(stic)m(ky)p
10457 Fs(")h Ft(bit)g(is)f(set.)150 1285 y Fs(-p)g Fi(file)162
10458 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31
10459 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(named)f(pip)s(e)f(\(FIF)m(O\).)150 1450
10460 y Fs(-r)h Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36
10461 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(readable.)150 1614 y Fs(-s)g
10462 Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b
10463 Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(a)g(size)i(greater)f(than)f(zero.)150
10464 1778 y Fs(-t)g Fi(fd)258 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(\014le)h(descriptor)
10465 f Fq(fd)j Ft(is)e(op)s(en)e(and)h(refers)g(to)h(a)g(terminal.)150
10466 1943 y Fs(-u)f Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10467 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-user-id)h(bit)f(is)h
10468 (set.)150 2107 y Fs(-w)f Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30
10469 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(writable.)150
10470 2271 y Fs(-x)g Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10471 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(executable.)150
10472 2436 y Fs(-G)g Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
10473 Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m(y)h(the)f
10474 (e\013ectiv)m(e)j(group)d(id.)150 2600 y Fs(-L)g Fi(file)162
10475 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31
10476 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150 2765 y Fs(-N)f
10477 Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b
10478 Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(mo)s(di\014ed)h(since)g(it)h(w)m
10479 (as)g(last)g(read.)150 2929 y Fs(-O)f Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8
10480 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m
10481 (y)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d(id.)150 3093 y Fs(-S)g
10482 Fi(file)162 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le)36 b
10483 Ft(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150 3258
10484 y Fi(file1)39 b Fs(-ef)30 b Fi(file2)630 3367 y Ft(T)-8
10485 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le1)38 b Ft(and)30 b Fq(\014le2)38
10486 b Ft(refer)30 b(to)i(the)e(same)h(device)g(and)f(ino)s(de)g(n)m(um)m(b)
10487 s(ers.)150 3532 y Fi(file1)39 b Fs(-nt)30 b Fi(file2)630
10488 3641 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)23 b(if)g Fq(\014le1)31 b Ft(is)24
10489 b(new)m(er)f(\(according)i(to)f(mo)s(di\014cation)g(date\))g(than)g
10490 Fq(\014le2)7 b Ft(,)25 b(or)f(if)f Fq(\014le1)31 b Ft(exists)630
10491 3751 y(and)f Fq(\014le2)38 b Ft(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150
10492 3915 y Fi(file1)39 b Fs(-ot)30 b Fi(file2)630 4025 y
10493 Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(\014le1)38 b Ft(is)31 b(older)f(than)g
10494 Fq(\014le2)7 b Ft(,)32 b(or)e(if)h Fq(\014le2)38 b Ft(exists)31
10495 b(and)e Fq(\014le1)39 b Ft(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 4189
10496 y Fs(-o)g Fi(optname)630 4299 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)41 b(if)g(the)g(shell)h
10497 (option)f Fq(optname)47 b Ft(is)41 b(enabled.)73 b(The)41
10498 b(list)h(of)f(options)h(app)s(ears)e(in)630 4408 y(the)30
10499 b(description)f(of)h(the)g(`)p Fs(-o)p Ft(')f(option)h(to)h(the)e
10500 Fs(set)g Ft(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)f(Set)630
10501 4518 y(Builtin],)h(page)g(54\).)150 4682 y Fs(-v)f Fi(varname)630
10502 4792 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32
10503 b Fq(v)-5 b(arname)35 b Ft(is)30 b(set)h(\(has)g(b)s(een)e(assigned)i
10504 (a)g(v)-5 b(alue\).)150 4956 y Fs(-z)30 b Fi(string)630
10505 5066 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f Fq(string)38
10506 b Ft(is)31 b(zero.)150 5230 y Fs(-n)f Fi(string)150 5340
10507 y(string)192 b Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f
10508 Fq(string)38 b Ft(is)31 b(non-zero.)p eop end
10509 %%Page: 80 86
10510 TeXDict begin 80 85 bop 150 -116 a Ft(80)2572 b(Bash)31
10511 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fi(string1)39 b Fs(==)30
10512 b Fi(string2)150 408 y(string1)39 b Fs(=)30 b Fi(string2)630
10513 518 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)35 b(if)h(the)g(strings)g(are)g(equal.)58
10514 b(`)p Fs(=)p Ft(')36 b(should)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(with)h(the)g
10515 Fs(test)f Ft(command)g(for)630 628 y Fl(posix)30 b Ft(conformance.)150
10516 790 y Fi(string1)39 b Fs(!=)30 b Fi(string2)630 899 y
10517 Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(strings)f(are)h(not)f(equal.)150
10518 1061 y Fi(string1)39 b Fs(<)30 b Fi(string2)630 1171
10519 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(string1)38 b Ft(sorts)31
10520 b(b)s(efore)f Fq(string2)38 b Ft(lexicographically)-8
10521 b(.)150 1333 y Fi(string1)39 b Fs(>)30 b Fi(string2)630
10522 1442 y Ft(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fq(string1)38 b Ft(sorts)31
10523 b(after)g Fq(string2)38 b Ft(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150
10524 1604 y Fi(arg1)40 b Fs(OP)29 b Fi(arg2)630 1714 y Fs(OP)k
10525 Ft(is)h(one)g(of)h(`)p Fs(-eq)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(-ne)p
10526 Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(-lt)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(-le)p Ft(',)f(`)p
10527 Fs(-gt)p Ft(',)h(or)f(`)p Fs(-ge)p Ft('.)51 b(These)34
10528 b(arithmetic)h(binary)630 1823 y(op)s(erators)h(return)e(true)i(if)f
10529 Fq(arg1)44 b Ft(is)36 b(equal)g(to,)i(not)e(equal)g(to,)i(less)e(than,)
10530 h(less)f(than)f(or)630 1933 y(equal)28 b(to,)h(greater)g(than,)f(or)f
10531 (greater)i(than)e(or)h(equal)g(to)g Fq(arg2)7 b Ft(,)30
10532 b(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)41 b Fq(Arg1)36 b Ft(and)630
10533 2043 y Fq(arg2)j Ft(ma)m(y)30 b(b)s(e)g(p)s(ositiv)m(e)i(or)e(negativ)m
10534 (e)j(in)m(tegers.)150 2279 y Fr(6.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Arithmetic)150
10535 2438 y Ft(The)35 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)i(arithmetic)f(expressions)f(to)h
10536 (b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)38 b(as)d(one)h(of)f(the)h(shell)f
10537 (expansions)g(or)150 2548 y(b)m(y)30 b(the)h Fs(let)e
10538 Ft(and)h(the)h(`)p Fs(-i)p Ft(')f(option)h(to)g(the)f
10539 Fs(declare)f Ft(builtins.)275 2685 y(Ev)-5 b(aluation)27
10540 b(is)g(done)f(in)g(\014xed-width)g(in)m(tegers)i(with)e(no)h(c)m(hec)m
10541 (k)h(for)e(o)m(v)m(er\015o)m(w,)j(though)d(division)h(b)m(y)150
10542 2795 y(0)g(is)g(trapp)s(ed)f(and)h(\015agged)g(as)h(an)f(error.)39
10543 b(The)26 b(op)s(erators)h(and)g(their)g(precedence,)h(asso)s(ciativit)m
10544 (y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)150 2904 y(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(are)h(the)f(same)g(as)h
10545 (in)e(the)h(C)g(language.)56 b(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)h(list)g(of)f(op)s
10546 (erators)g(is)g(group)s(ed)f(in)m(to)150 3014 y(lev)m(els)27
10547 b(of)f(equal-precedence)i(op)s(erators.)39 b(The)25 b(lev)m(els)j(are)e
10548 (listed)h(in)e(order)h(of)g(decreasing)g(precedence.)150
10549 3177 y Fi(id)11 b Fs(++)29 b Fi(id)11 b Fs(--)630 3287
10550 y Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(p)s(ost-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(p)s(ost-decremen)
10551 m(t)150 3449 y Fs(++)p Fi(id)40 b Fs(--)p Fi(id)630 3558
10552 y Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(pre-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(pre-decremen)m(t)150
10553 3720 y Fs(-)g(+)354 b Ft(unary)29 b(min)m(us)h(and)g(plus)150
10554 3882 y Fs(!)g(~)354 b Ft(logical)33 b(and)d(bit)m(wise)h(negation)150
10555 4044 y Fs(**)384 b Ft(exp)s(onen)m(tiation)150 4206 y
10556 Fs(*)30 b(/)g(\045)276 b Ft(m)m(ultiplication,)33 b(division,)d
10557 (remainder)150 4368 y Fs(+)g(-)354 b Ft(addition,)31
10558 b(subtraction)150 4530 y Fs(<<)f(>>)258 b Ft(left)31
10559 b(and)f(righ)m(t)h(bit)m(wise)g(shifts)150 4692 y Fs(<=)f(>=)g(<)g(>)
10560 102 b Ft(comparison)150 4854 y Fs(==)30 b(!=)258 b Ft(equalit)m(y)32
10561 b(and)e(inequalit)m(y)150 5016 y Fs(&)432 b Ft(bit)m(wise)31
10562 b(AND)150 5178 y Fs(^)432 b Ft(bit)m(wise)31 b(exclusiv)m(e)h(OR)150
10563 5340 y Fs(|)432 b Ft(bit)m(wise)31 b(OR)p eop end
10564 %%Page: 81 87
10565 TeXDict begin 81 86 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
10566 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(81)150 299 y Fs(&&)384
10567 b Ft(logical)33 b(AND)150 446 y Fs(||)384 b Ft(logical)33
10568 b(OR)150 592 y Fs(expr)c(?)h(expr)f(:)h(expr)630 702
10569 y Ft(conditional)i(op)s(erator)150 849 y Fs(=)e(*=)g(/=)g(\045=)f(+=)h
10570 (-=)g(<<=)f(>>=)h(&=)g(^=)f(|=)630 958 y Ft(assignmen)m(t)150
10571 1105 y Fs(expr1)g(,)h(expr2)630 1214 y Ft(comma)275 1361
10572 y(Shell)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(as)e(op)s
10573 (erands;)i(parameter)e(expansion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)g(b)s(efore)g(the)
10574 150 1471 y(expression)g(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)66 b(Within)38
10575 b(an)h(expression,)h(shell)e(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s
10576 (e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150 1580 y(name)31 b(without)f(using)g(the)h
10577 (parameter)g(expansion)f(syn)m(tax.)42 b(A)31 b(shell)f(v)-5
10578 b(ariable)32 b(that)f(is)f(n)m(ull)h(or)f(unset)150 1690
10579 y(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(0)g(when)e(referenced)h(b)m(y)g(name)h
10580 (without)f(using)g(the)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(syn)m(tax.)150
10581 1800 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36
10582 b(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(as)e(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f(when)f
10583 (it)h(is)g(referenced,)i(or)150 1909 y(when)31 b(a)i(v)-5
10584 b(ariable)33 b(whic)m(h)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m(en)j(the)e
10585 Fq(in)m(teger)40 b Ft(attribute)33 b(using)f(`)p Fs(declare)d(-i)p
10586 Ft(')i(is)i(assigned)150 2019 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue.)58 b(A)36
10587 b(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(ev)-5 b(aluates)37 b(to)g(0.)57
10588 b(A)36 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(need)e(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(its)f
10589 Fq(in)m(teger)44 b Ft(attribute)150 2128 y(turned)29
10590 b(on)h(to)i(b)s(e)d(used)h(in)g(an)g(expression.)275
10591 2256 y(Constan)m(ts)41 b(with)g(a)h(leading)f(0)h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)
10592 f(as)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)72 b(A)41 b(leading)h(`)p
10593 Fs(0x)p Ft(')f(or)g(`)p Fs(0X)p Ft(')150 2366 y(denotes)31
10594 b(hexadecimal.)42 b(Otherwise,)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(tak)m(e)j(the)f
10595 (form)f([)p Fq(base)5 b Fs(#)p Ft(])p Fq(n)p Ft(,)31
10596 b(where)f(the)g(optional)i Fq(base)150 2476 y Ft(is)d(a)h(decimal)g(n)m
10597 (um)m(b)s(er)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(2)h(and)e(64)i(represen)m(ting)g(the)
10598 f(arithmetic)i(base,)e(and)g Fq(n)g Ft(is)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
10599 2585 y(in)41 b(that)i(base.)74 b(If)42 b Fq(base)5 b
10600 Fs(#)41 b Ft(is)h(omitted,)k(then)41 b(base)h(10)g(is)g(used.)74
10601 b(The)41 b(digits)h(greater)h(than)e(9)i(are)150 2695
10602 y(represen)m(ted)38 b(b)m(y)f(the)h(lo)m(w)m(ercase)j(letters,)g(the)d
10603 (upp)s(ercase)f(letters,)k(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(',)f(and)d(`)p
10604 Fs(_)p Ft(',)j(in)d(that)i(order.)62 b(If)150 2804 y
10605 Fq(base)28 b Ft(is)22 b(less)h(than)f(or)h(equal)f(to)i(36,)h(lo)m(w)m
10606 (ercase)g(and)c(upp)s(ercase)h(letters)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)m
10607 (terc)m(hangeably)150 2914 y(to)31 b(represen)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)d
10608 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)j(10)h(and)d(35.)275 3042 y(Op)s(erators)44
10609 b(are)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)46 b(in)f(order)f(of)h(precedence.)85
10610 b(Sub-expressions)44 b(in)g(paren)m(theses)i(are)150
10611 3152 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(\014rst)d(and)h(ma)m(y)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g
10612 (the)g(precedence)g(rules)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)150 3371
10613 y Fr(6.6)68 b(Aliases)150 3531 y Fq(Aliases)41 b Ft(allo)m(w)d(a)f
10614 (string)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(substituted)g(for)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(when)g(it)h
10615 (is)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)h(of)h(a)150
10616 3640 y(simple)32 b(command.)45 b(The)31 b(shell)i(main)m(tains)f(a)h
10617 (list)f(of)g(aliases)i(that)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(set)h(and)g(unset)f
10618 (with)h(the)150 3750 y Fs(alias)d Ft(and)h Fs(unalias)e
10619 Ft(builtin)i(commands.)275 3878 y(The)f(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)i(of)f(eac)m
10620 (h)i(simple)f(command,)g(if)f(unquoted,)g(is)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(to)g
10621 (see)f(if)g(it)g(has)f(an)g(alias.)150 3988 y(If)24 b(so,)i(that)g(w)m
10622 (ord)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)m(y)f(the)h(text)h(of)e(the)h(alias.)40
10623 b(The)24 b(c)m(haracters)i(`)p Fs(/)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs($)p
10624 Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(`)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(=)p Ft(')f(and)f(an)m(y)h(of)150
10625 4097 y(the)e(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(or)e(quoting)g(c)m(haracters)h
10626 (listed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(ma)m(y)f(not)g(app)s(ear)f(in)h(an)g(alias)h
10627 (name.)150 4207 y(The)e(replacemen)m(t)h(text)g(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h
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10632 (expanded)f(is)h(not)g(expanded)f(a)h(second)g(time.)43
10633 b(This)30 b(means)h(that)g(one)g(ma)m(y)h(alias)g Fs(ls)e
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10635 h(do)s(es)g(not)g(try)g(to)g(recursiv)m(ely)h(expand)e(the)h
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10641 (the)g Fs(alias)f Ft(command,)h(and)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g
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10643 b(is)h(no)g(mec)m(hanism)g(for)f(using)h(argumen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h
10644 (replacemen)m(t)i(text,)i(as)d(in)e Fs(csh)p Ft(.)83
10645 b(If)150 5230 y(argumen)m(ts)37 b(are)h(needed,)g(a)g(shell)f(function)
10646 f(should)g(b)s(e)h(used)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.3)g([Shell)f(F)-8
10647 b(unctions],)150 5340 y(page)31 b(15\).)p eop end
10648 %%Page: 82 88
10649 TeXDict begin 82 87 bop 150 -116 a Ft(82)2572 b(Bash)31
10650 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)275 299 y(Aliases)i(are)h(not)e(expanded)g
10651 (when)g(the)h(shell)g(is)g(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)j(unless)c(the)h
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10653 Fs(shopt)f Ft(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)h
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10655 (de\014nition)g(and)g(use)g(of)g(aliases)i(are)e(somewhat)h(confusing.)
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10657 (complete)i(line)e(of)g(input)f(b)s(efore)h(executing)h(an)m(y)f(of)g
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10659 b(are)e(expanded)g(when)f(a)i(command)f(is)g(read,)k(not)c(when)g(it)g
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10661 s(earing)h(on)f(the)h(same)h(line)f(as)g(another)g(command)f(do)s(es)h
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10663 (of)f(input)f(is)h(read.)41 b(The)28 b(commands)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)e
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10666 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(also)h(an)f(issue)g(when)f(functions)150
10667 1199 y(are)d(executed.)39 b(Aliases)24 b(are)f(expanded)f(when)f(a)i
10668 (function)g(de\014nition)f(is)h(read,)h(not)f(when)e(the)i(function)150
10669 1309 y(is)i(executed,)j(b)s(ecause)d(a)h(function)f(de\014nition)f(is)i
10670 (itself)g(a)f(comp)s(ound)f(command.)39 b(As)25 b(a)h(consequence,)150
10671 1418 y(aliases)36 b(de\014ned)d(in)h(a)g(function)g(are)h(not)f(a)m(v)
10672 -5 b(ailable)37 b(un)m(til)d(after)h(that)g(function)f(is)g(executed.)
10673 53 b(T)-8 b(o)35 b(b)s(e)150 1528 y(safe,)41 b(alw)m(a)m(ys)f(put)d
10674 (alias)j(de\014nitions)e(on)g(a)h(separate)g(line,)i(and)d(do)g(not)g
10675 (use)g Fs(alias)f Ft(in)h(comp)s(ound)150 1638 y(commands.)275
10676 1771 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(almost)g(ev)m(ery)g(purp)s(ose,)e(shell)i
10677 (functions)f(are)g(preferred)g(o)m(v)m(er)h(aliases.)150
10678 2001 y Fr(6.7)68 b(Arra)l(ys)150 2160 y Ft(Bash)33 b(pro)m(vides)g
10679 (one-dimensional)g(indexed)f(and)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)e(v)-5
10680 b(ariables.)49 b(An)m(y)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(ma)m(y)150
10681 2270 y(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)g(an)g(indexed)f(arra)m(y;)j(the)e
10682 Fs(declare)e Ft(builtin)h(will)i(explicitly)g(declare)g(an)f(arra)m(y)
10683 -8 b(.)46 b(There)32 b(is)150 2379 y(no)h(maxim)m(um)g(limit)h(on)f
10684 (the)g(size)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(nor)d(an)m(y)i(requiremen)
10685 m(t)f(that)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(e)g(indexed)150 2489
10686 y(or)26 b(assigned)h(con)m(tiguously)-8 b(.)41 b(Indexed)25
10687 b(arra)m(ys)i(are)f(referenced)g(using)g(in)m(tegers)i(\(including)e
10688 (arithmetic)150 2598 y(expressions)41 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)
10689 e(Arithmetic],)46 b(page)c(80\))g(and)f(are)g(zero-based;)48
10690 b(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)150 2708 y(arra)m(ys)31 b(use)f(arbitrary)g
10691 (strings.)275 2841 y(An)c(indexed)h(arra)m(y)h(is)f(created)h
10692 (automatically)j(if)c(an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(assigned)f(to)h
10693 (using)f(the)g(syn)m(tax)390 2974 y Fs(name[)p Fi(subscript)11
10694 b Fs(]=)p Fi(value)150 3108 y Ft(The)37 b Fq(subscript)h
10695 Ft(is)f(treated)h(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)i(expression)e(that)g(m)m(ust)g
10696 (ev)-5 b(aluate)39 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)59 b(If)150
10697 3217 y Fq(subscript)29 b Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)29 b(to)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
10698 (er)d(less)j(than)e(zero,)j(it)e(is)h(used)e(as)h(an)g(o\013set)h(from)
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10700 (index)h(\(so)g(a)h(sub)s(cript)d(of)i(-1)h(refers)e(to)i(the)f(last)h
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10702 3436 y(explicitly)32 b(declare)f(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31
10703 b(use)390 3570 y Fs(declare)46 b(-a)h Fi(name)150 3703
10704 y Ft(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)390 3836 y Fs(declare)46 b(-a)h
10705 Fi(name)11 b Fs([)p Fi(subscript)g Fs(])150 3969 y Ft(is)30
10706 b(also)i(accepted;)g(the)e Fq(subscript)h Ft(is)g(ignored.)275
10707 4102 y(Asso)s(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(ys)f(are)g(created)g(using)390
10708 4236 y Fs(declare)46 b(-A)h Fi(name)11 b Fs(.)275 4369
10709 y Ft(A)m(ttributes)46 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(for)h(an)g
10710 (arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)47 b(using)e(the)h Fs(declare)e
10711 Ft(and)h Fs(readonly)150 4478 y Ft(builtins.)40 b(Eac)m(h)31
10712 b(attribute)g(applies)g(to)g(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(an)h(arra)m(y)
10713 -8 b(.)275 4612 y(Arra)m(ys)30 b(are)h(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(comp)s
10714 (ound)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(of)g(the)f(form)390 4745 y Fs(name=\(value)p
10715 Fi(1)55 b Fs(...)47 b(value)p Fi(n)11 b Fs(\))150 4878
10716 y Ft(where)37 b(eac)m(h)i Fq(v)-5 b(alue)42 b Ft(is)c(of)g(the)f(form)g
10717 Fs([)p Fi(subscript)11 b Fs(]=)p Fq(string)d Ft(.)58
10718 b(Indexed)36 b(arra)m(y)i(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)150
10719 4988 y(require)c(the)g(brac)m(k)m(et)h(and)e(subscript.)50
10720 b(When)34 b(assigning)g(to)g(indexed)g(arra)m(ys,)h(if)f(the)g
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10724 (the)f(statemen)m(t)i(plus)e(one.)41 b(Indexing)30 b(starts)g(at)i
10725 (zero.)275 5340 y(When)e(assigning)h(to)g(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j
10726 (arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(the)e(subscript)f(is)i(required.)p
10727 eop end
10728 %%Page: 83 89
10729 TeXDict begin 83 88 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
10730 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(83)275 299 y(This)30
10731 b(syn)m(tax)j(is)e(also)i(accepted)g(b)m(y)f(the)f Fs(declare)f
10732 Ft(builtin.)44 b(Individual)31 b(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s
10733 (e)150 408 y(assigned)e(to)g(using)f(the)g Fs(name[)p
10734 Fq(subscript)r Fs(]=)p Fq(v)-5 b(alue)33 b Ft(syn)m(tax)e(in)m(tro)s
10735 (duced)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275 554 y(An)m(y)j(elemen)m(t)i(of)f(an)f
10736 (arra)m(y)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(referenced)g(using)g Fs(${name[)p
10737 Fq(subscript)r Fs(]})p Ft(.)46 b(The)33 b(braces)h(are)150
10738 663 y(required)28 b(to)j(a)m(v)m(oid)f(con\015icts)g(with)f(the)h
10739 (shell's)f(\014lename)h(expansion)f(op)s(erators.)41
10740 b(If)28 b(the)i Fq(subscript)g Ft(is)150 773 y(`)p Fs(@)p
10741 Ft(')f(or)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(expands)f(to)i(all)f
10742 (mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)h Fq(name)5 b Ft(.)40
10743 b(These)29 b(subscripts)e(di\013er)i(only)150 883 y(when)36
10744 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(app)s(ears)g(within)g(double)g(quotes.)60
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10746 992 y Ft(expands)20 b(to)h(a)g(single)g(w)m(ord)f(with)h(the)g(v)-5
10747 b(alue)21 b(of)f(eac)m(h)i(arra)m(y)f(mem)m(b)s(er)f(separated)h(b)m(y)
10748 g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)150 1102 y(of)38 b(the)g
10749 Fs(IFS)f Ft(v)-5 b(ariable,)41 b(and)c Fs(${name[@]})e
10750 Ft(expands)i(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)g(of)f Fq(name)43 b
10751 Ft(to)c(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)150 1211 y(When)32 b(there)h(are)f(no)g
10752 (arra)m(y)h(mem)m(b)s(ers,)f Fs(${name[@]})e Ft(expands)h(to)i
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10755 (\014rst)g(parameter)h(is)g(joined)f(with)h(the)150 1431
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10759 b(This)34 b(is)h(analogous)h(to)g(the)f(expansion)g(of)g(the)g(sp)s
10760 (ecial)150 1650 y(parameters)28 b(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p
10761 Fs(*)p Ft('.)39 b Fs(${#name[)p Fq(subscript)r Fs(]})24
10762 b Ft(expands)j(to)h(the)g(length)g(of)f Fs(${name[)p
10763 Fq(subscript)r Fs(]})p Ft(.)150 1759 y(If)j Fq(subscript)i
10764 Ft(is)f(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')f(or)h(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(',)g(the)g(expansion)g(is)
10765 g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(elemen)m(ts)h(in)f(the)g(arra)m(y)-8
10766 b(.)42 b(Referencing)150 1869 y(an)30 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
10767 b(ariable)31 b(without)g(a)f(subscript)g(is)g(equiv)-5
10768 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(referencing)g(with)f(a)g(subscript)g(of)g(0.)275
10769 2014 y(An)35 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)g(considered)f(set)h
10770 (if)f(a)h(subscript)e(has)h(b)s(een)g(assigned)g(a)h(v)-5
10771 b(alue.)59 b(The)36 b(n)m(ull)150 2124 y(string)30 b(is)h(a)g(v)-5
10772 b(alid)30 b(v)-5 b(alue.)275 2269 y(The)32 b Fs(unset)g
10773 Ft(builtin)h(is)g(used)g(to)h(destro)m(y)g(arra)m(ys.)50
10774 b Fs(unset)31 b Fq(name)5 b Ft([)p Fq(subscript)r Ft(])33
10775 b(destro)m(ys)h(the)f(arra)m(y)150 2379 y(elemen)m(t)i(at)g(index)f
10776 Fq(subscript)r Ft(.)50 b(Care)34 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)h(tak)m(en)h(to)f(a)
10777 m(v)m(oid)i(un)m(w)m(an)m(ted)e(side)g(e\013ects)h(caused)f(b)m(y)150
10778 2488 y(\014lename)40 b(expansion.)69 b Fs(unset)39 b
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10780 b(,)44 b(remo)m(v)m(es)d(the)f(en)m(tire)h(arra)m(y)-8
10781 b(.)70 b(A)150 2598 y(subscript)29 b(of)i(`)p Fs(*)p
10782 Ft(')f(or)h(`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')f(also)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(en)m(tire)g
10783 (arra)m(y)-8 b(.)275 2743 y(The)41 b Fs(declare)p Ft(,)i
10784 Fs(local)p Ft(,)h(and)d Fs(readonly)f Ft(builtins)h(eac)m(h)j(accept)f
10785 (a)f(`)p Fs(-a)p Ft(')g(option)h(to)f(sp)s(ecify)g(an)150
10786 2853 y(indexed)34 b(arra)m(y)h(and)f(a)h(`)p Fs(-A)p
10787 Ft(')g(option)g(to)g(sp)s(ecify)g(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)-8
10788 b(.)55 b(The)34 b Fs(read)f Ft(builtin)i(accepts)150
10789 2963 y(a)h(`)p Fs(-a)p Ft(')f(option)h(to)g(assign)g(a)f(list)h(of)g(w)
10790 m(ords)f(read)g(from)g(the)h(standard)e(input)h(to)h(an)f(arra)m(y)-8
10791 b(,)38 b(and)d(can)150 3072 y(read)c(v)-5 b(alues)31
10792 b(from)f(the)h(standard)f(input)g(in)m(to)i(individual)e(arra)m(y)h
10793 (elemen)m(ts.)44 b(The)30 b Fs(set)g Ft(and)g Fs(declare)150
10794 3182 y Ft(builtins)g(displa)m(y)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(alues)31
10795 b(in)f(a)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)g(allo)m(ws)h(them)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g
10796 (as)g(input.)150 3431 y Fr(6.8)68 b(The)45 b(Directory)g(Stac)l(k)150
10797 3590 y Ft(The)21 b(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(is)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(recen)m
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10799 Ft(builtin)h(adds)g(directories)150 3700 y(to)42 b(the)f(stac)m(k)i(as)
10800 e(it)h(c)m(hanges)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8 b(,)45
10801 b(and)40 b(the)i Fs(popd)e Ft(builtin)g(remo)m(v)m(es)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)
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10803 (the)e(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(to)g(the)g(directory)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)
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10805 (ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k.)275 4064
10806 y(The)k(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)h(directory)f(stac)m(k)h(are)f(also)h
10807 (visible)g(as)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Fs(DIRSTACK)e
10808 Ft(shell)150 4174 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 4384 y Fj(6.8.1)63
10809 b(Directory)40 b(Stac)m(k)g(Builtins)150 4561 y Fs(dirs)870
10810 4701 y(dirs)47 b([+)p Fi(N)57 b Fs(|)48 b(-)p Fi(N)11
10811 b Fs(])46 b([-clpv])630 4841 y Ft(Displa)m(y)35 b(the)f(list)g(of)g
10812 (curren)m(tly)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(directories.)51 b(Directories)36
10813 b(are)e(added)f(to)630 4951 y(the)28 b(list)h(with)f(the)g
10814 Fs(pushd)f Ft(command;)i(the)f Fs(popd)f Ft(command)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h
10815 (directories)g(from)630 5060 y(the)i(list.)630 5230 y
10816 Fs(+)p Fi(N)384 b Ft(Displa)m(ys)23 b(the)f Fq(N)10 b
10817 Ft(th)21 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)e(the)h(left)g(of)g(the)g
10818 (list)g(prin)m(ted)1110 5340 y(b)m(y)30 b Fs(dirs)f Ft(when)h(in)m(v)m
10819 (ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options\),)h(starting)g(with)g(zero.)p
10820 eop end
10821 %%Page: 84 90
10822 TeXDict begin 84 89 bop 150 -116 a Ft(84)2572 b(Bash)31
10823 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(-)p Fi(N)384 b Ft(Displa)m(ys)47
10824 b(the)g Fq(N)10 b Ft(th)46 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)f(the)g
10825 (righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(list)1110 408 y(prin)m(ted)25
10826 b(b)m(y)g Fs(dirs)g Ft(when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(without)f(options\),)h
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10828 b(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(b)m(y)e(deleting)h(all)h(of)e(the)h
10829 (elemen)m(ts.)630 722 y Fs(-l)384 b Ft(Pro)s(duces)30
10830 b(a)i(longer)g(listing;)h(the)f(default)f(listing)i(format)e(uses)g(a)h
10831 (tilde)g(to)1110 831 y(denote)f(the)f(home)h(directory)-8
10832 b(.)630 988 y Fs(-p)384 b Ft(Causes)30 b Fs(dirs)f Ft(to)i(prin)m(t)f
10833 (the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)g(en)m(try)h(p)s(er)e(line.)
10834 630 1145 y Fs(-v)384 b Ft(Causes)36 b Fs(dirs)f Ft(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)
10835 g(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)h(en)m(try)f(p)s(er)f(line,)1110
10836 1254 y(pre\014xing)30 b(eac)m(h)h(en)m(try)g(with)f(its)h(index)e(in)i
10837 (the)f(stac)m(k.)150 1411 y Fs(popd)870 1544 y(popd)47
10838 b([+)p Fi(N)57 b Fs(|)48 b(-)p Fi(N)11 b Fs(])46 b([-n])630
10839 1677 y Ft(Remo)m(v)m(e)26 b(the)e(top)g(en)m(try)h(from)e(the)h
10840 (directory)h(stac)m(k,)i(and)c Fs(cd)h Ft(to)h(the)f(new)f(top)i
10841 (directory)-8 b(.)630 1787 y(When)32 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(giv)m
10842 (en,)h Fs(popd)d Ft(remo)m(v)m(es)j(the)f(top)f(directory)h(from)f(the)
10843 g(stac)m(k)630 1897 y(and)f(p)s(erforms)e(a)j Fs(cd)f
10844 Ft(to)h(the)f(new)g(top)h(directory)-8 b(.)44 b(The)31
10845 b(elemen)m(ts)i(are)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)f(from)630 2006
10846 y(0)d(starting)g(at)g(the)g(\014rst)f(directory)h(listed)g(with)f
10847 Fs(dirs)p Ft(;)h(i.e.,)i Fs(popd)c Ft(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)28
10848 b(to)f Fs(popd)630 2116 y(+0)p Ft(.)630 2273 y Fs(+)p
10849 Fi(N)384 b Ft(Remo)m(v)m(es)22 b(the)f Fq(N)10 b Ft(th)20
10850 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)i(from)e(the)g(left)h(of)g(the)f(list)h
10851 (prin)m(ted)1110 2382 y(b)m(y)30 b Fs(dirs)p Ft(\),)g(starting)h(with)f
10852 (zero.)630 2539 y Fs(-)p Fi(N)384 b Ft(Remo)m(v)m(es)46
10853 b(the)g Fq(N)10 b Ft(th)44 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)f(the)g
10854 (righ)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(list)1110 2648 y(prin)m(ted)30
10855 b(b)m(y)g Fs(dirs)p Ft(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)630
10856 2805 y Fs(-n)384 b Ft(Suppresses)27 b(the)j(normal)g(c)m(hange)g(of)g
10857 (directory)g(when)e(remo)m(ving)j(directo-)1110 2915
10858 y(ries)f(from)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h(stac)m(k)g
10859 (is)g(manipulated.)150 3071 y Fs(pushd)870 3205 y(pushd)46
10860 b([-n])h([+)p Fi(N)57 b Fs(|)48 b Fi(-N)58 b Fs(|)47
10861 b Fi(dir)57 b Fs(])630 3338 y Ft(Sa)m(v)m(e)29 b(the)f(curren)m(t)g
10862 (directory)g(on)g(the)g(top)g(of)g(the)g(directory)h(stac)m(k)g(and)e
10863 (then)h Fs(cd)f Ft(to)i Fq(dir)7 b Ft(.)630 3447 y(With)31
10864 b(no)f(argumen)m(ts,)h Fs(pushd)e Ft(exc)m(hanges)j(the)e(top)h(t)m(w)m
10865 (o)h(directories.)630 3604 y Fs(-n)384 b Ft(Suppresses)26
10866 b(the)i(normal)h(c)m(hange)g(of)f(directory)h(when)e(adding)h
10867 (directories)1110 3714 y(to)j(the)g(stac)m(k,)h(so)e(that)h(only)g(the)
10868 f(stac)m(k)i(is)f(manipulated.)630 3870 y Fs(+)p Fi(N)384
10869 b Ft(Brings)29 b(the)f Fq(N)10 b Ft(th)29 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)h
10870 (from)e(the)g(left)i(of)e(the)h(list)g(prin)m(ted)1110
10871 3980 y(b)m(y)34 b Fs(dirs)p Ft(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)
10872 f(top)g(of)h(the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110
10873 4089 y(stac)m(k.)630 4246 y Fs(-)p Fi(N)384 b Ft(Brings)23
10874 b(the)g Fq(N)10 b Ft(th)23 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)e(the)i
10875 (righ)m(t)f(of)g(the)h(list)f(prin)m(ted)1110 4356 y(b)m(y)34
10876 b Fs(dirs)p Ft(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)f(top)g(of)h
10877 (the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110 4465 y(stac)m(k.)630
10878 4622 y Fi(dir)336 b Ft(Mak)m(es)36 b(the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)g
10879 (directory)g(b)s(e)f(the)h(top)g(of)g(the)g(stac)m(k,)j(and)1110
10880 4732 y(then)30 b(executes)i(the)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
10881 b(of)f(`)p Fs(cd)f Fq(dir)7 b Ft('.)39 b Fs(cd)p Ft(s)30
10882 b(to)h Fq(dir)7 b Ft(.)150 4961 y Fr(6.9)68 b(Con)l(trolling)47
10883 b(the)e(Prompt)150 5121 y Ft(The)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24
10884 b(of)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b Fs(PROMPT_COMMAND)20
10885 b Ft(is)25 b(examined)f(just)g(b)s(efore)f(Bash)i(prin)m(ts)e(eac)m(h)j
10886 (primary)150 5230 y(prompt.)39 b(If)28 b Fs(PROMPT_COMMAND)d
10887 Ft(is)j(set)h(and)f(has)g(a)h(non-n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue,)29
10888 b(then)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(executed)i(just)150
10889 5340 y(as)h(if)f(it)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(on)h(the)f(command)
10890 g(line.)p eop end
10891 %%Page: 85 91
10892 TeXDict begin 85 90 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
10893 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(85)275 299 y(In)27
10894 b(addition,)j(the)f(follo)m(wing)h(table)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(sp)s
10895 (ecial)g(c)m(haracters)h(whic)m(h)f(can)f(app)s(ear)g(in)h(the)150
10896 408 y(prompt)g(v)-5 b(ariables:)150 572 y Fs(\\a)384
10897 b Ft(A)30 b(b)s(ell)h(c)m(haracter.)150 735 y Fs(\\d)384
10898 b Ft(The)30 b(date,)h(in)f Fs(")p Ft(W)-8 b(eekda)m(y)32
10899 b(Mon)m(th)f(Date)p Fs(")h Ft(format)f(\(e.g.,)h Fs(")p
10900 Ft(T)-8 b(ue)30 b(Ma)m(y)h(26)p Fs(")p Ft(\).)150 897
10901 y Fs(\\D{)p Fi(format)11 b Fs(})630 1006 y Ft(The)27
10902 b Fq(format)i Ft(is)f(passed)e(to)i Fs(strftime)p Ft(\(3\))f(and)f(the)
10903 i(result)f(is)g(inserted)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(prompt)630
10904 1116 y(string;)42 b(an)d(empt)m(y)f Fq(format)j Ft(results)d(in)g(a)h
10905 (lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(time)f(represen)m(tation.)65
10906 b(The)630 1226 y(braces)31 b(are)f(required.)150 1388
10907 y Fs(\\e)384 b Ft(An)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)150
10908 1550 y Fs(\\h)384 b Ft(The)30 b(hostname,)h(up)e(to)i(the)g(\014rst)e
10909 (`.'.)150 1712 y Fs(\\H)384 b Ft(The)30 b(hostname.)150
10910 1875 y Fs(\\j)384 b Ft(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(jobs)g(curren)m
10911 (tly)h(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell.)150 2037 y Fs(\\l)384
10912 b Ft(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g
10913 (name.)150 2199 y Fs(\\n)384 b Ft(A)30 b(newline.)150
10914 2362 y Fs(\\r)384 b Ft(A)30 b(carriage)i(return.)150
10915 2524 y Fs(\\s)384 b Ft(The)22 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(shell,)i(the)f
10916 (basename)f(of)h Fs($0)f Ft(\(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
10917 (\014nal)e(slash\).)150 2686 y Fs(\\t)384 b Ft(The)30
10918 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)150 2849
10919 y Fs(\\T)384 b Ft(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)
10920 150 3011 y Fs(\\@)384 b Ft(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(am/pm)f
10921 (format.)150 3173 y Fs(\\A)384 b Ft(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h
10922 (HH:MM)g(format.)150 3335 y Fs(\\u)384 b Ft(The)30 b(username)g(of)g
10923 (the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)150 3498 y Fs(\\v)384 b Ft(The)30
10924 b(v)m(ersion)h(of)f(Bash)h(\(e.g.,)h(2.00\))150 3660
10925 y Fs(\\V)384 b Ft(The)30 b(release)i(of)e(Bash,)h(v)m(ersion)g
10926 Fs(+)f Ft(patc)m(hlev)m(el)i(\(e.g.,)h(2.00.0\))150 3822
10927 y Fs(\\w)384 b Ft(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(w)m(orking)g(directory)-8
10928 b(,)37 b(with)e Fs($HOME)e Ft(abbreviated)j(with)e(a)h(tilde)h(\(uses)f
10929 (the)630 3932 y Fs($PROMPT_DIRTRIM)26 b Ft(v)-5 b(ariable\).)150
10930 4094 y Fs(\\W)384 b Ft(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f Fs($PWD)p
10931 Ft(,)g(with)g Fs($HOME)f Ft(abbreviated)h(with)g(a)h(tilde.)150
10932 4257 y Fs(\\!)384 b Ft(The)30 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(this)f
10933 (command.)150 4419 y Fs(\\#)384 b Ft(The)30 b(command)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
10934 (er)f(of)i(this)f(command.)150 4581 y Fs(\\$)384 b Ft(If)30
10935 b(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(uid)d(is)g(0,)h Fs(#)p Ft(,)g(otherwise)g
10936 Fs($)p Ft(.)150 4743 y Fs(\\)p Fi(nnn)288 b Ft(The)30
10937 b(c)m(haracter)i(whose)e(ASCI)s(I)f(co)s(de)h(is)h(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v)
10938 -5 b(alue)31 b Fq(nnn)p Ft(.)150 4906 y Fs(\\\\)384 b
10939 Ft(A)30 b(bac)m(kslash.)150 5068 y Fs(\\[)384 b Ft(Begin)38
10940 b(a)f(sequence)g(of)g(non-prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters.)61
10941 b(This)36 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)g(a)630
10942 5178 y(terminal)31 b(con)m(trol)h(sequence)e(in)m(to)i(the)e(prompt.)
10943 150 5340 y Fs(\\])384 b Ft(End)29 b(a)i(sequence)g(of)f(non-prin)m
10944 (ting)g(c)m(haracters.)p eop end
10945 %%Page: 86 92
10946 TeXDict begin 86 91 bop 150 -116 a Ft(86)2572 b(Bash)31
10947 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)275 299 y(The)25 b(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
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10950 h(is)f(its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f(list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m
10951 (y)g(include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150 518 y(the)39
10952 b(history)h(\014le)f(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)h([Bash)e(History)h(F)-8
10953 b(acilities],)45 b(page)40 b(125\),)j(while)d(the)f(command)150
10954 628 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j(is)h(the)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)g(sequence)h
10955 (of)f(commands)g(executed)h(during)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(shell)150
10956 737 y(session.)275 874 y(After)35 b(the)g(string)g(is)g(deco)s(ded,)h
10957 (it)f(is)g(expanded)f(via)i(parameter)f(expansion,)i(command)d(substi-)
10958 150 983 y(tution,)k(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5
10959 b(al,)39 b(sub)5 b(ject)35 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
10960 b(of)g(the)g Fs(promptvars)150 1093 y Ft(shell)31 b(option)f(\(see)i
10961 (Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(43\).)150
10962 1328 y Fr(6.10)68 b(The)45 b(Restricted)h(Shell)150 1488
10963 y Ft(If)27 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(with)g(the)g(name)g
10964 Fs(rbash)p Ft(,)f(or)g(the)h(`)p Fs(--restricted)p Ft(')d(or)j(`)p
10965 Fs(-r)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(supplied)e(at)150 1597 y(in)m(v)m(o)s
10966 (cation,)k(the)d(shell)g(b)s(ecomes)h(restricted.)40
10967 b(A)27 b(restricted)h(shell)f(is)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(up)f(an)h(en)m
10968 (vironmen)m(t)150 1707 y(more)g(con)m(trolled)i(than)e(the)g(standard)g
10969 (shell.)40 b(A)27 b(restricted)h(shell)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)h(iden)m
10970 (tically)h(to)f Fs(bash)e Ft(with)150 1817 y(the)31 b(exception)g(that)
10971 g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(are)e(disallo)m(w)m(ed)i(or)e(not)h(p)s
10972 (erformed:)225 1953 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Changing)30 b(directories)h(with)
10973 g(the)f Fs(cd)g Ft(builtin.)225 2089 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Setting)31
10974 b(or)f(unsetting)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(the)f
10975 Fs(SHELL)p Ft(,)g Fs(PATH)p Ft(,)f Fs(ENV)p Ft(,)h(or)g
10976 Fs(BASH_ENV)e Ft(v)-5 b(ariables.)225 2224 y Fp(\017)60
10977 b Ft(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(command)g(names)g(con)m(taining)i(slashes.)225
10978 2360 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(a)h(\014lename)f(con)m
10979 (taining)i(a)f(slash)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f
10980 Fs(.)h Ft(builtin)e(command.)225 2495 y Fp(\017)60 b
10981 Ft(Sp)s(ecifying)28 b(a)i(\014lename)f(con)m(taining)h(a)g(slash)e(as)h
10982 (an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)f(the)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(option)g(to)h(the)f
10983 Fs(hash)330 2605 y Ft(builtin)h(command.)225 2740 y Fp(\017)60
10984 b Ft(Imp)s(orting)30 b(function)g(de\014nitions)g(from)f(the)i(shell)g
10985 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225 2876 y Fp(\017)60
10986 b Ft(P)m(arsing)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fs(SHELLOPTS)d
10987 Ft(from)h(the)i(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225
10988 3011 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Redirecting)31 b(output)f(using)g(the)h(`)p
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10990 Fs(>&)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(&>)p Ft(',)h(and)e(`)p Fs(>>)p
10991 Ft(')i(redirection)g(op)s(erators.)225 3147 y Fp(\017)60
10992 b Ft(Using)31 b(the)f Fs(exec)f Ft(builtin)h(to)h(replace)h(the)e
10993 (shell)h(with)f(another)h(command.)225 3282 y Fp(\017)60
10994 b Ft(Adding)40 b(or)h(deleting)h(builtin)e(commands)h(with)f(the)h(`)p
10995 Fs(-f)p Ft(')g(and)f(`)p Fs(-d)p Ft(')h(options)g(to)h(the)f
10996 Fs(enable)330 3392 y Ft(builtin.)225 3527 y Fp(\017)60
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10999 Ft(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(the)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')h(option)g(to)g(the)f
11000 Fs(command)f Ft(builtin.)225 3798 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(T)-8
11001 b(urning)29 b(o\013)i(restricted)g(mo)s(de)f(with)g(`)p
11002 Fs(set)g(+r)p Ft(')g(or)g(`)p Fs(set)g(+o)g(restricted)p
11003 Ft('.)275 3961 y(These)g(restrictions)h(are)g(enforced)f(after)h(an)m
11004 (y)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)275 4097 y(When)j(a)i(command)e
11005 (that)i(is)f(found)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(executed)h
11006 (\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)150 4207 y(Scripts],)25
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11008 (in)f(the)g(shell)h(spa)m(wned)e(to)i(execute)g(the)g(script.)150
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11010 y Ft(Starting)34 b(Bash)f(with)g(the)g(`)p Fs(--posix)p
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11013 f(Bash)g(to)h(conform)f(more)g(closely)h(to)g(the)f Fl(posix)f
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11015 (to)h(matc)m(h)g(that)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fl(posix)g
11016 Ft(in)g(areas)h(where)f(the)h(Bash)f(default)h(di\013ers.)275
11017 4957 y(When)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)g Fs(sh)p Ft(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g
11018 Fl(posix)e Ft(mo)s(de)h(after)h(reading)g(the)f(startup)g(\014les.)275
11019 5094 y(The)f(follo)m(wing)j(list)f(is)g(what's)f(c)m(hanged)h(when)e(`)
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11021 y(1.)61 b(When)28 b(a)i(command)e(in)g(the)h(hash)f(table)i(no)e
11022 (longer)h(exists,)h(Bash)f(will)g(re-searc)m(h)h Fs($PATH)d
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11024 b(This)29 b(is)i(also)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(with)d(`)p
11025 Fs(shopt)f(-s)h(checkhash)p Ft('.)p eop end
11026 %%Page: 87 93
11027 TeXDict begin 87 92 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
11028 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(87)199 299 y(2.)61
11029 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(job)g(con)m(trol)i(co)s
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11031 408 y(non-zero)31 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)199
11032 540 y(3.)61 b(The)40 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con)m
11033 (trol)h(co)s(de)g(and)f(builtins)f(when)h(a)g(job)g(is)h(stopp)s(ed)e
11034 (is)330 650 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fq(signame)5 b Ft(\)',)31
11035 b(where)f Fq(signame)36 b Ft(is,)31 b(for)f(example,)h
11036 Fs(SIGTSTP)p Ft(.)199 781 y(4.)61 b(The)27 b Fs(bg)g
11037 Ft(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f(format)h(to)g(describ)s(e)f(eac)m
11038 (h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f(the)h(bac)m(kground,)330 891
11039 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g(indication)h(of)f(whether)f
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11041 1022 y(5.)61 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(w)m(ords)g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(a)g(con)
11042 m(text)i(where)d(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords)f(are)i(recognized)g(do)f(not)
11043 330 1132 y(undergo)30 b(alias)h(expansion.)199 1263 y(6.)61
11044 b(The)38 b Fl(posix)h Fs(PS1)f Ft(and)g Fs(PS2)g Ft(expansions)g(of)i
11045 (`)p Fs(!)p Ft(')f(to)g(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)g(`)p
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11047 b(and)f(parameter)g(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i(the)g(v)-5
11048 b(alues)25 b(of)g Fs(PS1)f Ft(and)h Fs(PS2)f Ft(regardless)330
11049 1482 y(of)31 b(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)h Fs(promptvars)c
11050 Ft(option.)199 1614 y(7.)61 b(The)30 b Fl(posix)g Ft(startup)f(\014les)
11051 i(are)g(executed)g(\()p Fs($ENV)p Ft(\))f(rather)g(than)g(the)h(normal)
11052 f(Bash)g(\014les.)199 1745 y(8.)61 b(Tilde)30 b(expansion)g(is)f(only)h
11053 (p)s(erformed)f(on)h(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)g(a)g(command)g(name,)g
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11055 (on)e(the)h(line.)199 1987 y(9.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(history)h
11056 (\014le)f(is)h(`)p Fs(~/.sh_history)p Ft(')c(\(this)k(is)f(the)g
11057 (default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fs($HISTFILE)p Ft(\).)154
11058 2118 y(10.)61 b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Fs(kill)29
11059 b(-l)p Ft(')23 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g(on)g(a)h
11060 (single)g(line,)h(separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330 2228
11061 y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p Fs(SIG)p Ft(')f(pre\014x.)154
11062 2359 y(11.)61 b(The)30 b Fs(kill)f Ft(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)
11063 h(signal)f(names)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Fs(SIG)p Ft(')f(pre\014x.)154
11064 2491 y(12.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g
11065 Fq(\014lename)k Ft(in)30 b Fs(.)g Fq(\014lename)36 b
11066 Ft(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 2622 y(13.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41
11067 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g(syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h
11068 (expansion)f(results)f(in)h(an)330 2732 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31
11069 b(expression.)154 2863 y(14.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27
11070 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f(a)h(syn)m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h
11071 (script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f Fs(.)g Ft(or)h Fs(source)330
11072 2973 y Ft(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h(string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i
11073 (the)f Fs(eval)f Ft(builtin.)154 3104 y(15.)61 b(Redirection)25
11074 b(op)s(erators)f(do)g(not)g(p)s(erform)f(\014lename)h(expansion)g(on)g
11075 (the)g(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)g(redirection)330 3214 y(unless)30
11076 b(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)154 3345 y(16.)61
11077 b(Redirection)31 b(op)s(erators)g(do)f(not)h(p)s(erform)e(w)m(ord)h
11078 (splitting)h(on)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)g(redirection.)154
11079 3477 y(17.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)35 b(names)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(v)-5
11080 b(alid)35 b(shell)f Fs(name)p Ft(s.)52 b(That)34 b(is,)i(they)f(ma)m(y)
11081 g(not)g(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)330 3587 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h
11082 (digits,)h(and)d(underscores,)h(and)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(start)h(with)e(a)h
11083 (digit.)49 b(Declaring)330 3696 y(a)31 b(function)f(with)g(an)g(in)m(v)
11084 -5 b(alid)31 b(name)g(causes)f(a)h(fatal)h(syn)m(tax)f(error)f(in)g
11085 (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 3828 y(18.)61 b
11086 Fl(posix)30 b Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h
11087 (shell)h(functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)154
11088 3959 y(19.)61 b(The)29 b Fs(time)g Ft(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(ma)m(y)g
11089 (b)s(e)g(used)f(b)m(y)h(itself)g(as)g(a)h(command.)40
11090 b(When)30 b(used)f(in)g(this)h(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)330 4069
11091 y(it)33 b(displa)m(ys)g(timing)g(statistics)h(for)e(the)h(shell)g(and)f
11092 (its)g(completed)i(c)m(hildren.)47 b(The)32 b Fs(TIMEFORMAT)330
11093 4178 y Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(con)m(trols)h(the)e(format)h(of)g(the)f
11094 (timing)h(information.)154 4310 y(20.)61 b(When)33 b(parsing)f(and)g
11095 (expanding)g(a)i($)p Fs({)6 b Ft(.)22 b(.)g(.)11 b Fs(})33
11096 b Ft(expansion)f(that)i(app)s(ears)e(within)g(double)g(quotes,)330
11097 4419 y(single)42 b(quotes)g(are)g(no)g(longer)g(sp)s(ecial)g(and)f
11098 (cannot)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(quote)g(a)g(closing)h(brace)f(or)330
11099 4529 y(other)31 b(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracter,)i(unless)c(the)i(op)s
11100 (erator)f(is)g(one)h(of)f(those)h(de\014ned)e(to)i(p)s(erform)e
11101 (pattern)330 4639 y(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)42 b(In)30 b(this)g(case,)i(they)
11102 e(do)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)f(app)s(ear)e(as)i(matc)m(hed)g(pairs.)154
11103 4770 y(21.)61 b(The)29 b(parser)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(recognize)h
11104 Fs(time)d Ft(as)i(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(if)h(the)f(next)h(tok)m
11105 (en)h(b)s(egins)d(with)i(a)330 4880 y(`)p Fs(-)p Ft('.)154
11106 5011 y(22.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fl(posix)g Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f
11107 (returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e
11108 (exits.)39 b(The)24 b(fatal)330 5121 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f
11109 (listed)h(in)f(the)h Fl(posix)e Ft(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g
11110 (lik)m(e)i(passing)e(incorrect)330 5230 y(options,)43
11111 b(redirection)d(errors,)i(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e
11112 (for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i(preceding)f(the)330 5340 y(command)30
11113 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)p eop end
11114 %%Page: 88 94
11115 TeXDict begin 88 93 bop 150 -116 a Ft(88)2572 b(Bash)31
11116 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)154 299 y(23.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m
11117 (e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5
11118 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330
11119 408 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m(ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)
11120 h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330
11121 518 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g
11122 (assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5
11123 b(ariable.)154 645 y(24.)61 b(A)28 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e
11124 (exists)f(with)g(an)g(error)g(status)h(if)f(a)g(v)-5
11125 b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs)330
11126 755 y(in)i(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g(preceding)e(a)h(sp)s
11127 (ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f(other)h(simple)330
11128 864 y(command.)154 991 y(25.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)
11129 e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5
11130 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g Fs(for)330 1101 y Ft(statemen)m(t)32
11131 b(or)f(the)f(selection)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g
11132 Fs(select)f Ft(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f(readonly)h(v)-5
11133 b(ariable.)154 1228 y(26.)61 b(Pro)s(cess)30 b(substitution)g(is)h(not)
11134 f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)154 1354 y(27.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23
11135 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fl(posix)f Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s
11136 (ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 1464
11137 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 1591 y(28.)61
11138 b(Assignmen)m(t)35 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(shell)f(function)g
11139 (calls)i(p)s(ersist)e(in)g(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330
11140 1700 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h
11141 Fl(posix)e Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g
11142 (executed.)154 1827 y(29.)61 b(The)38 b Fs(export)f Ft(and)g
11143 Fs(readonly)f Ft(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in)
11144 g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 1937 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fl(posix)p
11145 Ft(.)154 2064 y(30.)61 b(The)30 b Fs(trap)f Ft(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g
11146 (signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Fs(SIG)p
11147 Ft(.)154 2191 y(31.)61 b(The)39 b Fs(trap)e Ft(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g
11148 (c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e
11149 (signal)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)330 2300 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e
11150 (signal)i(handling)e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g
11151 (is,)g(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 2410 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g
11152 (digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38
11153 b(If)28 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330
11154 2519 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s
11155 (osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Fs(-)p Ft(')g(as)g(the)g(\014rst)
11156 f(argumen)m(t.)154 2646 y(32.)61 b(The)21 b Fs(.)h Ft(and)f
11157 Fs(source)f Ft(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f
11158 (directory)h(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330
11159 2756 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g
11160 Fs(PATH)p Ft(.)154 2883 y(33.)61 b(Subshells)20 b(spa)m(wned)h(to)h
11161 (execute)g(command)g(substitutions)f(inherit)g(the)g(v)-5
11162 b(alue)22 b(of)g(the)f(`)p Fs(-e)p Ft(')g(option)330
11163 2992 y(from)34 b(the)h(paren)m(t)g(shell.)55 b(When)34
11164 b(not)i(in)e Fl(posix)g Ft(mo)s(de,)i(Bash)f(clears)h(the)f(`)p
11165 Fs(-e)p Ft(')f(option)i(in)e(suc)m(h)330 3102 y(subshells.)154
11166 3229 y(34.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(enabled,)e
11167 (ev)m(en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 3356
11168 y(35.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Fs(alias)f Ft(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias)
11169 g(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)
11170 330 3465 y(leading)31 b(`)p Fs(alias)e Ft(')i(unless)f(the)g(`)p
11171 Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(option)h(is)g(supplied.)154 3592 y(36.)61
11172 b(When)40 b(the)g Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
11173 (without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g
11174 (function)330 3702 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154
11175 3829 y(37.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Fs(set)g Ft(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)
11176 m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
11177 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 3938 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i
11178 (con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)
11179 g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m(ting)330 4048 y(c)m(haracters.)154
11180 4175 y(38.)61 b(When)35 b(the)g Fs(cd)f Ft(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
11181 (ed)i(in)d Fq(logical)41 b Ft(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g
11182 (constructed)g(from)330 4284 y Fs($PWD)i Ft(and)h(the)h(directory)f
11183 (name)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g
11184 (an)f(existing)330 4394 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Fs(cd)d
11185 Ft(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f(falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f
11186 Fq(ph)m(ysical)j Ft(mo)s(de.)154 4521 y(39.)61 b(The)36
11187 b Fs(pwd)f Ft(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5
11188 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f
11189 (directory)-8 b(,)330 4631 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m
11190 (ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h(`)p
11191 Fs(-P)p Ft(')f(option.)154 4757 y(40.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g
11192 (history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Fs(fc)g Ft(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h
11193 (include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 4867
11194 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed.)154
11195 4994 y(41.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f(b)m(y)g
11196 Fs(fc)g Ft(is)g Fs(ed)p Ft(.)154 5121 y(42.)61 b(The)37
11197 b Fs(type)g Ft(and)g Fs(command)f Ft(builtins)i(will)g(not)g(rep)s(ort)
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11203 %%Page: 89 95
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11412 Fl(id)g Ft(of)h(the)f(job's)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g(leader.)p
11413 eop end
11414 %%Page: 93 99
11415 TeXDict begin 93 98 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
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11476 (the)h(shell)f(receiv)m(es)i(a)f Fs(SIGHUP)p Ft(.)47
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11478 b(presen)m(t,)f(and)g(neither)h(the)f(`)p Fs(-a)p Ft(')g(nor)g(`)p
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11486 b([-f])630 5121 y Ft(Susp)s(end)31 b(the)i(execution)h(of)g(this)f
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11491 b(susp)s(ension.)p eop end
11492 %%Page: 94 100
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11526 %%Page: 95 101
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11574 (Meta)h(k)m(ey)-8 b(,)27 b(the)d(iden)m(tical)150 3239
11575 y(k)m(eystrok)m(e)30 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(generated)h(b)m(y)g(t)m(yping)g
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11579 b(.)275 3519 y(The)39 b(text)j Fi(M-C-k)d Ft(is)h(read)g(as)h
11580 (`Meta-Con)m(trol-k')j(and)39 b(describ)s(es)h(the)g(c)m(haracter)i
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11583 (their)f(o)m(wn)g(names.)58 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally)-8 b(,)38
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11592 Fs(Return)e Ft(or)h Fs(Enter)f Ft(on)h(some)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150
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11602 b(of)f(the)h(line.)40 b(Using)28 b(these)h(editing)g(commands,)f(y)m
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11604 (needs)g(correction,)j(and)d(delete)h(or)f(insert)h(the)f(text)h(of)g
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11606 (satis\014ed)g(with)g(the)g(line,)i(y)m(ou)e(simply)f(press)g
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11609 Fs(RET)p Ft(;)i(the)g(en)m(tire)g(line)f(is)h(accepted)g(regardless)g
11610 (of)f(the)h(lo)s(cation)h(of)e(the)h(cursor)150 5340
11611 y(within)c(the)g(line.)p eop end
11612 %%Page: 96 102
11613 TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Ft(96)2572 b(Bash)31
11614 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fj(8.2.1)63 b(Readline)40
11615 b(Bare)h(Essen)m(tials)150 446 y Ft(In)31 b(order)h(to)h(en)m(ter)g(c)m
11616 (haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(line,)g(simply)e(t)m(yp)s(e)i(them.)46
11617 b(The)31 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(c)m(haracter)i(app)s(ears)150
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11619 (v)m(es)j(one)f(space)g(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t.)47 b(If)32
11620 b(y)m(ou)h(mist)m(yp)s(e)g(a)150 665 y(c)m(haracter,)f(y)m(ou)f(can)g
11621 (use)f(y)m(our)g(erase)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(bac)m(k)g(up)f(and)f
11622 (delete)j(the)f(mist)m(yp)s(ed)e(c)m(haracter.)275 806
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11625 m(yp)s(ed)150 916 y(sev)m(eral)e(other)f(c)m(haracters.)42
11626 b(In)28 b(that)i(case,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h
11627 Fi(C-b)d Ft(to)j(mo)m(v)m(e)g(the)f(cursor)g(to)g(the)g(left,)i(and)150
11628 1026 y(then)f(correct)i(y)m(our)e(mistak)m(e.)42 b(Afterw)m(ards,)31
11629 b(y)m(ou)f(can)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(cursor)g(to)h(the)g(righ)m(t)g
11630 (with)f Fi(C-f)p Ft(.)275 1167 y(When)i(y)m(ou)h(add)f(text)h(in)f(the)
11631 h(middle)f(of)h(a)g(line,)h(y)m(ou)e(will)h(notice)h(that)f(c)m
11632 (haracters)h(to)g(the)e(righ)m(t)150 1277 y(of)d(the)g(cursor)f(are)h
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11635 1386 y(when)d(y)m(ou)g(delete)i(text)g(b)s(ehind)c(the)j(cursor,)h(c)m
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11637 150 1496 y(bac)m(k')24 b(to)f(\014ll)g(in)f(the)h(blank)f(space)i
11638 (created)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)24 b(of)f(the)g(text.)39
11639 b(A)23 b(list)g(of)g(the)g(bare)f(essen)m(tials)150 1605
11640 y(for)30 b(editing)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(an)f(input)f(line)i(follo)m(ws.)
11641 150 1775 y Fi(C-b)336 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(one)e(c)m
11642 (haracter.)150 1941 y Fi(C-f)336 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(one)
11643 h(c)m(haracter.)150 2108 y Fs(DEL)e Ft(or)i Fs(Backspace)630
11644 2217 y Ft(Delete)i(the)d(c)m(haracter)i(to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h
11645 (cursor.)150 2384 y Fi(C-d)336 b Ft(Delete)33 b(the)d(c)m(haracter)i
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11649 2936 y Ft(Undo)k(the)h(last)g(editing)g(command.)50 b(Y)-8
11650 b(ou)34 b(can)f(undo)g(all)h(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(bac)m(k)f(to)g(an)g
11651 (empt)m(y)630 3045 y(line.)150 3215 y(\(Dep)s(ending)29
11652 b(on)h(y)m(our)f(con\014guration,)i(the)e Fs(Backspace)e
11653 Ft(k)m(ey)k(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(to)g(the)
11654 150 3324 y(left)37 b(of)f(the)h(cursor)e(and)h(the)g
11655 Fs(DEL)g Ft(k)m(ey)h(set)f(to)h(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i
11656 (underneath)d(the)h(cursor,)i(lik)m(e)150 3434 y Fi(C-d)p
11657 Ft(,)30 b(rather)g(than)g(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)f(left)h(of)g
11658 (the)f(cursor.\))150 3640 y Fj(8.2.2)63 b(Readline)40
11659 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)h(Commands)150 3787 y Ft(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
11660 (table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)g(most)i(basic)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(that)f
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11663 (enience,)j(man)m(y)d(other)g(commands)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)d(added)g
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11665 Ft(,)g Fi(C-d)p Ft(,)h(and)e Fs(DEL)p Ft(.)54 b(Here)35
11666 b(are)g(some)h(commands)e(for)h(mo)m(ving)h(more)f(rapidly)f(ab)s(out)h
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11668 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 4452 y Fi(C-e)336
11669 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
11670 4618 y Fi(M-f)336 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord,)f
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11673 (ord.)150 4951 y Fi(C-l)336 b Ft(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h(reprin)m
11674 (ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275
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11680 5340 y(w)m(ords.)p eop end
11681 %%Page: 97 103
11682 TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
11683 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2107 b(97)150 299 y Fj(8.2.3)63
11684 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i(Commands)150 446 y Fq(Killing)35
11685 b Ft(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h(the)f(text)g(from)g(the)f(line,)i
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11688 b(it)g(bac)m(k)f(in)m(to)h(the)f(line.)40 b(\(`Cut')27
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11712 b(from)f(the)h(cursor)f(the)g(start)h(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(ord,)
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11715 b(ord)39 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)i(the)f(same)h(as)g(those)f(used)g(b)m
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11717 b(from)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)i(the)f(previous)g(whitespace.)55
11718 b(This)34 b(is)h(di\013eren)m(t)h(than)e Fi(M-DEL)630
11719 2597 y Ft(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275
11720 2759 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fq(y)m(ank)47 b Ft(the)42
11721 b(text)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)f(the)g(line.)74 b(Y)-8 b(anking)43
11722 b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 2869 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33
11723 b(text)e(from)f(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er.)150 3031 y Fi(C-y)336
11724 b Ft(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(most)h(recen)m(tly)h(killed)f(text)g(bac)m
11725 (k)g(in)m(to)h(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(the)f(cursor.)150
11726 3192 y Fi(M-y)336 b Ft(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h
11727 (the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h
11728 (the)g(prior)630 3302 y(command)30 b(is)h Fi(C-y)e Ft(or)h
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11730 3650 y Ft(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f
11731 (Readline)h(commands.)67 b(Sometimes)39 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(acts)150
11732 3760 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g
11733 Fk(sign)47 b Ft(of)41 b(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(that)h(is)f(signi\014can)m
11734 (t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 3869 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)
11735 m(t)e(to)g(a)g(command)f(whic)m(h)g(normally)h(acts)g(in)f(a)h(forw)m
11736 (ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 3979 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h
11737 (bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(direction.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(to)f(kill)g
11738 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4088 y(the)31
11739 b(line,)g(y)m(ou)f(migh)m(t)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Fs(M--)f(C-k)p
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11741 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)f(command)g(is)g(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(meta)i
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11753 b(on)e(the)h(input)e(line.)150 4974 y Fj(8.2.5)63 b(Searc)m(hing)40
11754 b(for)i(Commands)g(in)f(the)g(History)150 5121 y Ft(Readline)35
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11761 %%Page: 98 104
11762 TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 -116 a Ft(98)2572 b(Bash)31
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11818 g Fq(inputrc)49 b Ft(\014le,)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tionally)e(in)d(his)g
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11833 4511 y Ft(There)f(are)i(only)f(a)g(few)g(basic)g(constructs)h(allo)m(w)
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11841 b(settings)g(and)f(k)m(ey)h(bindings.)150 5011 y(V)-8
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11847 eop end
11848 %%Page: 99 105
11849 TeXDict begin 99 104 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
11850 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2107 b(99)870 299 y Fs(set)47
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11874 b(If)36 b(set)i(to)1110 2162 y(`)p Fs(visible)p Ft(',)32
11875 b(Readline)i(uses)f(a)g(visible)g(b)s(ell)g(if)g(one)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
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11879 1110 2655 y Ft(If)45 b(set)h(to)f(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)50
11880 b(Readline)45 b(attempts)i(to)f(bind)d(the)j(con)m(trol)g(c)m
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11912 (longer)j(than)e(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(are)1110 5340
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11914 f(completions.)p eop end
11915 %%Page: 100 106
11916 TeXDict begin 100 105 bop 150 -116 a Ft(100)2527 b(Bash)31
11917 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(completion-query-items)1110
11918 408 y Ft(The)26 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h
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11928 b(A)24 b(negativ)m(e)j(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(means)e(Readline)i(should)1110
11929 1066 y(nev)m(er)31 b(ask.)41 b(The)29 b(default)i(limit)g(is)g
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11933 1450 y(to)33 b(an)e Fl(asci)r(i)h Ft(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(b)m(y)g
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11938 Ft('.)630 1833 y Fs(disable-completion)1110 1943 y Ft(If)36
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11941 b(will)e(b)s(e)f(inserted)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(line)f(as)g(if)g(they)h
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11943 Ft(.)38 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)630
11944 2326 y Fs(editing-mode)1110 2436 y Ft(The)d Fs(editing-mode)e
11945 Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(con)m(trols)h(whic)m(h)e(default)h(set)h(of)e(k)
11946 m(ey)i(bind-)1110 2545 y(ings)25 b(is)g(used.)38 b(By)26
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11949 h(Emacs.)40 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(can)1110
11950 2765 y(b)s(e)g(set)h(to)g(either)g(`)p Fs(emacs)p Ft(')e(or)h(`)p
11951 Fs(vi)p Ft('.)630 2929 y Fs(echo-control-characters)1110
11952 3039 y Ft(When)g(set)h(to)g(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)f(on)g(op)s(erating)h
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11968 b(is)f(`)p Fs(on)p Ft('.)630 4518 y Fs(expand-tilde)1110
11969 4628 y Ft(If)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)f(tilde)g(expansion)g(is)f
11970 (p)s(erformed)f(when)h(Readline)h(attempts)1110 4737
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11972 Fs(off)p Ft('.)630 4902 y Fs(history-preserve-point)1110
11973 5011 y Ft(If)41 b(set)h(to)h(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)i(the)c(history)h(co)s
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11978 Ft(.)55 b(The)36 b(default)1110 5340 y(is)30 b(`)p Fs(off)p
11979 Ft('.)p eop end
11980 %%Page: 101 107
11981 TeXDict begin 101 106 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
11982 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(101)630 299 y Fs(history-size)1110
11983 408 y Ft(Set)39 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)g
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11986 (en)m(tries)h(in)f(the)h(history)f(list)h(is)g(not)1110
11987 628 y(limited.)630 778 y Fs(horizontal-scroll-mode)1110
11988 888 y Ft(This)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)h(either)f
11989 (`)p Fs(on)p Ft(')g(or)g(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)57 b(Setting)36
11990 b(it)g(to)h(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(')1110 998 y(means)26 b(that)h(the)f(text)h
11991 (of)g(the)f(lines)g(b)s(eing)g(edited)h(will)f(scroll)h(horizon)m
11992 (tally)1110 1107 y(on)32 b(a)g(single)g(screen)g(line)g(when)e(they)i
11993 (are)g(longer)h(than)e(the)h(width)f(of)h(the)1110 1217
11994 y(screen,)27 b(instead)g(of)f(wrapping)f(on)m(to)i(a)f(new)g(screen)g
11995 (line.)39 b(By)27 b(default,)g(this)1110 1326 y(v)-5
11996 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)630
11997 1477 y Fs(input-meta)1110 1587 y Ft(If)f(set)g(to)h(`)p
11998 Fs(on)p Ft(',)g(Readline)g(will)f(enable)h(eigh)m(t-bit)h(input)d(\(it)
11999 i(will)f(not)h(clear)1110 1696 y(the)40 b(eigh)m(th)g(bit)g(in)f(the)h
12000 (c)m(haracters)h(it)f(reads\),)j(regardless)c(of)h(what)g(the)1110
12001 1806 y(terminal)g(claims)h(it)g(can)f(supp)s(ort.)68
12002 b(The)39 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(`)p Fs(off)p
12003 Ft('.)69 b(The)1110 1915 y(name)30 b Fs(meta-flag)e Ft(is)j(a)f(synon)m
12004 (ym)g(for)g(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 2066 y Fs(isearch-terminators)
12005 1110 2176 y Ft(The)51 b(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(that)f(should)e
12006 (terminate)j(an)f(incremen)m(tal)1110 2285 y(searc)m(h)25
12007 b(without)g(subsequen)m(tly)g(executing)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(as)f(a)g
12008 (command)1110 2395 y(\(see)42 b(Section)f(8.2.5)i([Searc)m(hing],)i
12009 (page)c(97\).)73 b(If)41 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)g(not)1110
12010 2504 y(b)s(een)35 b(giv)m(en)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(the)f(c)m
12011 (haracters)h Fs(ESC)d Ft(and)h Fi(C-J)g Ft(will)h(terminate)g(an)1110
12012 2614 y(incremen)m(tal)c(searc)m(h.)630 2765 y Fs(keymap)192
12013 b Ft(Sets)39 b(Readline's)g(idea)h(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eymap)h
12014 (for)g(k)m(ey)g(binding)f(com-)1110 2874 y(mands.)81
12015 b(Acceptable)47 b Fs(keymap)42 b Ft(names)i(are)h Fs(emacs)p
12016 Ft(,)i Fs(emacs-standard)p Ft(,)1110 2984 y Fs(emacs-meta)p
12017 Ft(,)99 b Fs(emacs-ctlx)p Ft(,)f Fs(vi)p Ft(,)j Fs(vi-move)p
12018 Ft(,)f Fs(vi-command)p Ft(,)f(and)1110 3093 y Fs(vi-insert)p
12019 Ft(.)64 b Fs(vi)38 b Ft(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)41 b(to)e
12020 Fs(vi-command)p Ft(;)i Fs(emacs)c Ft(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)1110
12021 3203 y(to)33 b Fs(emacs-standard)p Ft(.)41 b(The)31 b(default)h(v)-5
12022 b(alue)32 b(is)g Fs(emacs)p Ft(.)44 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)33
12023 b(of)f(the)1110 3313 y Fs(editing-mode)27 b Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)31
12024 b(also)h(a\013ects)f(the)g(default)f(k)m(eymap.)630 3463
12025 y Fs(mark-directories)1110 3573 y Ft(If)38 b(set)g(to)h(`)p
12026 Fs(on)p Ft(',)i(completed)e(directory)f(names)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e(slash)
12027 g(app)s(ended.)1110 3682 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
12028 Fs(on)p Ft('.)630 3833 y Fs(mark-modified-lines)1110
12029 3943 y Ft(This)k(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(when)d(set)h(to)h(`)p
12030 Fs(on)p Ft(',)g(causes)g(Readline)f(to)h(displa)m(y)f(an)f(as-)1110
12031 4052 y(terisk)f(\(`)p Fs(*)p Ft('\))h(at)f(the)g(start)g(of)g(history)g
12032 (lines)g(whic)m(h)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)1110
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12035 4422 y Ft(If)44 b(set)h(to)h(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)i(completed)e(names)f
12036 (whic)m(h)f(are)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(links)g(to)g(di-)1110
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12039 4641 y(directories)p Ft(\).)38 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
12040 Fs(off)p Ft('.)630 4792 y Fs(match-hidden-files)1110
12041 4902 y Ft(This)21 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)25 b(when)d(set)g(to)h(`)p
12042 Fs(on)p Ft(',)h(causes)f(Readline)g(to)g(matc)m(h)g(\014les)f(whose)
12043 1110 5011 y(names)44 b(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)g(`)p Fs(.)p
12044 Ft(')g(\(hidden)f(\014les\))i(when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)1110
12045 5121 y(completion.)75 b(If)41 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Fs(off)p
12046 Ft(',)i(the)e(leading)g(`)p Fs(.)p Ft(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f
12047 (b)m(y)1110 5230 y(the)34 b(user)g(in)g(the)g(\014lename)g(to)h(b)s(e)f
12048 (completed.)53 b(This)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)f(`)p
12049 Fs(on)p Ft(')g(b)m(y)1110 5340 y(default.)p eop end
12050 %%Page: 102 108
12051 TeXDict begin 102 107 bop 150 -116 a Ft(102)2527 b(Bash)31
12052 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(menu-complete-display-pr)o(efix)
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12057 b(the)g(list.)42 b(The)29 b(default)i(is)f(`)p Fs(off)p
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12059 Fs(on)p Ft(',)h(Readline)f(will)g(displa)m(y)f(c)m(haracters)i(with)e
12060 (the)h(eigh)m(th)g(bit)1110 1003 y(set)h(directly)g(rather)f(than)g(as)
12061 h(a)g(meta-pre\014xed)f(escap)s(e)h(sequence.)59 b(The)1110
12062 1113 y(default)31 b(is)f(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)630 1270
12063 y Fs(page-completions)1110 1379 y Ft(If)j(set)i(to)f(`)p
12064 Fs(on)p Ft(',)h(Readline)g(uses)e(an)h(in)m(ternal)h
12065 Fs(more)p Ft(-lik)m(e)f(pager)g(to)h(displa)m(y)1110
12066 1489 y(a)e(screenful)f(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(at)f(a)g(time.)
12067 47 b(This)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)e(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(')1110
12068 1598 y(b)m(y)e(default.)630 1755 y Fs(print-completions-horizo)o(ntal)o
12069 (ly)1110 1864 y Ft(If)23 b(set)i(to)g(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)g(Readline)g
12070 (will)f(displa)m(y)g(completions)h(with)f(matc)m(hes)h(sorted)1110
12071 1974 y(horizon)m(tally)45 b(in)e(alphab)s(etical)i(order,)i(rather)c
12072 (than)g(do)m(wn)g(the)h(screen.)1110 2084 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
12073 Fs(off)p Ft('.)630 2240 y Fs(revert-all-at-newline)1110
12074 2350 y Ft(If)e(set)h(to)g(`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)g(Readline)g(will)g(undo)f
12075 (all)h(c)m(hanges)h(to)f(history)g(lines)f(b)s(efore)1110
12076 2459 y(returning)f(when)f Fs(accept-line)f Ft(is)j(executed.)41
12077 b(By)29 b(default,)g(history)g(lines)1110 2569 y(ma)m(y)42
12078 b(b)s(e)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(and)h(retain)i(individual)e(undo)g(lists)h
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12080 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)630 2835
12081 y Fs(show-all-if-ambiguous)1110 2945 y Ft(This)f(alters)i(the)f
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12084 g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(more)f(than)f(one)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion)h(cause)
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12086 (instead)e(of)g(ringing)g(the)g(b)s(ell.)1110 3273 y(The)30
12087 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)630
12088 3430 y Fs(show-all-if-unmodified)1110 3540 y Ft(This)38
12089 b(alters)h(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)f(the)h(completion)h
12090 (functions)e(in)h(a)1110 3649 y(fashion)25 b(similar)g(to)h
12091 Fq(sho)m(w-all-if-am)m(biguous)t Ft(.)41 b(If)24 b(set)i(to)f(`)p
12092 Fs(on)p Ft(',)i(w)m(ords)d(whic)m(h)1110 3759 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32
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12095 f(completions)h(don't)f(share)g(a)h(common)1110 3978
12096 y(pre\014x\))30 b(cause)g(the)h(matc)m(hes)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(listed)g
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12098 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Fs(off)p
12099 Ft('.)630 4244 y Fs(skip-completed-text)1110 4354 y Ft(If)i(set)i(to)f
12100 (`)p Fs(on)p Ft(',)h(this)f(alters)g(the)g(default)g(completion)h(b)s
12101 (eha)m(vior)f(when)f(in-)1110 4463 y(serting)d(a)h(single)g(matc)m(h)f
12102 (in)m(to)h(the)g(line.)40 b(It's)30 b(only)f(activ)m(e)i(when)d(p)s
12103 (erform-)1110 4573 y(ing)35 b(completion)h(in)e(the)h(middle)f(of)h(a)f
12104 (w)m(ord.)53 b(If)35 b(enabled,)g(readline)g(do)s(es)1110
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12106 (that)f(matc)m(h)g(c)m(haracters)1110 4792 y(after)c(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g
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12108 (w)m(ord)1110 4902 y(follo)m(wing)c(the)f(cursor)f(are)h(not)g
12109 (duplicated.)45 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(instance,)h(if)f(this)f(is)h(en-)1110
12110 5011 y(abled,)43 b(attempting)f(completion)g(when)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g
12111 (after)h(the)g(`)p Fs(e)p Ft(')f(in)1110 5121 y(`)p Fs(Makefile)p
12112 Ft(')c(will)i(result)f(in)g(`)p Fs(Makefile)p Ft(')f(rather)h(than)h(`)
12113 p Fs(Makefilefile)p Ft(',)1110 5230 y(assuming)d(there)g(is)h(a)f
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12115 b(alue)1110 5340 y(is)30 b(`)p Fs(off)p Ft('.)p eop end
12116 %%Page: 103 109
12117 TeXDict begin 103 108 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
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12132 (the)g(init)630 1356 y(\014le)e(the)g(name)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(ey)g(y)m
12133 (ou)g(wish)f(to)h(bind)f(the)h(command)f(to,)i(a)f(colon,)i(and)d(then)
12134 630 1465 y(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)g(command.)46 b(There)32
12135 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(no)g(space)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f(k)m(ey)h(name)g
12136 (and)630 1575 y(the)41 b(colon)h({)f(that)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(in)m
12137 (terpreted)g(as)g(part)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(ey)h(name.)72
12138 b(The)40 b(name)h(of)630 1684 y(the)35 b(k)m(ey)g(can)g(b)s(e)f
12139 (expressed)f(in)i(di\013eren)m(t)g(w)m(a)m(ys,)h(dep)s(ending)d(on)h
12140 (what)h(y)m(ou)g(\014nd)e(most)630 1794 y(comfortable.)630
12141 1927 y(In)i(addition)h(to)h(command)f(names,)i(readline)e(allo)m(ws)h
12142 (k)m(eys)g(to)g(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)f(to)j(a)f(string)630
12143 2037 y(that)31 b(is)f(inserted)h(when)e(the)i(k)m(ey)g(is)f(pressed)g
12144 (\(a)h Fq(macro)5 b Ft(\).)630 2170 y(The)42 b Fs(bind)30
12145 b(-p)42 b Ft(command)h(displa)m(ys)g(Readline)g(function)g(names)g(and)
12146 f(bindings)g(in)h(a)630 2279 y(format)37 b(that)h(can)f(put)f(directly)
12147 i(in)m(to)g(an)f(initialization)j(\014le.)60 b(See)38
12148 b(Section)f(4.2)i([Bash)630 2389 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(43.)630
12149 2545 y Fq(k)m(eyname)5 b Ft(:)42 b Fq(function-name)35
12150 b Ft(or)c Fq(macro)1110 2655 y(k)m(eyname)k Ft(is)29
12151 b(the)f(name)h(of)g(a)g(k)m(ey)h(sp)s(elled)e(out)h(in)g(English.)39
12152 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)1350 2788 y Fs(Control-u:)45
12153 b(universal-argument)1350 2898 y(Meta-Rubout:)f(backward-kill-word)1350
12154 3007 y(Control-o:)h(">)i(output")1110 3140 y Ft(In)38
12155 b(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(example,)h Fi(C-u)d Ft(is)h(b)s(ound)d(to)k
12156 (the)e(function)h Fs(universal-)1110 3250 y(argument)p
12157 Ft(,)f Fi(M-DEL)e Ft(is)i(b)s(ound)e(to)i(the)g(function)g
12158 Fs(backward-kill-word)p Ft(,)1110 3360 y(and)g Fi(C-o)g
12159 Ft(is)h(b)s(ound)e(to)j(run)d(the)j(macro)f(expressed)g(on)f(the)i
12160 (righ)m(t)f(hand)1110 3469 y(side)30 b(\(that)i(is,)e(to)h(insert)g
12161 (the)f(text)i(`)p Fs(>)e(output)p Ft(')f(in)m(to)i(the)g(line\).)1110
12162 3602 y(A)37 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(c)m(haracter)i
12163 (names)e(are)g(recognized)h(while)f(pro-)1110 3712 y(cessing)22
12164 b(this)g(k)m(ey)g(binding)e(syn)m(tax:)37 b Fq(DEL)p
12165 Ft(,)22 b Fq(ESC)8 b Ft(,)20 b Fq(ESCAPE)5 b Ft(,)21
12166 b Fq(LFD)5 b Ft(,)22 b Fq(NEW-)1110 3821 y(LINE)5 b Ft(,)31
12167 b Fq(RET)7 b Ft(,)29 b Fq(RETURN)10 b Ft(,)30 b Fq(R)m(UBOUT)7
12168 b Ft(,)31 b Fq(SP)-8 b(A)m(CE)5 b Ft(,)31 b Fq(SPC)8
12169 b Ft(,)29 b(and)h Fq(T)-8 b(AB)5 b Ft(.)630 3978 y Fs(")p
12170 Fq(k)m(eyseq)r Fs(")p Ft(:)41 b Fq(function-name)36 b
12171 Ft(or)30 b Fq(macro)1110 4088 y(k)m(eyseq)k Ft(di\013ers)d(from)f
12172 Fq(k)m(eyname)37 b Ft(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)32 b(in)f(that)h(strings)f
12173 (denoting)g(an)g(en-)1110 4197 y(tire)j(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(can)g(b)s
12174 (e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)h(b)m(y)f(placing)i(the)f(k)m(ey)g(sequence)g(in)
12175 1110 4307 y(double)29 b(quotes.)41 b(Some)29 b Fl(gnu)h
12176 Ft(Emacs)f(st)m(yle)i(k)m(ey)f(escap)s(es)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used,)g(as)
12177 1110 4416 y(in)k(the)h(follo)m(wing)i(example,)f(but)e(the)h(sp)s
12178 (ecial)h(c)m(haracter)g(names)f(are)g(not)1110 4526 y(recognized.)1350
12179 4659 y Fs("\\C-u":)46 b(universal-argument)1350 4769
12180 y("\\C-x\\C-r":)f(re-read-init-file)1350 4878 y("\\e[11~":)g("Function)
12181 h(Key)g(1")1110 5011 y Ft(In)64 b(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(example,)74
12182 b Fi(C-u)64 b Ft(is)g(again)i(b)s(ound)c(to)k(the)e(function)1110
12183 5121 y Fs(universal-argument)39 b Ft(\(just)k(as)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(in)g
12184 (the)f(\014rst)g(example\),)49 b(`)p Fi(C-x)1110 5230
12185 y(C-r)p Ft(')30 b(is)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(function)f
12186 Fs(re-read-init-file)p Ft(,)c(and)j(`)p Fs(ESC)h([)g(1)g(1)1110
12187 5340 y(~)p Ft(')g(is)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(insert)f(the)h(text)g(`)p
12188 Fs(Function)e(Key)g(1)p Ft('.)p eop end
12189 %%Page: 104 110
12190 TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 150 -116 a Ft(104)2527 b(Bash)31
12191 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(The)e(follo)m(wing)i
12192 Fl(gnu)f Ft(Emacs)g(st)m(yle)h(escap)s(e)f(sequences)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5
12193 b(ailable)32 b(when)d(sp)s(ecifying)630 408 y(k)m(ey)i(sequences:)630
12194 578 y Fi(\\C-)336 b Ft(con)m(trol)32 b(pre\014x)630 748
12195 y Fi(\\M-)336 b Ft(meta)31 b(pre\014x)630 918 y Fi(\\e)384
12196 b Ft(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)630 1087 y Fi(\\\\)384
12197 b Ft(bac)m(kslash)630 1257 y Fi(\\)p Fs(")g(")p Ft(,)30
12198 b(a)h(double)f(quotation)i(mark)630 1427 y Fi(\\')384
12199 b Fs(')p Ft(,)30 b(a)h(single)g(quote)g(or)f(ap)s(ostrophe)630
12200 1597 y(In)d(addition)h(to)g(the)g Fl(gnu)f Ft(Emacs)h(st)m(yle)h(escap)
12201 s(e)f(sequences,)h(a)f(second)f(set)h(of)g(bac)m(kslash)630
12202 1706 y(escap)s(es)j(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)630 1876
12203 y Fs(\\a)384 b Ft(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630 2046 y Fs(\\b)384
12204 b Ft(bac)m(kspace)630 2215 y Fs(\\d)g Ft(delete)630 2385
12205 y Fs(\\f)g Ft(form)30 b(feed)630 2555 y Fs(\\n)384 b
12206 Ft(newline)630 2724 y Fs(\\r)g Ft(carriage)32 b(return)630
12207 2894 y Fs(\\t)384 b Ft(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 3064
12208 y Fs(\\v)384 b Ft(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)630 3234 y Fs(\\)p
12209 Fi(nnn)288 b Ft(the)35 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
12210 b(alue)35 b(is)g(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5 b(alue)35 b Fq(nnn)e
12211 Ft(\(one)i(to)1110 3343 y(three)c(digits\))630 3513 y
12212 Fs(\\x)p Fi(HH)288 b Ft(the)40 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e
12213 (v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)h(the)f(hexadecimal)i(v)-5 b(alue)40
12214 b Fq(HH)1110 3622 y Ft(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e(digits\))630
12215 3792 y(When)37 b(en)m(tering)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(a)g(macro,)i(single)e
12216 (or)f(double)g(quotes)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)630
12217 3902 y(indicate)23 b(a)e(macro)h(de\014nition.)38 b(Unquoted)21
12218 b(text)i(is)e(assumed)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(function)f(name.)38
12219 b(In)630 4011 y(the)22 b(macro)f(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(,)23
12220 b(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(es)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j
12221 (are)e(expanded.)37 b(Bac)m(kslash)630 4121 y(will)j(quote)h(an)m(y)f
12222 (other)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)d(the)i(macro)f(text,)k(including)39
12223 b(`)p Fs(")p Ft(')h(and)g(`)p Fs(')p Ft('.)69 b(F)-8
12224 b(or)630 4231 y(example,)28 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(binding)d(will)i
12225 (mak)m(e)h(`)p Fi(C-x)j Fs(\\)p Ft(')c(insert)f(a)h(single)h(`)p
12226 Fs(\\)p Ft(')f(in)m(to)g(the)g(line:)870 4370 y Fs("\\C-x\\\\":)45
12227 b("\\\\")150 4580 y Fj(8.3.2)63 b(Conditional)41 b(Init)g(Constructs)
12228 150 4727 y Ft(Readline)c(implemen)m(ts)g(a)h(facilit)m(y)g(similar)f
12229 (in)g(spirit)f(to)i(the)f(conditional)h(compilation)g(features)f(of)150
12230 4836 y(the)31 b(C)f(prepro)s(cessor)g(whic)m(h)g(allo)m(ws)i(k)m(ey)g
12231 (bindings)d(and)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(settings)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(p)s
12232 (erformed)f(as)i(the)150 4946 y(result)f(of)h(tests.)41
12233 b(There)30 b(are)h(four)f(parser)f(directiv)m(es)j(used.)150
12234 5121 y Fs($if)336 b Ft(The)31 b Fs($if)f Ft(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h
12235 (bindings)d(to)i(b)s(e)e(made)i(based)f(on)g(the)g(editing)h(mo)s(de,)g
12236 (the)630 5230 y(terminal)39 b(b)s(eing)e(used,)j(or)e(the)g
12237 (application)h(using)f(Readline.)64 b(The)38 b(text)h(of)f(the)g(test)
12238 630 5340 y(extends)30 b(to)h(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h(line;)g(no)f(c)m
12239 (haracters)i(are)f(required)e(to)i(isolate)i(it.)p eop
12240 end
12241 %%Page: 105 111
12242 TeXDict begin 105 110 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12243 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(105)630 299 y Fs(mode)288
12244 b Ft(The)20 b Fs(mode=)g Ft(form)g(of)h(the)g Fs($if)f
12245 Ft(directiv)m(e)j(is)e(used)f(to)h(test)h(whether)e(Readline)1110
12246 408 y(is)29 b(in)h Fs(emacs)e Ft(or)h Fs(vi)g Ft(mo)s(de.)40
12247 b(This)29 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)g(conjunction)h(with)f(the)1110
12248 518 y(`)p Fs(set)h(keymap)p Ft(')c(command,)i(for)f(instance,)i(to)f
12249 (set)g(bindings)f(in)g(the)h Fs(emacs-)1110 628 y(standard)23
12250 b Ft(and)h Fs(emacs-ctlx)f Ft(k)m(eymaps)i(only)g(if)g(Readline)h(is)f
12251 (starting)h(out)1110 737 y(in)k Fs(emacs)f Ft(mo)s(de.)630
12252 897 y Fs(term)288 b Ft(The)26 b Fs(term=)g Ft(form)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e
12253 (used)g(to)i(include)f(terminal-sp)s(eci\014c)g(k)m(ey)h(bind-)1110
12254 1006 y(ings,)38 b(p)s(erhaps)c(to)j(bind)e(the)h(k)m(ey)h(sequences)f
12255 (output)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(terminal's)1110 1116 y(function)24
12256 b(k)m(eys.)39 b(The)23 b(w)m(ord)h(on)f(the)i(righ)m(t)f(side)g(of)g
12257 (the)g(`)p Fs(=)p Ft(')g(is)g(tested)h(against)1110 1225
12258 y(b)s(oth)k(the)h(full)g(name)g(of)g(the)g(terminal)h(and)e(the)i(p)s
12259 (ortion)e(of)h(the)g(terminal)1110 1335 y(name)k(b)s(efore)f(the)g
12260 (\014rst)g(`)p Fs(-)p Ft('.)50 b(This)33 b(allo)m(ws)i
12261 Fs(sun)e Ft(to)h(matc)m(h)g(b)s(oth)f Fs(sun)g Ft(and)1110
12262 1445 y Fs(sun-cmd)p Ft(,)c(for)h(instance.)630 1604 y
12263 Fs(application)1110 1714 y Ft(The)21 b Fq(application)j
12264 Ft(construct)e(is)g(used)f(to)i(include)f(application-sp)s(eci\014c)h
12265 (set-)1110 1823 y(tings.)39 b(Eac)m(h)26 b(program)e(using)g(the)h
12266 (Readline)g(library)g(sets)g(the)g Fq(application)1110
12267 1933 y(name)5 b Ft(,)25 b(and)d(y)m(ou)h(can)g(test)h(for)e(a)h
12268 (particular)h(v)-5 b(alue.)38 b(This)22 b(could)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)
12269 1110 2042 y(bind)32 b(k)m(ey)h(sequences)g(to)h(functions)e(useful)g
12270 (for)h(a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(program.)48 b(F)-8 b(or)1110
12271 2152 y(instance,)35 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(command)f(adds)f(a)i(k)m(ey)
12272 f(sequence)h(that)f(quotes)1110 2262 y(the)e(curren)m(t)f(or)g
12273 (previous)g(w)m(ord)g(in)g(Bash:)1350 2396 y Fs($if)47
12274 b(Bash)1350 2506 y(#)g(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)
12275 1350 2615 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")1350 2725 y($endif)150
12276 2884 y($endif)192 b Ft(This)29 b(command,)i(as)f(seen)h(in)f(the)g
12277 (previous)g(example,)h(terminates)g(an)g Fs($if)e Ft(command.)150
12278 3044 y Fs($else)240 b Ft(Commands)29 b(in)h(this)h(branc)m(h)e(of)i
12279 (the)f Fs($if)g Ft(directiv)m(e)i(are)f(executed)g(if)f(the)h(test)g
12280 (fails.)150 3203 y Fs($include)96 b Ft(This)43 b(directiv)m(e)i(tak)m
12281 (es)g(a)e(single)i(\014lename)e(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(and)f(reads)g
12282 (commands)630 3313 y(and)38 b(bindings)f(from)h(that)i(\014le.)65
12283 b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(example,)j(the)d(follo)m(wing)h(directiv)m(e)g(reads)e
12284 (from)630 3422 y(`)p Fs(/etc/inputrc)p Ft(':)870 3557
12285 y Fs($include)46 b(/etc/inputrc)150 3756 y Fj(8.3.3)63
12286 b(Sample)41 b(Init)g(File)150 3903 y Ft(Here)27 b(is)f(an)h(example)g
12287 (of)f(an)h Fq(inputrc)k Ft(\014le.)39 b(This)26 b(illustrates)h(k)m(ey)
12288 h(binding,)e(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(t,)i(and)150
12289 4012 y(conditional)j(syn)m(tax.)p eop end
12290 %%Page: 106 112
12291 TeXDict begin 106 111 bop 150 -116 a Ft(106)2527 b(Bash)31
12292 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)390 408 y Fs(#)47 b(This)g(file)g(controls)e
12293 (the)i(behaviour)e(of)j(line)e(input)h(editing)e(for)390
12294 518 y(#)i(programs)f(that)h(use)g(the)f(GNU)h(Readline)f(library.)93
12295 b(Existing)390 628 y(#)47 b(programs)f(include)g(FTP,)g(Bash,)h(and)g
12296 (GDB.)390 737 y(#)390 847 y(#)g(You)g(can)g(re-read)f(the)h(inputrc)f
12297 (file)g(with)h(C-x)g(C-r.)390 956 y(#)g(Lines)g(beginning)e(with)i('#')
12298 g(are)g(comments.)390 1066 y(#)390 1176 y(#)g(First,)g(include)e(any)i
12299 (systemwide)e(bindings)h(and)h(variable)390 1285 y(#)g(assignments)e
12300 (from)i(/etc/Inputrc)390 1395 y($include)f(/etc/Inputrc)390
12301 1614 y(#)390 1724 y(#)h(Set)g(various)f(bindings)g(for)h(emacs)f(mode.)
12302 390 1943 y(set)h(editing-mode)d(emacs)390 2162 y($if)j(mode=emacs)390
12303 2381 y(Meta-Control-h:)91 b(backward-kill-word)43 b(Text)k(after)f(the)
12304 h(function)f(name)g(is)h(ignored)390 2600 y(#)390 2710
12305 y(#)g(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(keypad)e(mode)390 2819 y(#)390
12306 2929 y(#"\\M-OD":)379 b(backward-char)390 3039 y(#"\\M-OC":)g
12307 (forward-char)390 3148 y(#"\\M-OA":)g(previous-history)390
12308 3258 y(#"\\M-OB":)g(next-history)390 3367 y(#)390 3477
12309 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(ANSI)e(mode)390 3587 y(#)390
12310 3696 y("\\M-[D":)380 b(backward-char)390 3806 y("\\M-[C":)g
12311 (forward-char)390 3915 y("\\M-[A":)g(previous-history)390
12312 4025 y("\\M-[B":)g(next-history)390 4134 y(#)390 4244
12313 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(keypad)f(mode)390
12314 4354 y(#)390 4463 y(#"\\M-\\C-OD":)331 b(backward-char)390
12315 4573 y(#"\\M-\\C-OC":)g(forward-char)390 4682 y(#"\\M-\\C-OA":)g
12316 (previous-history)390 4792 y(#"\\M-\\C-OB":)g(next-history)390
12317 4902 y(#)390 5011 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(ANSI)g(mode)
12318 390 5121 y(#)390 5230 y(#"\\M-\\C-[D":)331 b(backward-char)390
12319 5340 y(#"\\M-\\C-[C":)g(forward-char)p eop end
12320 %%Page: 107 113
12321 TeXDict begin 107 112 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12322 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(107)390 299 y Fs(#"\\M-\\C-[A":)
12323 331 b(previous-history)390 408 y(#"\\M-\\C-[B":)g(next-history)390
12324 628 y(C-q:)47 b(quoted-insert)390 847 y($endif)390 1066
12325 y(#)g(An)h(old-style)d(binding.)93 b(This)47 b(happens)f(to)h(be)g(the)
12326 g(default.)390 1176 y(TAB:)g(complete)390 1395 y(#)g(Macros)g(that)f
12327 (are)h(convenient)e(for)i(shell)f(interaction)390 1504
12328 y($if)h(Bash)390 1614 y(#)g(edit)g(the)g(path)390 1724
12329 y("\\C-xp":)f("PATH=${PATH}\\e\\C-e\\C-a)o(\\ef)o(\\C-f)o(")390
12330 1833 y(#)h(prepare)f(to)h(type)g(a)h(quoted)e(word)g(--)390
12331 1943 y(#)h(insert)g(open)f(and)h(close)f(double)h(quotes)390
12332 2052 y(#)g(and)g(move)g(to)g(just)g(after)f(the)h(open)g(quote)390
12333 2162 y("\\C-x\\"":)e("\\"\\"\\C-b")390 2271 y(#)i(insert)g(a)g
12334 (backslash)e(\(testing)h(backslash)f(escapes)390 2381
12335 y(#)i(in)h(sequences)d(and)i(macros\))390 2491 y("\\C-x\\\\":)e("\\\\")
12336 390 2600 y(#)i(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)390
12337 2710 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")390 2819 y(#)h(Add)g(a)h(binding)e
12338 (to)h(refresh)f(the)h(line,)f(which)g(is)h(unbound)390
12339 2929 y("\\C-xr":)f(redraw-current-line)390 3039 y(#)h(Edit)g(variable)f
12340 (on)h(current)f(line.)390 3148 y("\\M-\\C-v":)f
12341 ("\\C-a\\C-k$\\C-y\\M-\\C-e\\C-)o(a\\C-)o(y=")390 3258
12342 y($endif)390 3477 y(#)i(use)g(a)h(visible)e(bell)g(if)h(one)g(is)h
12343 (available)390 3587 y(set)f(bell-style)e(visible)390
12344 3806 y(#)i(don't)g(strip)f(characters)f(to)i(7)h(bits)e(when)h(reading)
12345 390 3915 y(set)g(input-meta)e(on)390 4134 y(#)i(allow)g(iso-latin1)e
12346 (characters)g(to)i(be)g(inserted)f(rather)390 4244 y(#)h(than)g
12347 (converted)e(to)j(prefix-meta)c(sequences)390 4354 y(set)j
12348 (convert-meta)d(off)390 4573 y(#)j(display)f(characters)f(with)i(the)g
12349 (eighth)f(bit)h(set)g(directly)390 4682 y(#)g(rather)g(than)f(as)h
12350 (meta-prefixed)e(characters)390 4792 y(set)i(output-meta)e(on)390
12351 5011 y(#)i(if)h(there)e(are)h(more)g(than)f(150)h(possible)f
12352 (completions)e(for)390 5121 y(#)j(a)h(word,)e(ask)h(the)g(user)g(if)g
12353 (he)g(wants)f(to)i(see)f(all)f(of)i(them)390 5230 y(set)f
12354 (completion-query-items)42 b(150)p eop end
12355 %%Page: 108 114
12356 TeXDict begin 108 113 bop 150 -116 a Ft(108)2527 b(Bash)31
12357 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)390 299 y Fs(#)47 b(For)g(FTP)390
12358 408 y($if)g(Ftp)390 518 y("\\C-xg":)f("get)g(\\M-?")390
12359 628 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")390 737 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)390
12360 847 y($endif)150 1075 y Fr(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands)
12361 150 1235 y Ft(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f
12362 (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(b)s(ound)g(to)i(k)m(ey)g(sequences.)48
12363 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1344 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d
12364 (b)m(y)h(executing)i Fs(bind)29 b(-P)39 b Ft(or,)j(for)d(a)h(more)g
12365 (terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1454 y Fq(inputrc)34
12366 b Ft(\014le,)29 b Fs(bind)g(-p)p Ft(.)40 b(\(See)30 b(Section)f(4.2)h
12367 ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(43.\))41 b(Command)28 b(names)h(without)
12368 150 1563 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s
12369 (ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1696 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i
12370 (descriptions,)f Fq(p)s(oin)m(t)h Ft(refers)e(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g
12371 (cursor)g(p)s(osition,)h(and)f Fq(mark)31 b Ft(refers)150
12372 1805 y(to)40 b(a)f(cursor)f(p)s(osition)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g
12373 Fs(set-mark)d Ft(command.)66 b(The)38 b(text)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f
12374 (p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)150 1915 y(mark)30 b(is)h(referred)e(to)i(as)g(the)f
12375 Fq(region)p Ft(.)150 2110 y Fj(8.4.1)63 b(Commands)42
12376 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2280 y Fs(beginning-of-line)26
12377 b(\(C-a\))630 2390 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f
12378 (curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2545 y Fs(end-of-line)d(\(C-e\))630
12379 2655 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
12380 2810 y Fs(forward-char)c(\(C-f\))630 2920 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
12381 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.)150 3075 y Fs(backward-char)c(\(C-b\))
12382 630 3185 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150
12383 3340 y Fs(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 3450 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
12384 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
12385 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)h(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(letters)i(and)630
12386 3559 y(digits.)150 3715 y Fs(backward-word)27 b(\(M-b\))630
12387 3824 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(the)g
12388 (curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)g(w)m(ord.)50 b(W)-8 b(ords)34
12389 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 3934 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f(digits.)150
12390 4089 y Fs(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(\))630 4199 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)30
12391 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)40
12392 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(are)g(delimited)h(b)m(y)f(non-quoted)630
12393 4308 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 4464 y Fs(shell-backward-word)25
12394 b(\(\))630 4573 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)37 b(bac)m(k)e(to)h(the)f(start)g(of)g
12395 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(or)f(previous)h(w)m(ord.)53 b(W)-8
12396 b(ords)35 b(are)g(delimited)630 4683 y(b)m(y)30 b(non-quoted)h(shell)f
12397 (metac)m(haracters.)150 4838 y Fs(clear-screen)d(\(C-l\))630
12398 4948 y Ft(Clear)g(the)g(screen)f(and)h(redra)m(w)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f
12399 (line,)i(lea)m(ving)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(at)g(the)g(top)630
12400 5057 y(of)k(the)f(screen.)150 5213 y Fs(redraw-current-line)25
12401 b(\(\))630 5322 y Ft(Refresh)30 b(the)g(curren)m(t)h(line.)41
12402 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)p eop
12403 end
12404 %%Page: 109 115
12405 TeXDict begin 109 114 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12406 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(109)150 299 y Fj(8.4.2)63
12407 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Manipulating)h(The)f(History)150
12408 473 y Fs(accept-line)27 b(\(Newline)h(or)i(Return\))630
12409 582 y Ft(Accept)25 b(the)e(line)h(regardless)g(of)f(where)g(the)h
12410 (cursor)e(is.)39 b(If)23 b(this)g(line)h(is)f(non-empt)m(y)-8
12411 b(,)26 b(add)c(it)630 692 y(to)27 b(the)f(history)g(list)h(according)g
12412 (to)g(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)g Fs(HISTCONTROL)d Ft(and)j
12413 Fs(HISTIGNORE)630 802 y Ft(v)-5 b(ariables.)42 b(If)30
12414 b(this)h(line)g(is)g(a)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(history)i(line,)g(then)f
12415 (restore)i(the)f(history)f(line)h(to)630 911 y(its)g(original)g(state.)
12416 150 1075 y Fs(previous-history)26 b(\(C-p\))630 1184
12417 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`bac)m(k')g(through)e(the)g(history)h(list,)g
12418 (fetc)m(hing)g(the)g(previous)f(command.)150 1348 y Fs(next-history)d
12419 (\(C-n\))630 1457 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`forw)m(ard')f(through)e(the)i
12420 (history)f(list,)i(fetc)m(hing)f(the)g(next)f(command.)150
12421 1621 y Fs(beginning-of-history)25 b(\(M-<\))630 1730
12422 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(\014rst)g(line)g(in)h(the)f(history)-8
12423 b(.)150 1894 y Fs(end-of-history)26 b(\(M->\))630 2004
12424 y Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(input)e(history)-8
12425 b(,)31 b(i.e.,)h(the)f(line)f(curren)m(tly)h(b)s(eing)f(en)m(tered.)150
12426 2167 y Fs(reverse-search-history)24 b(\(C-r\))630 2277
12427 y Ft(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g
12428 (line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g(his-)630
12429 2386 y(tory)g(as)f(necessary)-8 b(.)42 b(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(incremen)m
12430 (tal)i(searc)m(h.)150 2550 y Fs(forward-search-history)24
12431 b(\(C-s\))630 2659 y Ft(Searc)m(h)30 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)g
12432 (the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)h(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')f(through)g(the)
12433 h(the)630 2769 y(history)g(as)h(necessary)-8 b(.)41 b(This)30
12434 b(is)g(an)h(incremen)m(tal)g(searc)m(h.)150 2932 y Fs
12435 (non-incremental-reverse-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24
12436 b(\(M-p\))630 3042 y Ft(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g
12437 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g
12438 (his-)630 3152 y(tory)36 b(as)g(necessary)h(using)e(a)i(non-incremen)m
12439 (tal)g(searc)m(h)f(for)g(a)g(string)g(supplied)f(b)m(y)h(the)630
12440 3261 y(user.)150 3425 y Fs(non-incremental-forward-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o
12441 (ist)o(ory)24 b(\(M-n\))630 3534 y Ft(Searc)m(h)30 b(forw)m(ard)f
12442 (starting)h(at)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)h(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')
12443 f(through)g(the)h(the)630 3644 y(history)d(as)f(necessary)i(using)e(a)h
12444 (non-incremen)m(tal)g(searc)m(h)h(for)e(a)h(string)g(supplied)e(b)m(y)i
12445 (the)630 3754 y(user.)150 3917 y Fs(history-search-forward)d(\(\))630
12446 4027 y Ft(Searc)m(h)42 b(forw)m(ard)f(through)f(the)i(history)f(for)g
12447 (the)h(string)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)630
12448 4136 y(start)36 b(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(the)g(p)s(oin)m
12449 (t.)55 b(This)34 b(is)i(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)56
12450 b(By)630 4246 y(default,)31 b(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
12451 4409 y Fs(history-search-backward)24 b(\(\))630 4519
12452 y Ft(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f(the)h(history)g(for)g
12453 (the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)630
12454 4629 y(start)g(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)
12455 55 b(This)34 b(is)i(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)56
12456 b(By)630 4738 y(default,)31 b(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
12457 4902 y Fs(yank-nth-arg)c(\(M-C-y\))630 5011 y Ft(Insert)37
12458 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)i(to)f(the)h(previous)e(command)h
12459 (\(usually)g(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)630 5121 y(on)32
12460 b(the)g(previous)f(line\))i(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)46 b(With)32
12461 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)g Fq(n)p Ft(,)g(insert)g(the)g Fq(n)p
12462 Ft(th)f(w)m(ord)g(from)630 5230 y(the)k(previous)f(command)h(\(the)g(w)
12463 m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(previous)g(command)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f(w)m(ord)630
12464 5340 y(0\).)69 b(A)40 b(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)f(inserts)g(the)f
12465 Fq(n)p Ft(th)g(w)m(ord)g(from)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f(previous)p
12466 eop end
12467 %%Page: 110 116
12468 TeXDict begin 110 115 bop 150 -116 a Ft(110)2527 b(Bash)31
12469 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(command.)48 b(Once)33
12470 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h Fq(n)e Ft(is)h(computed,)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g
12471 (is)g(extracted)i(as)e(if)630 408 y(the)e(`)p Fs(!)p
12472 Fi(n)11 b Ft(')29 b(history)i(expansion)f(had)g(b)s(een)f(sp)s
12473 (eci\014ed.)150 579 y Fs(yank-last-arg)e(\(M-.)i(or)h(M-_\))630
12474 689 y Ft(Insert)k(last)i(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f(previous)f(command)h
12475 (\(the)h(last)f(w)m(ord)g(of)g(the)g(previous)630 798
12476 y(history)e(en)m(try\).)51 b(With)34 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t,)h
12477 (b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)f(exactly)h(lik)m(e)g Fs(yank-nth-arg)p
12478 Ft(.)630 908 y(Successiv)m(e)26 b(calls)g(to)f Fs(yank-last-arg)c
12479 Ft(mo)m(v)m(e)27 b(bac)m(k)e(through)f(the)h(history)g(list,)i
12480 (inserting)630 1018 y(the)c(last)g(w)m(ord)f(\(or)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(sp)
12481 s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(\014rst)f(call\))i
12482 (of)f(eac)m(h)h(line)630 1127 y(in)36 b(turn.)58 b(An)m(y)36
12483 b(n)m(umeric)h(argumen)m(t)f(supplied)g(to)h(these)g(successiv)m(e)g
12484 (calls)h(determines)630 1237 y(the)d(direction)g(to)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g
12485 (through)e(the)h(history)-8 b(.)54 b(A)35 b(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e
12486 (switc)m(hes)h(the)630 1346 y(direction)23 b(through)g(the)g(history)f
12487 (\(bac)m(k)i(or)f(forw)m(ard\).)38 b(The)22 b(history)h(expansion)g
12488 (facilities)630 1456 y(are)28 b(used)f(to)h(extract)h(the)f(last)g
12489 (argumen)m(t,)h(as)e(if)h(the)g(`)p Fs(!$)p Ft(')f(history)g(expansion)
12490 h(had)f(b)s(een)630 1565 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 1776 y
12491 Fj(8.4.3)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Changing)g(T)-10
12492 b(ext)150 1953 y Fs(delete-char)27 b(\(C-d\))630 2063
12493 y Ft(Delete)41 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(at)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)66
12494 b(If)39 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(is)h(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)g
12495 (line,)j(there)630 2173 y(are)37 b(no)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i
12496 (line,)h(and)d(the)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(w)m(as)g(not)g
12497 (b)s(ound)e(to)630 2282 y Fs(delete-char)p Ft(,)28 b(then)i(return)f
12498 Fl(eof)p Ft(.)150 2453 y Fs(backward-delete-char)c(\(Rubout\))630
12499 2562 y Ft(Delete)32 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)g(b)s(ehind)e(the)h(cursor.)40
12500 b(A)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)h(means)f(to)h(kill)g(the)630
12501 2672 y(c)m(haracters)h(instead)e(of)h(deleting)g(them.)150
12502 2843 y Fs(forward-backward-delete-)o(char)24 b(\(\))630
12503 2952 y Ft(Delete)40 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(under)c(the)j(cursor,)h
12504 (unless)d(the)i(cursor)e(is)h(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)630
12505 3062 y(line,)33 b(in)e(whic)m(h)g(case)i(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s
12506 (ehind)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g(deleted.)46 b(By)32 b(default,)g(this)630
12507 3172 y(is)e(not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150
12508 3342 y Fs(quoted-insert)27 b(\(C-q)i(or)h(C-v\))630 3452
12509 y Ft(Add)j(the)i(next)f(c)m(haracter)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(to)h(the)f(line)h
12510 (v)m(erbatim.)53 b(This)33 b(is)i(ho)m(w)f(to)h(insert)f(k)m(ey)630
12511 3561 y(sequences)d(lik)m(e)g Fi(C-q)p Ft(,)f(for)g(example.)150
12512 3732 y Fs(self-insert)d(\(a,)j(b,)g(A,)f(1,)h(!,)g(...)o(\))630
12513 3842 y Ft(Insert)g(y)m(ourself.)150 4012 y Fs(transpose-chars)c
12514 (\(C-t\))630 4122 y Ft(Drag)33 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g
12515 (cursor)f(forw)m(ard)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(at)e(the)g
12516 (cursor,)630 4232 y(mo)m(ving)k(the)g(cursor)f(forw)m(ard)g(as)g(w)m
12517 (ell.)57 b(If)35 b(the)h(insertion)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(is)g(at)i(the)e(end)
12518 g(of)h(the)630 4341 y(line,)24 b(then)e(this)g(transp)s(oses)f(the)h
12519 (last)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(c)m(haracters)g(of)f(the)h(line.)38
12520 b(Negativ)m(e)25 b(argumen)m(ts)630 4451 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32
12521 b(no)e(e\013ect.)150 4621 y Fs(transpose-words)c(\(M-t\))630
12522 4731 y Ft(Drag)33 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(past)g
12523 (the)h(w)m(ord)f(after)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(mo)m(ving)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(past)
12524 g(that)630 4841 y(w)m(ord)c(as)h(w)m(ell.)41 b(If)27
12525 b(the)i(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)f(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f
12526 (line,)i(this)e(transp)s(oses)g(the)630 4950 y(last)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m
12527 (ords)e(on)g(the)h(line.)150 5121 y Fs(upcase-word)c(\(M-u\))630
12528 5230 y Ft(Upp)s(ercase)32 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(\(or)g(follo)m(wing\))i
12529 (w)m(ord.)45 b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m(t,)e(upp)s(er-)630
12530 5340 y(case)e(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord,)g(but)g(do)g(not)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h
12531 (the)e(cursor.)p eop end
12532 %%Page: 111 117
12533 TeXDict begin 111 116 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12534 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(111)150 299 y Fs(downcase-word)27
12535 b(\(M-l\))630 408 y Ft(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)c(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)h
12536 (follo)m(wing\))i(w)m(ord.)37 b(With)22 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m
12537 (t,)g(lo)m(w)m(ercase)630 518 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e
12538 (do)i(not)f(mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 692 y Fs(capitalize-word)26
12539 b(\(M-c\))630 801 y Ft(Capitalize)d(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(follo)m
12540 (wing\))i(w)m(ord.)38 b(With)21 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t,)h
12541 (capitalize)630 911 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f
12542 (mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 1084 y Fs(overwrite-mode)26
12543 b(\(\))630 1194 y Ft(T)-8 b(oggle)35 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(mo)s(de.)48
12544 b(With)33 b(an)g(explicit)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)
12545 h(switc)m(hes)630 1304 y(to)22 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)i(mo)s(de.)37
12546 b(With)22 b(an)g(explicit)h(non-p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
12547 (t,)i(switc)m(hes)e(to)630 1413 y(insert)30 b(mo)s(de.)41
12548 b(This)30 b(command)h(a\013ects)h(only)e Fs(emacs)f Ft(mo)s(de;)i
12549 Fs(vi)f Ft(mo)s(de)g(do)s(es)g(o)m(v)m(erwrite)630 1523
12550 y(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(call)h(to)f
12551 Fs(readline\(\))c Ft(starts)k(in)f(insert)g(mo)s(de.)630
12552 1664 y(In)e(o)m(v)m(erwrite)j(mo)s(de,)e(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(ound)c(to)
12553 j Fs(self-insert)c Ft(replace)k(the)g(text)g(at)g(p)s(oin)m(t)630
12554 1774 y(rather)41 b(than)h(pushing)e(the)i(text)g(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t.)
12555 75 b(Characters)42 b(b)s(ound)d(to)j Fs(backward-)630
12556 1883 y(delete-char)27 b Ft(replace)32 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(b)s(efore)
12557 e(p)s(oin)m(t)h(with)f(a)g(space.)630 2025 y(By)h(default,)f(this)h
12558 (command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2238 y Fj(8.4.4)63
12559 b(Killing)42 b(And)e(Y)-10 b(anking)150 2417 y Fs(kill-line)28
12560 b(\(C-k\))630 2527 y Ft(Kill)j(the)f(text)i(from)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h
12561 (the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line.)150 2700 y Fs(backward-kill-line)25
12562 b(\(C-x)30 b(Rubout\))630 2810 y Ft(Kill)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(to)g(the)f
12563 (b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 2984 y Fs(unix-line-discard)26
12564 b(\(C-u\))630 3093 y Ft(Kill)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(from)e(the)i(cursor)
12565 f(to)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150
12566 3267 y Fs(kill-whole-line)c(\(\))630 3376 y Ft(Kill)37
12567 b(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(on)f(the)f(curren)m(t)h(line,)h(no)f(matter)g
12568 (where)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is.)59 b(By)36 b(default,)630
12569 3486 y(this)30 b(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 3659 y Fs(kill-word)d(\(M-d\))
12570 630 3769 y Ft(Kill)i(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f
12571 (curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h
12572 (the)g(end)630 3879 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8
12573 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Fs(forward-word)p
12574 Ft(.)150 4052 y Fs(backward-kill-word)25 b(\(M-DEL\))630
12575 4162 y Ft(Kill)k(the)g(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)40
12576 b(W)-8 b(ord)29 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)g(as)g
12577 Fs(backward-word)p Ft(.)150 4335 y Fs(shell-kill-word)d(\(\))630
12578 4445 y Ft(Kill)k(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f
12579 (curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h
12580 (the)g(end)630 4555 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8
12581 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Fs
12582 (shell-forward-word)p Ft(.)150 4728 y Fs(shell-backward-kill-word)24
12583 b(\(\))630 4838 y Ft(Kill)e(the)h(w)m(ord)e(b)s(ehind)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)38
12584 b(W)-8 b(ord)22 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)h(as)f
12585 Fs(shell-backward-)630 4947 y(word)p Ft(.)150 5121 y
12586 Fs(unix-word-rubout)k(\(C-w\))630 5230 y Ft(Kill)32 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f
12587 (b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(using)f(white)h(space)g(as)g(a)g(w)m(ord)f
12588 (b)s(oundary)-8 b(.)43 b(The)31 b(killed)630 5340 y(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)
12589 m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)p eop end
12590 %%Page: 112 118
12591 TeXDict begin 112 117 bop 150 -116 a Ft(112)2527 b(Bash)31
12592 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(unix-filename-rubout)25
12593 b(\(\))630 408 y Ft(Kill)37 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)
12594 j(using)e(white)g(space)h(and)f(the)g(slash)g(c)m(haracter)i(as)f(the)
12595 630 518 y(w)m(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries.)39 b(The)30 b(killed)h(text)g(is)
12596 g(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150 673 y Fs
12597 (delete-horizontal-space)24 b(\(\))630 783 y Ft(Delete)33
12598 b(all)e(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)i(around)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)41
12599 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(is)f(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 938
12600 y Fs(kill-region)d(\(\))630 1048 y Ft(Kill)k(the)f(text)i(in)e(the)g
12601 (curren)m(t)h(region.)41 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un)
12602 m(b)s(ound.)150 1203 y Fs(copy-region-as-kill)25 b(\(\))630
12603 1313 y Ft(Cop)m(y)34 b(the)g(text)h(in)f(the)g(region)g(to)h(the)f
12604 (kill)h(bu\013er,)f(so)g(it)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)i(righ)m(t)f
12605 (a)m(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)630 1422 y(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f
12606 (is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 1578 y Fs(copy-backward-word)25
12607 b(\(\))630 1687 y Ft(Cop)m(y)38 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m
12608 (t)g(to)i(the)e(kill)h(bu\013er.)64 b(The)38 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(oundaries)
12609 f(are)i(the)630 1797 y(same)31 b(as)f Fs(backward-word)p
12610 Ft(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
12611 1952 y Fs(copy-forward-word)26 b(\(\))630 2062 y Ft(Cop)m(y)31
12612 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(follo)m(wing)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to)h(the)f(kill)h
12613 (bu\013er.)42 b(The)30 b(w)m(ord)h(b)s(oundaries)e(are)j(the)630
12614 2171 y(same)f(as)f Fs(forward-word)p Ft(.)38 b(By)30
12615 b(default,)h(this)g(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
12616 2327 y Fs(yank)f(\(C-y\))630 2436 y Ft(Y)-8 b(ank)31
12617 b(the)f(top)h(of)g(the)f(kill)h(ring)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h
12618 (p)s(oin)m(t.)150 2592 y Fs(yank-pop)d(\(M-y\))630 2701
12619 y Ft(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h(the)f(new)g(top.)54
12620 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h(the)g(prior)630
12621 2811 y(command)30 b(is)h Fs(yank)e Ft(or)h Fs(yank-pop)p
12622 Ft(.)150 3006 y Fj(8.4.5)63 b(Sp)s(ecifying)42 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)m
12623 (ts)150 3176 y Fs(digit-argument)26 b(\()p Fi(M-0)p Fs(,)j
12624 Fi(M-1)p Fs(,)h(...)f Fi(M--)p Fs(\))630 3285 y Ft(Add)d(this)h(digit)g
12625 (to)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(already)h(accum)m(ulating,)h(or)e(start)h(a)f
12626 (new)f(argumen)m(t.)630 3395 y Fi(M--)j Ft(starts)i(a)g(negativ)m(e)i
12627 (argumen)m(t.)150 3550 y Fs(universal-argument)25 b(\(\))630
12628 3660 y Ft(This)g(is)g(another)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)g
12629 (argumen)m(t.)40 b(If)25 b(this)g(command)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m
12630 (y)f(one)630 3770 y(or)k(more)f(digits,)i(optionally)g(with)e(a)h
12631 (leading)h(min)m(us)e(sign,)h(those)g(digits)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(ar-)630
12632 3879 y(gumen)m(t.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i(command)f(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)
12633 m(y)f(digits,)i(executing)f Fs(universal-argument)630
12634 3989 y Ft(again)j(ends)e(the)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(but)e(is)h
12635 (otherwise)g(ignored.)45 b(As)32 b(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)630
12636 4098 y(if)g(this)g(command)f(is)h(immediately)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)
12637 d(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(that)e(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)630
12638 4208 y(or)28 b(min)m(us)f(sign,)i(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(for)e
12639 (the)i(next)f(command)f(is)h(m)m(ultiplied)h(b)m(y)e(four.)630
12640 4317 y(The)37 b(argumen)m(t)h(coun)m(t)f(is)h(initially)h(one,)g(so)f
12641 (executing)g(this)f(function)g(the)h(\014rst)e(time)630
12642 4427 y(mak)m(es)d(the)e(argumen)m(t)i(coun)m(t)f(four,)f(a)i(second)e
12643 (time)i(mak)m(es)f(the)g(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(six-)630
12644 4537 y(teen,)e(and)f(so)h(on.)40 b(By)31 b(default,)g(this)f(is)g(not)h
12645 (b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150 4732 y Fj(8.4.6)63
12646 b(Letting)40 b(Readline)h(T)m(yp)s(e)g(F)-10 b(or)42
12647 b(Y)-10 b(ou)150 4902 y Fs(complete)28 b(\(TAB\))630
12648 5011 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)c(to)f(p)s(erform)e(completion)j(on)f(the)g(text)g
12649 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)39 b(The)22 b(actual)i(completion)630
12650 5121 y(p)s(erformed)33 b(is)h(application-sp)s(eci\014c.)53
12651 b(Bash)35 b(attempts)g(completion)g(treating)h(the)e(text)630
12652 5230 y(as)39 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(\(if)h(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
12653 (with)h(`)p Fs($)p Ft('\),)j(username)c(\(if)i(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
12654 (with)630 5340 y(`)p Fs(~)p Ft('\),)31 b(hostname)f(\(if)g(the)g(text)h
12655 (b)s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Fs(@)p Ft('\),)h(or)f(command)f(\(including)h
12656 (aliases)i(and)p eop end
12657 %%Page: 113 119
12658 TeXDict begin 113 118 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12659 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(113)630 299 y(functions\))35
12660 b(in)f(turn.)53 b(If)34 b(none)g(of)h(these)h(pro)s(duces)d(a)i(matc)m
12661 (h,)i(\014lename)e(completion)h(is)630 408 y(attempted.)150
12662 573 y Fs(possible-completions)25 b(\(M-?\))630 682 y
12663 Ft(List)35 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(of)e(the)h(text)h(b)s
12664 (efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)54 b(When)34 b(displa)m(ying)h(com-)630
12665 792 y(pletions,)f(Readline)f(sets)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
12666 (columns)f(used)f(for)i(displa)m(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)-5
12667 b(alue)33 b(of)630 902 y Fs(completion-display-width)o
12668 Ft(,)g(the)j(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(v)-5
12669 b(ariable)38 b Fs(COLUMNS)p Ft(,)630 1011 y(or)30 b(the)h(screen)f
12670 (width,)g(in)g(that)h(order.)150 1176 y Fs(insert-completions)25
12671 b(\(M-*\))630 1285 y Ft(Insert)30 b(all)h(completions)h(of)f(the)g
12672 (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(that)g(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s
12673 (een)e(generated)630 1395 y(b)m(y)g Fs(possible-completions)p
12674 Ft(.)150 1559 y Fs(menu-complete)d(\(\))630 1669 y Ft(Similar)d(to)g
12675 Fs(complete)p Ft(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f
12676 (completed)i(with)e(a)i(single)f(matc)m(h)630 1778 y(from)37
12677 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)64 b(Rep)s(eated)39
12678 b(execution)g(of)f Fs(menu-complete)630 1888 y Ft(steps)i(through)g
12679 (the)g(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions,)k(inserting)c(eac)m(h)i
12680 (matc)m(h)f(in)f(turn.)630 1998 y(A)m(t)e(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)g(list)g
12681 (of)g(completions,)i(the)e(b)s(ell)g(is)g(rung)f(\(sub)5
12682 b(ject)36 b(to)i(the)f(setting)630 2107 y(of)f Fs(bell-style)p
12683 Ft(\))e(and)h(the)h(original)i(text)f(is)f(restored.)57
12684 b(An)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)f Fq(n)f Ft(mo)m(v)m(es)i
12685 Fq(n)630 2217 y Ft(p)s(ositions)e(forw)m(ard)f(in)g(the)h(list)h(of)e
12686 (matc)m(hes;)39 b(a)c(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
12687 (used)g(to)630 2326 y(mo)m(v)m(e)40 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)g(the)g
12688 (list.)65 b(This)38 b(command)g(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(b)s
12689 (ound)e(to)630 2436 y Fs(TAB)p Ft(,)30 b(but)f(is)i(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
12690 (y)i(default.)150 2600 y Fs(menu-complete-backward)24
12691 b(\(\))630 2710 y Ft(Iden)m(tical)36 b(to)g Fs(menu-complete)p
12692 Ft(,)d(but)h(mo)m(v)m(es)j(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)f(the)i(list)f(of)g
12693 (p)s(ossible)630 2819 y(completions,)d(as)e(if)h Fs(menu-complete)26
12694 b Ft(had)k(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t.)150
12695 2984 y Fs(delete-char-or-list)25 b(\(\))630 3093 y Ft(Deletes)k(the)e
12696 (c)m(haracter)h(under)e(the)h(cursor)f(if)h(not)g(at)g(the)g(b)s
12697 (eginning)g(or)f(end)h(of)g(the)g(line)630 3203 y(\(lik)m(e)k
12698 Fs(delete-char)p Ft(\).)37 b(If)29 b(at)h(the)f(end)f(of)i(the)f(line,)
12699 h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(iden)m(tically)h(to)e Fs(possible-)630
12700 3313 y(completions)p Ft(.)38 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)d
12701 (b)m(y)i(default.)150 3477 y Fs(complete-filename)c(\(M-/\))630
12702 3587 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(\014lename)e(completion)i(on)e(the)h(text)g
12703 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 3751 y Fs(possible-filename-comple)o
12704 (tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(/\))630 3861 y Ft(List)f(the)g(p)s(ossible)f
12705 (completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)h
12706 (it)f(as)g(a)f(\014lename.)150 4025 y Fs(complete-username)e(\(M-~\))
12707 630 4134 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)
12708 e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(username.)150
12709 4299 y Fs(possible-username-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
12710 b(~\))630 4408 y Ft(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
12711 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)f(a)g
12712 (username.)150 4573 y Fs(complete-variable)h(\(M-$\))630
12713 4682 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p)
12714 s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
12715 4847 y Fs(possible-variable-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
12716 b($\))630 4956 y Ft(List)42 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
12717 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)46 b(treating)d(it)f(as)g(a)h
12718 (shell)630 5066 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 5230 y Fs(complete-hostname)26
12719 b(\(M-@\))630 5340 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i
12720 (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)p
12721 eop end
12722 %%Page: 114 120
12723 TeXDict begin 114 119 bop 150 -116 a Ft(114)2527 b(Bash)31
12724 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(possible-hostname-comple)o(tion)o
12725 (s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(@\))630 408 y Ft(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f
12726 (completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g
12727 (it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)150 578 y Fs(complete-command)h(\(M-!\))630
12728 688 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)g(on)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s
12729 (oin)m(t,)h(treating)h(it)g(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)630
12730 797 y(Command)46 b(completion)i(attempts)g(to)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(text)h
12731 (against)g(aliases,)53 b(reserv)m(ed)630 907 y(w)m(ords,)36
12732 b(shell)g(functions,)h(shell)e(builtins,)i(and)e(\014nally)g
12733 (executable)i(\014lenames,)g(in)e(that)630 1017 y(order.)150
12734 1186 y Fs(possible-command-complet)o(ions)24 b(\(C-x)29
12735 b(!\))630 1296 y Ft(List)d(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)f(the)h
12736 (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)g(a)f(command)630
12737 1406 y(name.)150 1575 y Fs(dynamic-complete-history)e(\(M-TAB\))630
12738 1685 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)31 b(completion)h(on)e(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)
12739 s(oin)m(t,)g(comparing)h(the)f(text)h(against)h(lines)630
12740 1795 y(from)e(the)g(history)h(list)g(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completion)i
12741 (matc)m(hes.)150 1964 y Fs(dabbrev-expand)26 b(\(\))630
12742 2074 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)i(men)m(u)e(completion)i(on)f(the)g(text)g(b)s
12743 (efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(comparing)f(the)g(text)h(against)630
12744 2183 y(lines)j(from)e(the)i(history)f(list)h(for)g(p)s(ossible)e
12745 (completion)j(matc)m(hes.)150 2353 y Fs(complete-into-braces)25
12746 b(\(M-{\))630 2463 y Ft(P)m(erform)f(\014lename)f(completion)i(and)f
12747 (insert)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(enclosed)630
12748 2572 y(within)34 b(braces)h(so)f(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
12749 b(ailable)37 b(to)e(the)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.1)g([Brace)g
12750 (Ex-)630 2682 y(pansion],)30 b(page)h(19\).)150 2892
12751 y Fj(8.4.7)63 b(Keyb)s(oard)41 b(Macros)150 3069 y Fs(start-kbd-macro)
12752 26 b(\(C-x)j(\(\))630 3178 y Ft(Begin)i(sa)m(ving)h(the)e(c)m
12753 (haracters)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eyb)s(oard)
12754 g(macro.)150 3348 y Fs(end-kbd-macro)d(\(C-x)i(\)\))630
12755 3458 y Ft(Stop)e(sa)m(ving)h(the)g(c)m(haracters)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(in)m
12756 (to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard)g(macro)h(and)f(sa)m(v)m(e)i
12757 (the)630 3567 y(de\014nition.)150 3737 y Fs(call-last-kbd-macro)c
12758 (\(C-x)k(e\))630 3847 y Ft(Re-execute)37 b(the)e(last)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard)
12759 f(macro)h(de\014ned,)f(b)m(y)h(making)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)
12760 630 3956 y(macro)c(app)s(ear)f(as)g(if)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(at)h(the)f(k)m
12761 (eyb)s(oard.)150 4166 y Fj(8.4.8)63 b(Some)41 b(Miscellaneous)i
12762 (Commands)150 4343 y Fs(re-read-init-file)26 b(\(C-x)j(C-r\))630
12763 4452 y Ft(Read)22 b(in)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g
12764 Fq(inputrc)27 b Ft(\014le,)d(and)d(incorp)s(orate)h(an)m(y)h(bindings)d
12765 (or)i(v)-5 b(ariable)630 4562 y(assignmen)m(ts)31 b(found)e(there.)150
12766 4732 y Fs(abort)g(\(C-g\))630 4841 y Ft(Ab)s(ort)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f
12767 (editing)h(command)f(and)g(ring)h(the)f(terminal's)h(b)s(ell)g(\(sub)5
12768 b(ject)26 b(to)i(the)630 4951 y(setting)j(of)g Fs(bell-style)p
12769 Ft(\).)150 5121 y Fs(do-uppercase-version)25 b(\(M-a,)k(M-b,)g(M-)p
12770 Fi(x)11 b Fs(,)29 b(...)o(\))630 5230 y Ft(If)e(the)h(meta\014ed)g(c)m
12771 (haracter)h Fq(x)34 b Ft(is)28 b(lo)m(w)m(ercase,)i(run)d(the)g
12772 (command)h(that)g(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k(the)630 5340 y(corresp)s(onding)
12773 g(upp)s(ercase)h(c)m(haracter.)p eop end
12774 %%Page: 115 121
12775 TeXDict begin 115 120 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12776 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(115)150 299 y Fs(prefix-meta)27
12777 b(\(ESC\))630 408 y Ft(Metafy)39 b(the)e(next)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s
12778 (ed.)62 b(This)37 b(is)g(for)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards)f(without)g(a)h(meta)g
12779 (k)m(ey)-8 b(.)630 518 y(T)m(yping)30 b(`)p Fs(ESC)g(f)p
12780 Ft(')g(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g(t)m(yping)g
12781 Fi(M-f)p Ft(.)150 671 y Fs(undo)e(\(C-_)g(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))630
12782 781 y Ft(Incremen)m(tal)h(undo,)f(separately)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(for)g
12783 (eac)m(h)i(line.)150 934 y Fs(revert-line)27 b(\(M-r\))630
12784 1044 y Ft(Undo)33 b(all)h(c)m(hanges)g(made)f(to)h(this)f(line.)49
12785 b(This)32 b(is)h(lik)m(e)i(executing)f(the)f Fs(undo)f
12786 Ft(command)630 1154 y(enough)e(times)h(to)g(get)h(bac)m(k)f(to)g(the)f
12787 (b)s(eginning.)150 1307 y Fs(tilde-expand)d(\(M-&\))630
12788 1417 y Ft(P)m(erform)j(tilde)h(expansion)g(on)f(the)g(curren)m(t)h(w)m
12789 (ord.)150 1570 y Fs(set-mark)d(\(C-@\))630 1680 y Ft(Set)33
12790 b(the)g(mark)f(to)i(the)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)48 b(If)32 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g
12791 (argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h(mark)g(is)f(set)630
12792 1789 y(to)f(that)g(p)s(osition.)150 1943 y Fs(exchange-point-and-mark)
12793 24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-x\))630 2052 y Ft(Sw)m(ap)i(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)
12794 g(the)g(mark.)43 b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)i(is)f
12795 (set)h(to)f(the)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)630 2162 y(p)s(osition,)f(and)e(the)i
12796 (old)g(cursor)e(p)s(osition)i(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(as)e(the)h(mark.)150
12797 2315 y Fs(character-search)26 b(\(C-]\))630 2425 y Ft(A)f(c)m(haracter)
12798 h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(next)g
12799 (o)s(ccurrence)g(of)g(that)g(c)m(haracter.)630 2534 y(A)30
12800 b(negativ)m(e)j(coun)m(t)e(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(previous)g(o)s
12801 (ccurrences.)150 2688 y Fs(character-search-backwar)o(d)24
12802 b(\(M-C-]\))630 2798 y Ft(A)45 b(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s
12803 (oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)f(the)g(previous)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)
12804 g(that)630 2907 y(c)m(haracter.)d(A)31 b(negativ)m(e)h(coun)m(t)f
12805 (searc)m(hes)h(for)e(subsequen)m(t)f(o)s(ccurrences.)150
12806 3061 y Fs(skip-csi-sequence)d(\(\))630 3170 y Ft(Read)i(enough)f(c)m
12807 (haracters)h(to)g(consume)f(a)h(m)m(ulti-k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(suc)m(h)f
12808 (as)g(those)h(de\014ned)630 3280 y(for)37 b(k)m(eys)h(lik)m(e)g(Home)g
12809 (and)f(End.)60 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(sequences)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(Con)m
12810 (trol)g(Sequence)630 3389 y(Indicator)f(\(CSI\),)f(usually)h(ESC-[.)59
12811 b(If)36 b(this)g(sequence)h(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k Fs("\\)p
12812 Ft(e[)p Fs(")p Ft(,)g(k)m(eys)f(pro-)630 3499 y(ducing)31
12813 b(suc)m(h)h(sequences)g(will)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(no)f(e\013ect)h(unless)e
12814 (explicitly)j(b)s(ound)c(to)i(a)h(readline)630 3608 y(command,)f
12815 (instead)g(of)g(inserting)g(stra)m(y)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)f
12816 (editing)h(bu\013er.)44 b(This)31 b(is)630 3718 y(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
12817 (y)i(default,)h(but)f(usually)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(ESC-[.)150
12818 3871 y Fs(insert-comment)26 b(\(M-#\))630 3981 y Ft(Without)36
12819 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
12820 b(of)g(the)g Fs(comment-begin)c Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)36
12821 b(is)g(in-)630 4091 y(serted)c(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)f
12822 (curren)m(t)h(line.)45 b(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g
12823 (supplied,)630 4200 y(this)k(command)h(acts)g(as)g(a)g(toggle:)55
12824 b(if)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)i(at)g(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)g
12825 (line)630 4310 y(do)30 b(not)h(matc)m(h)h(the)f(v)-5
12826 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fs(comment-begin)p Ft(,)e(the)i(v)-5
12827 b(alue)31 b(is)g(inserted,)g(otherwise)g(the)630 4419
12828 y(c)m(haracters)42 b(in)d Fs(comment-begin)e Ft(are)j(deleted)h(from)f
12829 (the)g(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)g(line.)71 b(In)630 4529
12830 y(either)37 b(case,)j(the)e(line)f(is)g(accepted)i(as)e(if)g(a)g
12831 (newline)g(had)g(b)s(een)f(t)m(yp)s(ed.)60 b(The)37 b(default)630
12832 4639 y(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g Fs(comment-begin)c Ft(causes)k(this)f
12833 (command)h(to)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g(a)g(shell)630
12834 4748 y(commen)m(t.)40 b(If)26 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(causes)g
12835 (the)f(commen)m(t)i(c)m(haracter)g(to)f(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed,)630
12836 4858 y(the)31 b(line)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(executed)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell.)
12837 150 5011 y Fs(dump-functions)26 b(\(\))630 5121 y Ft(Prin)m(t)g(all)i
12838 (of)e(the)h(functions)f(and)g(their)g(k)m(ey)h(bindings)e(to)j(the)e
12839 (Readline)h(output)f(stream.)630 5230 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g
12840 (argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h(output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f
12841 (suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)630 5340 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i
12842 (part)f(of)g(an)h Fq(inputrc)k Ft(\014le.)41 b(This)29
12843 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(b)m(y)k(default.)p eop
12844 end
12845 %%Page: 116 122
12846 TeXDict begin 116 121 bop 150 -116 a Ft(116)2527 b(Bash)31
12847 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(dump-variables)26
12848 b(\(\))630 408 y Ft(Prin)m(t)21 b(all)h(of)g(the)f(settable)i(v)-5
12849 b(ariables)22 b(and)f(their)g(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(to)g(the)f(Readline)h
12850 (output)f(stream.)630 518 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g
12851 (supplied,)f(the)h(output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m
12852 (y)g(that)630 628 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h
12853 Fq(inputrc)k Ft(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c
12854 (b)m(y)k(default.)150 792 y Fs(dump-macros)c(\(\))630
12855 902 y Ft(Prin)m(t)34 b(all)g(of)g(the)g(Readline)g(k)m(ey)h(sequences)f
12856 (b)s(ound)e(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)h(strings)g(they)630
12857 1011 y(output.)53 b(If)35 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e
12858 (supplied,)h(the)g(output)g(is)f(formatted)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(a)630
12859 1121 y(w)m(a)m(y)c(that)g(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(made)g(part)f(of)i(an)e
12860 Fq(inputrc)35 b Ft(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound)
12861 d(b)m(y)630 1230 y(default.)150 1395 y Fs(glob-complete-word)e(\(M-g\))
12862 630 1504 y Ft(The)i(w)m(ord)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)h
12863 (as)f(a)h(pattern)f(for)f(pathname)h(expansion,)g(with)g(an)630
12864 1614 y(asterisk)d(implicitly)h(app)s(ended.)37 b(This)23
12865 b(pattern)i(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hing)630
12866 1724 y(\014le)30 b(names)h(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)150
12867 1888 y Fs(glob-expand-word)c(\(C-x)j(*\))630 1998 y Ft(The)40
12868 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)g(as)g(a)g(pattern)g
12869 (for)f(pathname)g(expansion,)k(and)630 2107 y(the)c(list)g(of)f(matc)m
12870 (hing)i(\014le)e(names)g(is)h(inserted,)h(replacing)g(the)e(w)m(ord.)67
12871 b(If)39 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)630 2217 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)f(supplied,)g
12872 (a)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(')h(is)f(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
12873 (expansion.)150 2381 y Fs(glob-list-expansions)25 b(\(C-x)k(g\))630
12874 2491 y Ft(The)k(list)h(of)f(expansions)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h
12875 (b)s(een)f(generated)h(b)m(y)f Fs(glob-expand-word)630
12876 2600 y Ft(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(and)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(redra)m(wn.)
12877 50 b(If)33 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(supplied,)h(a)g(`)p
12878 Fs(*)p Ft(')630 2710 y(is)c(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
12879 (expansion.)150 2874 y Fs(display-shell-version)25 b(\(C-x)k(C-v\))630
12880 2984 y Ft(Displa)m(y)j(v)m(ersion)e(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)h
12881 (curren)m(t)f(instance)h(of)f(Bash.)150 3148 y Fs(shell-expand-line)c
12882 (\(M-C-e\))630 3258 y Ft(Expand)34 b(the)h(line)h(as)g(the)f(shell)h
12883 (do)s(es.)55 b(This)34 b(p)s(erforms)g(alias)i(and)f(history)g
12884 (expansion)630 3367 y(as)f(w)m(ell)g(as)g(all)h(of)e(the)h(shell)g(w)m
12885 (ord)f(expansions)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5)h([Shell)e(Expansions],)630
12886 3477 y(page)e(19\).)150 3641 y Fs(history-expand-line)25
12887 b(\(M-^\))630 3751 y Ft(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(expansion)f(on)g(the)
12888 h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 3915 y Fs(magic-space)d(\(\))630
12889 4025 y Ft(P)m(erform)c(history)g(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g
12890 (line)g(and)g(insert)g(a)g(space)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.3)630
12891 4134 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(127\).)150
12892 4299 y Fs(alias-expand-line)26 b(\(\))630 4408 y Ft(P)m(erform)i(alias)
12893 i(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)h
12894 ([Aliases],)g(page)f(81\).)150 4573 y Fs(history-and-alias-expand)o
12895 (-lin)o(e)24 b(\(\))630 4682 y Ft(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(and)e
12896 (alias)j(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150
12897 4847 y Fs(insert-last-argument)25 b(\(M-.)k(or)h(M-_\))630
12898 4956 y Ft(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Fs(yank-last-arg)p Ft(.)150
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12903 b(An)m(y)31 b(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(ignored.)p eop end
12904 %%Page: 117 123
12905 TeXDict begin 117 122 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
12906 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(117)150 299 y Fs
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12908 34 b(an)f(editor)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(command)h(line,)h(and)e
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12910 b(Bash)44 b(attempts)h(to)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h Fs($VISUAL)p
12911 Ft(,)f Fs($EDITOR)p Ft(,)h(and)d Fs(emacs)g Ft(as)h(the)630
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12913 b(Readline)47 b(vi)e(Mo)t(de)150 1024 y Ft(While)32 b(the)g(Readline)g
12914 (library)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(full)f(set)h(of)g
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12916 1133 y(enough)i(to)h(allo)m(w)g(simple)f(editing)h(of)f(the)g(line.)52
12917 b(The)34 b(Readline)g Fs(vi)g Ft(mo)s(de)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)i(as)f(sp)s
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12923 f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)j(page)e(54\).)83 b(The)150
12924 1599 y(Readline)31 b(default)g(is)f Fs(emacs)f Ft(mo)s(de.)275
12925 1737 y(When)g(y)m(ou)i(en)m(ter)f(a)h(line)f(in)g Fs(vi)f
12926 Ft(mo)s(de,)h(y)m(ou)h(are)f(already)h(placed)f(in)g(`insertion')g(mo)s
12927 (de,)g(as)h(if)f(y)m(ou)150 1846 y(had)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(an)g(`)p
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12932 (history)f(lines)h(with)150 2066 y(`)p Fs(k)p Ft(')d(and)e(subsequen)m
12933 (t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p Fs(j)p Ft(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)150
12934 2302 y Fr(8.6)68 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 2462
12935 y Ft(When)25 b(w)m(ord)g(completion)i(is)f(attempted)g(for)g(an)f
12936 (argumen)m(t)h(to)g(a)g(command)f(for)h(whic)m(h)f(a)h(completion)150
12937 2571 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)40 b(\(a)h Fq(compsp)s(ec)6
12938 b Ft(\))39 b(has)h(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)f(using)h(the)h
12939 Fs(complete)d Ft(builtin)j(\(see)g(Section)h(8.7)150
12940 2681 y([Programmable)h(Completion)f(Builtins],)k(page)d(119\),)j(the)c
12941 (programmable)g(completion)i(facilities)150 2790 y(are)31
12942 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)275 2928 y(First,)23 b(the)e(command)g(name)g(is)h
12943 (iden)m(ti\014ed.)37 b(If)21 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f
12944 (de\014ned)g(for)h(that)h(command,)150 3037 y(the)44
12945 b(compsp)s(ec)g(is)g(used)f(to)h(generate)i(the)e(list)g(of)g(p)s
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12947 b(the)150 3147 y(command)36 b(w)m(ord)g(is)g(the)g(empt)m(y)h(string)f
12948 (\(completion)i(attempted)f(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)h(an)h(empt)m
12949 (y)150 3256 y(line\),)28 b(an)m(y)e(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)g(with)g
12950 (the)h(`)p Fs(-E)p Ft(')f(option)i(to)f Fs(complete)e
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12952 3366 y(is)i(a)h(full)e(pathname,)i(a)g(compsp)s(ec)e(for)h(the)g(full)g
12953 (pathname)g(is)g(searc)m(hed)h(for)f(\014rst.)39 b(If)26
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12960 Fs(complete)d Ft(is)i(used)g(as)g(the)h(default.)275
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12962 (used)f(to)i(generate)h(the)e(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hing)h(w)m(ords.)51
12963 b(If)150 3942 y(a)37 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h(found,)f(the)h(default)
12964 f(Bash)h(completion)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g
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12966 (112\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed.)275 4189 y(First,)g(the)g(actions)g(sp)s
12967 (eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)h(are)g(used.)40
12968 b(Only)30 b(matc)m(hes)i(whic)m(h)e(are)h(pre\014xed)150
12969 4298 y(b)m(y)25 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)f(completed)j(are)e
12970 (returned.)38 b(When)25 b(the)h(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft(')f(or)g(`)p
12971 Fs(-d)p Ft(')g(option)h(is)f(used)g(for)g(\014lename)150
12972 4408 y(or)30 b(directory)h(name)f(completion,)i(the)e(shell)h(v)-5
12973 b(ariable)31 b Fs(FIGNORE)d Ft(is)i(used)f(to)i(\014lter)g(the)f(matc)m
12974 (hes.)42 b(See)150 4517 y(Section)31 b(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8
12975 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(63,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f
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12977 m(y)g(a)h(\014lename)f(expansion)h(pattern)f(to)h(the)g(`)p
12978 Fs(-G)p Ft(')f(option)h(are)f(gener-)150 4764 y(ated)h(next.)40
12979 b(The)29 b(w)m(ords)g(generated)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(pattern)f(need)g(not)g
12980 (matc)m(h)i(the)e(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)g(completed.)150
12981 4874 y(The)42 b Fs(GLOBIGNORE)d Ft(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable)43
12982 b(is)f(not)h(used)e(to)i(\014lter)f(the)h(matc)m(hes,)j(but)c(the)g
12983 Fs(FIGNORE)f Ft(shell)150 4983 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(used.)275
12984 5121 y(Next,)k(the)g(string)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(as)g(the)g(argumen)m(t)g
12985 (to)h(the)f(`)p Fs(-W)p Ft(')g(option)g(is)g(considered.)52
12986 b(The)33 b(string)150 5230 y(is)g(\014rst)e(split)i(using)f(the)h(c)m
12987 (haracters)h(in)e(the)h Fs(IFS)e Ft(sp)s(ecial)j(v)-5
12988 b(ariable)33 b(as)g(delimiters.)48 b(Shell)32 b(quoting)h(is)150
12989 5340 y(honored.)56 b(Eac)m(h)37 b(w)m(ord)e(is)h(then)f(expanded)g
12990 (using)h(brace)g(expansion,)h(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)p
12991 eop end
12992 %%Page: 118 124
12993 TeXDict begin 118 123 bop 150 -116 a Ft(118)2527 b(Bash)31
12994 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y(and)44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)46
12995 b(expansion,)j(command)44 b(substitution,)49 b(and)44
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13004 737 y(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)275 888 y(After)f(these)g(matc)m(hes)i
13005 (ha)m(v)m(e)f(b)s(een)f(generated,)h(an)m(y)g(shell)f(function)g(or)g
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13009 (ed,)h(the)f Fs(COMP_)150 1107 y(LINE)p Ft(,)42 b Fs(COMP_POINT)p
13010 Ft(,)d Fs(COMP_KEY)p Ft(,)i(and)e Fs(COMP_TYPE)f Ft(v)-5
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13012 150 1217 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)k(\(see)g(Section)f(5.2)h([Bash)f(V)-8
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13015 Ft(and)i Fs(COMP_CWORD)e Ft(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(are)f(also)h(set.)60
13016 b(When)37 b(the)g(function)f(or)h(command)150 1436 y(is)42
13017 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k(the)41 b(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(the)g(name)
13018 f(of)h(the)g(command)f(whose)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(b)s(eing)150
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13020 (b)s(eing)g(completed,)i(and)e(the)g(third)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)150
13021 1655 y(the)28 b(w)m(ord)g(preceding)h(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)g
13022 (completed)h(on)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(command)g(line.)40
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13025 (the)h(function)g(or)150 1874 y(command)f(has)g(complete)i(freedom)e
13026 (in)g(generating)i(the)f(matc)m(hes.)275 2025 y(An)m(y)g(function)h(sp)
13027 s(eci\014ed)f(with)g(`)p Fs(-F)p Ft(')h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
13028 (\014rst.)44 b(The)31 b(function)h(ma)m(y)g(use)g(an)m(y)g(of)g(the)g
13029 (shell)150 2134 y(facilities,)50 b(including)44 b(the)h
13030 Fs(compgen)d Ft(and)i Fs(compopt)e Ft(builtins)i(describ)s(ed)f(b)s
13031 (elo)m(w)h(\(see)i(Section)f(8.7)150 2244 y([Programmable)31
13032 b(Completion)h(Builtins],)f(page)h(119\),)g(to)g(generate)g(the)f(matc)
13033 m(hes.)42 b(It)31 b(m)m(ust)g(put)f(the)150 2354 y(p)s(ossible)g
13034 (completions)h(in)f(the)h Fs(COMPREPLY)d Ft(arra)m(y)j(v)-5
13035 b(ariable.)275 2504 y(Next,)23 b(an)m(y)e(command)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
13036 (with)g(the)h(`)p Fs(-C)p Ft(')f(option)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(in)e
13037 (an)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 2614
13038 y(to)26 b(command)e(substitution.)39 b(It)25 b(should)f(prin)m(t)h(a)g
13039 (list)h(of)f(completions,)i(one)e(p)s(er)f(line,)j(to)f(the)f(standard)
13040 150 2724 y(output.)40 b(Bac)m(kslash)32 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h
13041 (escap)s(e)g(a)f(newline,)h(if)f(necessary)-8 b(.)275
13042 2874 y(After)42 b(all)g(of)g(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(are)f
13043 (generated,)k(an)m(y)c(\014lter)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)h(the)g(`)p
13044 Fs(-X)p Ft(')150 2984 y(option)34 b(is)f(applied)g(to)h(the)f(list.)49
13045 b(The)33 b(\014lter)g(is)g(a)h(pattern)f(as)g(used)g(for)g(pathname)g
13046 (expansion;)h(a)g(`)p Fs(&)p Ft(')150 3093 y(in)39 b(the)g(pattern)g
13047 (is)g(replaced)g(with)g(the)g(text)h(of)f(the)g(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)f
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13052 (the)f(pattern)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)e(the)h(list.)53
13053 b(A)34 b(leading)g(`)p Fs(!)p Ft(')h(negates)150 3422
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13055 m(hing)h(the)e(pattern)h(will)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)275
13056 3573 y(Finally)-8 b(,)33 b(an)m(y)f(pre\014x)f(and)g(su\016x)g(sp)s
13057 (eci\014ed)g(with)h(the)g(`)p Fs(-P)p Ft(')f(and)g(`)p
13058 Fs(-S)p Ft(')h(options)g(are)g(added)f(to)i(eac)m(h)150
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13060 (result)f(is)h(returned)e(to)i(the)g(Readline)g(completion)h(co)s(de)
13061 150 3792 y(as)e(the)f(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)275
13062 3943 y(If)22 b(the)i(previously-applied)f(actions)i(do)e(not)h
13063 (generate)h(an)m(y)f(matc)m(hes,)i(and)d(the)g(`)p Fs(-o)30
13064 b(dirnames)p Ft(')22 b(op-)150 4052 y(tion)29 b(w)m(as)f(supplied)f(to)
13065 i Fs(complete)d Ft(when)h(the)h(compsp)s(ec)g(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g
13066 (directory)g(name)h(completion)150 4162 y(is)h(attempted.)275
13067 4313 y(If)g(the)i(`)p Fs(-o)e(plusdirs)p Ft(')f(option)j(w)m(as)f
13068 (supplied)f(to)i Fs(complete)e Ft(when)g(the)h(compsp)s(ec)g(w)m(as)h
13069 (de\014ned,)150 4422 y(directory)k(name)f(completion)i(is)e(attempted)h
13070 (and)f(an)m(y)h(matc)m(hes)g(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(results)g(of)h
13071 (the)150 4532 y(other)31 b(actions.)275 4682 y(By)g(default,)i(if)e(a)h
13072 (compsp)s(ec)f(is)h(found,)f(whatev)m(er)h(it)g(generates)h(is)e
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13074 b(as)g(the)g(full)g(set)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)39
13075 b(The)20 b(default)h(Bash)g(completions)h(are)g(not)f(attempted,)150
13076 4902 y(and)k(the)h(Readline)g(default)g(of)g(\014lename)g(completion)h
13077 (is)f(disabled.)38 b(If)26 b(the)g(`)p Fs(-o)k(bashdefault)p
13078 Ft(')22 b(option)150 5011 y(w)m(as)i(supplied)e(to)j
13079 Fs(complete)c Ft(when)i(the)g(compsp)s(ec)h(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g(the)f
13080 (default)h(Bash)g(completions)h(are)150 5121 y(attempted)f(if)f(the)g
13081 (compsp)s(ec)g(generates)i(no)e(matc)m(hes.)39 b(If)23
13082 b(the)g(`)p Fs(-o)30 b(default)p Ft(')21 b(option)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f
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13084 (de\014ned,)e(Readline's)i(default)f(completion)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(p)s
13085 (erformed)150 5340 y(if)k(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(\(and,)g(if)h(attempted,)
13086 g(the)g(default)f(Bash)h(completions\))h(generate)g(no)e(matc)m(hes.)p
13087 eop end
13088 %%Page: 119 125
13089 TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
13090 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(119)275 299 y(When)20
13091 b(a)i(compsp)s(ec)e(indicates)i(that)g(directory)g(name)f(completion)h
13092 (is)f(desired,)i(the)e(programmable)150 408 y(completion)31
13093 b(functions)e(force)i(Readline)f(to)h(app)s(end)d(a)i(slash)g(to)g
13094 (completed)h(names)e(whic)m(h)h(are)g(sym-)150 518 y(b)s(olic)40
13095 b(links)g(to)h(directories,)j(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(the)f(v)-5
13096 b(alue)41 b(of)f(the)g Fq(mark-directories)45 b Ft(Readline)c(v)-5
13097 b(ariable,)150 628 y(regardless)31 b(of)f(the)h(setting)g(of)g(the)f
13098 Fq(mark-symlink)m(ed-directories)36 b Ft(Readline)31
13099 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 770 y(There)25 b(is)i(some)g(supp)s(ort)e(for)h
13100 (dynamically)h(mo)s(difying)f(completions.)40 b(This)26
13101 b(is)g(most)h(useful)f(when)150 880 y(used)37 b(in)h(com)m(bination)h
13102 (with)e(a)i(default)f(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(with)h(`)p
13103 Fs(-D)p Ft('.)63 b(It's)38 b(p)s(ossible)f(for)h(shell)150
13104 989 y(functions)28 b(executed)h(as)f(completion)i(handlers)d(to)i
13105 (indicate)g(that)g(completion)g(should)e(b)s(e)h(retried)g(b)m(y)150
13106 1099 y(returning)j(an)i(exit)g(status)f(of)h(124.)48
13107 b(If)31 b(a)i(shell)f(function)g(returns)f(124,)k(and)c(c)m(hanges)j
13108 (the)e(compsp)s(ec)150 1209 y(asso)s(ciated)43 b(with)e(the)g(command)g
13109 (on)g(whic)m(h)g(completion)i(is)e(b)s(eing)g(attempted)h(\(supplied)e
13110 (as)i(the)150 1318 y(\014rst)29 b(argumen)m(t)h(when)e(the)i(function)f
13111 (is)g(executed\),)j(programmable)d(completion)i(restarts)f(from)f(the)
13112 150 1428 y(b)s(eginning,)e(with)g(an)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)e(a)i(new)
13113 e(compsp)s(ec)i(for)f(that)h(command.)39 b(This)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g
13114 (set)g(of)150 1537 y(completions)33 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(built)f(dynamically)
13115 i(as)f(completion)h(is)f(attempted,)h(rather)f(than)f(b)s(eing)g
13116 (loaded)150 1647 y(all)g(at)g(once.)275 1789 y(F)-8 b(or)38
13117 b(instance,)h(assuming)e(that)h(there)f(is)h(a)f(library)g(of)g(compsp)
13118 s(ecs,)i(eac)m(h)g(k)m(ept)e(in)g(a)h(\014le)f(corre-)150
13119 1899 y(sp)s(onding)g(to)j(the)f(name)f(of)h(the)g(command,)i(the)e
13120 (follo)m(wing)h(default)f(completion)h(function)e(w)m(ould)150
13121 2009 y(load)31 b(completions)g(dynamically:)390 2151
13122 y Fs(_completion_loader\(\))390 2261 y({)390 2370 y(.)47
13123 b("/etc/bash_completion.d/$1)o(.sh")41 b(>/dev/null)k(2>&1)i(&&)g
13124 (return)f(124)390 2480 y(})390 2589 y(complete)g(-D)h(-F)g
13125 (_completion_loader)150 2834 y Fr(8.7)68 b(Programmable)47
13126 b(Completion)f(Builtins)150 2993 y Ft(Tw)m(o)27 b(builtin)g(commands)g
13127 (are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(to)f(manipulate)g(the)f(programmable)g
13128 (completion)h(facilities.)150 3165 y Fs(compgen)870 3303
13129 y(compgen)46 b([)p Fi(option)11 b Fs(])45 b([)p Fi(word)11
13130 b Fs(])630 3442 y Ft(Generate)27 b(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(matc)m
13131 (hes)g(for)e Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(according)e(to)f(the)g Fq(option)p
13132 Ft(s,)h(whic)m(h)630 3552 y(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(an)m(y)h(option)g
13133 (accepted)h(b)m(y)e(the)h Fs(complete)d Ft(builtin)j(with)f(the)h
13134 (exception)g(of)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')630 3661 y(and)k(`)p
13135 Fs(-r)p Ft(',)i(and)e(write)h(the)g(matc)m(hes)h(to)g(the)f(standard)f
13136 (output.)48 b(When)33 b(using)f(the)h(`)p Fs(-F)p Ft(')630
13137 3771 y(or)28 b(`)p Fs(-C)p Ft(')g(options,)h(the)f(v)-5
13138 b(arious)29 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(set)f(b)m(y)g(the)g
13139 (programmable)h(completion)630 3880 y(facilities,)k(while)d(a)m(v)-5
13140 b(ailable,)33 b(will)e(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(useful)f(v)-5
13141 b(alues.)630 4019 y(The)34 b(matc)m(hes)h(will)g(b)s(e)f(generated)h
13142 (in)f(the)h(same)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(as)g(if)f(the)h(programmable)f(com-)630
13143 4128 y(pletion)d(co)s(de)g(had)f(generated)i(them)e(directly)i(from)e
13144 (a)h(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(with)630 4238
13145 y(the)e(same)h(\015ags.)40 b(If)29 b Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(is)d(sp)s
13146 (eci\014ed,)g(only)g(those)h(completions)g(matc)m(hing)g
13147 Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(will)630 4348 y(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed.)630
13148 4486 y(The)24 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)g(true)f(unless)g(an)h(in)
13149 m(v)-5 b(alid)25 b(option)g(is)g(supplied,)f(or)h(no)g(matc)m(hes)g(w)m
13150 (ere)630 4596 y(generated.)150 4763 y Fs(complete)870
13151 4902 y(complete)46 b([-abcdefgjksuv])d([-o)k Fi(comp-option)11
13152 b Fs(])44 b([-DE])i([-A)h Fi(action)11 b Fs(])46 b([-)870
13153 5011 y(G)h Fi(globpat)11 b Fs(])46 b([-W)g Fi(wordlist)11
13154 b Fs(])870 5121 y([-F)47 b Fi(function)11 b Fs(])45 b([-C)i
13155 Fi(command)11 b Fs(])45 b([-X)i Fi(filterpat)11 b Fs(])870
13156 5230 y([-P)47 b Fi(prefix)11 b Fs(])45 b([-S)i Fi(suffix)11
13157 b Fs(])45 b Fi(name)58 b Fs([)p Fi(name)f Fs(...)o(])870
13158 5340 y(complete)46 b(-pr)g([-DE])h([)p Fi(name)57 b Fs(...)o(])p
13159 eop end
13160 %%Page: 120 126
13161 TeXDict begin 120 125 bop 150 -116 a Ft(120)2527 b(Bash)31
13162 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(Sp)s(ecify)i(ho)m(w)h(argumen)m(ts)h
13163 (to)f(eac)m(h)i Fq(name)j Ft(should)33 b(b)s(e)g(completed.)53
13164 b(If)33 b(the)i(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')e(option)630 408 y(is)d(supplied,)e
13165 (or)i(if)g(no)f(options)h(are)g(supplied,)f(existing)h(completion)h(sp)
13166 s(eci\014cations)g(are)630 518 y(prin)m(ted)43 b(in)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)h
13167 (that)f(allo)m(ws)h(them)f(to)g(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)80
13168 b(The)43 b(`)p Fs(-r)p Ft(')g(option)630 628 y(remo)m(v)m(es)29
13169 b(a)e(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)e(for)g(eac)m(h)i
13170 Fq(name)5 b Ft(,)28 b(or,)g(if)f(no)g Fq(name)5 b Ft(s)27
13171 b(are)h(supplied,)630 737 y(all)46 b(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cations.)
13172 87 b(The)45 b(`)p Fs(-D)p Ft(')h(option)g(indicates)g(that)g(the)g
13173 (remaining)630 847 y(options)35 b(and)f(actions)h(should)f(apply)g(to)h
13174 (the)g(\\default")g(command)f(completion;)k(that)630
13175 956 y(is,)25 b(completion)g(attempted)g(on)e(a)h(command)f(for)g(whic)m
13176 (h)h(no)f(completion)i(has)e(previously)630 1066 y(b)s(een)28
13177 b(de\014ned.)39 b(The)27 b(`)p Fs(-E)p Ft(')i(option)g(indicates)g
13178 (that)g(the)g(remaining)f(options)h(and)f(actions)630
13179 1176 y(should)i(apply)i(to)g(\\empt)m(y")g(command)g(completion;)h
13180 (that)f(is,)g(completion)h(attempted)630 1285 y(on)d(a)h(blank)f(line.)
13181 630 1419 y(The)f(pro)s(cess)g(of)h(applying)g(these)g(completion)g(sp)s
13182 (eci\014cations)h(when)d(w)m(ord)i(completion)630 1529
13183 y(is)35 b(attempted)h(is)f(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f
13184 (Section)g(8.6)g([Programmable)g(Completion],)630 1638
13185 y(page)31 b(117\).)42 b(The)30 b(`)p Fs(-D)p Ft(')h(option)f(tak)m(es)i
13186 (precedence)f(o)m(v)m(er)h(`)p Fs(-E)p Ft('.)630 1772
13187 y(Other)41 b(options,)46 b(if)41 b(sp)s(eci\014ed,)j(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)f
13188 (follo)m(wing)i(meanings.)75 b(The)41 b(argumen)m(ts)h(to)630
13189 1882 y(the)e(`)p Fs(-G)p Ft(',)j(`)p Fs(-W)p Ft(',)g(and)d(`)p
13190 Fs(-X)p Ft(')g(options)g(\(and,)j(if)d(necessary)-8 b(,)44
13191 b(the)c(`)p Fs(-P)p Ft(')h(and)e(`)p Fs(-S)p Ft(')h(options\))630
13192 1991 y(should)30 b(b)s(e)h(quoted)g(to)h(protect)g(them)f(from)g
13193 (expansion)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g Fs(complete)e Ft(builtin)630
13194 2101 y(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)630 2259 y Fs(-o)g Fi(comp-option)1110
13195 2369 y Ft(The)c Fq(comp-option)i Ft(con)m(trols)g(sev)m(eral)h(asp)s
13196 (ects)e(of)g(the)g(compsp)s(ec's)g(b)s(eha)m(v-)1110
13197 2478 y(ior)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)f(the)g(simple)h(generation)h(of)e
13198 (completions.)41 b Fq(comp-option)27 b Ft(ma)m(y)1110
13199 2588 y(b)s(e)j(one)g(of:)1110 2746 y Fs(bashdefault)1590
13200 2856 y Ft(P)m(erform)d(the)h(rest)f(of)h(the)g(default)f(Bash)h
13201 (completions)g(if)g(the)1590 2966 y(compsp)s(ec)i(generates)i(no)e
13202 (matc)m(hes.)1110 3124 y Fs(default)144 b Ft(Use)22 b(Readline's)g
13203 (default)g(\014lename)g(completion)g(if)g(the)g(comp-)1590
13204 3233 y(sp)s(ec)30 b(generates)i(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110
13205 3392 y Fs(dirnames)96 b Ft(P)m(erform)46 b(directory)g(name)h
13206 (completion)g(if)f(the)g(compsp)s(ec)1590 3501 y(generates)32
13207 b(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110 3660 y Fs(filenames)1590 3769
13208 y Ft(T)-8 b(ell)40 b(Readline)f(that)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)f(generates)j
13209 (\014lenames,)1590 3879 y(so)29 b(it)h(can)f(p)s(erform)f(an)m(y)h
13210 (\014lename-sp)s(eci\014c)h(pro)s(cessing)e(\(lik)m(e)1590
13211 3988 y(adding)d(a)h(slash)f(to)h(directory)g(names)f(quoting)h(sp)s
13212 (ecial)g(c)m(har-)1590 4098 y(acters,)39 b(or)d(suppressing)f(trailing)
13213 i(spaces\).)59 b(This)35 b(option)i(is)1590 4208 y(in)m(tended)30
13214 b(to)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(with)g(shell)i(functions)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)
13215 1590 4317 y(`)p Fs(-F)p Ft('.)1110 4475 y Fs(nospace)144
13216 b Ft(T)-8 b(ell)40 b(Readline)g(not)g(to)g(app)s(end)d(a)j(space)g
13217 (\(the)f(default\))h(to)1590 4585 y(w)m(ords)30 b(completed)h(at)g(the)
13218 g(end)f(of)g(the)h(line.)1110 4743 y Fs(plusdirs)96 b
13219 Ft(After)30 b(an)m(y)h(matc)m(hes)g(de\014ned)d(b)m(y)i(the)g(compsp)s
13220 (ec)g(are)g(gener-)1590 4853 y(ated,)g(directory)f(name)g(completion)i
13221 (is)d(attempted)i(and)f(an)m(y)1590 4963 y(matc)m(hes)j(are)e(added)g
13222 (to)h(the)g(results)f(of)g(the)h(other)g(actions.)630
13223 5121 y Fs(-A)f Fi(action)1110 5230 y Ft(The)25 b Fq(action)h
13224 Ft(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(one)h(of)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(to)e(generate)i(a)e
13225 (list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)1110 5340 y(completions:)p eop
13226 end
13227 %%Page: 121 127
13228 TeXDict begin 121 126 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
13229 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(121)1110 299 y Fs(alias)240
13230 b Ft(Alias)31 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
13231 (as)i(`)p Fs(-a)p Ft('.)1110 461 y Fs(arrayvar)96 b Ft(Arra)m(y)31
13232 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(names.)1110 623 y Fs(binding)144
13233 b Ft(Readline)30 b(k)m(ey)f(binding)f(names)h(\(see)h(Section)f(8.4)h
13234 ([Bindable)1590 732 y(Readline)h(Commands],)f(page)h(108\).)1110
13235 894 y Fs(builtin)144 b Ft(Names)21 b(of)g(shell)f(builtin)h(commands.)
13236 37 b(Ma)m(y)21 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)1590 1004
13237 y(as)31 b(`)p Fs(-b)p Ft('.)1110 1166 y Fs(command)144
13238 b Ft(Command)29 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s
13239 (eci\014ed)f(as)i(`)p Fs(-c)p Ft('.)1110 1328 y Fs(directory)1590
13240 1438 y Ft(Directory)h(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s
13241 (eci\014ed)g(as)g(`)p Fs(-d)p Ft('.)1110 1600 y Fs(disabled)96
13242 b Ft(Names)31 b(of)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110
13243 1762 y Fs(enabled)144 b Ft(Names)31 b(of)g(enabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)
13244 1110 1924 y Fs(export)192 b Ft(Names)34 b(of)f(exp)s(orted)f(shell)h(v)
13245 -5 b(ariables.)49 b(Ma)m(y)35 b(also)e(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci-)1590
13246 2033 y(\014ed)d(as)g(`)p Fs(-e)p Ft('.)1110 2195 y Fs(file)288
13247 b Ft(File)32 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
13248 (as)i(`)p Fs(-f)p Ft('.)1110 2357 y Fs(function)96 b
13249 Ft(Names)31 b(of)g(shell)f(functions.)1110 2519 y Fs(group)240
13250 b Ft(Group)30 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
13251 (as)g(`)p Fs(-g)p Ft('.)1110 2681 y Fs(helptopic)1590
13252 2791 y Ft(Help)37 b(topics)g(as)g(accepted)h(b)m(y)e(the)h
13253 Fs(help)f Ft(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)1590 2900 y(tion)31
13254 b(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(43\).)1110 3062 y
13255 Fs(hostname)96 b Ft(Hostnames,)89 b(as)76 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g
13256 (\014le)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)1590 3172 y(the)55 b
13257 Fs(HOSTFILE)e Ft(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable)56 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)h
13258 ([Bash)1590 3282 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(63\).)1110
13259 3444 y Fs(job)336 b Ft(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)f
13260 (activ)m(e.)46 b(Ma)m(y)33 b(also)g(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci-)1590
13261 3553 y(\014ed)f(as)g(`)p Fs(-j)p Ft('.)1110 3715 y Fs(keyword)144
13262 b Ft(Shell)30 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32
13263 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i(`)p Fs(-k)p Ft('.)1110
13264 3877 y Fs(running)144 b Ft(Names)31 b(of)g(running)d(jobs,)i(if)h(job)f
13265 (con)m(trol)h(is)g(activ)m(e.)1110 4039 y Fs(service)144
13266 b Ft(Service)31 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31 b(also)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s
13267 (eci\014ed)g(as)g(`)p Fs(-s)p Ft('.)1110 4201 y Fs(setopt)192
13268 b Ft(V)-8 b(alid)34 b(argumen)m(ts)f(for)f(the)h(`)p
13269 Fs(-o)p Ft(')g(option)g(to)h(the)f Fs(set)e Ft(builtin)1590
13270 4311 y(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(54\).)
13271 1110 4473 y Fs(shopt)240 b Ft(Shell)40 b(option)g(names)g(as)g
13272 (accepted)i(b)m(y)e(the)g Fs(shopt)e Ft(builtin)1590
13273 4582 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(43\).)
13274 1110 4744 y Fs(signal)192 b Ft(Signal)31 b(names.)1110
13275 4906 y Fs(stopped)144 b Ft(Names)31 b(of)g(stopp)s(ed)e(jobs,)h(if)g
13276 (job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f(activ)m(e.)1110 5068 y Fs(user)288
13277 b Ft(User)30 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
13278 (as)i(`)p Fs(-u)p Ft('.)1110 5230 y Fs(variable)96 b
13279 Ft(Names)36 b(of)g(all)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)56
13280 b(Ma)m(y)37 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)1590
13281 5340 y(`)p Fs(-v)p Ft('.)p eop end
13282 %%Page: 122 128
13283 TeXDict begin 122 127 bop 150 -116 a Ft(122)2527 b(Bash)31
13284 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(-C)f Fi(command)1110
13285 408 y Fq(command)35 b Ft(is)e(executed)g(in)e(a)i(subshell)e(en)m
13286 (vironmen)m(t,)i(and)f(its)g(output)g(is)1110 518 y(used)e(as)g(the)h
13287 (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)630 674 y Fs(-F)g Fi(function)1110
13288 783 y Ft(The)25 b(shell)i(function)e Fq(function)h Ft(is)g(executed)h
13289 (in)e(the)i(curren)m(t)e(shell)i(en)m(viron-)1110 893
13290 y(men)m(t.)40 b(When)25 b(it)h(\014nishes,)f(the)h(p)s(ossible)f
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13293 b(ariable.)630 1158 y Fs(-G)30 b Fi(globpat)1110 1268
13294 y Ft(The)39 b(\014lename)h(expansion)g(pattern)g Fq(globpat)j
13295 Ft(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(generate)1110 1377 y(the)31 b(p)s(ossible)e
13296 (completions.)630 1533 y Fs(-P)h Fi(prefix)1110 1643
13297 y Fq(pre\014x)39 b Ft(is)34 b(added)f(at)i(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)i
13298 (eac)m(h)g(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)1110 1752
13299 y(all)c(other)g(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(applied.)630
13300 1908 y Fs(-S)g Fi(suffix)1110 2018 y Fq(su\016x)c Ft(is)20
13301 b(app)s(ended)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)f(all)g
13302 (other)g(options)1110 2127 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(b)s(een)d(applied.)630
13303 2283 y Fs(-W)h Fi(wordlist)1110 2393 y Ft(The)24 b Fq(w)m(ordlist)k
13304 Ft(is)d(split)g(using)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i
13305 Fs(IFS)e Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 2502 y(as)36
13306 b(delimiters,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)h(resultan)m(t)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h
13307 (expanded.)57 b(The)35 b(p)s(ossible)1110 2612 y(completions)c(are)e
13308 (the)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list)g(whic)m(h)f
13309 (matc)m(h)i(the)1110 2721 y(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)630
13310 2877 y Fs(-X)g Fi(filterpat)1110 2987 y Fq(\014lterpat)d
13311 Ft(is)e(a)g(pattern)g(as)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)g(expansion.)38
13312 b(It)25 b(is)g(applied)f(to)1110 3096 y(the)30 b(list)f(of)h(p)s
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13315 (hing)g Fq(\014lterpat)h Ft(is)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)1110 3315
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13320 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)f(true)f(unless)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5
13321 b(alid)37 b(option)f(is)g(supplied,)g(an)g(option)h(other)630
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13323 Ft(')g(is)g(supplied)f(without)h(a)g Fq(name)37 b Ft(argumen)m(t,)32
13324 b(an)f(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)630 3800 y(remo)m(v)m(e)h(a)e
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13327 3910 y(or)f(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(adding)g(a)g(completion)i(sp)s
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13331 b(completion)h(options)g(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fq(name)39 b
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13350 Fs(-E)p Ft('.)p eop end
13351 %%Page: 123 129
13352 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
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13359 end
13360 %%Page: 124 130
13361 TeXDict begin 124 129 bop eop end
13362 %%Page: 125 131
13363 TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
13364 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(125)150
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13368 b(,)50 b(from)42 b(a)h(user's)150 681 y(standp)s(oin)m(t.)76
13369 b(It)42 b(should)f(b)s(e)h(considered)g(a)g(user's)g(guide.)76
13370 b(F)-8 b(or)43 b(information)f(on)g(using)g(the)g Fl(gnu)150
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13373 y Fr(9.1)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(F)-11 b(acilities)150
13374 1202 y Ft(When)40 b(the)h(`)p Fs(-o)30 b(history)p Ft(')38
13375 b(option)j(to)g(the)g Fs(set)e Ft(builtin)h(is)h(enabled)f(\(see)h
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13377 b(page)g(54\),)h(the)e(shell)h(pro)m(vides)f(access)h(to)g(the)f
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13380 b(of)f(the)h Fs(HISTSIZE)e Ft(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34
13381 b(is)f(used)e(as)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(com-)150
13382 1531 y(mands)i(to)i(sa)m(v)m(e)h(in)e(a)g(history)h(list.)58
13383 b(The)36 b(text)h(of)g(the)f(last)h Fs($HISTSIZE)d Ft(commands)i
13384 (\(default)g(500\))150 1640 y(is)h(sa)m(v)m(ed.)61 b(The)36
13385 b(shell)h(stores)h(eac)m(h)g(command)e(in)h(the)g(history)g(list)g
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13387 y(able)33 b(expansion)g(but)f(after)h(history)f(expansion)h(is)g(p)s
13388 (erformed,)e(sub)5 b(ject)33 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)33
13389 b(of)g(the)g(shell)150 1859 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b Fs(HISTIGNORE)d
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13391 (up,)f(the)h(history)f(is)h(initialized)h(from)e(the)h(\014le)f(named)g
13392 (b)m(y)h(the)f Fs(HISTFILE)150 2116 y Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)21
13393 b(\(default)h(`)p Fs(~/.bash_history)p Ft('\).)34 b(The)20
13394 b(\014le)h(named)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)g
13395 Fs(HISTFILE)d Ft(is)j(truncated,)150 2226 y(if)42 b(necessary)-8
13396 b(,)45 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)f(more)g(than)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
13397 (of)h(lines)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)42
13398 b(of)g(the)150 2336 y Fs(HISTFILESIZE)21 b Ft(v)-5 b(ariable.)40
13399 b(When)24 b(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(exits,)h(the)f(last)g
13400 Fs($HISTSIZE)d Ft(lines)j(are)f(copied)150 2445 y(from)29
13401 b(the)i(history)e(list)i(to)g(the)f(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h
13402 Fs($HISTFILE)p Ft(.)38 b(If)30 b(the)g Fs(histappend)d
13403 Ft(shell)j(option)g(is)g(set)150 2555 y(\(see)22 b(Section)g(4.2)g
13404 ([Bash)g(Builtins],)h(page)f(43\),)j(the)c(lines)g(are)h(app)s(ended)d
13405 (to)j(the)f(history)g(\014le,)j(otherwise)150 2664 y(the)32
13406 b(history)f(\014le)g(is)h(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)45 b(If)31
13407 b Fs(HISTFILE)e Ft(is)j(unset,)f(or)h(if)f(the)h(history)f(\014le)g(is)
13408 h(un)m(writable,)g(the)150 2774 y(history)37 b(is)h(not)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)
13409 63 b(After)38 b(sa)m(ving)g(the)f(history)-8 b(,)40 b(the)e(history)f
13410 (\014le)g(is)h(truncated)f(to)h(con)m(tain)h(no)150 2883
13411 y(more)31 b(than)f Fs($HISTFILESIZE)c Ft(lines.)41 b(If)30
13412 b Fs(HISTFILESIZE)d Ft(is)k(not)f(set,)h(no)g(truncation)f(is)h(p)s
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13414 Ft(is)j(set,)h(the)f(time)h(stamp)f(information)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)
13415 e(eac)m(h)h(history)150 3140 y(en)m(try)d(is)h(written)f(to)h(the)f
13416 (history)h(\014le,)f(mark)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)h(c)
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13421 (for)f(the)h(previous)f(history)g(line.)275 3507 y(The)19
13422 b(builtin)h(command)g Fs(fc)g Ft(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(list)g
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13429 b(mo)s(de)g(that)g(pro)m(vide)g(access)h(to)f(the)g(history)f(list)i
13430 (\(see)f(Section)h(8.4.2)g([Commands)e(F)-8 b(or)150
13431 3945 y(History],)31 b(page)h(109\).)275 4093 y(The)47
13432 b(shell)i(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)f(o)m(v)m(er)h(whic)m(h)e(commands)g
13433 (are)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)f(the)h(history)f(list.)95 b(The)150
13434 4202 y Fs(HISTCONTROL)25 b Ft(and)j Fs(HISTIGNORE)e Ft(v)-5
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13439 b(sa)m(v)m(e)h(eac)m(h)f(line)g(of)f(a)h(m)m(ulti-line)g(command)f(in)g
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13444 m(b)s(edded)f(newlines)h(instead)h(of)f(semicolons.)40
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13446 y(to)31 b(set)g(these)g(options.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g
13447 (Builtins],)g(page)g(43,)h(for)e(a)h(description)f(of)h
13448 Fs(shopt)p Ft(.)150 5002 y Fr(9.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(Builtins)150
13449 5161 y Ft(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(builtin)e(commands)g
13450 (whic)m(h)g(manipulate)g(the)h(history)f(list)h(and)f(history)g
13451 (\014le.)150 5340 y Fs(fc)p eop end
13452 %%Page: 126 132
13453 TeXDict begin 126 131 bop 150 -116 a Ft(126)2527 b(Bash)31
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13455 b Fs(])46 b([-lnr])g([)p Fi(first)11 b Fs(])45 b([)p
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13459 (range)h(of)f(commands)g(from)f Fq(\014rst)i Ft(to)g
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13463 (most)h(recen)m(t)g(command)e(b)s(eginning)h(with)g(that)g(string\))h
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13468 (eci\014ed)f(it)h(is)g(set)g(to)g Fq(\014rst)r Ft(.)39
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13532 %%Page: 127 133
13533 TeXDict begin 127 132 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
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13618 %%Page: 128 134
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13687 %%Page: 129 135
13688 TeXDict begin 129 134 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
13689 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(129)150
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13735 %%Page: 130 136
13736 TeXDict begin 130 135 bop eop end
13737 %%Page: 131 137
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13820 %%Page: 132 138
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13874 Ft(The)c Fs(mkclone)e Ft(script)i(requires)g(Bash,)i(so)f(y)m(ou)f(m)m
13875 (ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(already)g(built)f(Bash)g(for)g(at)h(least)h(one)150
13876 3553 y(arc)m(hitecture)32 b(b)s(efore)e(y)m(ou)h(can)f(create)i(build)e
13877 (directories)h(for)f(other)h(arc)m(hitectures.)150 3782
13878 y Fr(10.4)68 b(Installation)47 b(Names)150 3942 y Ft(By)27
13879 b(default,)h(`)p Fs(make)i(install)p Ft(')25 b(will)j(install)g(in)m
13880 (to)g(`)p Fs(/usr/local/bin)p Ft(',)c(`)p Fs(/usr/local/man)p
13881 Ft(',)h(etc.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)150 4051 y(can)31 b(sp)s(ecify)f(an)h
13882 (installation)h(pre\014x)d(other)i(than)g(`)p Fs(/usr/local)p
13883 Ft(')d(b)m(y)i(giving)i Fs(configure)c Ft(the)i(option)150
13884 4161 y(`)p Fs(--prefix=)p Fi(PATH)11 b Ft(',)35 b(or)h(b)m(y)g(sp)s
13885 (ecifying)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(for)f(the)h Fs(DESTDIR)d
13886 Ft(`)p Fs(make)p Ft(')i(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(when)f(running)150
13887 4271 y(`)p Fs(make)29 b(install)p Ft('.)275 4403 y(Y)-8
13888 b(ou)71 b(can)h(sp)s(ecify)f(separate)h(installation)h(pre\014xes)d
13889 (for)h(arc)m(hitecture-sp)s(eci\014c)i(\014les)f(and)150
13890 4513 y(arc)m(hitecture-indep)s(enden)m(t)38 b(\014les.)62
13891 b(If)37 b(y)m(ou)h(giv)m(e)g Fs(configure)d Ft(the)j(option)g(`)p
13892 Fs(--exec-prefix=)p Fi(PATH)11 b Ft(',)150 4623 y(`)p
13893 Fs(make)29 b(install)p Ft(')63 b(will)h(use)f Fq(P)-8
13894 b(A)g(TH)75 b Ft(as)64 b(the)g(pre\014x)e(for)i(installing)h(programs)e
13895 (and)h(libraries.)150 4732 y(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)32 b(and)e(other)h
13896 (data)g(\014les)f(will)h(still)g(use)f(the)h(regular)f(pre\014x.)150
13897 4961 y Fr(10.5)68 b(Sp)t(ecifying)45 b(the)g(System)h(T)l(yp)t(e)150
13898 5121 y Ft(There)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(some)i(features)f
13899 Fs(configure)e Ft(can)i(not)g(\014gure)g(out)g(automatically)-8
13900 b(,)52 b(but)44 b(need)h(to)150 5230 y(determine)36 b(b)m(y)g(the)h(t)m
13901 (yp)s(e)f(of)g(host)h(Bash)f(will)h(run)d(on.)58 b(Usually)37
13902 b Fs(configure)d Ft(can)i(\014gure)g(that)g(out,)150
13903 5340 y(but)c(if)h(it)g(prin)m(ts)g(a)g(message)h(sa)m(ying)g(it)f(can)h
13904 (not)f(guess)g(the)g(host)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(giv)m(e)g(it)f(the)h(`)p
13905 Fs(--host=TYPE)p Ft(')p eop end
13906 %%Page: 133 139
13907 TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
13908 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(133)150 299 y(option.)39
13909 b(`)p Fs(TYPE)p Ft(')25 b(can)g(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)g(short)g(name)g
13910 (for)g(the)g(system)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(suc)m(h)f(as)g(`)p
13911 Fs(sun4)p Ft(',)h(or)f(a)g(canonical)150 408 y(name)30
13912 b(with)g(three)h(\014elds:)40 b(`)p Fs(CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM)p
13913 Ft(')26 b(\(e.g.,)32 b(`)p Fs(i386-unknown-freebsd4.2)p
13914 Ft('\).)275 539 y(See)e(the)h(\014le)f(`)p Fs(support/config.sub)p
13915 Ft(')c(for)k(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(eac)m(h)g
13916 (\014eld.)150 764 y Fr(10.6)68 b(Sharing)45 b(Defaults)150
13917 924 y Ft(If)d(y)m(ou)i(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)f(set)h(default)f(v)-5
13918 b(alues)43 b(for)g Fs(configure)d Ft(scripts)j(to)h(share,)i(y)m(ou)d
13919 (can)g(create)i(a)e(site)150 1033 y(shell)48 b(script)f(called)i
13920 Fs(config.site)44 b Ft(that)k(giv)m(es)h(default)f(v)-5
13921 b(alues)48 b(for)f(v)-5 b(ariables)48 b(lik)m(e)h Fs(CC)p
13922 Ft(,)j Fs(cache_)150 1143 y(file)p Ft(,)43 b(and)e Fs(prefix)p
13923 Ft(.)73 b Fs(configure)39 b Ft(lo)s(oks)j(for)f(`)p Fs
13924 (PREFIX/share/config.site)p Ft(')35 b(if)42 b(it)g(exists,)j(then)150
13925 1252 y(`)p Fs(PREFIX/etc/config.site)p Ft(')20 b(if)26
13926 b(it)g(exists.)40 b(Or,)26 b(y)m(ou)g(can)g(set)g(the)g
13927 Fs(CONFIG_SITE)c Ft(en)m(vironmen)m(t)k(v)-5 b(ari-)150
13928 1362 y(able)40 b(to)g(the)g(lo)s(cation)h(of)e(the)h(site)g(script.)67
13929 b(A)40 b(w)m(arning:)58 b(the)40 b(Bash)g Fs(configure)c
13930 Ft(lo)s(oks)k(for)f(a)h(site)150 1472 y(script,)31 b(but)e(not)i(all)g
13931 Fs(configure)d Ft(scripts)i(do.)150 1697 y Fr(10.7)68
13932 b(Op)t(eration)46 b(Con)l(trols)150 1856 y Fs(configure)28
13933 b Ft(recognizes)k(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(options)f(to)g(con)m(trol)h(ho)m
13934 (w)e(it)h(op)s(erates.)150 2008 y Fs(--cache-file=)p
13935 Fi(file)630 2117 y Ft(Use)k(and)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(results)g(of)g
13936 (the)h(tests)f(in)g Fq(\014le)40 b Ft(instead)35 b(of)h(`)p
13937 Fs(./config.cache)p Ft('.)51 b(Set)630 2227 y Fq(\014le)36
13938 b Ft(to)31 b(`)p Fs(/dev/null)p Ft(')d(to)j(disable)g(cac)m(hing,)h
13939 (for)e(debugging)g Fs(configure)p Ft(.)150 2379 y Fs(--help)192
13940 b Ft(Prin)m(t)30 b(a)h(summary)e(of)i(the)f(options)h(to)g
13941 Fs(configure)p Ft(,)d(and)i(exit.)150 2531 y Fs(--quiet)150
13942 2641 y(--silent)150 2750 y(-q)384 b Ft(Do)31 b(not)g(prin)m(t)f
13943 (messages)h(sa)m(ying)g(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)g(are)g(b)s(eing)f
13944 (made.)150 2902 y Fs(--srcdir=)p Fi(dir)630 3012 y Ft(Lo)s(ok)i(for)f
13945 (the)h(Bash)g(source)f(co)s(de)h(in)f(directory)h Fq(dir)7
13946 b Ft(.)44 b(Usually)32 b Fs(configure)d Ft(can)i(deter-)630
13947 3121 y(mine)f(that)h(directory)g(automatically)-8 b(.)150
13948 3273 y Fs(--version)630 3383 y Ft(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g
13949 (Auto)s(conf)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(the)f Fs(configure)d
13950 Ft(script,)j(and)f(exit.)275 3535 y Fs(configure)34 b
13951 Ft(also)k(accepts)g(some)g(other,)h(not)e(widely)g(used,)h(b)s
13952 (oilerplate)g(options.)61 b(`)p Fs(configure)150 3644
13953 y(--help)p Ft(')29 b(prin)m(ts)h(the)g(complete)i(list.)150
13954 3869 y Fr(10.8)68 b(Optional)46 b(F)-11 b(eatures)150
13955 4029 y Ft(The)24 b(Bash)g Fs(configure)e Ft(has)h(a)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
13956 (of)h(`)p Fs(--enable-)p Fi(feature)11 b Ft(')20 b(options,)26
13957 b(where)d Fq(feature)30 b Ft(indicates)150 4138 y(an)f(optional)i(part)
13958 e(of)g(Bash.)41 b(There)28 b(are)i(also)g(sev)m(eral)h(`)p
13959 Fs(--with-)p Fi(package)11 b Ft(')25 b(options,)30 b(where)f
13960 Fq(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)150 4248 y Ft(is)32 b(something)h(lik)m(e)h(`)p
13961 Fs(bash-malloc)p Ft(')c(or)i(`)p Fs(purify)p Ft('.)45
13962 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(turn)e(o\013)i(the)f(default)h(use)f(of)g(a)h(pac)m(k)
13963 -5 b(age,)35 b(use)150 4357 y(`)p Fs(--without-)p Fi(package)11
13964 b Ft('.)36 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(con\014gure)g(Bash)h(without)f(a)g(feature)h
13965 (that)g(is)f(enabled)g(b)m(y)g(default,)h(use)150 4467
13966 y(`)p Fs(--disable-)p Fi(feature)11 b Ft('.)275 4598
13967 y(Here)21 b(is)g(a)g(complete)h(list)g(of)f(the)g(`)p
13968 Fs(--enable-)p Ft(')e(and)h(`)p Fs(--with-)p Ft(')g(options)h(that)g
13969 (the)g(Bash)g Fs(configure)150 4707 y Ft(recognizes.)150
13970 4859 y Fs(--with-afs)630 4969 y Ft(De\014ne)31 b(if)f(y)m(ou)h(are)f
13971 (using)g(the)h(Andrew)e(File)j(System)e(from)g(T)-8 b(ransarc.)150
13972 5121 y Fs(--with-bash-malloc)630 5230 y Ft(Use)31 b(the)g(Bash)f(v)m
13973 (ersion)i(of)e Fs(malloc)f Ft(in)h(the)h(directory)g(`)p
13974 Fs(lib/malloc)p Ft('.)39 b(This)30 b(is)h(not)g(the)630
13975 5340 y(same)h Fs(malloc)e Ft(that)j(app)s(ears)e(in)g
13976 Fl(gnu)h Ft(lib)s(c,)g(but)f(an)h(older)f(v)m(ersion)i(originally)g
13977 (deriv)m(ed)p eop end
13978 %%Page: 134 140
13979 TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Ft(134)2527 b(Bash)31
13980 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(from)h(the)h(4.2)g
13981 Fl(bsd)f Fs(malloc)p Ft(.)45 b(This)31 b Fs(malloc)g
13982 Ft(is)i(v)m(ery)f(fast,)i(but)e(w)m(astes)h(some)g(space)g(on)630
13983 408 y(eac)m(h)g(allo)s(cation.)48 b(This)31 b(option)i(is)f(enabled)g
13984 (b)m(y)g(default.)46 b(The)31 b(`)p Fs(NOTES)p Ft(')g(\014le)h(con)m
13985 (tains)i(a)630 518 y(list)29 b(of)f(systems)f(for)h(whic)m(h)g(this)g
13986 (should)e(b)s(e)i(turned)e(o\013,)j(and)f Fs(configure)d
13987 Ft(disables)j(this)630 628 y(option)j(automatically)i(for)d(a)h(n)m(um)
13988 m(b)s(er)e(of)i(systems.)150 798 y Fs(--with-curses)630
13989 907 y Ft(Use)h(the)h(curses)e(library)h(instead)g(of)h(the)f(termcap)g
13990 (library)-8 b(.)46 b(This)32 b(should)f(b)s(e)g(supplied)630
13991 1017 y(if)f(y)m(our)h(system)f(has)g(an)h(inadequate)g(or)f(incomplete)
13992 i(termcap)e(database.)150 1187 y Fs(--with-gnu-malloc)630
13993 1297 y Ft(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Fs(--with-bash-malloc)p
13994 Ft(.)150 1467 y Fs(--with-installed-readlin)o(e[=)p Fi(P)o(REFI)o(X)11
13995 b Fs(])630 1576 y Ft(De\014ne)26 b(this)f(to)h(mak)m(e)h(Bash)f(link)f
13996 (with)g(a)h(lo)s(cally-installed)i(v)m(ersion)e(of)g(Readline)g(rather)
13997 630 1686 y(than)38 b(the)h(v)m(ersion)g(in)g(`)p Fs(lib/readline)p
13998 Ft('.)62 b(This)38 b(w)m(orks)h(only)f(with)h(Readline)g(5.0)h(and)630
13999 1796 y(later)29 b(v)m(ersions.)40 b(If)28 b Fq(PREFIX)37
14000 b Ft(is)28 b Fs(yes)f Ft(or)h(not)g(supplied,)f Fs(configure)f
14001 Ft(uses)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(of)630 1905 y(the)c(mak)m(e)g(v)-5
14002 b(ariables)25 b Fs(includedir)d Ft(and)h Fs(libdir)p
14003 Ft(,)h(whic)m(h)h(are)f(sub)s(directories)g(of)h Fs(prefix)630
14004 2015 y Ft(b)m(y)32 b(default,)g(to)h(\014nd)d(the)i(installed)h(v)m
14005 (ersion)f(of)g(Readline)h(if)f(it)g(is)g(not)g(in)g(the)g(standard)630
14006 2124 y(system)j(include)f(and)g(library)g(directories.)54
14007 b(If)34 b Fq(PREFIX)43 b Ft(is)35 b Fs(no)p Ft(,)g(Bash)f(links)h(with)
14008 f(the)630 2234 y(v)m(ersion)k(in)f(`)p Fs(lib/readline)p
14009 Ft('.)58 b(If)37 b Fq(PREFIX)46 b Ft(is)38 b(set)g(to)g(an)m(y)f(other)
14010 h(v)-5 b(alue,)39 b Fs(configure)630 2344 y Ft(treats)27
14011 b(it)g(as)f(a)h(directory)g(pathname)f(and)f(lo)s(oks)i(for)f(the)g
14012 (installed)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Readline)630 2453 y(in)34
14013 b(sub)s(directories)f(of)h(that)h(directory)g(\(include)f(\014les)g(in)
14014 g Fq(PREFIX)9 b Ft(/)p Fs(include)32 b Ft(and)i(the)630
14015 2563 y(library)c(in)g Fq(PREFIX)9 b Ft(/)p Fs(lib)p Ft(\).)150
14016 2733 y Fs(--with-purify)630 2843 y Ft(De\014ne)23 b(this)g(to)h(use)f
14017 (the)g(Purify)f(memory)h(allo)s(cation)i(c)m(hec)m(k)m(er)g(from)e
14018 (Rational)i(Soft)m(w)m(are.)150 3013 y Fs(--enable-minimal-config)630
14019 3122 y Ft(This)e(pro)s(duces)f(a)i(shell)g(with)f(minimal)h(features,)h
14020 (close)g(to)f(the)g(historical)h(Bourne)e(shell.)275
14021 3298 y(There)g(are)i(sev)m(eral)g(`)p Fs(--enable-)p
14022 Ft(')d(options)j(that)f(alter)h(ho)m(w)g(Bash)f(is)g(compiled)h(and)e
14023 (link)m(ed,)j(rather)150 3407 y(than)k(c)m(hanging)h(run-time)f
14024 (features.)150 3583 y Fs(--enable-largefile)630 3693
14025 y Ft(Enable)76 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)h(large)h(\014les)f(\()p
14026 Fs(http://www.sas.com/standar)o(ds/l)o(arge)o(_)630 3802
14027 y(file/x_open.20Mar96.html)o Ft(\))23 b(if)28 b(the)g(op)s(erating)h
14028 (system)f(requires)g(sp)s(ecial)g(compiler)630 3912 y(options)45
14029 b(to)g(build)e(programs)h(whic)m(h)g(can)g(access)i(large)f(\014les.)82
14030 b(This)44 b(is)g(enabled)g(b)m(y)630 4021 y(default,)31
14031 b(if)f(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(pro)m(vides)g(large)i(\014le)e
14032 (supp)s(ort.)150 4191 y Fs(--enable-profiling)630 4301
14033 y Ft(This)h(builds)f(a)i(Bash)g(binary)f(that)h(pro)s(duces)e
14034 (pro\014ling)h(information)h(to)h(b)s(e)d(pro)s(cessed)630
14035 4411 y(b)m(y)g Fs(gprof)f Ft(eac)m(h)j(time)f(it)g(is)f(executed.)150
14036 4581 y Fs(--enable-static-link)630 4690 y Ft(This)37
14037 b(causes)h(Bash)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(link)m(ed)h(statically)-8
14038 b(,)43 b(if)37 b Fs(gcc)g Ft(is)g(b)s(eing)g(used.)61
14039 b(This)37 b(could)h(b)s(e)630 4800 y(used)30 b(to)h(build)e(a)i(v)m
14040 (ersion)g(to)g(use)f(as)g(ro)s(ot's)h(shell.)275 4976
14041 y(The)f(`)p Fs(minimal-config)p Ft(')d(option)k(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)f
14042 (to)j(disable)e(all)i(of)f(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(options,)g(but)d(it)150
14043 5085 y(is)h(pro)s(cessed)g(\014rst,)g(so)h(individual)f(options)g(ma)m
14044 (y)h(b)s(e)f(enabled)g(using)g(`)p Fs(enable-)p Fi(feature)11
14045 b Ft('.)275 5230 y(All)37 b(of)g(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(options)f(except)
14046 h(for)e(`)p Fs(disabled-builtins)p Ft(')d(and)j(`)p Fs
14047 (xpg-echo-default)p Ft(')150 5340 y(are)26 b(enabled)g(b)m(y)g
14048 (default,)h(unless)f(the)g(op)s(erating)g(system)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(pro)
14049 m(vide)g(the)g(necessary)g(supp)s(ort.)p eop end
14050 %%Page: 135 141
14051 TeXDict begin 135 140 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
14052 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(135)150 299 y Fs(--enable-alias)630
14053 408 y Ft(Allo)m(w)41 b(alias)g(expansion)f(and)f(include)g(the)h
14054 Fs(alias)f Ft(and)g Fs(unalias)e Ft(builtins)j(\(see)g(Sec-)630
14055 518 y(tion)31 b(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(81\).)150 692
14056 y Fs(--enable-arith-for-comma)o(nd)630 801 y Ft(Include)21
14057 b(supp)s(ort)g(for)g(the)i(alternate)g(form)f(of)g(the)g
14058 Fs(for)f Ft(command)h(that)h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)f(lik)m(e)i(the)630
14059 911 y(C)30 b(language)i Fs(for)d Ft(statemen)m(t)j(\(see)g(Section)f
14060 (3.2.4.1)i([Lo)s(oping)d(Constructs],)h(page)g(10\).)150
14061 1084 y Fs(--enable-array-variables)630 1194 y Ft(Include)h(supp)s(ort)g
14062 (for)h(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariables)33
14063 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.7)h([Ar-)630 1303 y(ra)m(ys],)c(page)g(82\).)150
14064 1477 y Fs(--enable-bang-history)630 1587 y Ft(Include)36
14065 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)h Fs(csh)p Ft(-lik)m(e)h(history)g(substitution)f
14066 (\(see)h(Section)g(9.3)h([History)f(In-)630 1696 y(teraction],)c(page)e
14067 (127\).)150 1870 y Fs(--enable-brace-expansion)630 1979
14068 y Ft(Include)40 b Fs(csh)p Ft(-lik)m(e)h(brace)f(expansion)g(\()h
14069 Fs(b{a,b}c)d Fp(7!)i Fs(bac)30 b(bbc)39 b Ft(\).)71 b(See)40
14070 b(Section)h(3.5.1)630 2089 y([Brace)32 b(Expansion],)e(page)h(19,)h
14071 (for)e(a)g(complete)i(description.)150 2262 y Fs
14072 (--enable-casemod-attribu)o(tes)630 2372 y Ft(Include)37
14073 b(supp)s(ort)g(for)g(case-mo)s(difying)i(attributes)g(in)e(the)h
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14075 b(statemen)m(ts.)41 b(V)-8 b(ariables)30 b(with)e(the)g
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14298 b(has)g(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)34
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14340 ([Conditional)e(Constructs],)g(page)g(10\).)p eop end
14341 %%Page: 142 148
14342 TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 150 -116 a Ft(142)2527 b(Bash)31
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14361 (expansion)e(\(see)i(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arith-)330
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14372 2233 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)36 b(includes)g(the)g Fl(posix)f
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14382 (21\).)225 2832 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(The)30 b(expansion)g
14383 Fs(${var:)p Fq(o\013set)r Fs([:)p Fq(length)p Fs(]})p
14384 Ft(,)g(whic)m(h)g(expands)g(to)h(the)g(substring)e(of)i
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14389 3187 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(The)21 b(expansion)f Fs(${var/[/])p
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14429 b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p
14430 eop end
14431 %%Page: 143 149
14432 TeXDict begin 143 148 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29
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14520 %%Page: 144 150
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14615 (with)g(an)g Fs(ERR)g Ft(trap)p eop end
14616 %%Page: 145 151
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14818 %%Page: 148 154
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14853 b(ransparen)m(t.)39 b(An)27 b(image)330 2025 y(format)35
14854 b(is)f(not)h(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)34 b(if)g(used)g(for)g(an)m(y)g
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14857 (\\Opaque".)330 2285 y(Examples)53 b(of)g(suitable)h(formats)f(for)g(T)
14858 -8 b(ransparen)m(t)53 b(copies)h(include)f(plain)g Fl(asci)r(i)g
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14860 (LaT)1759 2414 y(E)1810 2395 y(X)e(input)f(format,)j
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14863 (standard-conforming)h(simple)g Ff(HTML)p Ft(,)g(P)m(ostScript)h(or)f
14864 Ff(PDF)g Ft(designed)330 2614 y(for)e(h)m(uman)g(mo)s(di\014cation.)65
14865 b(Examples)38 b(of)h(transparen)m(t)f(image)i(formats)e(include)g
14866 Ff(PNG)p Ft(,)h Ff(X)n(CF)330 2724 y Ft(and)h Ff(JPG)p
14867 Ft(.)g(Opaque)h(formats)g(include)f(proprietary)g(formats)h(that)h(can)
14868 f(b)s(e)f(read)g(and)h(edited)330 2833 y(only)54 b(b)m(y)f(proprietary)
14869 h(w)m(ord)f(pro)s(cessors,)59 b Ff(SGML)54 b Ft(or)f
14870 Ff(XML)h Ft(for)g(whic)m(h)f(the)h Ff(DTD)g Ft(and/or)330
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14872 b(ailable,)71 b(and)60 b(the)h(mac)m(hine-generated)j
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14883 (near)e(the)h(most)g(prominen)m(t)g(app)s(earance)f(of)h(the)g(w)m
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14888 4052 y(A)f(section)h(\\En)m(titled)g(XYZ")f(means)f(a)h(named)g
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14900 i(ma)m(y)f(include)f(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)30 b(Disclaimers)f(next)f(to)
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14902 b(License)g(applies)g(to)h(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)52 b(These)33
14903 b(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)36 b(Disclaimers)f(are)g(considered)e(to)330
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14907 b(arran)m(t)m(y)39 b(Disclaimers)f(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(is)f(v)m(oid)g
14908 (and)f(has)h(no)330 5189 y(e\013ect)32 b(on)e(the)h(meaning)f(of)h
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14910 b(COPYING)p eop end
14911 %%Page: 149 155
14912 TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29
14913 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
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14915 (the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(in)f(an)m(y)g(medium,)h(either)g(commercially)h
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14920 (in)i(all)g(copies,)j(and)330 628 y(that)27 b(y)m(ou)g(add)f(no)h
14921 (other)f(conditions)h(whatso)s(ev)m(er)h(to)f(those)g(of)g(this)f
14922 (License.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)27 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(use)330
14923 737 y(tec)m(hnical)35 b(measures)d(to)i(obstruct)f(or)g(con)m(trol)h
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14925 847 y(y)m(ou)25 b(mak)m(e)g(or)g(distribute.)38 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)28
14926 b(y)m(ou)d(ma)m(y)g(accept)h(comp)s(ensation)f(in)f(exc)m(hange)j(for)d
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14928 (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(copies)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)h(also)g(follo)m(w)g
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14931 (conditions)g(stated)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i(and)c(y)m(ou)h(ma)m(y)g
14932 (publicly)330 1310 y(displa)m(y)31 b(copies.)199 1443
14933 y(3.)61 b(COPYING)30 b(IN)g(QUANTITY)330 1577 y(If)25
14934 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)f(prin)m(ted)g(copies)i(\(or)g(copies)g(in)f(media)g
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14936 1687 y(the)32 b(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)e(more)h(than)f
14937 (100,)j(and)d(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)h(license)f(notice)h(requires)330
14938 1797 y(Co)m(v)m(er)i(T)-8 b(exts,)36 b(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)f(enclose)i
14939 (the)e(copies)h(in)f(co)m(v)m(ers)i(that)f(carry)-8 b(,)36
14940 b(clearly)f(and)f(legibly)-8 b(,)37 b(all)330 1906 y(these)j(Co)m(v)m
14941 (er)g(T)-8 b(exts:)59 b(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)41
14942 b(T)-8 b(exts)40 b(on)f(the)g(fron)m(t)g(co)m(v)m(er,)44
14943 b(and)38 b(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)k(T)-8 b(exts)40 b(on)330
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14950 (other)g(material)h(on)f(the)g(co)m(v)m(ers)h(in)e(addition.)330
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14954 (b)s(e)g(treated)h(as)f(v)m(erbatim)h(cop)m(ying)g(in)f(other)330
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14961 y(If)27 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)e(or)i(distribute)g(Opaque)f(copies)i(of)f
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14964 (T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)28 b(cop)m(y)h(along)g(with)e(eac)m(h)i(Opaque)
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14970 b(ransparen)m(t)39 b(cop)m(y)g(of)g(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)i(free)d(of)g
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14973 (steps,)k(when)d(y)m(ou)h(b)s(egin)330 3708 y(distribution)f(of)g
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15003 b(,)p eop end
15004 %%Page: 150 156
15005 TeXDict begin 150 155 bop 150 -116 a Ft(150)2527 b(Bash)31
15006 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)510 299 y(b)s(e)g(listed)h(in)f(the)g(History)h
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15009 (ersion)g(if)h(the)f(original)i(publisher)d(of)h(that)h(v)m(ersion)g
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15012 (ersons)e(or)h(en)m(tities)j(resp)s(onsible)c(for)510
15013 655 y(authorship)c(of)h(the)h(mo)s(di\014cations)f(in)g(the)g(Mo)s
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15016 (t)g(\(all)h(of)g(its)f(principal)g(authors,)h(if)f(it)g(has)g(few)m
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15018 (ou)g(from)f(this)g(requiremen)m(t.)359 1011 y(C.)60
15019 b(State)32 b(on)e(the)h(Title)h(page)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
15020 (publisher)e(of)i(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)32
15021 b(as)f(the)510 1121 y(publisher.)355 1258 y(D.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)31
15022 b(all)g(the)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(notices)f(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)
15023 363 1395 y(E.)60 b(Add)30 b(an)i(appropriate)f(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i
15024 (notice)f(for)g(y)m(our)f(mo)s(di\014cations)g(adjacen)m(t)i(to)f(the)g
15025 (other)510 1504 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g(notices.)365 1641
15026 y(F.)61 b(Include,)28 b(immediately)h(after)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g
15027 (notices,)h(a)e(license)h(notice)g(giving)g(the)f(public)510
15028 1751 y(p)s(ermission)23 b(to)j(use)e(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8
15029 b(ersion)25 b(under)e(the)i(terms)f(of)h(this)f(License,)j(in)d(the)g
15030 (form)510 1861 y(sho)m(wn)30 b(in)g(the)g(Addendum)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)353
15031 1998 y(G.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)23 b(in)g(that)g(license)h(notice)g(the)f
15032 (full)g(lists)g(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)23 b(Sections)h(and)e
15033 (required)g(Co)m(v)m(er)510 2107 y(T)-8 b(exts)31 b(giv)m(en)g(in)f
15034 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)g(license)h(notice.)357 2244
15035 y(H.)60 b(Include)30 b(an)g(unaltered)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(this)f(License.)
15036 392 2381 y(I.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)f(section)h(En)m(titled)g
15037 (\\History",)h(Preserv)m(e)f(its)f(Title,)i(and)d(add)h(to)h(it)f(an)g
15038 (item)510 2491 y(stating)d(at)g(least)g(the)g(title,)h(y)m(ear,)g(new)d
15039 (authors,)i(and)e(publisher)f(of)j(the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
15040 b(ersion)510 2600 y(as)32 b(giv)m(en)g(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age.)45
15041 b(If)31 b(there)h(is)f(no)g(section)i(En)m(titled)f(\\History")h(in)e
15042 (the)g(Do)s(cu-)510 2710 y(men)m(t,)37 b(create)f(one)f(stating)h(the)f
15043 (title,)i(y)m(ear,)g(authors,)f(and)e(publisher)f(of)i(the)g(Do)s
15044 (cumen)m(t)510 2819 y(as)h(giv)m(en)h(on)f(its)h(Title)g(P)m(age,)i
15045 (then)d(add)g(an)g(item)g(describing)g(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8
15046 b(ersion)37 b(as)510 2929 y(stated)31 b(in)f(the)h(previous)f(sen)m
15047 (tence.)378 3066 y(J.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)g(net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s
15048 (cation,)i(if)d(an)m(y)-8 b(,)34 b(giv)m(en)f(in)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m
15049 (t)h(for)g(public)e(access)j(to)510 3176 y(a)e(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)30
15050 b(cop)m(y)i(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(and)f(lik)m(ewise)h(the)g(net)
15051 m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cations)g(giv)m(en)g(in)510 3285 y(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m
15052 (t)g(for)g(previous)f(v)m(ersions)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(based)f(on.)45
15053 b(These)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(placed)h(in)g(the)510 3395
15054 y(\\History")27 b(section.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(ma)m(y)h(omit)g(a)f(net)
15055 m(w)m(ork)h(lo)s(cation)g(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(that)g(w)m(as)h
15056 (published)510 3504 y(at)36 b(least)h(four)e(y)m(ears)i(b)s(efore)e
15057 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(itself,)h(or)d(if)h(the)g(original)h(publisher)
15058 d(of)i(the)510 3614 y(v)m(ersion)31 b(it)g(refers)f(to)h(giv)m(es)h(p)s
15059 (ermission.)354 3751 y(K.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(an)m(y)h(section)f(En)m
15060 (titled)h(\\Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m(ts")i(or)d(\\Dedications",)k
15061 (Preserv)m(e)c(the)g(Title)510 3861 y(of)j(the)f(section,)j(and)d
15062 (preserv)m(e)h(in)f(the)h(section)g(all)h(the)e(substance)h(and)f(tone)
15063 h(of)f(eac)m(h)i(of)f(the)510 3970 y(con)m(tributor)k(ac)m(kno)m
15064 (wledgemen)m(ts)i(and/or)d(dedications)h(giv)m(en)h(therein.)368
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15066 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(of)f(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(unaltered)f
15067 (in)f(their)g(text)i(and)510 4217 y(in)f(their)g(titles.)58
15068 b(Section)37 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)d(or)i(the)g(equiv)-5
15069 b(alen)m(t)38 b(are)e(not)g(considered)g(part)g(of)g(the)510
15070 4326 y(section)c(titles.)341 4463 y(M.)61 b(Delete)33
15071 b(an)m(y)e(section)h(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts".)42
15072 b(Suc)m(h)30 b(a)i(section)f(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(included)510
15073 4573 y(in)g(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion.)357
15074 4710 y(N.)60 b(Do)29 b(not)g(retitle)h(an)m(y)e(existing)i(section)f
15075 (to)g(b)s(e)f(En)m(titled)h(\\Endorsemen)m(ts")g(or)f(to)h(con\015ict)g
15076 (in)510 4819 y(title)j(with)e(an)m(y)h(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31
15077 b(Section.)354 4956 y(O.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(an)m(y)g(W)-8
15078 b(arran)m(t)m(y)32 b(Disclaimers.)330 5121 y(If)h(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g
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15083 (designate)h(some)e(or)h(all)g(of)f(these)h(sections)h(as)e(in)m(v)-5
15084 b(arian)m(t.)48 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(do)f(this,)h(add)f(their)p
15085 eop end
15086 %%Page: 151 157
15087 TeXDict begin 151 156 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29
15088 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
15089 b(151)330 299 y(titles)37 b(to)f(the)f(list)h(of)g(In)m(v)-5
15090 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(in)f(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
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15092 y(titles)32 b(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(distinct)h(from)e(an)m(y)i(other)g
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15094 i(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts",)j(pro)m(vided)c(it)h(con)m(tains)g
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15096 (di\014ed)g(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(b)m(y)e(v)-5 b(arious)30
15097 b(parties|for)g(example,)g(statemen)m(ts)i(of)330 770
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15099 m(v)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g(an)h(organization)h(as)e(the)h(authoritativ)m(e)330
15100 880 y(de\014nition)i(of)h(a)f(standard.)330 1022 y(Y)-8
15101 b(ou)29 b(ma)m(y)g(add)e(a)i(passage)g(of)g(up)e(to)i(\014v)m(e)g(w)m
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15103 b(ext,)30 b(and)e(a)g(passage)i(of)e(up)330 1132 y(to)g(25)g(w)m(ords)e
15104 (as)i(a)f(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext,)29 b(to)f(the)f(end)f(of)i
15105 (the)f(list)h(of)f(Co)m(v)m(er)h(T)-8 b(exts)27 b(in)g(the)h(Mo)s
15106 (di\014ed)330 1241 y(V)-8 b(ersion.)58 b(Only)35 b(one)h(passage)h(of)f
15107 (F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)38 b(T)-8 b(ext)36 b(and)g(one)g(of)g(Bac)m
15108 (k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext)36 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)330 1351
15109 y(added)27 b(b)m(y)g(\(or)h(through)f(arrangemen)m(ts)h(made)g(b)m(y\))
15110 g(an)m(y)g(one)f(en)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(.)42 b(If)27 b(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)
15111 g(already)330 1461 y(includes)34 b(a)g(co)m(v)m(er)h(text)g(for)f(the)g
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15113 (y)g(arrangemen)m(t)330 1570 y(made)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(same)f(en)m(tit)m
15114 (y)i(y)m(ou)f(are)f(acting)i(on)e(b)s(ehalf)f(of,)j(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g
15115 (not)f(add)g(another;)j(but)330 1680 y(y)m(ou)c(ma)m(y)h(replace)g(the)
15116 f(old)g(one,)i(on)e(explicit)h(p)s(ermission)e(from)g(the)i(previous)e
15117 (publisher)f(that)330 1789 y(added)e(the)g(old)h(one.)330
15118 1932 y(The)25 b(author\(s\))h(and)f(publisher\(s\))f(of)i(the)f(Do)s
15119 (cumen)m(t)h(do)g(not)f(b)m(y)h(this)f(License)h(giv)m(e)h(p)s
15120 (ermission)330 2041 y(to)k(use)f(their)g(names)h(for)f(publicit)m(y)g
15121 (for)h(or)f(to)h(assert)g(or)f(imply)g(endorsemen)m(t)g(of)h(an)m(y)g
15122 (Mo)s(di\014ed)330 2151 y(V)-8 b(ersion.)199 2293 y(5.)61
15123 b(COMBINING)31 b(DOCUMENTS)330 2436 y(Y)-8 b(ou)39 b(ma)m(y)g(com)m
15124 (bine)h(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(with)g(other)f(do)s(cumen)m(ts)h
15125 (released)g(under)f(this)g(License,)330 2545 y(under)f(the)h(terms)g
15126 (de\014ned)f(in)h(section)h(4)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(for)f(mo)s(di\014ed)f
15127 (v)m(ersions,)k(pro)m(vided)d(that)h(y)m(ou)330 2655
15128 y(include)25 b(in)g(the)g(com)m(bination)i(all)f(of)g(the)f(In)m(v)-5
15129 b(arian)m(t)26 b(Sections)g(of)g(all)g(of)f(the)h(original)g(do)s
15130 (cumen)m(ts,)330 2765 y(unmo)s(di\014ed,)g(and)g(list)h(them)g(all)g
15131 (as)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)28 b(Sections)f(of)g(y)m(our)g(com)m(bined)
15132 g(w)m(ork)f(in)h(its)g(license)330 2874 y(notice,)32
15133 b(and)e(that)h(y)m(ou)f(preserv)m(e)h(all)g(their)g(W)-8
15134 b(arran)m(t)m(y)32 b(Disclaimers.)330 3017 y(The)e(com)m(bined)g(w)m
15135 (ork)h(need)e(only)i(con)m(tain)g(one)g(cop)m(y)g(of)f(this)g(License,)
15136 i(and)d(m)m(ultiple)i(iden)m(tical)330 3126 y(In)m(v)-5
15137 b(arian)m(t)33 b(Sections)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(replaced)h(with)f(a)h
15138 (single)g(cop)m(y)-8 b(.)48 b(If)32 b(there)h(are)g(m)m(ultiple)g(In)m
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15146 3565 y(to)g(the)g(section)g(titles)h(in)e(the)h(list)g(of)f(In)m(v)-5
15147 b(arian)m(t)26 b(Sections)f(in)f(the)g(license)i(notice)g(of)e(the)h
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15162 g(cop)m(y)h(that)f(is)f(included)g(in)g(the)h(collection,)48
15163 b(pro)m(vided)42 b(that)i(y)m(ou)330 4759 y(follo)m(w)38
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15173 5340 y(that)d(do)s(cumen)m(t.)p eop end
15174 %%Page: 152 158
15175 TeXDict begin 152 157 bop 150 -116 a Ft(152)2527 b(Bash)31
15176 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)199 299 y(7.)61 b(A)m(GGREGA)-8
15177 b(TION)32 b(WITH)e(INDEPENDENT)h(W)m(ORKS)330 441 y(A)d(compilation)i
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15179 b(with)d(other)i(separate)g(and)e(indep)s(enden)m(t)330
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15181 (olume)h(of)g(a)f(storage)i(or)e(distribution)g(medium,)g(is)h(called)
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15184 770 y(legal)d(righ)m(ts)f(of)g(the)g(compilation's)h(users)e(b)s(ey)m
15185 (ond)g(what)g(the)h(individual)f(w)m(orks)g(p)s(ermit.)39
15186 b(When)330 880 y(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(is)f(included)g(in)g(an)g
15187 (aggregate,)44 b(this)38 b(License)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(apply)f(to)h(the)g
15188 (other)330 989 y(w)m(orks)30 b(in)g(the)h(aggregate)i(whic)m(h)d(are)h
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15198 b(alen)m(t)36 b(of)g(co)m(v)m(ers)g(if)f(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(is)f
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15200 1570 y(m)m(ust)30 b(app)s(ear)g(on)g(prin)m(ted)g(co)m(v)m(ers)i(that)f
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15205 (terms)h(of)f(section)i(4.)83 b(Replacing)45 b(In)m(v)-5
15206 b(arian)m(t)45 b(Sections)g(with)330 2074 y(translations)h(requires)f
15207 (sp)s(ecial)h(p)s(ermission)f(from)g(their)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i
15208 (holders,)i(but)c(y)m(ou)g(ma)m(y)330 2184 y(include)24
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15210 b(Sections)g(in)f(addition)h(to)g(the)g(original)h(v)m(ersions)330
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15212 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(include)f(a)h(translation)g(of)g(this)f
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15214 h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)j(and)40 b(an)m(y)i(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)42
15215 b(Disclaimers,)k(pro)m(vided)41 b(that)h(y)m(ou)330 2513
15216 y(also)f(include)f(the)g(original)h(English)f(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(this)g
15217 (License)h(and)e(the)h(original)h(v)m(ersions)g(of)330
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15261 (an)m(y)g(righ)m(ts)f(to)i(use)e(it.)p eop end
15262 %%Page: 153 159
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15329 %%Page: 154 160
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15527 %%Page: 156 162
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15865 %%Page: 158 164
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16438 %%Page: 161 167
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16534 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16535 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)40 b Fb(6)2025
16536 1266 y Fr(R)2025 1382 y Fb(Readline,)26 b(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)7
16537 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
16538 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(94)2025
16539 1469 y(redirection)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16540 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
16541 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)33 b Fb(27)2025 1557
16542 y(reserv)n(ed)25 b(w)n(ord)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16543 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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16545 y(restricted)26 b(shell)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16546 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16547 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)35 b Fb(86)2025 1731 y(return)25
16548 b(status)c Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
16549 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16550 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)48 b Fb(4)2025 1965 y Fr(S)2025 2082 y
16551 Fb(shell)26 b(arithmetic)11 b Fc(:)j(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
16552 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16553 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)37 b Fb(80)2025 2169 y(shell)26 b(function)12
16554 b Fc(:)h(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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16556 b Fb(15)2025 2256 y(shell)26 b(script)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16557 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
16558 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48 b
16559 Fb(34)2025 2344 y(shell)26 b(v)l(ariable)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
16560 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
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16562 2431 y(shell,)26 b(in)n(teractiv)n(e)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16563 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
16564 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)40 b Fb(76)2025 2518 y(signal)7
16565 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
16566 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16567 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(4)2025 2606
16568 y(signal)27 b(handling)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16569 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
16570 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)44 b Fb(34)2025 2693 y(sp)r(ecial)27
16571 b(builtin)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
16572 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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16574 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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16576 b Fb(75)2025 2868 y(susp)r(ending)25 b(jobs)6 b Fc(:)14
16577 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
16578 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)33
16579 b Fb(91)2025 3118 y Fr(T)2025 3235 y Fb(tilde)26 b(expansion)18
16580 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16581 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45
16582 b Fb(20)2025 3322 y(tok)n(en)11 b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16583 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
16584 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)38
16585 b Fb(4)2025 3409 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)13
16586 b Fc(:)i(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
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16588 b(shell)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
16589 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
16590 f(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(17)2025 3864 y(v)l(ariables,)27 b(readline)21
16591 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
16592 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)47
16593 b Fb(99)2025 4114 y Fr(W)2025 4230 y Fb(w)n(ord)21 b
16594 Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
16595 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16596 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48 b Fb(4)2025 4318
16597 y(w)n(ord)26 b(splitting)21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
16598 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16599 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)47 b Fb(25)2025 4568 y Fr(Y)2025
16600 4685 y Fb(y)n(anking)25 b(text)9 b Fc(:)j(:)h(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
16601 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
16602 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)35 b Fb(97)p eop
16603 end
16604 %%Page: 162 168
16605 TeXDict begin 162 167 bop eop end
16606 %%Trailer
16607
16608 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
16609 %%EOF