doc/bashref.ps

   1 %!PS-Adobe-2.0
   2 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.991 Copyright 2011 Radical Eye Software
   3 %%Title: bashref.dvi
   4 %%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:32 2014
   5 %%Pages: 172
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 503 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 504 cleartomark
 505 {restore}if
 506 %%EndFont
 507 %%BeginFont: CMR9
 508 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR9 003.002
 509 %%Title: CMR9
 510 %Version: 003.002
 511 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
 512 %%Creator: David M. Jones
 513 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
 514 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR9.
 515 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
 516 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
 517 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
 518 %%EndComments
 519 FontDirectory/CMR9 known{/CMR9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
 520 /UniqueID get 5000792 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
 521 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
 522 11 dict begin
 523 /FontType 1 def
 524 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
 525 /FontName /CMR9 def
 526 /FontBBox {-39 -250 1036 750 }readonly def
 527 /UniqueID 5000792 def
 528 /PaintType 0 def
 529 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
 530 /version (003.002) readonly def
 531 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR9.) readonly def
 532 /FullName (CMR9) readonly def
 533 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
 534 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
 535 /ItalicAngle 0 def
 536 /isFixedPitch false def
 537 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
 538 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
 539 end readonly def
 540 /Encoding 256 array
 541 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
 542 dup 12 /fi put
 543 dup 44 /comma put
 544 dup 48 /zero put
 545 dup 49 /one put
 546 dup 50 /two put
 547 dup 51 /three put
 548 dup 52 /four put
 549 dup 53 /five put
 550 dup 54 /six put
 551 dup 55 /seven put
 552 dup 56 /eight put
 553 dup 57 /nine put
 554 dup 65 /A put
 555 dup 66 /B put
 556 dup 68 /D put
 557 dup 72 /H put
 558 dup 73 /I put
 559 dup 77 /M put
 560 dup 78 /N put
 561 dup 79 /O put
 562 dup 80 /P put
 563 dup 82 /R put
 564 dup 83 /S put
 565 dup 88 /X put
 566 dup 97 /a put
 567 dup 98 /b put
 568 dup 99 /c put
 569 dup 100 /d put
 570 dup 101 /e put
 571 dup 102 /f put
 572 dup 103 /g put
 573 dup 104 /h put
 574 dup 105 /i put
 575 dup 106 /j put
 576 dup 107 /k put
 577 dup 108 /l put
 578 dup 109 /m put
 579 dup 110 /n put
 580 dup 111 /o put
 581 dup 112 /p put
 582 dup 113 /q put
 583 dup 114 /r put
 584 dup 115 /s put
 585 dup 116 /t put
 586 dup 117 /u put
 587 dup 118 /v put
 588 dup 119 /w put
 589 dup 120 /x put
 590 dup 121 /y put
 591 dup 122 /z put
 592 readonly def
 593 currentdict end
 594 currentfile eexec
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1125 %%EndFont
1126 %%BeginFont: CMMI9
1127 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI9 003.002
1128 %%Title: CMMI9
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1130 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1131 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1132 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1133 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.
1134 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1135 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1136 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1137 %%EndComments
1138 FontDirectory/CMMI9 known{/CMMI9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1139 /UniqueID get 5087384 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1140 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1141 11 dict begin
1142 /FontType 1 def
1143 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1144 /FontName /CMMI9 def
1145 /FontBBox {-29 -250 1075 750 }readonly def
1146 /UniqueID 5087384 def
1147 /PaintType 0 def
1148 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
1149 /version (003.002) readonly def
1150 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.) readonly def
1151 /FullName (CMMI9) readonly def
1152 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1153 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1154 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
1155 /isFixedPitch false def
1156 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1157 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1158 /ascent 750 def
1159 end readonly def
1160 /Encoding 256 array
1161 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1162 dup 58 /period put
1163 readonly def
1164 currentdict end
1165 currentfile eexec
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1357 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1358 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1359 cleartomark
1360 {restore}if
1361 %%EndFont
1362 %%BeginFont: CMSLTT10
1363 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSLTT10 003.002
1364 %%Title: CMSLTT10
1365 %Version: 003.002
1366 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1367 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1368 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1369 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.
1370 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1371 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1372 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1373 %%EndComments
1374 FontDirectory/CMSLTT10 known{/CMSLTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1375 /UniqueID get 5000800 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1376 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1377 11 dict begin
1378 /FontType 1 def
1379 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1380 /FontName /CMSLTT10 def
1381 /FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def
1382 /UniqueID 5000800 def
1383 /PaintType 0 def
1384 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
1385 /version (003.002) readonly def
1386 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.) readonly def
1387 /FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def
1388 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1389 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1390 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
1391 /isFixedPitch true def
1392 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1393 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1394 end readonly def
1395 /Encoding 256 array
1396 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1397 dup 39 /quoteright put
1398 dup 45 /hyphen put
1399 dup 48 /zero put
1400 dup 49 /one put
1401 dup 50 /two put
1402 dup 51 /three put
1403 dup 58 /colon put
1404 dup 65 /A put
1405 dup 67 /C put
1406 dup 68 /D put
1407 dup 69 /E put
1408 dup 70 /F put
1409 dup 72 /H put
1410 dup 73 /I put
1411 dup 74 /J put
1412 dup 76 /L put
1413 dup 77 /M put
1414 dup 78 /N put
1415 dup 80 /P put
1416 dup 82 /R put
1417 dup 84 /T put
1418 dup 88 /X put
1419 dup 92 /backslash put
1420 dup 95 /underscore put
1421 dup 97 /a put
1422 dup 98 /b put
1423 dup 99 /c put
1424 dup 100 /d put
1425 dup 101 /e put
1426 dup 102 /f put
1427 dup 103 /g put
1428 dup 104 /h put
1429 dup 105 /i put
1430 dup 106 /j put
1431 dup 107 /k put
1432 dup 108 /l put
1433 dup 109 /m put
1434 dup 110 /n put
1435 dup 111 /o put
1436 dup 112 /p put
1437 dup 113 /q put
1438 dup 114 /r put
1439 dup 115 /s put
1440 dup 116 /t put
1441 dup 117 /u put
1442 dup 118 /v put
1443 dup 119 /w put
1444 dup 120 /x put
1445 dup 121 /y put
1446 readonly def
1447 currentdict end
1448 currentfile eexec
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1872 cleartomark
1873 {restore}if
1874 %%EndFont
1875 %%BeginFont: CMTT9
1876 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT9 003.002
1877 %%Title: CMTT9
1878 %Version: 003.002
1879 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1880 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1881 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1882 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.
1883 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1884 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1885 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1886 %%EndComments
1887 FontDirectory/CMTT9 known{/CMTT9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1888 /UniqueID get 5000831 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1889 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1890 11 dict begin
1891 /FontType 1 def
1892 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1893 /FontName /CMTT9 def
1894 /FontBBox {-6 -233 542 698 }readonly def
1895 /UniqueID 5000831 def
1896 /PaintType 0 def
1897 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
1898 /version (003.002) readonly def
1899 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.) readonly def
1900 /FullName (CMTT9) readonly def
1901 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1902 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1903 /ItalicAngle 0 def
1904 /isFixedPitch true def
1905 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1906 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1907 end readonly def
1908 /Encoding 256 array
1909 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1910 dup 33 /exclam put
1911 dup 35 /numbersign put
1912 dup 36 /dollar put
1913 dup 38 /ampersand put
1914 dup 39 /quoteright put
1915 dup 40 /parenleft put
1916 dup 41 /parenright put
1917 dup 42 /asterisk put
1918 dup 44 /comma put
1919 dup 45 /hyphen put
1920 dup 46 /period put
1921 dup 47 /slash put
1922 dup 48 /zero put
1923 dup 49 /one put
1924 dup 50 /two put
1925 dup 51 /three put
1926 dup 52 /four put
1927 dup 58 /colon put
1928 dup 59 /semicolon put
1929 dup 60 /less put
1930 dup 62 /greater put
1931 dup 63 /question put
1932 dup 64 /at put
1933 dup 65 /A put
1934 dup 66 /B put
1935 dup 67 /C put
1936 dup 68 /D put
1937 dup 69 /E put
1938 dup 70 /F put
1939 dup 71 /G put
1940 dup 72 /H put
1941 dup 73 /I put
1942 dup 75 /K put
1943 dup 76 /L put
1944 dup 77 /M put
1945 dup 78 /N put
1946 dup 79 /O put
1947 dup 80 /P put
1948 dup 82 /R put
1949 dup 83 /S put
1950 dup 84 /T put
1951 dup 85 /U put
1952 dup 86 /V put
1953 dup 87 /W put
1954 dup 88 /X put
1955 dup 89 /Y put
1956 dup 90 /Z put
1957 dup 91 /bracketleft put
1958 dup 93 /bracketright put
1959 dup 94 /asciicircum put
1960 dup 95 /underscore put
1961 dup 96 /quoteleft put
1962 dup 97 /a put
1963 dup 98 /b put
1964 dup 99 /c put
1965 dup 100 /d put
1966 dup 101 /e put
1967 dup 102 /f put
1968 dup 103 /g put
1969 dup 104 /h put
1970 dup 105 /i put
1971 dup 106 /j put
1972 dup 107 /k put
1973 dup 108 /l put
1974 dup 109 /m put
1975 dup 110 /n put
1976 dup 111 /o put
1977 dup 112 /p put
1978 dup 113 /q put
1979 dup 114 /r put
1980 dup 115 /s put
1981 dup 116 /t put
1982 dup 117 /u put
1983 dup 118 /v put
1984 dup 119 /w put
1985 dup 120 /x put
1986 dup 121 /y put
1987 dup 122 /z put
1988 dup 123 /braceleft put
1989 dup 125 /braceright put
1990 dup 126 /asciitilde put
1991 readonly def
1992 currentdict end
1993 currentfile eexec
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1996 51BBFB7CFC5F9152D1E5BB0AD8D016C6CFA4EB41B3C51D091C2D5440E67CFD71
1997 7C56816B03B901BF4A25A07175380E50A213F877C44778B3C5AADBCC86D6E551
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2541 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2542 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2543 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2544 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2545 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2546 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2547 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2548 cleartomark
2549 {restore}if
2550 %%EndFont
2551 %%BeginFont: CMR10
2552 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR10 003.002
2553 %%Title: CMR10
2554 %Version: 003.002
2555 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
2556 %%Creator: David M. Jones
2557 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
2558 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR10.
2559 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
2560 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
2561 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
2562 %%EndComments
2563 FontDirectory/CMR10 known{/CMR10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
2564 /UniqueID get 5000793 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
2565 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
2566 11 dict begin
2567 /FontType 1 def
2568 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
2569 /FontName /CMR10 def
2570 /FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def
2571 /UniqueID 5000793 def
2572 /PaintType 0 def
2573 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
2574 /version (003.002) readonly def
2575 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR10.) readonly def
2576 /FullName (CMR10) readonly def
2577 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
2578 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
2579 /ItalicAngle 0 def
2580 /isFixedPitch false def
2581 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
2582 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
2583 end readonly def
2584 /Encoding 256 array
2585 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
2586 dup 11 /ff put
2587 dup 12 /fi put
2588 dup 13 /fl put
2589 dup 14 /ffi put
2590 dup 33 /exclam put
2591 dup 34 /quotedblright put
2592 dup 35 /numbersign put
2593 dup 36 /dollar put
2594 dup 37 /percent put
2595 dup 38 /ampersand put
2596 dup 39 /quoteright put
2597 dup 40 /parenleft put
2598 dup 41 /parenright put
2599 dup 42 /asterisk put
2600 dup 44 /comma put
2601 dup 45 /hyphen put
2602 dup 46 /period put
2603 dup 47 /slash put
2604 dup 48 /zero put
2605 dup 49 /one put
2606 dup 50 /two put
2607 dup 51 /three put
2608 dup 52 /four put
2609 dup 53 /five put
2610 dup 54 /six put
2611 dup 55 /seven put
2612 dup 56 /eight put
2613 dup 57 /nine put
2614 dup 58 /colon put
2615 dup 59 /semicolon put
2616 dup 61 /equal put
2617 dup 63 /question put
2618 dup 64 /at put
2619 dup 65 /A put
2620 dup 66 /B put
2621 dup 67 /C put
2622 dup 68 /D put
2623 dup 69 /E put
2624 dup 70 /F put
2625 dup 71 /G put
2626 dup 72 /H put
2627 dup 73 /I put
2628 dup 74 /J put
2629 dup 75 /K put
2630 dup 76 /L put
2631 dup 77 /M put
2632 dup 78 /N put
2633 dup 79 /O put
2634 dup 80 /P put
2635 dup 81 /Q put
2636 dup 82 /R put
2637 dup 83 /S put
2638 dup 84 /T put
2639 dup 85 /U put
2640 dup 86 /V put
2641 dup 87 /W put
2642 dup 88 /X put
2643 dup 89 /Y put
2644 dup 90 /Z put
2645 dup 91 /bracketleft put
2646 dup 92 /quotedblleft put
2647 dup 93 /bracketright put
2648 dup 96 /quoteleft put
2649 dup 97 /a put
2650 dup 98 /b put
2651 dup 99 /c put
2652 dup 100 /d put
2653 dup 101 /e put
2654 dup 102 /f put
2655 dup 103 /g put
2656 dup 104 /h put
2657 dup 105 /i put
2658 dup 106 /j put
2659 dup 107 /k put
2660 dup 108 /l put
2661 dup 109 /m put
2662 dup 110 /n put
2663 dup 111 /o put
2664 dup 112 /p put
2665 dup 113 /q put
2666 dup 114 /r put
2667 dup 115 /s put
2668 dup 116 /t put
2669 dup 117 /u put
2670 dup 118 /v put
2671 dup 119 /w put
2672 dup 120 /x put
2673 dup 121 /y put
2674 dup 122 /z put
2675 dup 123 /endash put
2676 dup 124 /emdash put
2677 readonly def
2678 currentdict end
2679 currentfile eexec
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3470 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3471 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3472 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3473 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3474 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3475 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3476 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3477 cleartomark
3478 {restore}if
3479 %%EndFont
3480 %%BeginFont: CMCSC10
3481 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMCSC10 003.002
3482 %%Title: CMCSC10
3483 %Version: 003.002
3484 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
3485 %%Creator: David M. Jones
3486 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
3487 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.
3488 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
3489 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
3490 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
3491 %%EndComments
3492 FontDirectory/CMCSC10 known{/CMCSC10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
3493 /UniqueID get 5087402 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
3494 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
3495 11 dict begin
3496 /FontType 1 def
3497 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
3498 /FontName /CMCSC10 def
3499 /FontBBox {14 -250 1077 750 }readonly def
3500 /UniqueID 5087402 def
3501 /PaintType 0 def
3502 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
3503 /version (003.002) readonly def
3504 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.) readonly def
3505 /FullName (CMCSC10) readonly def
3506 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3507 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3508 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3509 /isFixedPitch false def
3510 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
3511 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
3512 /ascent 750 def
3513 end readonly def
3514 /Encoding 256 array
3515 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3516 dup 45 /hyphen put
3517 dup 47 /slash put
3518 dup 50 /two put
3519 dup 97 /a put
3520 dup 98 /b put
3521 dup 99 /c put
3522 dup 100 /d put
3523 dup 101 /e put
3524 dup 102 /f put
3525 dup 103 /g put
3526 dup 105 /i put
3527 dup 108 /l put
3528 dup 109 /m put
3529 dup 110 /n put
3530 dup 111 /o put
3531 dup 112 /p put
3532 dup 114 /r put
3533 dup 115 /s put
3534 dup 117 /u put
3535 dup 120 /x put
3536 readonly def
3537 currentdict end
3538 currentfile eexec
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3841 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3842 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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3844 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3845 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3846 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3847 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3848 cleartomark
3849 {restore}if
3850 %%EndFont
3851 %%BeginFont: SFRM1095
3852 %!FontType1-1.0: SFRM1095 0.3
3853 %%CreationDate: Wed Sep 12 2001
3854 % Copyright (c) 2001 Vladimir Volovich <vvv@vsu.ru>.
3855 % See the file COPYING (GNU General Public License) for license conditions.
3856 % Converted from METAFONT EC/TC and LH fonts:
3857 % ecrm1095, tcrm1095, larm1095, lbrm1095, lcrm1095, rxrm1095.
3858 11 dict begin
3859 /FontInfo 6 dict dup begin
3860 /version (0.3) def
3861 /FullName (Computer Modern Roman) def
3862 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) def
3863 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3864 /isFixedPitch false def
3865 /Weight (Medium) def
3866 end readonly def
3867 /FontName /SFRM1095 def
3868 /Encoding StandardEncoding def
3869 /PaintType 0 def
3870 /FontType 1 def
3871 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] def
3872 /FontBBox{-188 -320 1445 942}readonly def
3873 currentdict end
3874 currentfile eexec
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4103 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4104 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4105 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4106 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4107 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4108 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4109 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4110 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4111 cleartomark
4112 %%EndFont
4113 %%BeginFont: CMBX12
4114 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMBX12 003.002
4115 %%Title: CMBX12
4116 %Version: 003.002
4117 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
4118 %%Creator: David M. Jones
4119 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
4120 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.
4121 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
4122 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
4123 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
4124 %%EndComments
4125 FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
4126 /UniqueID get 5000769 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
4127 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
4128 11 dict begin
4129 /FontType 1 def
4130 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
4131 /FontName /CMBX12 def
4132 /FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def
4133 /UniqueID 5000769 def
4134 /PaintType 0 def
4135 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
4136 /version (003.002) readonly def
4137 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.) readonly def
4138 /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def
4139 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
4140 /Weight (Bold) readonly def
4141 /ItalicAngle 0 def
4142 /isFixedPitch false def
4143 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
4144 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
4145 end readonly def
4146 /Encoding 256 array
4147 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
4148 dup 11 /ff put
4149 dup 12 /fi put
4150 dup 33 /exclam put
4151 dup 35 /numbersign put
4152 dup 36 /dollar put
4153 dup 42 /asterisk put
4154 dup 44 /comma put
4155 dup 45 /hyphen put
4156 dup 46 /period put
4157 dup 48 /zero put
4158 dup 49 /one put
4159 dup 50 /two put
4160 dup 51 /three put
4161 dup 52 /four put
4162 dup 53 /five put
4163 dup 54 /six put
4164 dup 55 /seven put
4165 dup 56 /eight put
4166 dup 57 /nine put
4167 dup 58 /colon put
4168 dup 63 /question put
4169 dup 64 /at put
4170 dup 65 /A put
4171 dup 66 /B put
4172 dup 67 /C put
4173 dup 68 /D put
4174 dup 69 /E put
4175 dup 70 /F put
4176 dup 71 /G put
4177 dup 72 /H put
4178 dup 73 /I put
4179 dup 74 /J put
4180 dup 75 /K put
4181 dup 76 /L put
4182 dup 77 /M put
4183 dup 78 /N put
4184 dup 79 /O put
4185 dup 80 /P put
4186 dup 81 /Q put
4187 dup 82 /R put
4188 dup 83 /S put
4189 dup 84 /T put
4190 dup 85 /U put
4191 dup 86 /V put
4192 dup 87 /W put
4193 dup 88 /X put
4194 dup 89 /Y put
4195 dup 91 /bracketleft put
4196 dup 93 /bracketright put
4197 dup 97 /a put
4198 dup 98 /b put
4199 dup 99 /c put
4200 dup 100 /d put
4201 dup 101 /e put
4202 dup 102 /f put
4203 dup 103 /g put
4204 dup 104 /h put
4205 dup 105 /i put
4206 dup 106 /j put
4207 dup 107 /k put
4208 dup 108 /l put
4209 dup 109 /m put
4210 dup 110 /n put
4211 dup 111 /o put
4212 dup 112 /p put
4213 dup 113 /q put
4214 dup 114 /r put
4215 dup 115 /s put
4216 dup 116 /t put
4217 dup 117 /u put
4218 dup 118 /v put
4219 dup 119 /w put
4220 dup 120 /x put
4221 dup 121 /y put
4222 readonly def
4223 currentdict end
4224 currentfile eexec
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4830 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4831 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4832 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4833 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4834 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4835 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4836 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4837 cleartomark
4838 {restore}if
4839 %%EndFont
4840 %%BeginFont: CMTI10
4841 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTI10 003.002
4842 %%Title: CMTI10
4843 %Version: 003.002
4844 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
4845 %%Creator: David M. Jones
4846 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
4847 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.
4848 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
4849 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
4850 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
4851 %%EndComments
4852 FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
4853 /UniqueID get 5000828 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
4854 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
4855 11 dict begin
4856 /FontType 1 def
4857 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
4858 /FontName /CMTI10 def
4859 /FontBBox {-35 -250 1124 750 }readonly def
4860 /UniqueID 5000828 def
4861 /PaintType 0 def
4862 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
4863 /version (003.002) readonly def
4864 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.) readonly def
4865 /FullName (CMTI10) readonly def
4866 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
4867 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
4868 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
4869 /isFixedPitch false def
4870 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
4871 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
4872 end readonly def
4873 /Encoding 256 array
4874 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
4875 dup 12 /fi put
4876 dup 45 /hyphen put
4877 dup 97 /a put
4878 dup 99 /c put
4879 dup 100 /d put
4880 dup 101 /e put
4881 dup 103 /g put
4882 dup 105 /i put
4883 dup 108 /l put
4884 dup 109 /m put
4885 dup 110 /n put
4886 dup 111 /o put
4887 dup 112 /p put
4888 dup 114 /r put
4889 dup 115 /s put
4890 dup 116 /t put
4891 dup 118 /v put
4892 dup 120 /x put
4893 readonly def
4894 currentdict end
4895 currentfile eexec
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5219 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5220 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5221 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5222 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5223 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5224 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5225 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5226 cleartomark
5227 {restore}if
5228 %%EndFont
5229 %%BeginFont: CMMI10
5230 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI10 003.002
5231 %%Title: CMMI10
5232 %Version: 003.002
5233 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5234 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5235 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5236 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.
5237 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5238 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5239 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5240 %%EndComments
5241 FontDirectory/CMMI10 known{/CMMI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5242 /UniqueID get 5087385 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5243 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5244 11 dict begin
5245 /FontType 1 def
5246 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5247 /FontName /CMMI10 def
5248 /FontBBox {-32 -250 1048 750 }readonly def
5249 /UniqueID 5087385 def
5250 /PaintType 0 def
5251 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
5252 /version (003.002) readonly def
5253 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.) readonly def
5254 /FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
5255 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5256 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5257 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5258 /isFixedPitch false def
5259 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5260 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5261 /ascent 750 def
5262 end readonly def
5263 /Encoding 256 array
5264 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5265 dup 58 /period put
5266 readonly def
5267 currentdict end
5268 currentfile eexec
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5455 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5456 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5457 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5458 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5459 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5460 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5461 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5462 cleartomark
5463 {restore}if
5464 %%EndFont
5465 %%BeginFont: CMMI12
5466 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI12 003.002
5467 %%Title: CMMI12
5468 %Version: 003.002
5469 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5470 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5471 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5472 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.
5473 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5474 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5475 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5476 %%EndComments
5477 FontDirectory/CMMI12 known{/CMMI12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5478 /UniqueID get 5087386 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5479 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5480 11 dict begin
5481 /FontType 1 def
5482 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5483 /FontName /CMMI12 def
5484 /FontBBox {-31 -250 1026 750 }readonly def
5485 /UniqueID 5087386 def
5486 /PaintType 0 def
5487 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
5488 /version (003.002) readonly def
5489 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.) readonly def
5490 /FullName (CMMI12) readonly def
5491 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5492 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5493 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5494 /isFixedPitch false def
5495 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5496 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5497 /ascent 750 def
5498 end readonly def
5499 /Encoding 256 array
5500 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5501 dup 58 /period put
5502 readonly def
5503 currentdict end
5504 currentfile eexec
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5698 cleartomark
5699 {restore}if
5700 %%EndFont
5701 %%BeginFont: CMSY10
5702 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSY10 003.002
5703 %%Title: CMSY10
5704 %Version: 003.002
5705 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5706 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5707 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5708 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.
5709 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5710 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5711 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5712 %%EndComments
5713 FontDirectory/CMSY10 known{/CMSY10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5714 /UniqueID get 5096651 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5715 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5716 11 dict begin
5717 /FontType 1 def
5718 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5719 /FontName /CMSY10 def
5720 /FontBBox {-29 -960 1116 775 }readonly def
5721 /UniqueID 5096651 def
5722 /PaintType 0 def
5723 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
5724 /version (003.002) readonly def
5725 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.) readonly def
5726 /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
5727 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5728 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5729 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5730 /isFixedPitch false def
5731 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5732 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5733 end readonly def
5734 /Encoding 256 array
5735 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5736 dup 0 /minus put
5737 dup 13 /circlecopyrt put
5738 dup 15 /bullet put
5739 dup 33 /arrowright put
5740 dup 55 /mapsto put
5741 readonly def
5742 currentdict end
5743 currentfile eexec
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5953 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5954 cleartomark
5955 {restore}if
5956 %%EndFont
5957 %%BeginFont: CMSL10
5958 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSL10 003.002
5959 %%Title: CMSL10
5960 %Version: 003.002
5961 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5962 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5963 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5964 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.
5965 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5966 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5967 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5968 %%EndComments
5969 FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5970 /UniqueID get 5000798 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5971 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5972 11 dict begin
5973 /FontType 1 def
5974 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5975 /FontName /CMSL10 def
5976 /FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def
5977 /UniqueID 5000798 def
5978 /PaintType 0 def
5979 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
5980 /version (003.002) readonly def
5981 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.) readonly def
5982 /FullName (CMSL10) readonly def
5983 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5984 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5985 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
5986 /isFixedPitch false def
5987 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5988 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5989 end readonly def
5990 /Encoding 256 array
5991 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5992 dup 11 /ff put
5993 dup 12 /fi put
5994 dup 14 /ffi put
5995 dup 36 /dollar put
5996 dup 45 /hyphen put
5997 dup 49 /one put
5998 dup 50 /two put
5999 dup 51 /three put
6000 dup 52 /four put
6001 dup 65 /A put
6002 dup 66 /B put
6003 dup 67 /C put
6004 dup 68 /D put
6005 dup 69 /E put
6006 dup 70 /F put
6007 dup 71 /G put
6008 dup 72 /H put
6009 dup 73 /I put
6010 dup 75 /K put
6011 dup 76 /L put
6012 dup 77 /M put
6013 dup 78 /N put
6014 dup 79 /O put
6015 dup 80 /P put
6016 dup 82 /R put
6017 dup 83 /S put
6018 dup 84 /T put
6019 dup 85 /U put
6020 dup 87 /W put
6021 dup 88 /X put
6022 dup 89 /Y put
6023 dup 97 /a put
6024 dup 98 /b put
6025 dup 99 /c put
6026 dup 100 /d put
6027 dup 101 /e put
6028 dup 102 /f put
6029 dup 103 /g put
6030 dup 104 /h put
6031 dup 105 /i put
6032 dup 106 /j put
6033 dup 107 /k put
6034 dup 108 /l put
6035 dup 109 /m put
6036 dup 110 /n put
6037 dup 111 /o put
6038 dup 112 /p put
6039 dup 113 /q put
6040 dup 114 /r put
6041 dup 115 /s put
6042 dup 116 /t put
6043 dup 117 /u put
6044 dup 118 /v put
6045 dup 119 /w put
6046 dup 120 /x put
6047 dup 121 /y put
6048 readonly def
6049 currentdict end
6050 currentfile eexec
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6641 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6642 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6643 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6645 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6646 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6647 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6648 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6649 cleartomark
6650 {restore}if
6651 %%EndFont
6652 %%BeginFont: CMTT10
6653 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT10 003.002
6654 %%Title: CMTT10
6655 %Version: 003.002
6656 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
6657 %%Creator: David M. Jones
6658 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
6659 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.
6660 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
6661 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
6662 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
6663 %%EndComments
6664 FontDirectory/CMTT10 known{/CMTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
6665 /UniqueID get 5000832 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
6666 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
6667 11 dict begin
6668 /FontType 1 def
6669 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
6670 /FontName /CMTT10 def
6671 /FontBBox {-4 -233 537 696 }readonly def
6672 /UniqueID 5000832 def
6673 /PaintType 0 def
6674 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
6675 /version (003.002) readonly def
6676 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.) readonly def
6677 /FullName (CMTT10) readonly def
6678 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
6679 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
6680 /ItalicAngle 0 def
6681 /isFixedPitch true def
6682 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
6683 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
6684 end readonly def
6685 /Encoding 256 array
6686 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
6687 dup 33 /exclam put
6688 dup 34 /quotedbl put
6689 dup 35 /numbersign put
6690 dup 36 /dollar put
6691 dup 37 /percent put
6692 dup 38 /ampersand put
6693 dup 39 /quoteright put
6694 dup 40 /parenleft put
6695 dup 41 /parenright put
6696 dup 42 /asterisk put
6697 dup 43 /plus put
6698 dup 44 /comma put
6699 dup 45 /hyphen put
6700 dup 46 /period put
6701 dup 47 /slash put
6702 dup 48 /zero put
6703 dup 49 /one put
6704 dup 50 /two put
6705 dup 51 /three put
6706 dup 52 /four put
6707 dup 53 /five put
6708 dup 54 /six put
6709 dup 55 /seven put
6710 dup 56 /eight put
6711 dup 57 /nine put
6712 dup 58 /colon put
6713 dup 59 /semicolon put
6714 dup 60 /less put
6715 dup 61 /equal put
6716 dup 62 /greater put
6717 dup 63 /question put
6718 dup 64 /at put
6719 dup 65 /A put
6720 dup 66 /B put
6721 dup 67 /C put
6722 dup 68 /D put
6723 dup 69 /E put
6724 dup 70 /F put
6725 dup 71 /G put
6726 dup 72 /H put
6727 dup 73 /I put
6728 dup 75 /K put
6729 dup 76 /L put
6730 dup 77 /M put
6731 dup 78 /N put
6732 dup 79 /O put
6733 dup 80 /P put
6734 dup 81 /Q put
6735 dup 82 /R put
6736 dup 83 /S put
6737 dup 84 /T put
6738 dup 85 /U put
6739 dup 86 /V put
6740 dup 87 /W put
6741 dup 88 /X put
6742 dup 89 /Y put
6743 dup 90 /Z put
6744 dup 91 /bracketleft put
6745 dup 92 /backslash put
6746 dup 93 /bracketright put
6747 dup 94 /asciicircum put
6748 dup 95 /underscore put
6749 dup 96 /quoteleft put
6750 dup 97 /a put
6751 dup 98 /b put
6752 dup 99 /c put
6753 dup 100 /d put
6754 dup 101 /e put
6755 dup 102 /f put
6756 dup 103 /g put
6757 dup 104 /h put
6758 dup 105 /i put
6759 dup 106 /j put
6760 dup 107 /k put
6761 dup 108 /l put
6762 dup 109 /m put
6763 dup 110 /n put
6764 dup 111 /o put
6765 dup 112 /p put
6766 dup 113 /q put
6767 dup 114 /r put
6768 dup 115 /s put
6769 dup 116 /t put
6770 dup 117 /u put
6771 dup 118 /v put
6772 dup 119 /w put
6773 dup 120 /x put
6774 dup 121 /y put
6775 dup 122 /z put
6776 dup 123 /braceleft put
6777 dup 124 /bar put
6778 dup 125 /braceright put
6779 dup 126 /asciitilde put
6780 readonly def
6781 currentdict end
6782 currentfile eexec
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6788 0FD4F5F6D3129FCFFF1F4A912B0A7DEC8D33A57B5AE0328EF9D57ADDAC543273
6789 C01924195A181D03F5054A93B71E5065F8D92FE23794DDF2E5ECEBA191DB82B3
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6793 0EA7B1FE236C84C0E5308C871F67B973892890557AA12E00B2C20C71F516C397
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6798 556F71D07E081A593FF12DAF83676492A0FFE16E95717A07082B43A966C1EE8F
6799 8A59E1255E1705C43A23CF29A5E4A6547C93F1680A870EE7BAD8CF74D838CD5E
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6801 B1B84E7B243ADB05ADD3F1DB3692ADC5D47FEC7DF93080669E63281F1576B673
6802 125EDF08016664BE73364F65389F7C3B66623AD1754ECBEF9E5CE6948D933787
6803 A5674279ACB2EBECD3B4E6361419AB32028A27670C9F3E18B746A10B00AF6D77
6804 4EC00E3BE521C02A99AE5BAA98F793EB1228952BE67934B91472E01AF7B816BC
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7451 cleartomark
7452 {restore}if
7453 %%EndFont
7454 TeXDict begin 40258431 52099146 1000 600 600 (bashref.dvi)
7455 @start /Fa 131[62 124[{}1 119.552 /CMTT12 rf /Fb 133[34
7456 41 41 55 41 43 30 30 30 41 43 38 43 64 21 41 23 21 43
7457 38 23 34 43 34 43 38 8[58 4[43 57 1[52 60 58 70 3[28
7458 58 3[59 1[54 58 7[38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 3[21
7459 31[43 12[{}50 74.7198 /CMR9 rf /Fc 197[21 58[{}1 74.7198
7460 /CMMI9 rf /Fd 134[39 39 2[39 39 39 39 2[39 39 39 39 2[39
7461 39 1[39 39 39 2[39 19[39 27[39 39 2[39 45[{}20 74.7198
7462 /CMSLTT10 rf /Fe 129[39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39
7463 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39
7464 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39
7465 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39
7466 39 39 5[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 1[39
7467 39 1[39 33[{}81 74.7198 /CMTT9 rf /Ff 167[62 3[60 46
7468 2[57 1[62 76 52 1[43 1[62 65 54 1[63 60 67[{}13 83.022
7469 /CMR10 rf /Fg 135[67 2[67 1[50 2[61 69 5[33 1[70 2[68
7470 52[60 47[{}9 109.174 /CMCSC10 rf /Fh 140[56 3[56 56 1[56
7471 2[56 56 56 57[56 45[{}8 109.091 /CMTT12 rf /Fi 130[45
7472 1[45 123[{ T1Encoding ReEncodeFont }2 91.3242 /SFRM1095
7473 rf /Fj 134[48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
7474 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 1[48 2[48 3[48 3[48
7475 1[48 1[48 1[48 48 48 1[48 48 48 1[48 48 48 48 1[48 6[48
7476 6[48 48 48 48 2[48 5[48 39[{}49 90.9091 /CMSLTT10 rf
7477 /Fk 134[65 65 89 65 68 48 48 50 65 68 61 68 102 34 65
7478 1[34 68 61 37 56 68 55 68 60 7[93 1[127 1[94 85 68 92
7479 92 84 92 96 116 74 96 1[46 96 96 77 81 94 89 87 93 1[58
7480 5[61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 1[34 41 34 31[68 72 11[{}62
7481 109.091 /CMBX12 rf /Fl 135[42 1[42 1[30 37 38 1[46 46
7482 51 74 23 2[28 1[42 1[42 46 42 1[46 51[33 32[51 12[{}18
7483 90.9091 /CMTI10 rf /Fm 135[56 2[56 1[42 55 1[51 58 56
7484 68 47 2[27 1[58 49 51 57 54 53 56 46[50 2[50 1[34 45[{}20
7485 90.9091 /CMCSC10 rf /Fn 197[25 58[{}1 90.9091 /CMMI10
7486 rf /Fo 197[33 58[{}1 119.552 /CMMI12 rf /Fp 134[85 85
7487 1[85 90 63 64 66 1[90 81 90 134 45 1[49 45 90 81 49 74
7488 90 72 90 78 10[122 124 112 90 120 3[126 153 97 1[83 60
7489 126 127 101 106 124 117 115 122 7[81 81 81 81 81 81 81
7490 81 81 81 35[90 94 11[{}52 143.462 /CMBX12 rf /Fq 200[0
7491 21[91 17[45 1[91 12[71{}5 90.9091 /CMSY10 rf /Fr 134[48
7492 48 66 48 51 35 36 36 48 51 45 51 76 25 48 28 25 51 45
7493 28 40 51 40 51 45 7[68 68 93 1[68 66 51 67 1[62 71 68
7494 83 57 71 1[33 68 71 59 62 69 66 64 68 12[45 45 45 45
7495 3[30 8[45 21[76 1[51 53 11[{}56 90.9091 /CMSL10 rf /Fs
7496 134[71 71 97 71 75 52 53 55 1[75 67 75 112 37 71 41 37
7497 75 67 41 61 75 60 75 65 3[37 1[37 1[102 102 139 102 103
7498 94 75 100 101 92 101 105 128 81 105 69 50 105 106 85
7499 88 103 97 96 102 105 64 4[37 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67
7500 67 67 1[37 45 37 1[67 5[67 112 1[41 20[75 78 11[{}73
7501 119.552 /CMBX12 rf /Ft 129[48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
7502 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
7503 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
7504 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 1[48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
7505 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
7506 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 33[{}93 90.9091
7507 /CMTT10 rf /Fu 131[91 45 40 48 48 66 48 51 35 36 36 48
7508 51 45 51 76 25 48 28 25 51 45 28 40 51 40 51 45 25 2[25
7509 45 25 56 68 68 93 68 68 66 51 67 71 62 71 68 83 57 71
7510 47 33 68 71 59 62 69 66 64 68 71 43 1[71 1[25 25 45 45
7511 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 25 30 25 1[45 35 35 25 71
7512 76 45 76 45 25 18[76 51 51 53 11[{}91 90.9091 /CMR10
7513 rf /Fv 138[108 1[76 79 3[108 1[54 3[108 1[59 88 1[86
7514 1[94 14[144 4[184 10[138 66[{}13 172.154 /CMBX12 rf end
7515 %%EndProlog
7516 %%BeginSetup
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7519 %%BeginPaperSize: Letter
7520 /setpagedevice where
7521 { pop << /PageSize [612 792] >> setpagedevice }
7522 { /letter where { pop letter } if }
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7525  end
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7527 %%Page: 1 1
7528 TeXDict begin 1 0 bop 150 1318 a Fv(Bash)64 b(Reference)j(Man)-5
7529 b(ual)p 150 1385 3600 34 v 2361 1481 a Fu(Reference)31
7530 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(for)d(Bash)2428 1589 y(Edition)h(4.3,)g(for)f
7531 Ft(Bash)g Fu(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(4.3.)3180 1697 y(F)-8
7532 b(ebruary)30 b(2014)150 4935 y Fs(Chet)45 b(Ramey)-11
7533 b(,)46 b(Case)g(W)-11 b(estern)46 b(Reserv)l(e)g(Univ)l(ersit)l(y)150
7534 5068 y(Brian)f(F)-11 b(o)l(x,)45 b(F)-11 b(ree)45 b(Soft)l(w)l(are)h(F)
7535 -11 b(oundation)p 150 5141 3600 17 v eop end
7536 %%Page: 2 2
7537 TeXDict begin 2 1 bop 150 4279 a Fu(This)35 b(text)h(is)g(a)g(brief)f
7538 (description)h(of)f(the)h(features)g(that)g(are)g(presen)m(t)g(in)f
7539 (the)h(Bash)f(shell)h(\(v)m(ersion)150 4389 y(4.3,)c(2)e(F)-8
7540 b(ebruary)31 b(2014\).)150 4523 y(This)26 b(is)g(Edition)h(4.3,)i(last)
7541 e(up)s(dated)e(2)i(F)-8 b(ebruary)26 b(2014,)k(of)d Fr(The)f(GNU)h
7542 (Bash)f(Reference)i(Man)m(ual)p Fu(,)g(for)150 4633 y
7543 Ft(Bash)p Fu(,)h(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(4.3.)150 4767 y(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)602
7544 4764 y(c)577 4767 y Fq(\015)f Fu(1988{2014)35 b(F)-8
7545 b(ree)31 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)h(F)-8 b(oundation,)31 b(Inc.)390
7546 4902 y(P)m(ermission)21 b(is)f(gran)m(ted)h(to)g(cop)m(y)-8
7547 b(,)24 b(distribute)c(and/or)h(mo)s(dify)e(this)i(do)s(cumen)m(t)f
7548 (under)f(the)390 5011 y(terms)25 b(of)h(the)f(GNU)h(F)-8
7549 b(ree)27 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)g(License,)g(V)-8 b(ersion)26
7550 b(1.3)g(or)f(an)m(y)h(later)g(v)m(ersion)390 5121 y(published)43
7551 b(b)m(y)h(the)h(F)-8 b(ree)46 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)g(F)-8
7552 b(oundation;)53 b(with)44 b(no)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)46
7553 b(Sections,)j(no)390 5230 y(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)31
7554 b(T)-8 b(exts,)30 b(and)f(no)f(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)k(T)-8
7555 b(exts.)41 b(A)29 b(cop)m(y)h(of)f(the)g(license)h(is)f(included)390
7556 5340 y(in)h(the)h(section)g(en)m(titled)h(\\GNU)f(F)-8
7557 b(ree)32 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)g(License".)p eop end
7558 %%Page: -1 3
7559 TeXDict begin -1 2 bop 3725 -116 a Fu(i)150 299 y Fp(T)-13
7560 b(able)53 b(of)h(Con)l(ten)l(ts)150 641 y Fs(1)135 b(In)l(tro)t
7561 (duction)13 b Fo(:)19 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7562 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7563 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57 b Fs(1)275 778 y Fu(1.1)92
7564 b(What)31 b(is)f(Bash?)22 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7565 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7566 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7567 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)52 b Fu(1)275 888 y(1.2)92 b(What)31
7568 b(is)f(a)h(shell?)13 b Fn(:)j(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7569 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7570 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7571 (:)g(:)44 b Fu(1)150 1130 y Fs(2)135 b(De\014nitions)13
7572 b Fo(:)20 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7573 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7574 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)57 b Fs(3)150 1400 y(3)135 b(Basic)45
7575 b(Shell)g(F)-11 b(eatures)27 b Fo(:)21 b(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7576 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
7577 (:)f(:)72 b Fs(5)275 1537 y Fu(3.1)92 b(Shell)30 b(Syn)m(tax)25
7578 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7579 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7580 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)55
7581 b Fu(5)399 1646 y(3.1.1)93 b(Shell)30 b(Op)s(eration)c
7582 Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7583 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7584 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)56 b Fu(5)399 1756
7585 y(3.1.2)93 b(Quoting)15 b Fn(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7586 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7587 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7588 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)45 b Fu(6)524 1866 y(3.1.2.1)93 b(Escap)s(e)30
7589 b(Character)11 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7590 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7591 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)41 b Fu(6)524 1975 y(3.1.2.2)93
7592 b(Single)31 b(Quotes)d Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7593 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7594 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)58 b Fu(6)524
7595 2085 y(3.1.2.3)93 b(Double)31 b(Quotes)26 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7596 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7597 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)56
7598 b Fu(6)524 2194 y(3.1.2.4)93 b(ANSI-C)30 b(Quoting)d
7599 Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7600 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7601 f(:)g(:)h(:)57 b Fu(6)524 2304 y(3.1.2.5)93 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)
7602 32 b(T)-8 b(ranslation)8 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7603 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
7604 (:)38 b Fu(7)399 2413 y(3.1.3)93 b(Commen)m(ts)26 b Fn(:)15
7605 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7606 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7607 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)56 b
7608 Fu(7)275 2523 y(3.2)92 b(Shell)30 b(Commands)21 b Fn(:)14
7609 b(:)i(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7610 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7611 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)51 b Fu(8)399
7612 2633 y(3.2.1)93 b(Simple)30 b(Commands)c Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7613 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7614 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57
7615 b Fu(8)399 2742 y(3.2.2)93 b(Pip)s(elines)18 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
7616 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7617 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
7618 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)48 b Fu(8)399
7619 2852 y(3.2.3)93 b(Lists)30 b(of)h(Commands)15 b Fn(:)f(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)g
7620 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7621 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)45
7622 b Fu(9)399 2961 y(3.2.4)93 b(Comp)s(ound)28 b(Commands)22
7623 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7624 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7625 f(:)g(:)54 b Fu(9)524 3071 y(3.2.4.1)93 b(Lo)s(oping)30
7626 b(Constructs)8 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7627 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7628 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)38 b Fu(10)524 3181 y(3.2.4.2)93 b(Conditional)31
7629 b(Constructs)18 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7630 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)47
7631 b Fu(10)524 3290 y(3.2.4.3)93 b(Grouping)30 b(Commands)15
7632 b Fn(:)f(:)i(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7633 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)45
7634 b Fu(14)399 3400 y(3.2.5)93 b(Copro)s(cesses)18 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7635 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7636 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7637 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)47 b Fu(15)399 3509 y(3.2.6)93
7638 b(GNU)31 b(P)m(arallel)c Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7639 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7640 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)55
7641 b Fu(15)275 3619 y(3.3)92 b(Shell)30 b(F)-8 b(unctions)29
7642 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7643 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7644 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58
7645 b Fu(17)275 3729 y(3.4)92 b(Shell)30 b(P)m(arameters)17
7646 b Fn(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7647 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7648 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)46 b Fu(18)399
7649 3838 y(3.4.1)93 b(P)m(ositional)32 b(P)m(arameters)20
7650 b Fn(:)d(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7651 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7652 (:)f(:)50 b Fu(19)399 3948 y(3.4.2)93 b(Sp)s(ecial)30
7653 b(P)m(arameters)16 b Fn(:)h(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7654 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7655 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b Fu(20)275 4057
7656 y(3.5)92 b(Shell)30 b(Expansions)17 b Fn(:)d(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7657 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7658 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7659 f(:)g(:)h(:)46 b Fu(21)399 4167 y(3.5.1)93 b(Brace)31
7660 b(Expansion)21 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7661 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7662 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)50 b Fu(21)399
7663 4276 y(3.5.2)93 b(Tilde)30 b(Expansion)10 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7664 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7665 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7666 (:)f(:)40 b Fu(22)399 4386 y(3.5.3)93 b(Shell)30 b(P)m(arameter)i
7667 (Expansion)18 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7668 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7669 48 b Fu(23)399 4496 y(3.5.4)93 b(Command)29 b(Substitution)12
7670 b Fn(:)j(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7671 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7672 (:)42 b Fu(28)399 4605 y(3.5.5)93 b(Arithmetic)31 b(Expansion)19
7673 b Fn(:)c(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7674 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7675 (:)h(:)48 b Fu(29)399 4715 y(3.5.6)93 b(Pro)s(cess)30
7676 b(Substitution)d Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7677 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7678 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)57 b Fu(29)399 4824 y(3.5.7)93
7679 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(Splitting)20 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7680 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7681 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)49
7682 b Fu(29)399 4934 y(3.5.8)93 b(Filename)32 b(Expansion)13
7683 b Fn(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7684 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7685 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)43 b Fu(30)524 5044 y(3.5.8.1)93 b(P)m(attern)31
7686 b(Matc)m(hing)d Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7687 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7688 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)56 b Fu(30)399 5153 y(3.5.9)93 b(Quote)31
7689 b(Remo)m(v)-5 b(al)9 b Fn(:)17 b(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7690 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7691 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)39
7692 b Fu(31)275 5263 y(3.6)92 b(Redirections)26 b Fn(:)15
7693 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7694 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7695 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)55
7696 b Fu(31)p eop end
7697 %%Page: -2 4
7698 TeXDict begin -2 3 bop 3699 -116 a Fu(ii)399 83 y(3.6.1)93
7699 b(Redirecting)31 b(Input)23 b Fn(:)14 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7700 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7701 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)52
7702 b Fu(33)399 193 y(3.6.2)93 b(Redirecting)31 b(Output)26
7703 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7704 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7705 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)56 b Fu(33)399 302 y(3.6.3)93 b(App)s(ending)28
7706 b(Redirected)k(Output)12 b Fn(:)h(:)j(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7707 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7708 41 b Fu(33)399 412 y(3.6.4)93 b(Redirecting)31 b(Standard)e(Output)h
7709 (and)f(Standard)h(Error)d Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)58
7710 b Fu(33)399 521 y(3.6.5)93 b(App)s(ending)28 b(Standard)i(Output)f(and)
7711 h(Standard)f(Error)19 b Fn(:)14 b(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)48
7712 b Fu(34)399 631 y(3.6.6)93 b(Here)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)c
7713 Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7714 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7715 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)56 b Fu(34)399 741 y(3.6.7)93
7716 b(Here)31 b(Strings)c Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7717 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7718 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58
7719 b Fu(34)399 850 y(3.6.8)93 b(Duplicating)32 b(File)f(Descriptors)16
7720 b Fn(:)g(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7721 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)46
7722 b Fu(34)399 960 y(3.6.9)93 b(Mo)m(ving)32 b(File)f(Descriptors)19
7723 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7724 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)49
7725 b Fu(35)399 1069 y(3.6.10)93 b(Op)s(ening)29 b(File)j(Descriptors)f
7726 (for)f(Reading)h(and)f(W)-8 b(riting)19 b Fn(:)e(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7727 49 b Fu(35)275 1179 y(3.7)92 b(Executing)31 b(Commands)17
7728 b Fn(:)d(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7729 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7730 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)46 b Fu(35)399 1289 y(3.7.1)93
7731 b(Simple)30 b(Command)f(Expansion)23 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7732 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7733 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)52 b Fu(35)399 1398 y(3.7.2)93 b(Command)29
7734 b(Searc)m(h)i(and)f(Execution)d Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7735 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)56
7736 b Fu(36)399 1508 y(3.7.3)93 b(Command)29 b(Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m
7737 (t)8 b Fn(:)16 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7738 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)38 b Fu(36)399 1617
7739 y(3.7.4)93 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t)18 b Fn(:)d(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7740 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7741 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7742 (:)h(:)47 b Fu(37)399 1727 y(3.7.5)93 b(Exit)31 b(Status)c
7743 Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7744 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7745 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)57 b
7746 Fu(38)399 1836 y(3.7.6)93 b(Signals)15 b Fn(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7747 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7748 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7749 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)44 b Fu(38)275 1946
7750 y(3.8)92 b(Shell)30 b(Scripts)23 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7751 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7752 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7753 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)53 b Fu(39)150 2188 y Fs(4)135
7754 b(Shell)45 b(Builtin)g(Commands)22 b Fo(:)e(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7755 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)67
7756 b Fs(41)275 2325 y Fu(4.1)92 b(Bourne)30 b(Shell)g(Builtins)e
7757 Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7758 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7759 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)57 b Fu(41)275 2435 y(4.2)92
7760 b(Bash)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)24 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7761 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7762 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)54
7763 b Fu(48)275 2545 y(4.3)92 b(Mo)s(difying)30 b(Shell)g(Beha)m(vior)9
7764 b Fn(:)17 b(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7765 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7766 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)39 b Fu(58)399 2654 y(4.3.1)93 b(The)30
7767 b(Set)g(Builtin)c Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7768 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7769 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)55 b
7770 Fu(58)399 2764 y(4.3.2)93 b(The)30 b(Shopt)f(Builtin)13
7771 b Fn(:)j(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7772 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7773 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)43 b Fu(62)275 2873 y(4.4)92 b(Sp)s(ecial)30
7774 b(Builtins)21 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7775 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7776 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)50
7777 b Fu(68)150 3116 y Fs(5)135 b(Shell)45 b(V)-11 b(ariables)19
7778 b Fo(:)h(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7779 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)64
7780 b Fs(69)275 3253 y Fu(5.1)92 b(Bourne)30 b(Shell)g(V)-8
7781 b(ariables)22 b Fn(:)16 b(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7782 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7783 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)51 b Fu(69)275
7784 3362 y(5.2)92 b(Bash)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)16 b Fn(:)h(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f
7785 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7786 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7787 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)46 b Fu(69)150 3605 y
7788 Fs(6)135 b(Bash)44 b(F)-11 b(eatures)13 b Fo(:)20 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7789 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7790 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b Fs(80)275
7791 3742 y Fu(6.1)92 b(In)m(v)m(oking)31 b(Bash)d Fn(:)16
7792 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7793 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7794 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b
7795 Fu(80)275 3851 y(6.2)92 b(Bash)30 b(Startup)g(Files)20
7796 b Fn(:)c(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7797 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7798 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)49 b Fu(82)275
7799 3961 y(6.3)92 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)32 b(Shells)11 b Fn(:)16
7800 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7801 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7802 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)41 b Fu(83)399
7803 4071 y(6.3.1)93 b(What)31 b(is)f(an)h(In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(Shell?)17
7804 b Fn(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7805 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)47 b
7806 Fu(83)399 4180 y(6.3.2)93 b(Is)30 b(this)g(Shell)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e?)
7807 14 b Fn(:)k(:)e(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7808 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7809 44 b Fu(84)399 4290 y(6.3.3)93 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)33
7810 b(Shell)d(Beha)m(vior)23 b Fn(:)17 b(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7811 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7812 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)52 b Fu(84)275 4399 y(6.4)92 b(Bash)30
7813 b(Conditional)h(Expressions)22 b Fn(:)14 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7814 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7815 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)51 b Fu(85)275 4509 y(6.5)92
7816 b(Shell)30 b(Arithmetic)c Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7817 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7818 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7819 (:)55 b Fu(87)275 4619 y(6.6)92 b(Aliases)12 b Fn(:)k(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f
7820 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7821 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7822 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)42
7823 b Fu(88)275 4728 y(6.7)92 b(Arra)m(ys)17 b Fn(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7824 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7825 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7826 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)47
7827 b Fu(89)275 4838 y(6.8)92 b(The)29 b(Directory)j(Stac)m(k)e
7828 Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7829 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7830 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b Fu(90)399 4947 y(6.8.1)93
7831 b(Directory)32 b(Stac)m(k)f(Builtins)14 b Fn(:)i(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7832 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7833 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)44 b Fu(90)275
7834 5057 y(6.9)92 b(Con)m(trolling)31 b(the)g(Prompt)24 b
7835 Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7836 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7837 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)54 b Fu(92)275 5166 y(6.10)92 b(The)30
7838 b(Restricted)h(Shell)23 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7839 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7840 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)53
7841 b Fu(93)275 5276 y(6.11)92 b(Bash)31 b(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de)9
7842 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7843 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7844 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)38 b Fu(94)p eop
7845 end
7846 %%Page: -3 5
7847 TeXDict begin -3 4 bop 3674 -116 a Fu(iii)150 83 y Fs(7)135
7848 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)24 b Fo(:)c(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7849 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7850 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)69 b Fs(97)275 220 y
7851 Fu(7.1)92 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)h(Basics)17 b Fn(:)f(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7852 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7853 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7854 g(:)h(:)f(:)47 b Fu(97)275 330 y(7.2)92 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)h
7855 (Builtins)25 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7856 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7857 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)55 b Fu(98)275
7858 439 y(7.3)92 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)h(V)-8 b(ariables)17
7859 b Fn(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7860 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7861 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)47 b Fu(100)150 657 y Fs(8)135
7862 b(Command)45 b(Line)g(Editing)19 b Fo(:)i(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7863 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)63
7864 b Fs(101)275 794 y Fu(8.1)92 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)30
7865 b(to)h(Line)f(Editing)24 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7866 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7867 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)54 b Fu(101)275 904 y(8.2)92 b(Readline)31
7868 b(In)m(teraction)c Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7869 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7870 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)56 b Fu(101)399
7871 1013 y(8.2.1)93 b(Readline)31 b(Bare)g(Essen)m(tials)26
7872 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7873 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)55
7874 b Fu(102)399 1123 y(8.2.2)93 b(Readline)31 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)i
7875 (Commands)24 b Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
7876 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)55 b
7877 Fu(102)399 1233 y(8.2.3)93 b(Readline)31 b(Killing)g(Commands)16
7878 b Fn(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7879 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)46 b
7880 Fu(103)399 1342 y(8.2.4)93 b(Readline)31 b(Argumen)m(ts)9
7881 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7882 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7883 g(:)h(:)f(:)39 b Fu(103)399 1452 y(8.2.5)93 b(Searc)m(hing)31
7884 b(for)f(Commands)f(in)h(the)h(History)c Fn(:)15 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7885 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)57 b Fu(103)275
7886 1561 y(8.3)92 b(Readline)31 b(Init)f(File)20 b Fn(:)d(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g
7887 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
7888 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
7889 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)50 b Fu(104)399 1671 y(8.3.1)93 b(Readline)31
7890 b(Init)f(File)i(Syn)m(tax)12 b Fn(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
7891 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
7892 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)42 b Fu(104)399 1781 y(8.3.2)93 b(Conditional)31
7893 b(Init)f(Constructs)25 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
7894 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7895 g(:)56 b Fu(111)399 1890 y(8.3.3)93 b(Sample)30 b(Init)g(File)12
7896 b Fn(:)17 b(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7897 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7898 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)42 b Fu(112)275 2000 y(8.4)92
7899 b(Bindable)30 b(Readline)h(Commands)11 b Fn(:)k(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
7900 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
7901 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)41 b Fu(115)399 2109 y(8.4.1)93
7902 b(Commands)29 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(Mo)m(ving)e Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
7903 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
7904 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)58 b Fu(115)399
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7964 b Fs(138)275 4573 y Fu(10.1)92 b(Basic)32 b(Installation)20
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7968 y(10.2)92 b(Compilers)30 b(and)g(Options)8 b Fn(:)15
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7991 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)40 b Fu(140)p eop end
7992 %%Page: -4 6
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8001 (F)-8 b(rom)31 b(The)e(SVR4.2)j(Shell)13 b Fn(:)i(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
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8026 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)57 b Fu(165)p
8027 eop end
8028 %%Page: 1 7
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8075 Ft(/bin)p Fu(,)g(allo)m(wing)h(users)e(or)g(groups)g(to)150
8076 3287 y(establish)d(custom)f(en)m(vironmen)m(ts)h(to)g(automate)h(their)
8077 f(common)f(tasks.)275 3417 y(Shells)j(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)m
8078 (teractiv)m(ely)k(or)d(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)54
8079 b(In)33 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)f(they)e(accept)150
8080 3526 y(input)21 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(from)g(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)37
8081 b(When)22 b(executing)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)27
8082 b(shells)c(execute)g(commands)150 3636 y(read)30 b(from)g(a)h(\014le.)
8083 275 3765 y(A)41 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)h(execution)h(of)e
8084 Fm(gnu)g Fu(commands,)i(b)s(oth)e(sync)m(hronously)f(and)h(async)m
8085 (hronously)-8 b(.)150 3875 y(The)29 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)i(for)e(sync)m
8086 (hronous)f(commands)h(to)h(complete)h(b)s(efore)e(accepting)i(more)e
8087 (input;)g(asyn-)150 3985 y(c)m(hronous)22 b(commands)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h
8088 (to)f(execute)h(in)e(parallel)i(with)f(the)f(shell)h(while)g(it)g
8089 (reads)g(and)f(executes)150 4094 y(additional)35 b(commands.)50
8090 b(The)33 b Fr(redirection)h Fu(constructs)g(p)s(ermit)f(\014ne-grained)
8091 g(con)m(trol)i(of)f(the)g(input)150 4204 y(and)40 b(output)f(of)i
8092 (those)f(commands.)70 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)45 b(the)c(shell)f(allo)m(ws)h
8093 (con)m(trol)h(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)150
8094 4313 y(commands')30 b(en)m(vironmen)m(ts.)275 4443 y(Shells)k(also)i
8095 (pro)m(vide)g(a)f(small)h(set)f(of)g(built-in)g(commands)g(\()p
8096 Fr(builtins)t Fu(\))g(implemen)m(ting)h(function-)150
8097 4553 y(alit)m(y)i(imp)s(ossible)e(or)g(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)e
8098 (obtain)g(via)g(separate)g(utilities.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)37
8099 b(example,)i Ft(cd)p Fu(,)e Ft(break)p Fu(,)150 4662
8100 y Ft(continue)p Fu(,)28 b(and)i Ft(exec)f Fu(cannot)i(b)s(e)f(implemen)
8101 m(ted)h(outside)g(of)f(the)h(shell)f(b)s(ecause)h(they)f(directly)h
8102 (ma-)150 4772 y(nipulate)d(the)g(shell)g(itself.)41 b(The)27
8103 b Ft(history)p Fu(,)g Ft(getopts)p Fu(,)f Ft(kill)p Fu(,)i(or)g
8104 Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtins,)h(among)g(others,)h(could)150 4881
8105 y(b)s(e)34 b(implemen)m(ted)g(in)g(separate)h(utilities,)i(but)d(they)g
8106 (are)g(more)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f(use)f(as)g(builtin)g(com-)150
8107 4991 y(mands.)40 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtins)g(are)h
8108 (describ)s(ed)e(in)h(subsequen)m(t)g(sections.)275 5121
8109 y(While)39 b(executing)h(commands)e(is)g(essen)m(tial,)43
8110 b(most)c(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(\(and)g(complexit)m(y\))j(of)e
8111 (shells)150 5230 y(is)34 b(due)f(to)i(their)f(em)m(b)s(edded)f
8112 (programming)h(languages.)52 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(an)m(y)f(high-lev)m(el)i
8113 (language,)h(the)d(shell)150 5340 y(pro)m(vides)c(v)-5
8114 b(ariables,)32 b(\015o)m(w)e(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(quoting,)g(and)
8115 f(functions.)p eop end
8116 %%Page: 2 8
8117 TeXDict begin 2 7 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(1:)41
8118 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)2592 b(2)275 299 y(Shells)21 b(o\013er)i(features)
8119 f(geared)h(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(for)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(use)d(rather)g
8120 (than)g(to)h(augmen)m(t)g(the)f(pro-)150 408 y(gramming)32
8121 b(language.)48 b(These)32 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(features)d(include)g
8122 (job)g(con)m(trol,)j(command)c(line)i(editing,)150 518
8123 y(command)d(history)g(and)g(aliases.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31
8124 b(of)g(these)g(features)f(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(this)g(man)m(ual.)p
8125 eop end
8126 %%Page: 3 9
8127 TeXDict begin 3 8 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(2:)41
8128 b(De\014nitions)2662 b(3)150 299 y Fp(2)80 b(De\014nitions)150
8129 552 y Fu(These)30 b(de\014nitions)g(are)h(used)e(throughout)h(the)h
8130 (remainder)f(of)g(this)h(man)m(ual.)150 720 y Ft(POSIX)240
8131 b Fu(A)27 b(family)g(of)g(op)s(en)f(system)g(standards)g(based)g(on)h
8132 (Unix.)39 b(Bash)27 b(is)g(primarily)f(concerned)630
8133 830 y(with)k(the)h(Shell)f(and)g(Utilities)i(p)s(ortion)e(of)h(the)f
8134 Fm(posix)g Fu(1003.1)j(standard.)150 995 y Ft(blank)240
8135 b Fu(A)30 b(space)h(or)g(tab)f(c)m(haracter.)150 1161
8136 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(A)35 b(command)g(that)g(is)g(implemen)m(ted)g(in)
8137 m(ternally)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)g(itself,)i(rather)d(than)h(b)m(y)630
8138 1271 y(an)30 b(executable)i(program)e(somewhere)h(in)f(the)g(\014le)h
8139 (system.)150 1436 y Ft(control)d(operator)630 1546 y
8140 Fu(A)20 b Ft(token)f Fu(that)i(p)s(erforms)e(a)i(con)m(trol)g
8141 (function.)37 b(It)21 b(is)f(a)h Ft(newline)d Fu(or)j(one)f(of)h(the)f
8142 (follo)m(wing:)630 1655 y(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)31 b(`)p
8143 Ft(&&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)g(`)p
8144 Ft(;;)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu(',)f(`)p
8145 Ft(\()p Fu(',)h(or)g(`)p Ft(\))p Fu('.)150 1821 y Ft(exit)e(status)630
8146 1931 y Fu(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(returned)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(command)f(to)h
8147 (its)g(caller.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(restricted)h(to)h
8148 (eigh)m(t)630 2040 y(bits,)h(so)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5
8149 b(alue)31 b(is)f(255.)150 2206 y Ft(field)240 b Fu(A)27
8150 b(unit)g(of)g(text)h(that)g(is)f(the)g(result)g(of)g(one)h(of)f(the)g
8151 (shell)g(expansions.)40 b(After)27 b(expansion,)630 2315
8152 y(when)e(executing)h(a)g(command,)h(the)f(resulting)f(\014elds)g(are)h
8153 (used)f(as)h(the)g(command)f(name)630 2425 y(and)30 b(argumen)m(ts.)150
8154 2591 y Ft(filename)96 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(used)e
8155 (to)h(iden)m(tify)g(a)f(\014le.)150 2756 y Ft(job)336
8156 b Fu(A)31 b(set)h(of)f(pro)s(cesses)g(comprising)g(a)g(pip)s(eline,)g
8157 (and)g(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cesses)g(descended)g(from)f(it,)630
8158 2866 y(that)h(are)g(all)g(in)f(the)h(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group.)150
8159 3031 y Ft(job)f(control)630 3141 y Fu(A)22 b(mec)m(hanism)g(b)m(y)f
8160 (whic)m(h)h(users)f(can)h(selectiv)m(ely)i(stop)e(\(susp)s(end\))e(and)
8161 h(restart)i(\(resume\))630 3251 y(execution)32 b(of)e(pro)s(cesses.)150
8162 3416 y Ft(metacharacter)630 3526 y Fu(A)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(that,)g
8163 (when)d(unquoted,)i(separates)g(w)m(ords.)38 b(A)26 b(metac)m(haracter)
8164 i(is)d(a)g Ft(blank)630 3635 y Fu(or)30 b(one)h(of)g(the)f(follo)m
8165 (wing)i(c)m(haracters:)42 b(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)31 b(`)p
8166 Ft(&)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)f(`)p
8167 Ft(\))p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)g(or)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu('.)150
8168 3801 y Ft(name)288 b Fu(A)37 b Ft(word)f Fu(consisting)i(solely)h(of)e
8169 (letters,)j(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)e(and)f(underscores,)h(and)f(b)s
8170 (eginning)630 3910 y(with)23 b(a)g(letter)h(or)f(underscore.)38
8171 b Ft(Name)p Fu(s)22 b(are)h(used)f(as)i(shell)f(v)-5
8172 b(ariable)24 b(and)e(function)h(names.)630 4020 y(Also)31
8173 b(referred)f(to)h(as)f(an)h Ft(identifier)p Fu(.)150
8174 4186 y Ft(operator)96 b Fu(A)38 b Ft(control)28 b(operator)36
8175 b Fu(or)h(a)i Ft(redirection)27 b(operator)p Fu(.)61
8176 b(See)38 b(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirec-)630 4295 y(tions],)f(page)f(31,)i
8177 (for)d(a)g(list)h(of)f(redirection)h(op)s(erators.)58
8178 b(Op)s(erators)35 b(con)m(tain)j(at)f(least)630 4405
8179 y(one)31 b(unquoted)e Ft(metacharacter)p Fu(.)150 4570
8180 y Ft(process)f(group)630 4680 y Fu(A)i(collection)k(of)c(related)h(pro)
8181 s(cesses)g(eac)m(h)g(ha)m(ving)g(the)g(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
8182 Fm(id)p Fu(.)150 4846 y Ft(process)e(group)h(ID)630 4955
8183 y Fu(A)h(unique)g(iden)m(ti\014er)h(that)f(represen)m(ts)h(a)g
8184 Ft(process)d(group)h Fu(during)g(its)i(lifetime.)150
8185 5121 y Ft(reserved)d(word)630 5230 y Fu(A)h Ft(word)e
8186 Fu(that)i(has)f(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)g(shell.)40
8187 b(Most)30 b(reserv)m(ed)e(w)m(ords)g(in)m(tro)s(duce)630
8188 5340 y(shell)j(\015o)m(w)f(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(suc)m(h)f(as)g
8189 Ft(for)g Fu(and)g Ft(while)p Fu(.)p eop end
8190 %%Page: 4 10
8191 TeXDict begin 4 9 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(2:)41
8192 b(De\014nitions)2662 b(4)150 299 y Ft(return)29 b(status)630
8193 408 y Fu(A)h(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(exit)g(status)p Fu(.)150
8194 568 y Ft(signal)192 b Fu(A)40 b(mec)m(hanism)h(b)m(y)e(whic)m(h)h(a)h
8195 (pro)s(cess)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(noti\014ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(k)m(ernel)f
8196 (of)g(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)630 677 y(o)s(ccurring)30 b(in)g(the)h(system.)
8197 150 837 y Ft(special)d(builtin)630 946 y Fu(A)j(shell)f(builtin)g
8198 (command)h(that)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(classi\014ed)h(as)g(sp)s(ecial)g(b)m
8199 (y)f(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(stan-)630 1056 y(dard.)150 1215
8200 y Ft(token)240 b Fu(A)38 b(sequence)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(considered)f
8201 (a)h(single)g(unit)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(shell.)64 b(It)38
8202 b(is)g(either)h(a)630 1325 y Ft(word)29 b Fu(or)i(an)f
8203 Ft(operator)p Fu(.)150 1484 y Ft(word)288 b Fu(A)28 b(sequence)g(of)g
8204 (c)m(haracters)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(unit)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(shell.)40
8205 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(include)630 1594 y(unquoted)i
8206 Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)p eop end
8207 %%Page: 5 11
8208 TeXDict begin 5 10 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8209 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(5)150 299
8210 y Fp(3)80 b(Basic)54 b(Shell)e(F)-13 b(eatures)150 603
8211 y Fu(Bash)21 b(is)g(an)f(acron)m(ym)i(for)e(`)p Ft(Bourne-Again)27
8212 b(SHell)p Fu('.)37 b(The)20 b(Bourne)g(shell)h(is)g(the)g(traditional)h
8213 (Unix)f(shell)150 712 y(originally)h(written)f(b)m(y)f(Stephen)g
8214 (Bourne.)38 b(All)21 b(of)g(the)g(Bourne)f(shell)h(builtin)f(commands)g
8215 (are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 822 y(in)26 b(Bash,)h(The)f(rules)f(for)h
8216 (ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(and)d(quoting)h(are)h(tak)m(en)g(from)f(the)g
8217 Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(for)f(the)150 931
8218 y(`standard')k(Unix)g(shell.)275 1089 y(This)h(c)m(hapter)i(brie\015y)e
8219 (summarizes)h(the)h(shell's)f(`building)g(blo)s(c)m(ks':)45
8220 b(commands,)32 b(con)m(trol)i(struc-)150 1199 y(tures,)k(shell)e
8221 (functions,)h(shell)g Fl(p)-5 b(ar)g(ameters)p Fu(,)41
8222 b(shell)36 b(expansions,)i Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(dir)g(e)g(ctions)p
8223 Fu(,)40 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(a)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)150 1308
8224 y(direct)31 b(input)e(and)h(output)g(from)g(and)g(to)h(named)f
8225 (\014les,)g(and)g(ho)m(w)g(the)h(shell)g(executes)g(commands.)150
8226 1576 y Fs(3.1)68 b(Shell)45 b(Syn)l(tax)150 1735 y Fu(When)40
8227 b(the)h(shell)g(reads)f(input,)i(it)f(pro)s(ceeds)f(through)g(a)h
8228 (sequence)g(of)g(op)s(erations.)71 b(If)40 b(the)h(input)150
8229 1845 y(indicates)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(a)g(commen)m(t,)h(the)f
8230 (shell)g(ignores)g(the)g(commen)m(t)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(\(`)p
8231 Ft(#)p Fu('\),)h(and)e(the)150 1954 y(rest)i(of)f(that)h(line.)275
8232 2112 y(Otherwise,)h(roughly)f(sp)s(eaking,)i(the)f(shell)g(reads)g(its)
8233 g(input)f(and)h(divides)f(the)i(input)e(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)150
8234 2222 y(and)23 b(op)s(erators,)j(emplo)m(ying)e(the)g(quoting)h(rules)e
8235 (to)h(select)i(whic)m(h)d(meanings)h(to)h(assign)f(v)-5
8236 b(arious)23 b(w)m(ords)150 2331 y(and)30 b(c)m(haracters.)275
8237 2489 y(The)38 b(shell)h(then)f(parses)g(these)h(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)f
8238 (commands)g(and)f(other)h(constructs,)i(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)150
8239 2598 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(meaning)f(of)g(certain)h(w)m(ords)f(or)g(c)m
8240 (haracters,)i(expands)d(others,)h(redirects)h(input)e(and)g(output)150
8241 2708 y(as)d(needed,)g(executes)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(command,)j(w)m
8242 (aits)f(for)f(the)g(command's)g(exit)i(status,)f(and)f(mak)m(es)150
8243 2818 y(that)31 b(exit)g(status)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33
8244 b(for)d(further)f(insp)s(ection)h(or)h(pro)s(cessing.)150
8245 3040 y Fk(3.1.1)63 b(Shell)41 b(Op)s(eration)150 3187
8246 y Fu(The)c(follo)m(wing)h(is)f(a)h(brief)e(description)i(of)f(the)g
8247 (shell's)h(op)s(eration)f(when)f(it)i(reads)f(and)f(executes)j(a)150
8248 3297 y(command.)h(Basically)-8 b(,)34 b(the)c(shell)h(do)s(es)f(the)h
8249 (follo)m(wing:)199 3454 y(1.)61 b(Reads)42 b(its)h(input)e(from)h(a)g
8250 (\014le)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)j(page)e(39\),)k
8251 (from)41 b(a)i(string)330 3564 y(supplied)30 b(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)h
8252 (to)g(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i(option)f(\(see)g(Section)g
8253 (6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)330 3673 y(page)f(80\),)h(or)e(from)g
8254 (the)h(user's)f(terminal.)199 3820 y(2.)61 b(Breaks)43
8255 b(the)g(input)f(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)f(and)g(op)s(erators,)k(ob)s(eying)d
8256 (the)g(quoting)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)330 3929 y(Section)27
8257 b(3.1.2)i([Quoting],)f(page)f(6.)40 b(These)26 b(tok)m(ens)i(are)f
8258 (separated)g(b)m(y)f Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)36 b(Alias)330
8259 4039 y(expansion)30 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)d(b)m(y)j(this)f(step)g(\(see)i
8260 (Section)f(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(88\).)199 4185 y(3.)61
8261 b(P)m(arses)35 b(the)g(tok)m(ens)g(in)m(to)h(simple)e(and)g(comp)s
8262 (ound)f(commands)h(\(see)h(Section)h(3.2)f([Shell)g(Com-)330
8263 4294 y(mands],)30 b(page)h(8\).)199 4441 y(4.)61 b(P)m(erforms)40
8264 b(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(shell)h(expansions)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5)g
8265 ([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(21\),)330 4550 y(breaking)35
8266 b(the)g(expanded)g(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)g(lists)f(of)g(\014lenames)h
8267 (\(see)g(Section)f(3.5.8)i([Filename)g(Ex-)330 4660 y(pansion],)30
8268 b(page)h(30\))h(and)e(commands)g(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)199
8269 4806 y(5.)61 b(P)m(erforms)36 b(an)m(y)i(necessary)f(redirections)g
8270 (\(see)h(Section)f(3.6)h([Redirections],)i(page)e(31\))g(and)e(re-)330
8271 4915 y(mo)m(v)m(es)c(the)e(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g(and)f(their)g
8272 (op)s(erands)f(from)h(the)h(argumen)m(t)f(list.)199 5062
8273 y(6.)61 b(Executes)31 b(the)g(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7)h
8274 ([Executing)f(Commands],)f(page)h(35\).)199 5208 y(7.)61
8275 b(Optionally)40 b(w)m(aits)g(for)f(the)g(command)g(to)h(complete)g(and)
8276 f(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 5317
8277 y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(38\).)p
8278 eop end
8279 %%Page: 6 12
8280 TeXDict begin 6 11 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8281 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(6)150 299
8282 y Fk(3.1.2)63 b(Quoting)150 446 y Fu(Quoting)32 b(is)h(used)e(to)i
8283 (remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f(of)h(certain)g(c)m
8284 (haracters)g(or)f(w)m(ords)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)150 555
8285 y(Quoting)c(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)j(disable)e(sp)s(ecial)h(treatmen)m
8286 (t)h(for)e(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracters,)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)g(reserv)m
8287 (ed)150 665 y(w)m(ords)i(from)g(b)s(eing)g(recognized)h(as)g(suc)m(h,)f
8288 (and)g(to)h(prev)m(en)m(t)g(parameter)g(expansion.)275
8289 793 y(Eac)m(h)22 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(\(see)f
8290 (Chapter)e(2)i([De\014nitions],)h(page)f(3\))g(has)e(sp)s(ecial)i
8291 (meaning)150 902 y(to)40 b(the)g(shell)f(and)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g
8292 (quoted)g(if)h(it)g(is)f(to)h(represen)m(t)g(itself.)68
8293 b(When)39 b(the)h(command)f(history)150 1012 y(expansion)i(facilities)j
8294 (are)e(b)s(eing)f(used)g(\(see)h(Section)h(9.3)f([History)h(In)m
8295 (teraction],)j(page)c(135\),)47 b(the)150 1122 y Fr(history)30
8296 b(expansion)h Fu(c)m(haracter,)h(usually)f(`)p Ft(!)p
8297 Fu(',)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(quoted)h(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)g(history)g
8298 (expansion.)41 b(See)150 1231 y(Section)22 b(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F)
8299 -8 b(acilities],)26 b(page)c(133,)j(for)20 b(more)h(details)h
8300 (concerning)g(history)f(expansion.)275 1359 y(There)37
8301 b(are)h(three)f(quoting)h(mec)m(hanisms:)56 b(the)38
8302 b Fr(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracter)p Fu(,)j(single)d(quotes,)i(and)d(double)
8303 150 1469 y(quotes.)150 1655 y Fk(3.1.2.1)63 b(Escap)s(e)41
8304 b(Character)150 1802 y Fu(A)36 b(non-quoted)f(bac)m(kslash)h(`)p
8305 Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(is)f(the)h(Bash)g(escap)s(e)f(c)m(haracter.)58
8306 b(It)36 b(preserv)m(es)f(the)h(literal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36
8307 b(of)150 1911 y(the)27 b(next)g(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(follo)m(ws,)i
8308 (with)d(the)h(exception)g(of)g Ft(newline)p Fu(.)38 b(If)26
8309 b(a)h Ft(\\newline)d Fu(pair)i(app)s(ears,)150 2021 y(and)k(the)h(bac)m
8310 (kslash)g(itself)g(is)g(not)g(quoted,)g(the)f Ft(\\newline)f
8311 Fu(is)h(treated)i(as)f(a)g(line)g(con)m(tin)m(uation)h(\(that)150
8312 2131 y(is,)f(it)g(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(the)h(input)e(stream)i
8313 (and)f(e\013ectiv)m(ely)j(ignored\).)150 2317 y Fk(3.1.2.2)63
8314 b(Single)42 b(Quotes)150 2464 y Fu(Enclosing)24 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
8315 (single)h(quotes)g(\(`)p Ft(')p Fu('\))g(preserv)m(es)g(the)f(literal)i
8316 (v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)h(within)150
8317 2573 y(the)31 b(quotes.)42 b(A)31 b(single)h(quote)f(ma)m(y)g(not)g(o)s
8318 (ccur)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(single)h(quotes,)f(ev)m(en)h(when)d
8319 (preceded)i(b)m(y)g(a)150 2683 y(bac)m(kslash.)150 2869
8320 y Fk(3.1.2.3)63 b(Double)42 b(Quotes)150 3016 y Fu(Enclosing)24
8321 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)f(double)f(quotes)h(\(`)p Ft(")p
8322 Fu('\))g(preserv)m(es)g(the)g(literal)h(v)-5 b(alue)24
8323 b(of)g(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(within)150 3125 y(the)34
8324 b(quotes,)h(with)f(the)g(exception)h(of)f(`)p Ft($)p
8325 Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(and,)f(when)f(history)g
8326 (expansion)h(is)g(enabled,)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)150 3235
8327 y(The)25 b(c)m(haracters)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p
8328 Ft(`)p Fu(')g(retain)h(their)f(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f(within)g(double)g
8329 (quotes)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5)150 3345 y([Shell)j(Expansions],)g
8330 (page)h(21\).)41 b(The)28 b(bac)m(kslash)i(retains)f(its)h(sp)s(ecial)f
8331 (meaning)g(only)g(when)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)150 3454 y(b)m(y)41
8332 b(one)f(of)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(c)m(haracters:)63 b(`)p
8333 Ft($)p Fu(',)43 b(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(")p Fu(',)g(`)p
8334 Ft(\\)p Fu(',)f(or)e Ft(newline)p Fu(.)69 b(Within)41
8335 b(double)f(quotes,)150 3564 y(bac)m(kslashes)25 b(that)h(are)f(follo)m
8336 (w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(one)h(of)g(these)g(c)m(haracters)h(are)f(remo)m(v)m
8337 (ed.)40 b(Bac)m(kslashes)26 b(preceding)150 3673 y(c)m(haracters)35
8338 b(without)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)f(meaning)h(are)f(left)h(unmo)s(di\014ed.)47
8339 b(A)34 b(double)f(quote)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)150
8340 3783 y(within)h(double)h(quotes)g(b)m(y)g(preceding)g(it)g(with)g(a)g
8341 (bac)m(kslash.)55 b(If)35 b(enabled,)h(history)f(expansion)g(will)150
8342 3892 y(b)s(e)f(p)s(erformed)g(unless)g(an)h(`)p Ft(!)p
8343 Fu(')g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(double)f(quotes)i(is)f(escap)s(ed)g(using)f
8344 (a)h(bac)m(kslash.)55 b(The)150 4002 y(bac)m(kslash)31
8345 b(preceding)f(the)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(is)h(not)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)275
8346 4130 y(The)41 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameters)f(`)p Ft(*)p
8347 Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)g
8348 (when)f(in)g(double)g(quotes)h(\(see)150 4240 y(Section)31
8349 b(3.5.3)h([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)h(Expansion],)e(page)h(23\).)150
8350 4426 y Fk(3.1.2.4)63 b(ANSI-C)40 b(Quoting)150 4573 y
8351 Fu(W)-8 b(ords)43 b(of)f(the)h(form)f Ft($')p Fj(string)p
8352 Ft(')e Fu(are)j(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)79 b(The)42
8353 b(w)m(ord)g(expands)f(to)j Fr(string)p Fu(,)h(with)150
8354 4682 y(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)f(c)m(haracters)h(replaced)f(as)g(sp)s
8355 (eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(ANSI)g(C)g(standard.)79 b(Bac)m(kslash)150
8356 4792 y(escap)s(e)31 b(sequences,)g(if)f(presen)m(t,)h(are)g(deco)s(ded)
8357 f(as)g(follo)m(ws:)150 4938 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31
8358 b(\(b)s(ell\))150 5084 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)150
8359 5230 y Ft(\\e)150 5340 y(\\E)g Fu(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)h
8360 (\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))p eop end
8361 %%Page: 7 13
8362 TeXDict begin 7 12 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8363 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(7)150 299
8364 y Ft(\\f)384 b Fu(form)30 b(feed)150 488 y Ft(\\n)384
8365 b Fu(newline)150 678 y Ft(\\r)g Fu(carriage)32 b(return)150
8366 868 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)150 1057
8367 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150 1247 y Ft(\\\\)384
8368 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)150 1436 y Ft(\\')g Fu(single)31 b(quote)150
8369 1626 y Ft(\\")384 b Fu(double)30 b(quote)150 1816 y Ft(\\)p
8370 Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)31 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
8371 b(alue)31 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)e
8372 Fu(\(one)i(to)g(three)g(digits\))150 2005 y Ft(\\x)p
8373 Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f(whose)f(v)-5
8374 b(alue)36 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b
8375 Fr(HH)46 b Fu(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 2115 y(hex)30
8376 b(digits\))150 2304 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)33
8377 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5
8378 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630
8379 2414 y Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)f(hex)g(digits\))150
8380 2604 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)630 2713 y Fu(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)
8381 g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g
8382 (hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2823 y Fr(HHHHHHHH)42
8383 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)g(hex)g(digits\))150 3012
8384 y Ft(\\c)p Fj(x)336 b Fu(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p Fr(x)38
8385 b Fu(c)m(haracter)150 3217 y(The)30 b(expanded)f(result)i(is)f
8386 (single-quoted,)i(as)f(if)f(the)g(dollar)h(sign)g(had)e(not)i(b)s(een)f
8387 (presen)m(t.)150 3446 y Fk(3.1.2.5)63 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)41
8388 b(T)-10 b(ranslation)150 3593 y Fu(A)28 b(double-quoted)g(string)f
8389 (preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(dollar)h(sign)e(\(`)p Ft($)p
8390 Fu('\))i(will)f(cause)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(translated)150
8391 3703 y(according)f(to)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)41
8392 b(If)24 b(the)h(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f Ft(C)g
8393 Fu(or)g Ft(POSIX)p Fu(,)f(the)h(dollar)h(sign)f(is)g(ignored.)150
8394 3813 y(If)30 b(the)g(string)h(is)f(translated)h(and)f(replaced,)h(the)g
8395 (replacemen)m(t)h(is)e(double-quoted.)275 3977 y(Some)20
8396 b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f(b)m(y)f(the)g
8397 Ft(LC_MESSAGES)c Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(Others)150
8398 4087 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the)
8399 g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(shell)j(v)-5
8400 b(ariable,)150 4196 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p
8401 Ft(.mo)p Fu('.)43 b(If)31 b(y)m(ou)h(use)f(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c
8402 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)33 b(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(set)150
8403 4306 y(the)22 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23
8404 b(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cation)i(of)e(the)h(message)g(catalog)i(\014les.)38
8405 b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4416 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31
8406 b(in)f(this)g(fashion:)41 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)p Fu(/)p
8407 Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4416 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p
8408 Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)p Fu(.mo.)150 4645 y Fk(3.1.3)63 b(Commen)m(ts)150
8409 4792 y Fu(In)21 b(a)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)g(or)e(an)g(in)m
8410 (teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)g Ft(interactive_comments)
8411 16 b Fu(option)150 4902 y(to)40 b(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h
8412 (enabled)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e
8413 (62\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5011 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p
8414 Ft(#)p Fu(')g(causes)h(that)f(w)m(ord)g(and)g(all)h(remaining)g(c)m
8415 (haracters)g(on)f(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored.)150
8416 5121 y(An)43 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(without)f(the)g
8417 Ft(interactive_comments)38 b Fu(option)44 b(enabled)f(do)s(es)g(not)g
8418 (allo)m(w)150 5230 y(commen)m(ts.)56 b(The)34 b Ft
8419 (interactive_comments)c Fu(option)35 b(is)g(on)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)g
8420 (in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)55 b(See)150 5340 y(Section)30
8421 b(6.3)f([In)m(teractiv)m(e)j(Shells],)d(page)h(83,)g(for)e(a)i
8422 (description)e(of)h(what)g(mak)m(es)h(a)f(shell)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)p
8423 eop end
8424 %%Page: 8 14
8425 TeXDict begin 8 13 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8426 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(8)150 299
8427 y Fs(3.2)68 b(Shell)45 b(Commands)150 458 y Fu(A)d(simple)g(shell)g
8428 (command)f(suc)m(h)h(as)g Ft(echo)29 b(a)h(b)g(c)41 b
8429 Fu(consists)i(of)f(the)f(command)h(itself)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)150
8430 568 y(argumen)m(ts,)31 b(separated)g(b)m(y)f(spaces.)275
8431 704 y(More)h(complex)h(shell)f(commands)g(are)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)g
8432 (simple)g(commands)g(arranged)g(together)h(in)150 814
8433 y(a)f(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)32 b(of)f(w)m(a)m(ys:)41 b(in)31
8434 b(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)h(output)f(of)h(one)f(command)h
8435 (b)s(ecomes)f(the)h(input)f(of)150 923 y(a)h(second,)f(in)h(a)f(lo)s
8436 (op)h(or)f(conditional)i(construct,)f(or)f(in)g(some)h(other)g
8437 (grouping.)150 1124 y Fk(3.2.1)63 b(Simple)41 b(Commands)150
8438 1271 y Fu(A)29 b(simple)f(command)g(is)h(the)g(kind)e(of)i(command)f
8439 (encoun)m(tered)h(most)g(often.)40 b(It's)29 b(just)f(a)h(sequence)g
8440 (of)150 1381 y(w)m(ords)22 b(separated)i(b)m(y)e Ft(blank)p
8441 Fu(s,)i(terminated)f(b)m(y)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(shell's)g(con)m(trol)h
8442 (op)s(erators)f(\(see)h(Chapter)f(2)150 1491 y([De\014nitions],)37
8443 b(page)e(3\).)54 b(The)35 b(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)i(generally)g(sp)s
8444 (eci\014es)g(a)g(command)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(executed,)j(with)150
8445 1600 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(w)m(ords)g(b)s(eing)g(that)h
8446 (command's)f(argumen)m(ts.)275 1736 y(The)h(return)h(status)g(\(see)i
8447 (Section)f(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)h(page)f(38\))g(of)g(a)g(simple)f
8448 (command)g(is)h(its)150 1846 y(exit)38 b(status)f(as)g(pro)m(vided)f(b)
8449 m(y)h(the)g Fm(posix)f Fu(1003.1)j Ft(waitpid)c Fu(function,)j(or)f
8450 (128)p Ft(+)p Fr(n)g Fu(if)g(the)g(command)150 1956 y(w)m(as)31
8451 b(terminated)g(b)m(y)f(signal)h Fr(n)p Fu(.)150 2157
8452 y Fk(3.2.2)63 b(Pip)s(elines)150 2304 y Fu(A)35 b Ft(pipeline)e
8453 Fu(is)j(a)f(sequence)h(of)f(simple)g(commands)g(separated)h(b)m(y)f
8454 (one)g(of)h(the)f(con)m(trol)i(op)s(erators)150 2413
8455 y(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(')31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu('.)275 2550
8456 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)f(is)390 2686
8457 y Ft([time)46 b([-p]])h([!])g Fj(command1)e Ft([)j(|)f(or)g(|&)g
8458 Fj(command2)f Ft(])h(...)150 2822 y Fu(The)25 b(output)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g
8459 (command)f(in)f(the)i(pip)s(eline)e(is)i(connected)g(via)f(a)h(pip)s(e)
8460 e(to)i(the)f(input)f(of)h(the)h(next)150 2932 y(command.)40
8461 b(That)29 b(is,)h(eac)m(h)h(command)e(reads)g(the)h(previous)f
8462 (command's)g(output.)40 b(This)29 b(connection)150 3041
8463 y(is)h(p)s(erformed)f(b)s(efore)h(an)m(y)h(redirections)g(sp)s
8464 (eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(command.)275 3178 y(If)k(`)p
8465 Ft(|&)p Fu(')h(is)f(used,)i Fr(command1)7 b Fu('s)35
8466 b(standard)f(error,)i(in)e(addition)h(to)h(its)f(standard)f(output,)i
8467 (is)e(con-)150 3287 y(nected)h(to)g Fr(command2)7 b Fu('s)35
8468 b(standard)f(input)f(through)h(the)g(pip)s(e;)i(it)f(is)g(shorthand)e
8469 (for)h Ft(2>&1)29 b(|)p Fu(.)53 b(This)150 3397 y(implicit)41
8470 b(redirection)f(of)g(the)g(standard)f(error)g(to)h(the)g(standard)f
8471 (output)g(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(after)j(an)m(y)150 3506
8472 y(redirections)31 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(command.)275
8473 3643 y(The)36 b(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)g Ft(time)g Fu(causes)h(timing)g
8474 (statistics)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(prin)m(ted)g(for)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f(once)
8475 h(it)150 3752 y(\014nishes.)51 b(The)34 b(statistics)i(curren)m(tly)e
8476 (consist)h(of)f(elapsed)h(\(w)m(all-clo)s(c)m(k\))i(time)e(and)f(user)f
8477 (and)h(system)150 3862 y(time)e(consumed)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(command's)g
8478 (execution.)44 b(The)31 b Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(c)m(hanges)g(the)f
8479 (output)g(format)g(to)150 3971 y(that)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h
8480 Fm(posix)p Fu(.)49 b(When)33 b(the)g(shell)g(is)h(in)e
8481 Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)g([Bash)g(POSIX)150
8482 4081 y(Mo)s(de],)40 b(page)f(94\),)i(it)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(recognize)i
8483 Ft(time)c Fu(as)i(a)g(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)f(if)h(the)g(next)g(tok)m
8484 (en)g(b)s(egins)150 4191 y(with)33 b(a)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)49
8485 b(The)33 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(set)
8486 g(to)h(a)g(format)f(string)g(that)h(sp)s(eci\014es)f(ho)m(w)g(the)150
8487 4300 y(timing)38 b(information)g(should)e(b)s(e)h(displa)m(y)m(ed.)62
8488 b(See)38 b(Section)g(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)41
8489 b(page)d(69,)i(for)e(a)150 4410 y(description)27 b(of)g(the)h(a)m(v)-5
8490 b(ailable)29 b(formats.)40 b(The)26 b(use)h(of)g Ft(time)f
8491 Fu(as)i(a)f(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)g(p)s(ermits)f(the)h(timing)150
8492 4519 y(of)38 b(shell)g(builtins,)i(shell)e(functions,)i(and)d(pip)s
8493 (elines.)63 b(An)38 b(external)h Ft(time)e Fu(command)h(cannot)g(time)
8494 150 4629 y(these)31 b(easily)-8 b(.)275 4765 y(When)29
8495 b(the)h(shell)h(is)f(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(see)h(Section)f
8496 (6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(94\),)g Ft(time)150
8497 4875 y Fu(ma)m(y)26 b(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)d(a)h(newline.)39
8498 b(In)25 b(this)h(case,)i(the)d(shell)h(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(total)h
8499 (user)e(and)g(system)h(time)150 4984 y(consumed)33 b(b)m(y)h(the)h
8500 (shell)f(and)f(its)i(c)m(hildren.)51 b(The)34 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)d
8501 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(sp)s(ecify)150
8502 5094 y(the)c(format)f(of)h(the)f(time)h(information.)275
8503 5230 y(If)24 b(the)h(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(not)g(executed)h(async)m
8504 (hronously)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.3)h([Lists],)g(page)e(9\),)i(the)f
8505 (shell)150 5340 y(w)m(aits)31 b(for)f(all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)g(pip)s
8506 (eline)g(to)h(complete.)p eop end
8507 %%Page: 9 15
8508 TeXDict begin 9 14 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8509 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(9)275 299
8510 y(Eac)m(h)25 b(command)g(in)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(executed)h(in)f
8511 (its)g(o)m(wn)h(subshell)e(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)150
8512 408 y(Execution)36 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)i(page)e(36\).)58
8513 b(The)36 b(exit)g(status)g(of)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(is)f(the)h(exit)h
8514 (status)f(of)g(the)150 518 y(last)27 b(command)f(in)f(the)i(pip)s
8515 (eline,)f(unless)g(the)g Ft(pipefail)e Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled)g
8516 (\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.1)h([The)150 628 y(Set)34 b(Builtin],)j(page)e
8517 (58\).)53 b(If)34 b Ft(pipefail)e Fu(is)i(enabled,)h(the)g(pip)s
8518 (eline's)f(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)35
8519 b(of)150 737 y(the)d(last)h(\(righ)m(tmost\))h(command)e(to)h(exit)g
8520 (with)e(a)i(non-zero)f(status,)h(or)f(zero)h(if)f(all)h(commands)f
8521 (exit)150 847 y(successfully)-8 b(.)67 b(If)38 b(the)h(reserv)m(ed)g(w)
8522 m(ord)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')g(precedes)g(the)g(pip)s(eline,)h(the)g(exit)f
8523 (status)g(is)g(the)g(logical)150 956 y(negation)h(of)f(the)f(exit)i
8524 (status)f(as)f(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)66 b(The)38
8525 b(shell)h(w)m(aits)h(for)e(all)h(commands)g(in)f(the)150
8526 1066 y(pip)s(eline)30 b(to)h(terminate)g(b)s(efore)f(returning)g(a)h(v)
8527 -5 b(alue.)150 1262 y Fk(3.2.3)63 b(Lists)41 b(of)h(Commands)150
8528 1409 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(list)e Fu(is)i(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)f(more)
8529 h(pip)s(elines)f(separated)h(b)m(y)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(op)s(erators)g(`)
8530 p Ft(;)p Fu(',)i(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)150 1518 y(`)p Ft(&&)p
8531 Fu(',)31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)g(and)g(optionally)i(terminated)f(b)m
8532 (y)f(one)h(of)f(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)g(or)f(a)h
8533 Ft(newline)p Fu(.)275 1651 y(Of)23 b(these)h(list)g(op)s(erators,)i(`)p
8534 Ft(&&)p Fu(')d(and)g(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(')h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(equal)f
8535 (precedence,)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p
8536 Ft(&)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)150 1761 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(equal)e(precedence.)
8537 275 1893 y(A)f(sequence)h(of)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(newlines)f(ma)m(y)h
8538 (app)s(ear)f(in)h(a)g Ft(list)e Fu(to)j(delimit)f(commands,)g(equiv-)
8539 150 2003 y(alen)m(t)i(to)f(a)g(semicolon.)275 2136 y(If)c(a)h(command)f
8540 (is)h(terminated)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator)f(`)p
8541 Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(the)e(shell)h(executes)h(the)f(command)150
8542 2245 y(async)m(hronously)g(in)h(a)g(subshell.)39 b(This)28
8543 b(is)h(kno)m(wn)f(as)h(executing)h(the)f(command)g(in)f(the)h
8544 Fr(bac)m(kground)p Fu(.)150 2355 y(The)f(shell)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(w)m
8545 (ait)g(for)f(the)h(command)f(to)i(\014nish,)d(and)h(the)h(return)e
8546 (status)i(is)g(0)g(\(true\).)40 b(When)150 2464 y(job)g(con)m(trol)h
8547 (is)g(not)f(activ)m(e)i(\(see)f(Chapter)f(7)h([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)j
8548 (page)e(97\),)j(the)d(standard)e(input)g(for)150 2574
8549 y(async)m(hronous)k(commands,)k(in)d(the)f(absence)i(of)f(an)m(y)g
8550 (explicit)h(redirections,)j(is)43 b(redirected)h(from)150
8551 2684 y Ft(/dev/null)p Fu(.)275 2816 y(Commands)19 b(separated)j(b)m(y)f
8552 (a)g(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(are)h(executed)g(sequen)m(tially;)k(the)21
8553 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)h(for)f(eac)m(h)h(command)150 2926
8554 y(to)31 b(terminate)h(in)e(turn.)39 b(The)30 b(return)f(status)i(is)f
8555 (the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)f(last)h(command)f(executed.)275
8556 3059 y Fm(and)g Fu(and)h Fm(or)g Fu(lists)h(are)g(sequences)f(of)h(one)
8557 g(or)f(more)h(pip)s(elines)e(separated)i(b)m(y)g(the)f(con)m(trol)i(op)
8558 s(er-)150 3168 y(ators)e(`)p Ft(&&)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
8559 Ft(||)p Fu(',)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)42 b Fm(and)30
8560 b Fu(and)f Fm(or)h Fu(lists)h(are)g(executed)g(with)f(left)h(asso)s
8561 (ciativit)m(y)-8 b(.)275 3301 y(An)30 b Fm(and)f Fu(list)i(has)f(the)h
8562 (form)390 3434 y Fj(command1)46 b Ft(&&)h Fj(command2)150
8563 3566 y Fr(command2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(executed)i(if,)e(and)g(only)g(if,)h
8564 Fr(command1)38 b Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)h(status)g(of)g(zero.)275
8565 3699 y(An)f Fm(or)f Fu(list)i(has)f(the)h(form)390 3832
8566 y Fj(command1)46 b Ft(||)h Fj(command2)150 3965 y Fr(command2)38
8567 b Fu(is)30 b(executed)i(if,)e(and)g(only)g(if,)h Fr(command1)38
8568 b Fu(returns)29 b(a)i(non-zero)g(exit)g(status.)275 4097
8569 y(The)h(return)g(status)i(of)f Fm(and)f Fu(and)h Fm(or)f
8570 Fu(lists)i(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f
8571 (executed)150 4207 y(in)d(the)h(list.)150 4403 y Fk(3.2.4)63
8572 b(Comp)s(ound)42 b(Commands)150 4550 y Fu(Comp)s(ound)32
8573 b(commands)j(are)g(the)g(shell)g(programming)f(constructs.)54
8574 b(Eac)m(h)35 b(construct)g(b)s(egins)f(with)150 4659
8575 y(a)k(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)h(or)f(con)m(trol)i(op)s(erator)f(and)f(is)
8576 g(terminated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(corresp)s(onding)f(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)150
8577 4769 y(or)44 b(op)s(erator.)81 b(An)m(y)44 b(redirections)g(\(see)h
8578 (Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)j(page)d(31\))g(asso)s(ciated)g(with)
8579 150 4878 y(a)g(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(apply)f(to)h(all)h(commands)e
8580 (within)g(that)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(unless)150 4988
8581 y(explicitly)32 b(o)m(v)m(erridden.)275 5121 y(In)20
8582 b(most)h(cases)g(a)g(list)h(of)f(commands)f(in)g(a)h(comp)s(ound)f
8583 (command's)g(description)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(separated)150
8584 5230 y(from)30 b(the)h(rest)g(of)g(the)g(command)g(b)m(y)f(one)h(or)g
8585 (more)g(newlines,)g(and)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(a)g
8586 (newline)150 5340 y(in)f(place)h(of)g(a)g(semicolon.)p
8587 eop end
8588 %%Page: 10 16
8589 TeXDict begin 10 15 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8590 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(10)275 299
8591 y(Bash)45 b(pro)m(vides)h(lo)s(oping)g(constructs,)j(conditional)e
8592 (commands,)j(and)44 b(mec)m(hanisms)i(to)g(group)150
8593 408 y(commands)30 b(and)g(execute)i(them)e(as)g(a)h(unit.)150
8594 609 y Fk(3.2.4.1)63 b(Lo)s(oping)43 b(Constructs)150
8595 756 y Fu(Bash)31 b(supp)s(orts)d(the)j(follo)m(wing)g(lo)s(oping)g
8596 (constructs.)275 891 y(Note)k(that)f(wherev)m(er)g(a)g(`)p
8597 Ft(;)p Fu(')g(app)s(ears)f(in)h(the)g(description)g(of)g(a)g(command's)
8598 g(syn)m(tax,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 1001 y(replaced)c(with)f(one)h
8599 (or)f(more)g(newlines.)150 1162 y Ft(until)240 b Fu(The)30
8600 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(until)e Fu(command)h(is:)870
8601 1297 y Ft(until)46 b Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)e(do)j Fj
8602 (consequent-commands)p Ft(;)c(done)630 1432 y Fu(Execute)f
8603 Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46
8604 b Fu(has)41 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 1542 y(whic)m(h)c(is)h(not)g
8605 (zero.)67 b(The)38 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)g
8606 (the)g(last)g(command)630 1651 y(executed)31 b(in)f Fr(consequen)m
8607 (t-commands)p Fu(,)i(or)e(zero)h(if)g(none)f(w)m(as)h(executed.)150
8608 1812 y Ft(while)240 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
8609 Ft(while)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 1947 y Ft(while)46 b
8610 Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)e(do)j Fj(consequent-commands)p
8611 Ft(;)c(done)630 2082 y Fu(Execute)f Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k
8612 Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46 b Fu(has)41
8613 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 2192 y(of)34 b(zero.)53 b(The)34
8614 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h
8615 (command)f(executed)h(in)630 2301 y Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)p
8616 Fu(,)c(or)g(zero)g(if)f(none)g(w)m(as)h(executed.)150
8617 2462 y Ft(for)336 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
8618 Ft(for)e Fu(command)i(is:)870 2597 y Ft(for)47 b Fj(name)g
8619 Ft([)g([in)g([)p Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(])i(])f(;)h(])f(do)g
8620 Fj(commands)p Ft(;)e(done)630 2732 y Fu(Expand)31 b Fr(w)m(ords)p
8621 Fu(,)j(and)e(execute)i Fr(commands)i Fu(once)d(for)g(eac)m(h)h(mem)m(b)
8622 s(er)e(in)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)630 2841 y(list,)d(with)f
8623 Fr(name)34 b Fu(b)s(ound)27 b(to)i(the)h(curren)m(t)e(mem)m(b)s(er.)40
8624 b(If)28 b(`)p Ft(in)i Fj(words)p Fu(')e(is)h(not)g(presen)m(t,)h(the)
8625 630 2951 y Ft(for)f Fu(command)g(executes)i(the)e Fr(commands)k
8626 Fu(once)d(for)f(eac)m(h)i(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)g(that)630
8627 3060 y(is)d(set,)h(as)f(if)g(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')c(had)g(b)s(een)g
8628 (sp)s(eci\014ed)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.4.2)i([Sp)s(ecial)e(P)m
8629 (arameters],)630 3170 y(page)c(20\).)39 b(The)21 b(return)g(status)h
8630 (is)g(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)g(command)g(that)g
8631 (executes.)630 3280 y(If)i(there)h(are)h(no)e(items)i(in)e(the)h
8632 (expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(,)h(no)f(commands)f(are)h(executed,)
8633 j(and)630 3389 y(the)j(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero.)630
8634 3524 y(An)g(alternate)i(form)e(of)h(the)f Ft(for)g Fu(command)g(is)g
8635 (also)h(supp)s(orted:)870 3659 y Ft(for)47 b(\(\()g Fj(expr1)f
8636 Ft(;)i Fj(expr2)e Ft(;)i Fj(expr3)e Ft(\)\))h(;)h(do)f
8637 Fj(commands)e Ft(;)j(done)630 3794 y Fu(First,)38 b(the)f(arithmetic)h
8638 (expression)e Fr(expr1)43 b Fu(is)36 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)38
8639 b(according)f(to)g(the)g(rules)f(de-)630 3904 y(scrib)s(ed)41
8640 b(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)g([Shell)g(Arithmetic],)j(page)d
8641 (87\).)77 b(The)42 b(arithmetic)630 4014 y(expression)33
8642 b Fr(expr2)41 b Fu(is)34 b(then)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35
8643 b(rep)s(eatedly)f(un)m(til)g(it)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)35
8644 b(to)g(zero.)51 b(Eac)m(h)630 4123 y(time)23 b Fr(expr2)30
8645 b Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)e(a)g(non-zero)h(v)-5 b(alue,)25
8646 b Fr(commands)h Fu(are)d(executed)g(and)g(the)g(arith-)630
8647 4233 y(metic)29 b(expression)f Fr(expr3)36 b Fu(is)28
8648 b(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)g(omitted,)i
8649 (it)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)630 4342 y(if)i(it)h(ev)-5
8650 b(aluates)32 b(to)g(1.)44 b(The)30 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)32
8651 b(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f(in)630
8652 4452 y Fr(commands)j Fu(that)d(is)f(executed,)i(or)e(false)h(if)f(an)m
8653 (y)h(of)g(the)f(expressions)g(is)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid.)275
8654 4613 y(The)26 b Ft(break)g Fu(and)h Ft(continue)e Fu(builtins)i(\(see)h
8655 (Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(41\))g(ma)m(y)
8656 150 4723 y(b)s(e)i(used)f(to)i(con)m(trol)h(lo)s(op)f(execution.)150
8657 4923 y Fk(3.2.4.2)63 b(Conditional)42 b(Constructs)150
8658 5095 y Ft(if)384 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
8659 Ft(if)f Fu(command)g(is:)870 5230 y Ft(if)47 b Fj(test-commands)p
8660 Ft(;)d(then)965 5340 y Fj(consequent-commands)p Ft(;)p
8661 eop end
8662 %%Page: 11 17
8663 TeXDict begin 11 16 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8664 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(11)870 299
8665 y Ft([elif)46 b Fj(more-test-commands)p Ft(;)d(then)965
8666 408 y Fj(more-consequents)p Ft(;])870 518 y([else)j Fj
8667 (alternate-consequents)p Ft(;])870 628 y(fi)630 757 y
8668 Fu(The)53 b Fr(test-commands)58 b Fu(list)c(is)g(executed,)60
8669 b(and)53 b(if)g(its)h(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero,)61
8670 b(the)630 867 y Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)44 b Fu(list)d(is)f
8671 (executed.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(test-commands)k Fu(returns)39
8672 b(a)h(non-zero)630 976 y(status,)45 b(eac)m(h)e Ft(elif)d
8673 Fu(list)i(is)g(executed)h(in)e(turn,)j(and)d(if)g(its)h(exit)h(status)f
8674 (is)f(zero,)46 b(the)630 1086 y(corresp)s(onding)37 b
8675 Fr(more-consequen)m(ts)42 b Fu(is)c(executed)g(and)f(the)h(command)g
8676 (completes.)63 b(If)630 1196 y(`)p Ft(else)29 b Fj
8677 (alternate-consequents)p Fu(')c(is)30 b(presen)m(t,)h(and)f(the)g
8678 (\014nal)g(command)g(in)g(the)g(\014nal)630 1305 y Ft(if)44
8679 b Fu(or)g Ft(elif)f Fu(clause)i(has)f(a)h(non-zero)g(exit)g(status,)j
8680 (then)c Fr(alternate-consequen)m(ts)51 b Fu(is)630 1415
8681 y(executed.)k(The)34 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)
8682 g(the)g(last)g(command)g(executed,)630 1524 y(or)30 b(zero)i(if)e(no)g
8683 (condition)h(tested)g(true.)150 1674 y Ft(case)288 b
8684 Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(case)e Fu(command)h(is:)870
8685 1803 y Ft(case)47 b Fj(word)f Ft(in)h([)h([\(])f Fj(pattern)f
8686 Ft([|)h Fj(pattern)p Ft(]...)m(\))g Fj(command-list)e
8687 Ft(;;]...)h(esac)630 1933 y(case)20 b Fu(will)i(selectiv)m(ely)j
8688 (execute)e(the)e Fr(command-list)k Fu(corresp)s(onding)20
8689 b(to)i(the)g(\014rst)f Fr(pattern)630 2042 y Fu(that)42
8690 b(matc)m(hes)g Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)73 b(If)41 b(the)g(shell)g(option)h
8691 Ft(nocasematch)c Fu(\(see)k(the)g(description)f(of)630
8692 2152 y Ft(shopt)34 b Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f
8693 (Builtin],)k(page)e(62\))g(is)g(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m(h)g(is)630
8694 2262 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(without)i(regard)g(to)g(the)g(case)h(of)f
8695 (alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters.)44 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(|)p
8696 Fu(')h(is)g(used)630 2371 y(to)e(separate)g(m)m(ultiple)g(patterns,)g
8697 (and)e(the)i(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(')f(op)s(erator)g(terminates)h(a)g(pattern)
8698 f(list.)41 b(A)630 2481 y(list)31 b(of)g(patterns)f(and)g(an)g(asso)s
8699 (ciated)i(command-list)f(is)f(kno)m(wn)g(as)h(a)g Fr(clause)p
8700 Fu(.)630 2610 y(Eac)m(h)42 b(clause)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(terminated)h
8701 (with)e(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(',)45 b(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)f(or)d(`)p
8702 Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)73 b(The)41 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(under-)630
8703 2720 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g(expansion,)g
8704 (command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)630 2829 y(expansion,)47
8705 b(and)d(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)45 b(b)s(efore)f(matc)m(hing)h(is)f
8706 (attempted.)82 b(Eac)m(h)45 b Fr(pattern)630 2939 y Fu(undergo)s(es)38
8707 b(tilde)h(expansion,)i(parameter)e(expansion,)i(command)d
8708 (substitution,)j(and)630 3049 y(arithmetic)32 b(expansion.)630
8709 3178 y(There)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(an)h(arbitrary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
8710 Ft(case)f Fu(clauses,)i(eac)m(h)g(terminated)g(b)m(y)e(a)i(`)p
8711 Ft(;;)p Fu(',)630 3288 y(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)c(or)e(`)p
8712 Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)39 b(The)25 b(\014rst)g(pattern)h(that)g(matc)m(hes)h
8713 (determines)e(the)h(command-list)g(that)630 3397 y(is)35
8714 b(executed.)55 b(It's)35 b(a)g(common)g(idiom)g(to)g(use)g(`)p
8715 Ft(*)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014nal)f(pattern)h(to)h(de\014ne)e(the)630
8716 3507 y(default)d(case,)g(since)g(that)g(pattern)f(will)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h
8717 (matc)m(h.)630 3636 y(Here)j(is)g(an)g(example)h(using)e
8718 Ft(case)g Fu(in)g(a)h(script)g(that)h(could)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h
8719 (describ)s(e)g(one)630 3746 y(in)m(teresting)d(feature)f(of)f(an)g
8720 (animal:)870 3875 y Ft(echo)47 b(-n)g("Enter)f(the)h(name)f(of)i(an)f
8721 (animal:)f(")870 3985 y(read)h(ANIMAL)870 4095 y(echo)g(-n)g("The)f
8722 ($ANIMAL)g(has)h(")870 4204 y(case)g($ANIMAL)e(in)965
8723 4314 y(horse)i(|)g(dog)g(|)h(cat\))e(echo)h(-n)g("four";;)965
8724 4423 y(man)g(|)h(kangaroo)d(\))j(echo)e(-n)i("two";;)965
8725 4533 y(*\))g(echo)e(-n)h("an)g(unknown)f(number)g(of";;)870
8726 4643 y(esac)870 4752 y(echo)h(")g(legs.")630 4902 y Fu(If)25
8727 b(the)h(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(used,)g(no)g(subsequen)m
8728 (t)f(matc)m(hes)i(are)f(attempted)h(after)g(the)f(\014rst)630
8729 5011 y(pattern)g(matc)m(h.)40 b(Using)26 b(`)p Ft(;&)p
8730 Fu(')f(in)h(place)g(of)g(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(causes)g(execution)h(to)f
8731 (con)m(tin)m(ue)h(with)f(the)630 5121 y Fr(command-list)39
8732 b Fu(asso)s(ciated)f(with)e(the)g(next)g(clause,)j(if)d(an)m(y)-8
8733 b(.)59 b(Using)37 b(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(')f(in)g(place)h(of)630
8734 5230 y(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')30 b(causes)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g(test)h(the)f
8735 (patterns)g(in)f(the)h(next)g(clause,)h(if)e(an)m(y)-8
8736 b(,)31 b(and)f(execute)630 5340 y(an)m(y)h(asso)s(ciated)h
8737 Fr(command-list)h Fu(on)d(a)h(successful)f(matc)m(h.)p
8738 eop end
8739 %%Page: 12 18
8740 TeXDict begin 12 17 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8741 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(12)630 299
8742 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(no)g Fr(pattern)g
8743 Fu(is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)g(return)e(status)630
8744 408 y(is)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h Fr(command-list)i
8745 Fu(executed.)150 564 y Ft(select)630 697 y Fu(The)g Ft(select)f
8746 Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(easy)g(generation)h(of)e(men)m(us.)50
8747 b(It)34 b(has)f(almost)i(the)630 806 y(same)c(syn)m(tax)g(as)f(the)h
8748 Ft(for)e Fu(command:)870 939 y Ft(select)46 b Fj(name)h
8749 Ft([in)g Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(];)h(do)h Fj(commands)p
8750 Ft(;)d(done)630 1072 y Fu(The)25 b(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(follo)m(wing)
8751 i Ft(in)d Fu(is)h(expanded,)h(generating)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(items.)39
8752 b(The)25 b(set)h(of)630 1181 y(expanded)i(w)m(ords)h(is)g(prin)m(ted)f
8753 (on)h(the)g(standard)f(error)h(output)f(stream,)i(eac)m(h)g(preceded)
8754 630 1291 y(b)m(y)21 b(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)37 b(If)20
8755 b(the)i(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p Fu(')20 b(is)h(omitted,)j(the)d(p)s
8756 (ositional)h(parameters)g(are)f(prin)m(ted,)630 1401
8757 y(as)28 b(if)f(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')d(had)f(b)s(een)h(sp)s
8758 (eci\014ed.)39 b(The)27 b Ft(PS3)g Fu(prompt)f(is)i(then)f(displa)m(y)m
8759 (ed)h(and)f(a)h(line)630 1510 y(is)h(read)f(from)h(the)f(standard)g
8760 (input.)39 b(If)29 b(the)g(line)g(consists)g(of)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
8761 (corresp)s(onding)630 1620 y(to)36 b(one)f(of)h(the)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h
8762 (w)m(ords,)g(then)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)f Fr(name)40
8763 b Fu(is)35 b(set)h(to)g(that)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(If)630 1729
8764 y(the)37 b(line)h(is)f(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)39 b(the)e(w)m(ords)g(and)f
8765 (prompt)g(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(again.)62 b(If)37 b
8766 Ft(EOF)f Fu(is)h(read,)630 1839 y(the)c Ft(select)e Fu(command)i
8767 (completes.)50 b(An)m(y)33 b(other)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(read)g(causes)g
8768 Fr(name)38 b Fu(to)c(b)s(e)e(set)630 1948 y(to)f(n)m(ull.)41
8769 b(The)30 b(line)g(read)h(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)g(the)f(v)-5
8770 b(ariable)31 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)630 2081 y(The)42 b Fr(commands)j
8771 Fu(are)d(executed)h(after)g(eac)m(h)g(selection)h(un)m(til)e(a)h
8772 Ft(break)d Fu(command)i(is)630 2191 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p)
8773 s(oin)m(t)g(the)h Ft(select)d Fu(command)i(completes.)630
8774 2323 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f
8775 (to)i(pic)m(k)f(a)g(\014lename)h(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)630
8776 2433 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f
8777 (index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 2566 y Ft(select)46
8778 b(fname)g(in)i(*;)870 2675 y(do)870 2785 y(echo)f(you)g(picked)f
8779 ($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870 2894 y(break;)870 3004 y(done)150
8780 3160 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870 3292 y(\(\()h Fj(expression)e
8781 Ft(\)\))630 3425 y Fu(The)33 b(arithmetic)i Fr(expression)f
8782 Fu(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(according)g(to)f(the)g(rules)f(describ)s
8783 (ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630 3535 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f
8784 (Arithmetic],)i(page)f(87\).)55 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5
8785 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630 3644 y(non-zero,)27
8786 b(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)g(0;)h(otherwise)f(the)g(return)e(status)i
8787 (is)g(1.)39 b(This)25 b(is)g(exactly)630 3754 y(equiv)-5
8788 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 3886 y Ft(let)47 b(")p Fj(expression)p
8789 Ft(")630 4019 y Fu(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f
8790 (48,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g(the)h Ft(let)e
8791 Fu(builtin.)150 4175 y Ft([[...)o(]])870 4308 y([[)47
8792 b Fj(expression)e Ft(]])630 4440 y Fu(Return)25 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g
8793 (or)g(1)g(dep)s(ending)e(on)h(the)h(ev)-5 b(aluation)27
8794 b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630 4550 y(sion)j
8795 Fr(expression)p Fu(.)41 b(Expressions)29 b(are)i(comp)s(osed)f(of)g
8796 (the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630
8797 4659 y(Section)36 b(6.4)h([Bash)f(Conditional)g(Expressions],)h(page)f
8798 (85.)57 b(W)-8 b(ord)36 b(splitting)h(and)e(\014le-)630
8799 4769 y(name)d(expansion)g(are)h(not)g(p)s(erformed)d(on)j(the)f(w)m
8800 (ords)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(and)f Ft(]])p
8801 Fu(;)i(tilde)630 4879 y(expansion,)e(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5
8802 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(command)630
8803 4988 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f(substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h
8804 (remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s(erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630
8805 5098 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g(as)h(`)p
8806 Ft(-f)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j
8807 (as)f(primaries.)630 5230 y(When)k(used)f(with)h Ft([[)p
8808 Fu(,)h(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)g
8809 (sort)g(lexicographically)j(using)d(the)630 5340 y(curren)m(t)30
8810 b(lo)s(cale.)p eop end
8811 %%Page: 13 19
8812 TeXDict begin 13 18 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8813 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(13)630 299
8814 y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(!=)p
8815 Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g(the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e(righ)m(t)
8816 h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630 408 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h(pattern)f
8817 (and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s
8818 (elo)m(w)h(in)630 518 y(Section)d(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m
8819 (hing],)h(page)f(30,)g(as)f(if)g(the)g Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)g
8820 (w)m(ere)630 628 y(enabled.)46 b(The)31 b(`)p Ft(=)p
8821 Fu(')h(op)s(erator)h(is)f(iden)m(tical)h(to)g(`)p Ft(==)p
8822 Fu('.)46 b(If)31 b(the)h(shell)h(option)f Ft(nocasematch)630
8823 737 y Fu(\(see)42 b(the)f(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)d
8824 Fu(in)i(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)45
8825 b(page)d(62\))630 847 y(is)e(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s
8826 (erformed)g(without)g(regard)h(to)h(the)f(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)630
8827 956 y(c)m(haracters.)h(The)28 b(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)28
8828 b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(\(`)p Ft(==)p
8829 Fu('\))f(or)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(matc)m(h)630 1066 y(\(`)p
8830 Ft(!=)p Fu('\)the)33 b(pattern,)g(and)f(1)g(otherwise.)47
8831 b(An)m(y)32 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(pattern)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)g(to)
8832 630 1176 y(force)f(the)g(quoted)f(p)s(ortion)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)
8833 h(as)g(a)f(string.)630 1316 y(An)j(additional)i(binary)e(op)s(erator,)i
8834 (`)p Ft(=~)p Fu(',)g(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)37 b(with)c(the)h(same)g
8835 (precedence)h(as)630 1426 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')29 b(and)f(`)p
8836 Ft(!=)p Fu('.)40 b(When)29 b(it)g(is)g(used,)f(the)h(string)g(to)h(the)
8837 e(righ)m(t)i(of)f(the)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(consid-)630
8838 1536 y(ered)34 b(an)g(extended)g(regular)g(expression)g(and)f(matc)m
8839 (hed)i(accordingly)g(\(as)f(in)g Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(gex)11
8840 b Fu(3\)\).)630 1645 y(The)29 b(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)30
8841 b(is)g(0)g(if)f(the)h(string)g(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern,)g(and)f(1)h
8842 (otherwise.)41 b(If)29 b(the)630 1755 y(regular)e(expression)g(is)h
8843 (syn)m(tactically)i(incorrect,)f(the)e(conditional)i(expression's)e
8844 (return)630 1864 y(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(2.)68 b(If)39
8845 b(the)h(shell)f(option)h Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(\(see)j(the)g(description)
8846 g(of)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)630 1974 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
8847 (Builtin],)i(page)g(62\))g(is)f(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s
8848 (erformed)630 2084 y(without)36 b(regard)g(to)h(the)f(case)h(of)f
8849 (alphab)s(etic)h(c)m(haracters.)59 b(An)m(y)36 b(part)g(of)h(the)f
8850 (pattern)630 2193 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(force)g(the)g
8851 (quoted)g(p)s(ortion)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)g(a)g(string.)41
8852 b(Brac)m(k)m(et)630 2303 y(expressions)27 b(in)f(regular)i(expressions)
8853 e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(treated)h(carefully)-8 b(,)29 b(since)e(normal)g
8854 (quot-)630 2412 y(ing)38 b(c)m(haracters)h(lose)f(their)g(meanings)f(b)
8855 s(et)m(w)m(een)h(brac)m(k)m(ets.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(pattern)f(is)h
8856 (stored)630 2522 y(in)33 b(a)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35
8857 b(quoting)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(expansion)e(forces)i(the)f(en)m
8858 (tire)g(pattern)g(to)630 2632 y(b)s(e)h(matc)m(hed)i(as)f(a)g(string.)
8859 56 b(Substrings)34 b(matc)m(hed)j(b)m(y)f(paren)m(thesized)g(sub)s
8860 (expressions)630 2741 y(within)k(the)g(regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa)
8861 m(v)m(ed)i(in)d(the)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b
8862 Ft(BASH_REMATCH)p Fu(.)630 2851 y(The)30 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)e
8863 Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)j(index)g(0)h(is)g(the)f(p)s(ortion)g(of)h
8864 (the)f(string)h(matc)m(h-)630 2960 y(ing)j(the)g(en)m(tire)g(regular)g
8865 (expression.)50 b(The)34 b(elemen)m(t)h(of)f Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c
8866 Fu(with)j(index)g Fr(n)630 3070 y Fu(is)d(the)h(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h
8867 (string)f(matc)m(hing)i(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s
8868 (expression.)630 3211 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(the)e(follo)m(wing)i
8869 (will)e(matc)m(h)h(a)g(line)f(\(stored)h(in)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5
8870 b(ariable)28 b Fr(line)5 b Fu(\))28 b(if)630 3320 y(there)22
8871 b(is)g(a)h(sequence)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)g(v)-5
8872 b(alue)23 b(consisting)g(of)f(an)m(y)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(including)630
8873 3430 y(zero,)31 b(of)g(space)g(c)m(haracters,)h(zero)f(or)g(one)f
8874 (instances)h(of)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)f(then)g(a)h(`)p Ft(b)p
8875 Fu(':)870 3571 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*\(a\)?b)c(]])630
8876 3712 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p
8877 Ft(aab)p Fu(')e(and)h(`)30 b Ft(aaaaaab)p Fu(')22 b(will)i(matc)m(h,)j
8878 (as)d(will)g(a)g(line)g(con)m(taining)630 3821 y(a)31
8879 b(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')f(an)m(ywhere)h(in)f(its)g(v)-5 b(alue.)630
8880 3962 y(Storing)31 b(the)g(regular)g(expression)f(in)h(a)g(shell)g(v)-5
8881 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(often)g(a)g(useful)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid)
8882 630 4072 y(problems)f(with)g(quoting)h(c)m(haracters)i(that)e(are)g(sp)
8883 s(ecial)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)41 b(It)31 b(is)g(sometimes)630
8884 4181 y(di\016cult)24 b(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(regular)g(expression)f
8885 (literally)i(without)f(using)e(quotes,)k(or)d(to)h(k)m(eep)630
8886 4291 y(trac)m(k)33 b(of)g(the)f(quoting)g(used)g(b)m(y)g(regular)g
8887 (expressions)g(while)g(pa)m(ying)h(atten)m(tion)h(to)f(the)630
8888 4401 y(shell's)25 b(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)40 b(Using)25
8889 b(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(to)f(store)g(the)g(pattern)g
8890 (decreases)g(these)630 4510 y(problems.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31
8891 b(example,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
8892 b(to)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)870 4651 y Ft(pattern='[[:space:]]*\(a\))o
8893 (?b')870 4761 y([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g($pattern)e(]])630
8894 4902 y Fu(If)28 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)e(c)m
8895 (haracter)j(that's)e(sp)s(ecial)g(to)g(the)g(regular)f(expression)g
8896 (gram-)630 5011 y(mar,)g(it)g(has)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(remo)m
8897 (v)m(e)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning.)40 b(This)27 b(means)g(that)h(in)g
8898 (the)630 5121 y(pattern)e(`)p Ft(xxx.txt)p Fu(',)g(the)h(`)p
8899 Ft(.)p Fu(')f(matc)m(hes)i(an)m(y)e(c)m(haracter)i(in)e(the)h(string)f
8900 (\(its)h(usual)f(regular)630 5230 y(expression)g(meaning\),)i(but)e(in)
8901 g(the)h(pattern)f(`)p Ft("xxx.txt")p Fu(')f(it)i(can)g(only)f(matc)m(h)
8902 i(a)e(literal)630 5340 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('.)56 b(Shell)35
8903 b(programmers)f(should)h(tak)m(e)i(sp)s(ecial)e(care)i(with)e(bac)m
8904 (kslashes,)i(since)f(bac)m(k-)p eop end
8905 %%Page: 14 20
8906 TeXDict begin 14 19 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8907 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)630 299
8908 y(slashes)27 b(are)g(used)f(b)s(oth)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(and)f
8909 (regular)h(expressions)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)630
8910 408 y(meaning)h(from)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)i(c)m(haracter.)41
8911 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)j(t)m(w)m(o)f(sets)f(of)g(commands)g(are)630
8912 518 y Fl(not)40 b Fu(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t:)870 655 y Ft(pattern='\\.')
8913 870 874 y([[)47 b(.)h(=~)f($pattern)e(]])870 984 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f(\\.)g
8914 (]])870 1203 y([[)g(.)h(=~)f("$pattern")e(]])870 1313
8915 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f('\\.')f(]])630 1450 y Fu(The)28 b(\014rst)h(t)m(w)m(o)h
8916 (matc)m(hes)g(will)f(succeed,)h(but)f(the)g(second)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(will)f
8917 (not,)h(b)s(ecause)f(in)g(the)630 1559 y(second)39 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e
8918 (bac)m(kslash)h(will)f(b)s(e)g(part)g(of)g(the)h(pattern)f(to)h(b)s(e)e
8919 (matc)m(hed.)68 b(In)39 b(the)630 1669 y(\014rst)31 b(t)m(w)m(o)h
8920 (examples,)h(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)g
8921 (meaning)f(from)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(so)g(the)630 1779
8922 y(literal)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')e(matc)m(hes.)42 b(If)28
8923 b(the)i(string)f(in)g(the)g(\014rst)g(examples)g(w)m(ere)h(an)m(ything)
8924 g(other)f(than)630 1888 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)g(sa)m(y)g(`)p
8925 Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)g(w)m(ould)g(not)h(matc)m(h,)h(b)s(ecause)
8926 e(the)g(quoted)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')h(in)e(the)i(pattern)630
8927 1998 y(loses)i(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(of)h(matc)m(hing)g(an)m(y)g
8928 (single)g(c)m(haracter.)630 2135 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e
8929 (com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f
8930 (in)f(decreasing)630 2244 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630
8931 2409 y Ft(\()g Fj(expression)e Ft(\))1110 2519 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v)
8932 -5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(expression)p Fu(.)42 b(This)30
8933 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)1110
8934 2628 y(normal)e(precedence)h(of)g(op)s(erators.)630 2793
8935 y Ft(!)f Fj(expression)1110 2902 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
8936 Fr(expression)g Fu(is)h(false.)630 3067 y Fj(expression1)c
8937 Ft(&&)j Fj(expression2)1110 3177 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g
8938 Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(and)29 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(are)31
8939 b(true.)630 3341 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(||)j Fj(expression2)1110
8940 3451 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expression1)38
8941 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(true.)630
8942 3615 y(The)24 b Ft(&&)h Fu(and)f Ft(||)g Fu(op)s(erators)h(do)g(not)g
8943 (ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b Fr(expression2)32 b Fu(if)25 b(the)g(v)-5
8944 b(alue)25 b(of)g Fr(expression1)630 3725 y Fu(is)30 b(su\016cien)m(t)h
8945 (to)g(determine)g(the)f(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(en)m(tire)
8946 g(conditional)h(expression.)150 3929 y Fk(3.2.4.3)63
8947 b(Grouping)43 b(Commands)150 4076 y Fu(Bash)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(t)m(w)m
8948 (o)h(w)m(a)m(ys)f(to)h(group)e(a)h(list)g(of)g(commands)f(to)i(b)s(e)e
8949 (executed)h(as)g(a)h(unit.)40 b(When)29 b(com-)150 4186
8950 y(mands)h(are)i(group)s(ed,)f(redirections)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(applied)i
8951 (to)g(the)f(en)m(tire)h(command)g(list.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)32
8952 b(example,)150 4296 y(the)f(output)f(of)g(all)h(the)g(commands)f(in)g
8953 (the)h(list)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(redirected)i(to)g(a)g(single)g(stream.)
8954 150 4463 y Ft(\(\))870 4600 y(\()47 b Fj(list)g Ft(\))630
8955 4737 y Fu(Placing)30 b(a)f(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i
8956 (paren)m(theses)e(causes)i(a)f(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)630
8957 4847 y(to)k(b)s(e)e(created)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d
8958 (Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)f(36\),)630 4956
8959 y(and)d(eac)m(h)h(of)g(the)f(commands)g(in)g Fr(list)j
8960 Fu(to)f(b)s(e)d(executed)j(in)e(that)h(subshell.)38 b(Since)28
8961 b(the)f Fr(list)630 5066 y Fu(is)i(executed)g(in)f(a)h(subshell,)g(v)-5
8962 b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)g(remain)f(in)g(e\013ect)j
8963 (after)e(the)630 5175 y(subshell)g(completes.)150 5340
8964 y Ft({})p eop end
8965 %%Page: 15 21
8966 TeXDict begin 15 20 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8967 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(15)870 299
8968 y Ft({)47 b Fj(list)p Ft(;)g(})630 434 y Fu(Placing)30
8969 b(a)g(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(curly)f(braces)g
8970 (causes)h(the)f(list)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed)630 544
8971 y(in)d(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)f(con)m(text.)42 b(No)27
8972 b(subshell)f(is)g(created.)41 b(The)26 b(semicolon)i(\(or)f(newline\))
8973 630 653 y(follo)m(wing)32 b Fr(list)h Fu(is)d(required.)275
8974 815 y(In)44 b(addition)h(to)h(the)f(creation)i(of)e(a)g(subshell,)j
8975 (there)e(is)f(a)g(subtle)g(di\013erence)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(these)150
8976 925 y(t)m(w)m(o)c(constructs)e(due)g(to)g(historical)i(reasons.)67
8977 b(The)39 b(braces)g(are)h Ft(reserved)28 b(words)p Fu(,)40
8978 b(so)g(they)f(m)m(ust)150 1034 y(b)s(e)d(separated)h(from)f(the)g
8979 Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e Ft(blank)p Fu(s)e(or)h(other)h(shell)f(metac)m
8980 (haracters.)62 b(The)36 b(paren)m(theses)h(are)150 1144
8981 y Ft(operators)p Fu(,)23 b(and)h(are)g(recognized)i(as)e(separate)i
8982 (tok)m(ens)f(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(ev)m(en)g(if)f(they)g(are)h(not)f
8983 (separated)150 1254 y(from)30 b(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e(whitespace.)
8984 275 1390 y(The)e(exit)j(status)e(of)h(b)s(oth)f(of)g(these)h
8985 (constructs)g(is)f(the)h(exit)g(status)f(of)h Fr(list)p
8986 Fu(.)150 1591 y Fk(3.2.5)63 b(Copro)s(cesses)150 1738
8987 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(coprocess)c Fu(is)k(a)g(shell)f(command)h(preceded)f(b)m
8988 (y)g(the)h Ft(coproc)d Fu(reserv)m(ed)j(w)m(ord.)59 b(A)36
8989 b(copro)s(cess)h(is)150 1847 y(executed)g(async)m(hronously)g(in)f(a)h
8990 (subshell,)g(as)g(if)g(the)f(command)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(terminated)i
8991 (with)g(the)150 1957 y(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')d(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator,)g
8992 (with)f(a)g(t)m(w)m(o-w)m(a)m(y)i(pip)s(e)d(established)h(b)s(et)m(w)m
8993 (een)h(the)f(executing)h(shell)f(and)f(the)150 2066 y(copro)s(cess.)275
8994 2203 y(The)c(format)i(for)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is:)390
8995 2339 y Ft(coproc)46 b([)p Fj(NAME)p Ft(])g Fj(command)g
8996 Ft([)p Fj(redirections)p Ft(])150 2475 y Fu(This)39 b(creates)j(a)e
8997 (copro)s(cess)h(named)f Fr(NAME)p Fu(.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(NAME)46
8998 b Fu(is)40 b(not)g(supplied,)i(the)e(default)h(name)f(is)150
8999 2584 y Fr(COPR)m(OC)p Fu(.)d Fr(NAME)28 b Fu(m)m(ust)23
9000 b(not)g(b)s(e)e(supplied)h(if)g Fr(command)k Fu(is)d(a)g(simple)f
9001 (command)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.2.1)150 2694 y([Simple)39
9002 b(Commands],)h(page)g(8\);)k(otherwise,)e(it)d(is)g(in)m(terpreted)h
9003 (as)f(the)g(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)h(of)g(the)g(simple)150
9004 2804 y(command.)275 2940 y(When)j(the)i(copro)s(cess)f(is)g(executed,)
9005 48 b(the)43 b(shell)g(creates)i(an)e(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
9006 b(ariable)44 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)150 3049 y([Arra)m(ys],)32
9007 b(page)g(89\))h(named)e Ft(NAME)f Fu(in)h(the)h(con)m(text)h(of)e(the)h
9008 (executing)g(shell.)44 b(The)31 b(standard)f(output)150
9009 3159 y(of)g Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)g(via)g(a)g(pip)s(e)f(to)i
9010 (a)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f(in)g(the)h(executing)h(shell,)f(and)g(that)g
9011 (\014le)150 3269 y(descriptor)i(is)f(assigned)h(to)g
9012 Ft(NAME)p Fu([0].)45 b(The)31 b(standard)g(input)f(of)i
9013 Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)h(via)f(a)g(pip)s(e)150
9014 3378 y(to)39 b(a)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(in)g(the)g(executing)i(shell,)
9015 g(and)e(that)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(is)g(assigned)h(to)g
9016 Ft(NAME)p Fu([1].)150 3488 y(This)31 b(pip)s(e)g(is)h(established)g(b)s
9017 (efore)g(an)m(y)g(redirections)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)i
9018 (command)e(\(see)i(Section)g(3.6)150 3597 y([Redirections],)25
9019 b(page)e(31\).)39 b(The)21 b(\014le)h(descriptors)g(can)g(b)s(e)f
9020 (utilized)i(as)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)f(shell)g(commands)150
9021 3707 y(and)33 b(redirections)g(using)g(standard)f(w)m(ord)h
9022 (expansions.)49 b(The)33 b(\014le)g(descriptors)g(are)g(not)h(a)m(v)-5
9023 b(ailable)35 b(in)150 3817 y(subshells.)275 3953 y(The)27
9024 b(pro)s(cess)h(ID)h(of)f(the)h(shell)f(spa)m(wned)g(to)h(execute)h(the)
9025 e(copro)s(cess)h(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(as)d(the)h(v)-5
9026 b(alue)29 b(of)150 4062 y(the)k(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b Ft(NAME)p
9027 850 4062 28 4 v 39 w Fu(PID.)g(The)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g
9028 (ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(w)m(ait)h(for)e(the)h(copro)s(cess)150
9029 4172 y(to)e(terminate.)275 4308 y(Since)20 b(the)g(copro)s(cess)h(is)g
9030 (created)g(as)g(an)f(async)m(hronous)g(command,)i(the)f
9031 Ft(coproc)d Fu(command)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 4418 y(returns)29
9032 b(success.)41 b(The)30 b(return)f(status)i(of)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is)f
9033 (the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f Fr(command)p Fu(.)150 4619
9034 y Fk(3.2.6)63 b(GNU)41 b(P)m(arallel)150 4765 y Fu(There)30
9035 b(are)h(w)m(a)m(ys)g(to)g(run)f(commands)g(in)g(parallel)h(that)h(are)e
9036 (not)h(built)g(in)m(to)g(Bash.)41 b(GNU)31 b(P)m(arallel)i(is)150
9037 4875 y(a)e(to)s(ol)g(to)g(do)f(just)g(that.)275 5011
9038 y(GNU)e(P)m(arallel,)i(as)e(its)g(name)f(suggests,)j(can)d(b)s(e)g
9039 (used)g(to)h(build)f(and)g(run)f(commands)h(in)h(parallel.)150
9040 5121 y(Y)-8 b(ou)41 b(ma)m(y)g(run)e(the)h(same)h(command)f(with)g
9041 (di\013eren)m(t)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(whether)39 b(they)i(are)g
9042 (\014lenames,)150 5230 y(usernames,)27 b(hostnames,)h(or)e(lines)h
9043 (read)f(from)h(\014les.)39 b(GNU)27 b(P)m(arallel)i(pro)m(vides)d
9044 (shorthand)g(references)150 5340 y(to)38 b(man)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(most)g
9045 (common)g(op)s(erations)g(\(input)f(lines,)j(v)-5 b(arious)38
9046 b(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g(input)e(line,)p eop end
9047 %%Page: 16 22
9048 TeXDict begin 16 21 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9049 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(16)150 299
9050 y(di\013eren)m(t)35 b(w)m(a)m(ys)h(to)f(sp)s(ecify)f(the)h(input)f
9051 (source,)i(and)e(so)h(on\).)54 b(P)m(arallel)36 b(can)f(replace)h
9052 Ft(xargs)d Fu(or)i(feed)150 408 y(commands)30 b(from)g(its)h(input)e
9053 (sources)h(to)i(sev)m(eral)f(di\013eren)m(t)g(instances)g(of)g(Bash.)
9054 275 553 y(F)-8 b(or)33 b(a)g(complete)h(description,)g(refer)e(to)i
9055 (the)f(GNU)g(P)m(arallel)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation.)48 b(A)33
9056 b(few)f(examples)150 663 y(should)d(pro)m(vide)i(a)g(brief)e(in)m(tro)s
9057 (duction)i(to)g(its)g(use.)275 807 y(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)i(it)e(is)
9058 f(easy)h(to)g(replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(to)i(gzip)g(all)g(h)m(tml)g
9059 (\014les)f(in)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)150 917
9060 y(and)30 b(its)h(sub)s(directories:)390 1061 y Ft(find)47
9061 b(.)g(-type)f(f)i(-name)e('*.html')g(-print)g(|)h(parallel)f(gzip)150
9062 1205 y Fu(If)30 b(y)m(ou)h(need)f(to)h(protect)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m
9063 (haracters)g(suc)m(h)g(as)f(newlines)h(in)f(\014le)g(names,)h(use)f
9064 (\014nd's)f Ft(-print0)150 1315 y Fu(option)i(and)f(parallel's)h
9065 Ft(-0)f Fu(option.)275 1460 y(Y)-8 b(ou)34 b(can)g(use)f(P)m(arallel)j
9066 (to)e(mo)m(v)m(e)h(\014les)f(from)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)h
9067 (when)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(\014les)150 1569
9068 y(is)c(to)s(o)i(large)f(to)g(pro)s(cess)f(with)g(one)h
9069 Ft(mv)f Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation:)390 1714 y Ft(ls)47 b(|)h(parallel)d
9070 (mv)i({})h(destdir)275 1858 y Fu(As)28 b(y)m(ou)h(can)g(see,)g(the)g
9071 Fi({})g Fu(is)g(replaced)g(with)f(eac)m(h)i(line)f(read)f(from)g
9072 (standard)g(input.)39 b(While)29 b(using)150 1968 y Ft(ls)g
9073 Fu(will)h(w)m(ork)g(in)f(most)h(instances,)h(it)f(is)g(not)g
9074 (su\016cien)m(t)g(to)h(deal)f(with)f(all)i(\014lenames.)40
9075 b(If)30 b(y)m(ou)g(need)f(to)150 2077 y(accommo)s(date)j(sp)s(ecial)f
9076 (c)m(haracters)h(in)e(\014lenames,)h(y)m(ou)f(can)h(use)390
9077 2222 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-depth)f(1)i(\\!)f(-name)f('.*')h(-print0)f(|)h
9078 (parallel)f(-0)h(mv)g({})g(destdir)150 2366 y Fu(as)31
9079 b(alluded)f(to)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275 2511 y(This)e(will)i(run)e(as)h
9080 (man)m(y)h Ft(mv)e Fu(commands)h(as)h(there)f(are)h(\014les)f(in)h(the)
9081 f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8 b(.)42 b(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(can)150
9082 2620 y(em)m(ulate)h(a)f(parallel)g Ft(xargs)e Fu(b)m(y)h(adding)g(the)h
9083 Ft(-X)f Fu(option:)390 2765 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-depth)f(1)i(\\!)f
9084 (-name)f('.*')h(-print0)f(|)h(parallel)f(-0)h(-X)g(mv)g({})g(destdir)
9085 275 2909 y Fu(GNU)31 b(P)m(arallel)i(can)e(replace)h(certain)g(common)g
9086 (idioms)f(that)g(op)s(erate)h(on)f(lines)g(read)g(from)f(a)i(\014le)150
9087 3019 y(\(in)e(this)h(case,)g(\014lenames)g(listed)g(one)f(p)s(er)g
9088 (line\):)390 3163 y Ft(while)46 b(IFS=)h(read)g(-r)g(x;)g(do)390
9089 3273 y(do-something1)d("$x")j("config-$x")390 3382 y(do-something2)d(<)
9090 k("$x")390 3492 y(done)f(<)g(file)g(|)g(process-output)150
9091 3636 y Fu(with)30 b(a)h(more)f(compact)i(syn)m(tax)f(reminiscen)m(t)g
9092 (of)g(lam)m(b)s(das:)390 3781 y Ft(cat)47 b(list)g(|)g(parallel)f
9093 ("do-something1)d({})48 b(config-{})d(;)i(do-something2)e(<)i({}")g(|)g
9094 (process-output)275 3925 y Fu(P)m(arallel)31 b(pro)m(vides)e(a)h
9095 (built-in)g(mec)m(hanism)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(\014lename)e
9096 (extensions,)i(whic)m(h)e(lends)g(itself)150 4035 y(to)i(batc)m(h)g
9097 (\014le)g(transformations)f(or)g(renaming:)390 4179 y
9098 Ft(ls)47 b(*.gz)g(|)g(parallel)f(-j+0)g("zcat)h({})g(|)g(bzip2)g
9099 (>{.}.bz2)e(&&)j(rm)f({}")150 4324 y Fu(This)28 b(will)i(recompress)e
9100 (all)i(\014les)f(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(directory)g(with)g(names)g
9101 (ending)f(in)h(.gz)h(using)f(bzip2,)150 4433 y(running)37
9102 b(one)i(job)f(p)s(er)f(CPU)h(\(-j)p Ft(+)p Fu(0\))i(in)e(parallel.)66
9103 b(\(W)-8 b(e)40 b(use)e Ft(ls)g Fu(for)h(brevit)m(y)g(here;)j(using)c
9104 Ft(find)g Fu(as)150 4543 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)e(is)g(more)f(robust)f(in)h
9105 (the)h(face)g(of)f(\014lenames)h(con)m(taining)g(unexp)s(ected)f(c)m
9106 (haracters.\))57 b(P)m(arallel)150 4653 y(can)31 b(tak)m(e)h(argumen)m
9107 (ts)e(from)g(the)h(command)f(line;)h(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(can)f(also)
9108 g(b)s(e)f(written)g(as)390 4797 y Ft(parallel)46 b("zcat)g({})h(|)h
9109 (bzip2)e(>{.}.bz2)f(&&)j(rm)f({}")g(:::)g(*.gz)275 4941
9110 y Fu(If)24 b(a)i(command)f(generates)h(output,)g(y)m(ou)g(ma)m(y)f(w)m
9111 (an)m(t)h(to)g(preserv)m(e)g(the)f(input)f(order)h(in)g(the)g(output.)
9112 150 5051 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(command)390
9113 5196 y Ft({)47 b(echo)g(foss.org.my)e(;)i(echo)g(debian.org;)e(echo)h
9114 (freenetproject.org;)d(})k(|)h(parallel)d(traceroute)150
9115 5340 y Fu(will)31 b(displa)m(y)f(as)h(output)f(the)g(traceroute)i(in)m
9116 (v)m(o)s(cation)h(that)e(\014nishes)e(\014rst.)40 b(Adding)30
9117 b(the)g Ft(-k)g Fu(option)p eop end
9118 %%Page: 17 23
9119 TeXDict begin 17 22 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9120 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(17)390 299
9121 y Ft({)47 b(echo)g(foss.org.my)e(;)i(echo)g(debian.org;)e(echo)h
9122 (freenetproject.org;)d(})k(|)h(parallel)d(-k)i(traceroute)150
9123 430 y Fu(will)31 b(ensure)e(that)i(the)g(output)f(of)g
9124 Ft(traceroute)e(foss.org.my)f Fu(is)k(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(\014rst.)275
9125 560 y(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(P)m(arallel)h(can)e(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(run)d
9126 (a)i(sequence)h(of)f(shell)g(commands)f(in)h(parallel,)h(similar)f(to)
9127 150 670 y(`)p Ft(cat)g(file)f(|)h(bash)p Fu('.)53 b(It)35
9128 b(is)g(not)g(uncommon)f(to)i(tak)m(e)g(a)f(list)h(of)f(\014lenames,)h
9129 (create)g(a)g(series)f(of)g(shell)150 779 y(commands)27
9130 b(to)h(op)s(erate)h(on)e(them,)h(and)f(feed)h(that)g(list)g(of)g
9131 (commnds)e(to)j(a)f(shell.)40 b(P)m(arallel)29 b(can)f(sp)s(eed)150
9132 889 y(this)i(up.)40 b(Assuming)30 b(that)h Ft(file)e
9133 Fu(con)m(tains)i(a)g(list)g(of)g(shell)f(commands,)h(one)f(p)s(er)g
9134 (line,)390 1020 y Ft(parallel)46 b(-j)h(10)g(<)g(file)150
9135 1150 y Fu(will)37 b(ev)-5 b(aluate)38 b(the)f(commands)f(using)g(the)h
9136 (shell)g(\(since)g(no)f(explicit)i(command)e(is)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)
9137 150 1260 y(argumen)m(t\),)31 b(in)f(blo)s(c)m(ks)h(of)g(ten)f(shell)h
9138 (jobs)f(at)h(a)g(time.)150 1484 y Fs(3.3)68 b(Shell)45
9139 b(F)-11 b(unctions)150 1644 y Fu(Shell)35 b(functions)h(are)g(a)g(w)m
9140 (a)m(y)g(to)h(group)e(commands)g(for)h(later)g(execution)h(using)e(a)h
9141 (single)g(name)g(for)150 1753 y(the)f(group.)55 b(They)35
9142 b(are)g(executed)h(just)f(lik)m(e)h(a)g Ft(")p Fu(regular)p
9143 Ft(")f Fu(command.)54 b(When)35 b(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)h(shell)150
9144 1863 y(function)j(is)g(used)f(as)h(a)h(simple)f(command)g(name,)i(the)e
9145 (list)h(of)f(commands)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d(that)150
9146 1973 y(function)25 b(name)h(is)g(executed.)40 b(Shell)25
9147 b(functions)g(are)i(executed)f(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(con)m
9148 (text;)j(no)c(new)150 2082 y(pro)s(cess)30 b(is)g(created)i(to)f(in)m
9149 (terpret)g(them.)275 2213 y(F)-8 b(unctions)30 b(are)h(declared)g
9150 (using)f(this)g(syn)m(tax:)390 2343 y Fj(name)47 b Ft(\(\))g
9151 Fj(compound-command)c Ft([)48 b Fj(redirections)c Ft(])275
9152 2474 y Fu(or)390 2605 y Ft(function)i Fj(name)g Ft([\(\)])h
9153 Fj(compound-command)c Ft([)48 b Fj(redirections)c Ft(])275
9154 2735 y Fu(This)31 b(de\014nes)h(a)h(shell)g(function)g(named)f
9155 Fr(name)p Fu(.)48 b(The)32 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f
9156 Ft(function)f Fu(is)h(optional.)49 b(If)150 2845 y(the)39
9157 b Ft(function)f Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(is)g(supplied,)i(the)e
9158 (paren)m(theses)h(are)f(optional.)69 b(The)39 b Fr(b)s(o)s(dy)45
9159 b Fu(of)40 b(the)150 2954 y(function)h(is)h(the)g(comp)s(ound)e
9160 (command)h Fr(comp)s(ound-command)j Fu(\(see)e(Section)h(3.2.4)g([Comp)
9161 s(ound)150 3064 y(Commands],)33 b(page)h(9\).)49 b(That)33
9162 b(command)f(is)h(usually)g(a)g Fr(list)j Fu(enclosed)e(b)s(et)m(w)m
9163 (een)f Fi({)h Fu(and)e Fi(})p Fu(,)i(but)e(ma)m(y)150
9164 3174 y(b)s(e)26 b(an)m(y)i(comp)s(ound)d(command)i(listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)
9165 m(e.)41 b Fr(comp)s(ound-command)29 b Fu(is)e(executed)h(whenev)m(er)f
9166 Fr(name)150 3283 y Fu(is)k(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)g(the)h(name)g(of)g(a)g
9167 (command.)41 b(When)31 b(the)f(shell)h(is)g(in)f Fm(posix)g
9168 Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)i(Section)f(6.11)150 3393 y([Bash)36
9169 b(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)j(page)e(94\),)j Fr(name)i Fu(ma)m(y)36
9170 b(not)h(b)s(e)e(the)h(same)g(as)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h
9171 (builtins)150 3502 y(\(see)24 b(Section)g(4.4)g([Sp)s(ecial)g
9172 (Builtins],)h(page)f(68\).)40 b(An)m(y)23 b(redirections)h(\(see)g
9173 (Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)150 3612 y(page)31 b(31\))h(asso)s
9174 (ciated)g(with)e(the)g(shell)h(function)f(are)h(p)s(erformed)d(when)i
9175 (the)g(function)g(is)h(executed.)275 3743 y(A)44 b(function)g
9176 (de\014nition)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(deleted)h(using)f(the)h
9177 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)150
9178 3852 y(Section)31 b(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(41\).)
9179 275 3983 y(The)26 b(exit)i(status)g(of)f(a)h(function)f(de\014nition)g
9180 (is)g(zero)h(unless)f(a)g(syn)m(tax)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(or)g(a)h
9181 (readonly)150 4092 y(function)k(with)f(the)i(same)f(name)g(already)h
9182 (exists.)46 b(When)32 b(executed,)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(a)g
9183 (function)150 4202 y(is)e(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h(last)g
9184 (command)f(executed)i(in)e(the)g(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(.)275
9185 4333 y(Note)22 b(that)f(for)f(historical)i(reasons,)h(in)e(the)g(most)g
9186 (common)g(usage)g(the)g(curly)f(braces)h(that)g(surround)150
9187 4442 y(the)38 b(b)s(o)s(dy)d(of)j(the)f(function)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g
9188 (separated)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(o)s(dy)f(b)m(y)h Ft(blank)p
9189 Fu(s)f(or)h(newlines.)62 b(This)150 4552 y(is)38 b(b)s(ecause)g(the)h
9190 (braces)f(are)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ords)g(and)f(are)i(only)f(recognized)
9191 i(as)e(suc)m(h)g(when)f(they)i(are)150 4661 y(separated)26
9192 b(from)f(the)h(command)f(list)i(b)m(y)e(whitespace)h(or)g(another)g
9193 (shell)g(metac)m(haracter.)41 b(Also,)28 b(when)150 4771
9194 y(using)i(the)g(braces,)h(the)g Fr(list)i Fu(m)m(ust)d(b)s(e)g
9195 (terminated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(semicolon,)h(a)e(`)p Ft(&)p
9196 Fu(',)h(or)g(a)f(newline.)275 4902 y(When)i(a)i(function)f(is)g
9197 (executed,)i(the)e(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)f(function)g(b)s(ecome)g
9198 (the)h(p)s(ositional)g(pa-)150 5011 y(rameters)42 b(during)e(its)i
9199 (execution)h(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4.1)h([P)m(ositional)h(P)m
9200 (arameters],)i(page)c(19\).)75 b(The)150 5121 y(sp)s(ecial)37
9201 b(parameter)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(that)h(expands)e(to)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)
9202 s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(is)g(up)s(dated)f(to)150
9203 5230 y(re\015ect)h(the)f(c)m(hange.)56 b(Sp)s(ecial)35
9204 b(parameter)h Ft(0)f Fu(is)g(unc)m(hanged.)54 b(The)35
9205 b(\014rst)f(elemen)m(t)j(of)e(the)g Ft(FUNCNAME)150 5340
9206 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h
9207 (function)f(while)g(the)h(function)f(is)g(executing.)p
9208 eop end
9209 %%Page: 18 24
9210 TeXDict begin 18 23 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9211 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(18)275 299
9212 y(All)25 b(other)g(asp)s(ects)g(of)g(the)g(shell)g(execution)h(en)m
9213 (vironmen)m(t)g(are)f(iden)m(tical)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)f(function)g
9214 (and)150 408 y(its)35 b(caller)i(with)d(these)i(exceptions:)50
9215 b(the)36 b Ft(DEBUG)d Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)g Fu(traps)g(are)i(not)f
9216 (inherited)f(unless)h(the)150 518 y(function)26 b(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m
9217 (en)i(the)g Ft(trace)d Fu(attribute)j(using)f(the)g Ft(declare)e
9218 Fu(builtin)i(or)g(the)h Ft(-o)i(functrace)150 628 y Fu(option)f(has)e
9219 (b)s(een)h(enabled)g(with)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin,)i(\(in)f(whic)m
9220 (h)f(case)j(all)f(functions)e(inherit)h(the)g Ft(DEBUG)150
9221 737 y Fu(and)33 b Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps\),)j(and)e(the)h
9222 Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)h(is)g(not)g(inherited)f(unless)g(the)h
9223 Ft(-o)c(errtrace)h Fu(shell)j(option)150 847 y(has)h(b)s(een)f
9224 (enabled.)55 b(See)35 b(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i
9225 (page)f(41,)i(for)c(the)i(description)f(of)150 956 y(the)c
9226 Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin.)275 1095 y(The)38 b Ft(FUNCNEST)f
9227 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(if)d(set)h(to)g(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5
9228 b(alue)39 b(greater)h(than)f(0,)j(de\014nes)d(a)g(maxim)m(um)150
9229 1204 y(function)24 b(nesting)h(lev)m(el.)40 b(F)-8 b(unction)25
9230 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations)i(that)e(exceed)g(the)g(limit)g(cause)g(the)g
9231 (en)m(tire)g(command)150 1314 y(to)31 b(ab)s(ort.)275
9232 1452 y(If)37 b(the)g(builtin)g(command)h Ft(return)d
9233 Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)g(a)g(function,)h(the)e(function)h(completes)h
9234 (and)150 1562 y(execution)25 b(resumes)e(with)h(the)g(next)g(command)f
9235 (after)i(the)f(function)f(call.)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(command)f(asso)s
9236 (ciated)150 1672 y(with)36 b(the)h Ft(RETURN)d Fu(trap)i(is)h(executed)
9237 g(b)s(efore)f(execution)i(resumes.)57 b(When)37 b(a)f(function)g
9238 (completes,)150 1781 y(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)f(the)g(p)s
9239 (ositional)h(parameters)f(and)g(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(`)p
9240 Ft(#)p Fu(')g(are)h(restored)f(to)h(the)150 1891 y(v)-5
9241 b(alues)26 b(they)f(had)g(prior)f(to)i(the)g(function's)f(execution.)40
9242 b(If)25 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(giv)m(en)h(to)g
9243 Ft(return)p Fu(,)150 2000 y(that)j(is)g(the)f(function's)h(return)e
9244 (status;)j(otherwise)f(the)f(function's)h(return)e(status)i(is)f(the)h
9245 (exit)h(status)150 2110 y(of)h(the)f(last)h(command)f(executed)i(b)s
9246 (efore)e(the)g Ft(return)p Fu(.)275 2248 y(V)-8 b(ariables)31
9247 b(lo)s(cal)g(to)f(the)g(function)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(declared)h(with)f
9248 (the)h Ft(local)f Fu(builtin.)40 b(These)29 b(v)-5 b(ariables)150
9249 2358 y(are)31 b(visible)g(only)f(to)h(the)g(function)f(and)g(the)g
9250 (commands)g(it)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(es.)275 2497 y(F)-8 b(unction)51
9251 b(names)f(and)g(de\014nitions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h(with)f(the)h
9252 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(declare)150 2606 y
9253 Fu(\()p Ft(typeset)p Fu(\))35 b(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)h(Section)g
9254 (4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(48\).)59 b(The)35
9255 b Ft(-F)h Fu(option)g(to)150 2716 y Ft(declare)e Fu(or)i
9256 Ft(typeset)e Fu(will)i(list)h(the)f(function)g(names)g(only)g(\(and)g
9257 (optionally)h(the)f(source)g(\014le)h(and)150 2825 y(line)c(n)m(um)m(b)
9258 s(er,)g(if)f(the)h Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled\).)49
9259 b(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(exp)s(orted)g(so)h(that)150
9260 2935 y(subshells)j(automatically)k(ha)m(v)m(e)f(them)e(de\014ned)f
9261 (with)h(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(export)d
9262 Fu(builtin)i(\(see)150 3044 y(Section)c(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g
9263 (Builtins],)i(page)f(41\).)47 b(Note)33 b(that)g(shell)f(functions)g
9264 (and)f(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(with)150 3154 y(the)d(same)g(name)g(ma)m(y)
9265 g(result)g(in)g(m)m(ultiple)g(iden)m(tically-named)i(en)m(tries)f(in)e
9266 (the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(passed)150 3264 y(to)h(the)g(shell's)f(c)m
9267 (hildren.)41 b(Care)30 b(should)g(b)s(e)f(tak)m(en)j(in)e(cases)h
9268 (where)f(this)g(ma)m(y)h(cause)g(a)g(problem.)275 3402
9269 y(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(recursiv)m(e.)48
9270 b(The)32 b Ft(FUNCNEST)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g
9271 (to)i(limit)g(the)f(depth)f(of)150 3512 y(the)27 b(function)f(call)i
9272 (stac)m(k)h(and)d(restrict)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(function)f
9273 (in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)42 b(By)27 b(default,)g(no)g(limit)150
9274 3621 y(is)j(placed)h(on)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(recursiv)m(e)f
9275 (calls.)150 3860 y Fs(3.4)68 b(Shell)45 b(P)l(arameters)150
9276 4019 y Fu(A)23 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)23 b(an)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(that)
9277 f(stores)g(v)-5 b(alues.)39 b(It)23 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(a)g
9278 Ft(name)p Fu(,)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(or)h(one)f(of)h(the)f(sp)s
9279 (ecial)150 4129 y(c)m(haracters)i(listed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)39
9280 b(A)23 b Fr(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fu(is)23 b(a)g(parameter)h(denoted)f(b)
9281 m(y)h(a)f Ft(name)p Fu(.)37 b(A)24 b(v)-5 b(ariable)24
9282 b(has)f(a)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)150 4238 y Fu(and)33 b(zero)i(or)f(more)g
9283 Fr(attributes)p Fu(.)52 b(A)m(ttributes)35 b(are)f(assigned)g(using)g
9284 (the)g Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(command)150 4348 y(\(see)e(the)g
9285 (description)f(of)h(the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.2)
9286 g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)275 4486 y(A)d(parameter)h(is)g
9287 (set)g(if)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(assigned)h(a)g(v)-5
9288 b(alue.)40 b(The)28 b(n)m(ull)h(string)f(is)h(a)g(v)-5
9289 b(alid)28 b(v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(Once)150 4596 y(a)31 b(v)-5
9290 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(unset)g(only)h(b)m(y)f
9291 (using)g(the)g Ft(unset)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)275 4734
9292 y(A)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)g(to)i(b)m(y)e(a)h
9293 (statemen)m(t)h(of)e(the)h(form)390 4873 y Fj(name)p
9294 Ft(=[)p Fj(value)p Ft(])150 5011 y Fu(If)j Fr(v)-5 b(alue)40
9295 b Fu(is)35 b(not)g(giv)m(en,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35
9296 b(is)g(assigned)g(the)f(n)m(ull)h(string.)53 b(All)35
9297 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Fu(s)35 b(undergo)f(tilde)h(ex-)150
9298 5121 y(pansion,)h(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36
9299 b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)150
9300 5230 y(and)k(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)42 b(\(detailed)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)
9301 72 b(If)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)g(its)g Ft(integer)e
9302 Fu(attribute)i(set,)j(then)150 5340 y Fr(v)-5 b(alue)38
9303 b Fu(is)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f
9304 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h Ft($\(\(...)o(\)\))f Fu(expansion)h(is)g(not)g
9305 (used)p eop end
9306 %%Page: 19 25
9307 TeXDict begin 19 24 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9308 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(19)150 299
9309 y(\(see)31 b(Section)g(3.5.5)i([Arithmetic)e(Expansion],)f(page)h
9310 (29\).)42 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(splitting)g(is)g(not)f(p)s(erformed,)f
9311 (with)150 408 y(the)35 b(exception)h(of)f Ft("$@")f Fu(as)h(explained)g
9312 (b)s(elo)m(w.)54 b(Filename)36 b(expansion)f(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed.)
9313 53 b(Assign-)150 518 y(men)m(t)33 b(statemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)f(also)g
9314 (app)s(ear)f(as)g(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g Ft(alias)p
9315 Fu(,)e Ft(declare)p Fu(,)g Ft(typeset)p Fu(,)g Ft(export)p
9316 Fu(,)150 628 y Ft(readonly)p Fu(,)41 b(and)f Ft(local)f
9317 Fu(builtin)h(commands.)71 b(When)40 b(in)h Fm(posix)e
9318 Fu(mo)s(de)i(\(see)g(Section)g(6.11)i([Bash)150 737 y(POSIX)36
9319 b(Mo)s(de],)k(page)e(94\),)i(these)e(builtins)f(ma)m(y)h(app)s(ear)e
9320 (in)h(a)h(command)f(after)h(one)f(or)h(more)f(in-)150
9321 847 y(stances)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(command)f Fu(builtin)h(and)f(retain)i
9322 (these)g(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(t)h(prop)s(erties.)275
9323 994 y(In)d(the)h(con)m(text)i(where)d(an)h(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m
9324 (t)h(is)e(assigning)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(to)h(a)f(shell)g(v)-5
9325 b(ariable)31 b(or)150 1104 y(arra)m(y)f(index)g(\(see)h(Section)g(6.7)g
9326 ([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(89\),)g(the)f(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g
9327 (can)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(app)s(end)d(to)150 1213 y(or)36
9328 b(add)g(to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)37 b(previous)f(v)-5
9329 b(alue.)59 b(When)36 b(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')g(is)g(applied)g(to)h(a)g(v)-5
9330 b(ariable)37 b(for)f(whic)m(h)g(the)150 1323 y Fr(in)m(teger)46
9331 b Fu(attribute)38 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(set,)k Fr(v)-5 b(alue)43
9332 b Fu(is)38 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)39 b(as)f(an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)f
9333 (and)f(added)150 1433 y(to)f(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)36
9334 b(curren)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(whic)m(h)e(is)g(also)h(ev)-5
9335 b(aluated.)56 b(When)35 b(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')g(is)h(applied)f(to)g(an)g
9336 (arra)m(y)150 1542 y(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(using)e(comp)s(ound)f
9337 (assignmen)m(t)j(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)f([Arra)m(ys],)i(page)f(89\),)h
9338 (the)e(v)-5 b(ariable's)25 b(v)-5 b(alue)150 1652 y(is)32
9339 b(not)f(unset)h(\(as)g(it)g(is)f(when)g(using)g(`)p Ft(=)p
9340 Fu('\),)i(and)e(new)g(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(are)g(app)s(ended)d(to)k(the)f
9341 (arra)m(y)g(b)s(eginning)150 1761 y(at)27 b(one)f(greater)i(than)e(the)
9342 g(arra)m(y's)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)g(\(for)g(indexed)g(arra)m(ys\),)i
9343 (or)e(added)g(as)g(additional)150 1871 y(k)m(ey-v)-5
9344 b(alue)35 b(pairs)e(in)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)-8
9345 b(.)51 b(When)33 b(applied)g(to)h(a)g(string-v)-5 b(alued)34
9346 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)39 b Fu(is)150
9347 1980 y(expanded)30 b(and)f(app)s(ended)g(to)i(the)g(v)-5
9348 b(ariable's)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)275 2128 y(A)41 b(v)-5
9349 b(ariable)42 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(assigned)i(the)f Fr(nameref)58
9350 b Fu(attribute)42 b(using)f(the)g Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(to)g(the)f
9351 Ft(\\)p Fu(fBde-)150 2237 y(clare)p Ft(\\)p Fu(fP)j(or)f
9352 Ft(\\)p Fu(fBlo)s(cal)p Ft(\\)p Fu(fP)h(builtin)e(commands)h(\(see)h
9353 (Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)j(page)d(48\))g(to)150
9354 2347 y(create)37 b(a)e Fr(nameref)p Fu(,)h(or)f(a)h(reference)f(to)h
9355 (another)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)55 b(This)34 b(allo)m(ws)j(v)-5
9356 b(ariables)35 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(manipu-)150 2457 y(lated)c(indirectly)-8
9357 b(.)43 b(Whenev)m(er)31 b(the)g(nameref)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32
9358 b(is)e(referenced)h(or)f(assigned)h(to,)h(the)e(op)s(eration)150
9359 2566 y(is)i(actually)h(p)s(erformed)d(on)i(the)g(v)-5
9360 b(ariable)33 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)g(v)-5
9361 b(ariable's)33 b(v)-5 b(alue.)45 b(A)32 b(nameref)150
9362 2676 y(is)h(commonly)g(used)e(within)h(shell)h(functions)f(to)h(refer)f
9363 (to)i(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(whose)f(name)h(is)f(passed)g(as)h(an)150
9364 2785 y(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(function.)46 b(F)-8 b(or)33
9365 b(instance,)h(if)e(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name)g(is)f(passed)g(to)h(a)
9366 g(shell)g(function)f(as)150 2895 y(its)f(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t,)i
9367 (running)390 3042 y Ft(declare)46 b(-n)h(ref=$1)150 3190
9368 y Fu(inside)31 b(the)h(function)f(creates)i(a)g(nameref)e(v)-5
9369 b(ariable)32 b Fr(ref)49 b Fu(whose)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32
9370 b(is)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name)e(passed)150 3299
9371 y(as)42 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t.)74 b(References)43
9372 b(and)e(assignmen)m(ts)h(to)g Fr(ref)59 b Fu(are)42 b(treated)h(as)f
9373 (references)g(and)150 3409 y(assignmen)m(ts)31 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5
9374 b(ariable)31 b(whose)f(name)g(w)m(as)h(passed)f(as)h
9375 Ft($1)p Fu(.)275 3556 y(If)38 b(the)i(con)m(trol)g(v)-5
9376 b(ariable)40 b(in)f(a)g Ft(for)g Fu(lo)s(op)g(has)g(the)g(nameref)g
9377 (attribute,)k(the)c(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(can)150 3666
9378 y(b)s(e)c(a)i(list)f(of)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariables,)38
9379 b(and)d(a)h(name)g(reference)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(established)i(for)e(eac)m
9380 (h)j(w)m(ord)d(in)h(the)150 3775 y(list,)e(in)e(turn,)g(when)f(the)i
9381 (lo)s(op)f(is)h(executed.)47 b(Arra)m(y)33 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33
9382 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)e(giv)m(en)j(the)e Ft(-n)g Fu(attribute.)150
9383 3885 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39 b(nameref)d(v)-5 b(ariables)36
9384 b(can)g(reference)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(and)e(subscripted)f
9385 (arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariables.)150 3995 y(Namerefs)36 b(can)f(b)s(e)g
9386 (unset)g(using)g(the)h Ft(-n)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g
9387 Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)h([Bourne)150
9388 4104 y(Shell)43 b(Builtins],)j(page)e(41\).)79 b(Otherwise,)45
9389 b(if)e Ft(unset)e Fu(is)i(executed)h(with)e(the)h(name)g(of)g(a)g
9390 (nameref)150 4214 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(as)g(an)f(argumen)m(t,)h(the)g
9391 (v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(referenced)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)f(v)-5
9392 b(ariable)31 b(will)g(b)s(e)f(unset.)150 4426 y Fk(3.4.1)63
9393 b(P)m(ositional)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 4573 y Fu(A)28
9394 b Fr(p)s(ositional)h(parameter)35 b Fu(is)28 b(a)g(parameter)g(denoted)
9395 g(b)m(y)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(other)g(than)e(the)h(single)150
9396 4682 y(digit)34 b Ft(0)p Fu(.)48 b(P)m(ositional)36 b(parameters)d(are)
9397 g(assigned)h(from)e(the)i(shell's)f(argumen)m(ts)g(when)f(it)i(is)f(in)
9398 m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)150 4792 y(and)38 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(reassigned)i(using)
9399 e(the)h Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)f(command.)67 b(P)m(ositional)41
9400 b(parameter)e Ft(N)g Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 4902 y(referenced)34
9401 b(as)h Ft(${N})p Fu(,)g(or)f(as)h Ft($N)e Fu(when)h Ft(N)g
9402 Fu(consists)h(of)f(a)h(single)g(digit.)54 b(P)m(ositional)37
9403 b(parameters)d(ma)m(y)150 5011 y(not)j(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)g(with)f
9404 (assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g
9405 Fu(and)g Ft(shift)f Fu(builtins)h(are)h(used)f(to)150
9406 5121 y(set)k(and)f(unset)f(them)i(\(see)g(Chapter)f(4)g([Shell)h
9407 (Builtin)g(Commands],)h(page)f(41\).)68 b(The)39 b(p)s(ositional)150
9408 5230 y(parameters)44 b(are)g(temp)s(orarily)g(replaced)h(when)e(a)h
9409 (shell)g(function)g(is)g(executed)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.3)150
9410 5340 y([Shell)30 b(F)-8 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)p
9411 eop end
9412 %%Page: 20 26
9413 TeXDict begin 20 25 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9414 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(20)275 299
9415 y(When)27 b(a)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(consisting)f(of)h(more)f
9416 (than)g(a)g(single)h(digit)g(is)f(expanded,)g(it)h(m)m(ust)150
9417 408 y(b)s(e)h(enclosed)h(in)f(braces.)150 605 y Fk(3.4.2)63
9418 b(Sp)s(ecial)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 752 y Fu(The)d(shell)g(treats)h
9419 (sev)m(eral)g(parameters)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(These)38
9420 b(parameters)h(ma)m(y)f(only)g(b)s(e)g(referenced;)150
9421 862 y(assignmen)m(t)31 b(to)g(them)g(is)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed.)150
9422 1018 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(\($*\))38 b(Expands)d(to)i(the)f(p)s(ositional)h
9423 (parameters,)h(starting)f(from)f(one.)59 b(When)36 b(the)g(ex-)630
9424 1128 y(pansion)h(is)h(not)g(within)f(double)g(quotes,)j(eac)m(h)f(p)s
9425 (ositional)f(parameter)g(expands)f(to)i(a)630 1237 y(separate)e(w)m
9426 (ord.)56 b(In)35 b(con)m(texts)i(where)e(it)h(is)g(p)s(erformed,)g
9427 (those)g(w)m(ords)f(are)h(sub)5 b(ject)35 b(to)630 1347
9428 y(further)h(w)m(ord)h(splitting)h(and)f(pathname)g(expansion.)61
9429 b(When)38 b(the)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs)630 1457 y(within)25
9430 b(double)h(quotes,)h(it)f(expands)f(to)i(a)f(single)g(w)m(ord)f(with)h
9431 (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h(param-)630 1566
9432 y(eter)32 b(separated)h(b)m(y)e(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f
9433 (the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)45 b(That)32
9434 b(is,)g Ft("$*")630 1676 y Fu(is)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
9435 b(to)g Ft("$1)p Fj(c)p Ft($2)p Fj(c)p Ft(...)m(")p Fu(,)f(where)g
9436 Fr(c)37 b Fu(is)31 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)g(v)-5
9437 b(alue)32 b(of)f(the)630 1785 y Ft(IFS)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)41
9438 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)f(the)h(parameters)g(are)g(separated)
9439 g(b)m(y)g(spaces.)41 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)630 1895
9440 y(n)m(ull,)i(the)f(parameters)h(are)g(joined)f(without)g(in)m(terv)m
9441 (ening)i(separators.)150 2052 y Ft(@)432 b Fu(\($@\))35
9442 b(Expands)e(to)i(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters,)h(starting)f(from)f
9443 (one.)53 b(When)34 b(the)g(ex-)630 2161 y(pansion)41
9444 b(o)s(ccurs)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)k(eac)m(h)d(parameter)g
9445 (expands)e(to)i(a)g(separate)630 2271 y(w)m(ord.)50 b(That)34
9446 b(is,)g Ft("$@")f Fu(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)35 b(to)g
9447 Ft("$1")29 b("$2")g(...)o Fu(.)51 b(If)33 b(the)h(double-quoted)f(ex-)
9448 630 2380 y(pansion)38 b(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)i(the)e
9449 (expansion)g(of)g(the)g(\014rst)f(parameter)h(is)g(joined)630
9450 2490 y(with)i(the)h(b)s(eginning)e(part)i(of)f(the)h(original)g(w)m
9451 (ord,)i(and)d(the)h(expansion)f(of)g(the)h(last)630 2600
9452 y(parameter)31 b(is)f(joined)g(with)f(the)i(last)g(part)e(of)i(the)f
9453 (original)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(When)30 b(there)h(are)f(no)630
9454 2709 y(p)s(ositional)e(parameters,)h Ft("$@")d Fu(and)h
9455 Ft($@)f Fu(expand)h(to)h(nothing)f(\(i.e.,)j(they)e(are)f(remo)m(v)m
9456 (ed\).)150 2866 y Ft(#)432 b Fu(\($#\))31 b(Expands)e(to)i(the)g(n)m
9457 (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters)e(in)g(decimal.)150
9458 3022 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(\($?\))88 b(Expands)45 b(to)h(the)g(exit)h(status)
9459 f(of)g(the)g(most)h(recen)m(tly)g(executed)g(foreground)630
9460 3132 y(pip)s(eline.)150 3289 y Ft(-)432 b Fu(\($-,)24
9461 b(a)e(h)m(yphen.\))37 b(Expands)20 b(to)i(the)f(curren)m(t)h(option)f
9462 (\015ags)h(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(up)s(on)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)630
9463 3398 y(b)m(y)38 b(the)h Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(command,)j(or)d(those)i
9464 (set)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell)g(itself)g(\(suc)m(h)g(as)g(the)g
9465 Ft(-i)630 3508 y Fu(option\).)150 3665 y Ft($)432 b Fu(\($$\))31
9466 b(Expands)d(to)j(the)e(pro)s(cess)h Fm(id)f Fu(of)h(the)g(shell.)41
9467 b(In)28 b(a)i Ft(\(\))f Fu(subshell,)h(it)g(expands)e(to)j(the)630
9468 3774 y(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)g(in)m(v)m(oking)g(shell,)g
9469 (not)g(the)f(subshell.)150 3931 y Ft(!)432 b Fu(\($!\))51
9470 b(Expands)32 b(to)i(the)g(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)h Fu(of)f(the)h(job)f
9471 (most)h(recen)m(tly)h(placed)f(in)m(to)g(the)g(bac)m(k-)630
9472 4040 y(ground,)26 b(whether)g(executed)g(as)h(an)f(async)m(hronous)f
9473 (command)h(or)g(using)g(the)g Ft(bg)f Fu(builtin)630
9474 4150 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(7.2)f([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h(Builtins],)g
9475 (page)h(98\).)150 4307 y Ft(0)432 b Fu(\($0\))46 b(Expands)d(to)i(the)g
9476 (name)g(of)f(the)h(shell)g(or)f(shell)h(script.)83 b(This)44
9477 b(is)g(set)h(at)h(shell)630 4416 y(initialization.)d(If)27
9478 b(Bash)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(with)e(a)i(\014le)e(of)h(commands)g
9479 (\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)630 4526 y(Scripts],)g(page)g(39\),)h
9480 Ft($0)e Fu(is)h(set)g(to)g(the)f(name)h(of)f(that)h(\014le.)41
9481 b(If)28 b(Bash)g(is)h(started)g(with)f(the)630 4635 y
9482 Ft(-c)i Fu(option)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)h(Bash],)g
9483 (page)f(80\),)i(then)d Ft($0)g Fu(is)h(set)g(to)h(the)f(\014rst)630
9484 4745 y(argumen)m(t)g(after)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed,)i
9485 (if)f(one)g(is)f(presen)m(t.)42 b(Otherwise,)31 b(it)g(is)f(set)630
9486 4855 y(to)h(the)g(\014lename)f(used)g(to)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(Bash,)f
9487 (as)g(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)f(argumen)m(t)h(zero.)150 5011
9488 y Ft(_)432 b Fu(\($)p 716 5011 28 4 v 41 w(,)41 b(an)e(underscore.\))67
9489 b(A)m(t)40 b(shell)f(startup,)i(set)f(to)g(the)f(absolute)h(pathname)f
9490 (used)f(to)630 5121 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)43 b(the)e(shell)g(or)g(shell)g
9491 (script)g(b)s(eing)f(executed)i(as)f(passed)g(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)
9492 m(t)630 5230 y(or)34 b(argumen)m(t)g(list.)52 b(Subsequen)m(tly)-8
9493 b(,)34 b(expands)f(to)i(the)f(last)h(argumen)m(t)f(to)g(the)g(previous)
9494 630 5340 y(command,)g(after)f(expansion.)48 b(Also)34
9495 b(set)g(to)f(the)g(full)g(pathname)g(used)f(to)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(eac)
9496 m(h)p eop end
9497 %%Page: 21 27
9498 TeXDict begin 21 26 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9499 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(21)630 299
9500 y(command)29 b(executed)h(and)f(placed)g(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)f
9501 (exp)s(orted)g(to)h(that)g(command.)630 408 y(When)g(c)m(hec)m(king)i
9502 (mail,)g(this)e(parameter)h(holds)f(the)g(name)h(of)f(the)h(mail)g
9503 (\014le.)150 639 y Fs(3.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Expansions)150
9504 799 y Fu(Expansion)27 b(is)i(p)s(erformed)d(on)i(the)g(command)g(line)h
9505 (after)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)i Ft(token)p
9506 Fu(s.)38 b(There)28 b(are)150 908 y(sev)m(en)j(kinds)e(of)i(expansion)f
9507 (p)s(erformed:)225 1042 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(brace)31 b(expansion)225
9508 1176 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(tilde)31 b(expansion)225 1309
9509 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(parameter)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31
9510 b(expansion)225 1443 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(command)30 b(substitution)225
9511 1577 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(arithmetic)32 b(expansion)225
9512 1710 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting)225 1844
9513 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(\014lename)31 b(expansion)275 2002
9514 y(The)24 b(order)h(of)h(expansions)f(is:)39 b(brace)25
9515 b(expansion;)j(tilde)e(expansion,)g(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5
9516 b(ariable)26 b(ex-)150 2111 y(pansion,)j(arithmetic)i(expansion,)f(and)
9517 f(command)g(substitution)g(\(done)g(in)h(a)f(left-to-righ)m(t)k
9518 (fashion\);)150 2221 y(w)m(ord)d(splitting;)h(and)f(\014lename)h
9519 (expansion.)275 2355 y(On)42 b(systems)h(that)h(can)g(supp)s(ort)e(it,)
9520 47 b(there)d(is)f(an)h(additional)g(expansion)f(a)m(v)-5
9521 b(ailable:)69 b Fr(pro)s(cess)150 2464 y(substitution)p
9522 Fu(.)50 b(This)33 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(at)j(the)f(same)g(time)g(as)g
9523 (tilde,)i(parameter,)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(and)f(arith-)150
9524 2574 y(metic)d(expansion)g(and)e(command)i(substitution.)275
9525 2707 y(Only)k(brace)i(expansion,)h(w)m(ord)e(splitting,)j(and)d
9526 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(can)h(c)m(hange)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
9527 2817 y(of)h(w)m(ords)f(of)g(the)h(expansion;)i(other)e(expansions)f
9528 (expand)g(a)h(single)g(w)m(ord)f(to)h(a)g(single)g(w)m(ord.)58
9529 b(The)150 2927 y(only)32 b(exceptions)i(to)f(this)f(are)h(the)f
9530 (expansions)g(of)h Ft("$@")e Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.4.2)h([Sp)s(ecial)f
9531 (P)m(arameters],)150 3036 y(page)e(20\))h(and)d Ft("${)p
9532 Fj(name)p Ft([@]}")e Fu(\(see)32 b(Section)f(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)h(page)
9533 f(89\).)275 3170 y(After)41 b(all)i(expansions,)h Ft(quote)29
9534 b(removal)40 b Fu(\(see)i(Section)h(3.5.9)g([Quote)f(Remo)m(v)-5
9535 b(al],)47 b(page)42 b(31\))h(is)150 3279 y(p)s(erformed.)150
9536 3477 y Fk(3.5.1)63 b(Brace)40 b(Expansion)150 3624 y
9537 Fu(Brace)32 b(expansion)f(is)f(a)i(mec)m(hanism)f(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h
9538 (arbitrary)f(strings)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(generated.)43
9539 b(This)30 b(mec)m(h-)150 3733 y(anism)35 b(is)h(similar)f(to)h
9540 Fr(\014lename)g(expansion)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8)h([Filename)g
9541 (Expansion],)f(page)g(30\),)150 3843 y(but)26 b(the)h(\014lenames)g
9542 (generated)h(need)f(not)g(exist.)40 b(P)m(atterns)28
9543 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(brace)g(expanded)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f(form)g(of)150
9544 3953 y(an)j(optional)h Fr(pream)m(ble)p Fu(,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f
9545 (either)g(a)h(series)f(of)g(comma-separated)i(strings)d(or)h(a)h
9546 (sequence)150 4062 y(expression)36 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)h(pair)e(of)i
9547 (braces,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(an)g(optional)h Fr(p)s(ostscript)p
9548 Fu(.)57 b(The)36 b(pream)m(ble)g(is)150 4172 y(pre\014xed)28
9549 b(to)h(eac)m(h)h(string)f(con)m(tained)h(within)e(the)h(braces,)g(and)g
9550 (the)g(p)s(ostscript)f(is)h(then)f(app)s(ended)f(to)150
9551 4281 y(eac)m(h)32 b(resulting)e(string,)h(expanding)e(left)j(to)f(righ)
9552 m(t.)275 4415 y(Brace)37 b(expansions)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(nested.)59
9553 b(The)36 b(results)g(of)h(eac)m(h)g(expanded)f(string)g(are)h(not)g
9554 (sorted;)150 4525 y(left)31 b(to)g(righ)m(t)g(order)f(is)g(preserv)m
9555 (ed.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)390 4658 y Ft(bash$)46
9556 b(echo)h(a{d,c,b}e)390 4768 y(ade)g(ace)g(abe)275 4902
9557 y Fu(A)23 b(sequence)g(expression)g(tak)m(es)i(the)e(form)g
9558 Ft({)p Fj(x)p Ft(..)p Fj(y)p Ft([..)p Fj(incr)p Ft(]})p
9559 Fu(,)e(where)i Fr(x)29 b Fu(and)23 b Fr(y)30 b Fu(are)24
9560 b(either)g(in)m(tegers)150 5011 y(or)42 b(single)h(c)m(haracters,)48
9561 b(and)41 b Fr(incr)p Fu(,)46 b(an)c(optional)i(incremen)m(t,)i(is)c(an)
9562 h(in)m(teger.)78 b(When)42 b(in)m(tegers)i(are)150 5121
9563 y(supplied,)f(the)f(expression)f(expands)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
9564 (er)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i Fr(x)47 b Fu(and)41 b Fr(y)p
9565 Fu(,)j(inclusiv)m(e.)75 b(Supplied)150 5230 y(in)m(tegers)33
9566 b(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(pre\014xed)f(with)h(`)p Ft(0)p Fu(')h(to)g(force)g
9567 (eac)m(h)g(term)g(to)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(same)g(width.)42
9568 b(When)31 b(either)150 5340 y Fr(x)43 b Fu(or)36 b Fr(y)44
9569 b Fu(b)s(egins)36 b(with)g(a)h(zero,)i(the)e(shell)g(attempts)g(to)g
9570 (force)g(all)h(generated)f(terms)g(to)g(con)m(tain)h(the)p
9571 eop end
9572 %%Page: 22 28
9573 TeXDict begin 22 27 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9574 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(22)150 299
9575 y(same)36 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(digits,)i(zero-padding)d(where)h
9576 (necessary)-8 b(.)57 b(When)35 b(c)m(haracters)i(are)f(supplied,)g(the)
9577 150 408 y(expression)24 b(expands)g(to)h(eac)m(h)h(c)m(haracter)g
9578 (lexicographically)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)e Fr(x)30 b Fu(and)24
9579 b Fr(y)p Fu(,)i(inclusiv)m(e,)h(using)d(the)150 518 y(default)32
9580 b(C)g(lo)s(cale.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)f(b)s(oth)e Fr(x)39
9581 b Fu(and)31 b Fr(y)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)32 b(b)s(e)g(of)g(the)h(same)f(t)m
9582 (yp)s(e.)47 b(When)32 b(the)g(incremen)m(t)150 628 y(is)d(supplied,)g
9583 (it)h(is)f(used)f(as)i(the)f(di\013erence)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)
9584 g(term.)41 b(The)29 b(default)g(incremen)m(t)h(is)f(1)h(or)f(-1)150
9585 737 y(as)i(appropriate.)275 873 y(Brace)36 b(expansion)g(is)f(p)s
9586 (erformed)f(b)s(efore)h(an)m(y)h(other)g(expansions,)h(and)e(an)m(y)g
9587 (c)m(haracters)i(sp)s(ecial)150 982 y(to)32 b(other)g(expansions)g(are)
9588 g(preserv)m(ed)f(in)h(the)f(result.)45 b(It)32 b(is)g(strictly)g
9589 (textual.)46 b(Bash)32 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(apply)150 1092
9590 y(an)m(y)27 b(syn)m(tactic)i(in)m(terpretation)g(to)f(the)f(con)m(text)
9591 i(of)e(the)g(expansion)g(or)g(the)h(text)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)h
9592 (braces.)150 1201 y(T)-8 b(o)37 b(a)m(v)m(oid)g(con\015icts)g(with)f
9593 (parameter)h(expansion,)g(the)g(string)f(`)p Ft(${)p
9594 Fu(')g(is)g(not)g(considered)g(eligible)i(for)150 1311
9595 y(brace)31 b(expansion.)275 1446 y(A)e(correctly-formed)i(brace)f
9596 (expansion)f(m)m(ust)h(con)m(tain)h(unquoted)e(op)s(ening)g(and)g
9597 (closing)i(braces,)150 1556 y(and)h(at)i(least)g(one)f(unquoted)g
9598 (comma)g(or)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)33 b(sequence)g(expression.)48
9599 b(An)m(y)33 b(incorrectly)h(formed)150 1666 y(brace)d(expansion)f(is)g
9600 (left)h(unc)m(hanged.)275 1801 y(A)25 b Fi({)h Fu(or)f(`)p
9601 Ft(,)p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(with)f(a)g(bac)m(kslash)h(to)g
9602 (prev)m(en)m(t)g(its)g(b)s(eing)f(considered)g(part)g(of)h(a)g(brace)
9603 150 1911 y(expression.)51 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(a)m(v)m(oid)i(con\015icts)e
9604 (with)g(parameter)g(expansion,)h(the)f(string)g(`)p Ft(${)p
9605 Fu(')g(is)g(not)g(considered)150 2020 y(eligible)e(for)e(brace)h
9606 (expansion.)275 2156 y(This)f(construct)h(is)g(t)m(ypically)i(used)d
9607 (as)h(shorthand)f(when)g(the)h(common)g(pre\014x)f(of)h(the)g(strings)g
9608 (to)150 2265 y(b)s(e)f(generated)h(is)g(longer)g(than)f(in)g(the)g(ab)s
9609 (o)m(v)m(e)i(example:)390 2401 y Ft(mkdir)46 b
9610 (/usr/local/src/bash/{old,n)o(ew,)o(dist)o(,bug)o(s})275
9611 2536 y Fu(or)390 2672 y Ft(chown)g(root)h(/usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/)o
9612 ({ex?)o(.?*,)o(how)o(_ex})o(})150 2872 y Fk(3.5.2)63
9613 b(Tilde)41 b(Expansion)150 3019 y Fu(If)29 b(a)h(w)m(ord)g(b)s(egins)f
9614 (with)g(an)h(unquoted)f(tilde)h(c)m(haracter)h(\(`)p
9615 Ft(~)p Fu('\),)g(all)g(of)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(up)d(to)j(the)f
9616 (\014rst)150 3128 y(unquoted)24 b(slash)g(\(or)h(all)h(c)m(haracters,)h
9617 (if)e(there)g(is)f(no)h(unquoted)e(slash\))i(are)g(considered)g(a)g
9618 Fr(tilde-pre\014x)p Fu(.)150 3238 y(If)38 b(none)g(of)g(the)h(c)m
9619 (haracters)g(in)f(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(are)h(quoted,)h(the)f(c)m
9620 (haracters)h(in)d(the)i(tilde-pre\014x)150 3348 y(follo)m(wing)28
9621 b(the)g(tilde)f(are)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(p)s(ossible)g
9622 Fr(login)h(name)p Fu(.)39 b(If)27 b(this)g(login)h(name)f(is)g(the)g(n)
9623 m(ull)g(string,)150 3457 y(the)35 b(tilde)g(is)g(replaced)g(with)f(the)
9624 h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5
9625 b(ariable.)54 b(If)34 b Ft(HOME)g Fu(is)h(unset,)g(the)g(home)150
9626 3567 y(directory)e(of)g(the)f(user)g(executing)i(the)e(shell)h(is)f
9627 (substituted)g(instead.)47 b(Otherwise,)33 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)150
9628 3676 y(is)d(replaced)h(with)f(the)h(home)f(directory)h(asso)s(ciated)h
9629 (with)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(login)j(name.)275 3812
9630 y(If)g(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)h(`)p Ft(~+)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5
9631 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(PWD)d
9632 Fu(replaces)j(the)f(tilde-pre\014x.)47 b(If)150 3921
9633 y(the)31 b(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)g(`)p Ft(~-)p Fu(',)h(the)f(v)-5
9634 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(OLDPWD)p
9635 Fu(,)e(if)h(it)h(is)g(set,)g(is)f(substituted.)275 4057
9636 y(If)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(follo)m(wing)h(the)e(tilde)g(in)g(the)g
9637 (tilde-pre\014x)g(consist)g(of)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d
9638 Fr(N)p Fu(,)j(optionally)150 4166 y(pre\014xed)22 b(b)m(y)h(a)h(`)p
9639 Ft(+)p Fu(')f(or)h(a)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(the)d(tilde-pre\014x)g(is)h
9640 (replaced)f(with)g(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e(elemen)m(t)j(from)e(the)150
9641 4276 y(directory)36 b(stac)m(k,)i(as)e(it)g(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m
9642 (y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f Ft(dirs)g Fu(builtin)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)
9643 e(the)g(c)m(haracters)150 4386 y(follo)m(wing)40 b(tilde)f(in)g(the)f
9644 (tilde-pre\014x)h(as)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(\(see)h(Section)f(6.8)h([The)
9645 e(Directory)i(Stac)m(k],)150 4495 y(page)c(90\).)57 b(If)35
9646 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x,)i(sans)e(the)h(tilde,)h(consists)f(of)g(a)f(n)m
9647 (um)m(b)s(er)f(without)i(a)f(leading)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')g(or)150
9648 4605 y(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)31 b(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')f(is)h(assumed.)275
9649 4740 y(If)e(the)i(login)g(name)g(is)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)31
9650 b(or)g(the)f(tilde)h(expansion)f(fails,)i(the)e(w)m(ord)g(is)h(left)g
9651 (unc)m(hanged.)275 4876 y(Eac)m(h)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38
9652 b(assignmen)m(t)h(is)e(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)j(for)d(unquoted)g
9653 (tilde-pre\014xes)h(immediately)g(follo)m(wing)150 4985
9654 y(a)d(`)p Ft(:)p Fu(')g(or)g(the)g(\014rst)f(`)p Ft(=)p
9655 Fu('.)54 b(In)34 b(these)h(cases,)i(tilde)e(expansion)g(is)g(also)h(p)s
9656 (erformed.)52 b(Consequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)37 b(one)150 5095
9657 y(ma)m(y)29 b(use)e(\014lenames)h(with)g(tildes)g(in)g(assignmen)m(ts)g
9658 (to)h Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)f Ft(MAILPATH)p Fu(,)e(and)h Ft(CDPATH)p
9659 Fu(,)g(and)h(the)g(shell)150 5205 y(assigns)j(the)f(expanded)g(v)-5
9660 b(alue.)275 5340 y(The)29 b(follo)m(wing)j(table)g(sho)m(ws)e(ho)m(w)g
9661 (Bash)h(treats)g(unquoted)e(tilde-pre\014xes:)p eop end
9662 %%Page: 23 29
9663 TeXDict begin 23 28 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9664 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(23)150 299
9665 y Ft(~)432 b Fu(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($HOME)150
9666 474 y(~/foo)240 b($HOME/foo)150 649 y(~fred/foo)630 759
9667 y Fu(The)30 b(sub)s(directory)f Ft(foo)h Fu(of)g(the)h(home)f
9668 (directory)h(of)g(the)f(user)g Ft(fred)150 934 y(~+/foo)192
9669 b($PWD/foo)150 1109 y(~-/foo)g(${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo)150
9670 1284 y(~)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g
9671 (displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150
9672 1459 y Ft(~+)p Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)
9673 g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p
9674 Fu(')150 1634 y Ft(~-)p Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m
9675 (ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(-)p
9676 Fj(N)p Fu(')150 1849 y Fk(3.5.3)63 b(Shell)41 b(P)m(arameter)f
9677 (Expansion)150 1996 y Fu(The)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)i(in)m
9678 (tro)s(duces)d(parameter)h(expansion,)j(command)d(substitution,)i(or)e
9679 (arithmetic)150 2105 y(expansion.)d(The)22 b(parameter)h(name)f(or)g
9680 (sym)m(b)s(ol)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(expanded)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(enclosed)h(in)
9681 f(braces,)i(whic)m(h)150 2215 y(are)31 b(optional)g(but)f(serv)m(e)h
9682 (to)h(protect)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(from)
9683 g(c)m(haracters)i(immediately)150 2324 y(follo)m(wing)g(it)f(whic)m(h)f
9684 (could)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(name.)275
9685 2474 y(When)44 b(braces)i(are)f(used,)j(the)e(matc)m(hing)g(ending)f
9686 (brace)g(is)g(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p Ft(})p Fu(')g(not)g(escap)s(ed)h(b)m
9687 (y)f(a)150 2584 y(bac)m(kslash)40 b(or)f(within)g(a)g(quoted)g(string,)
9688 j(and)c(not)i(within)e(an)h(em)m(b)s(edded)f(arithmetic)j(expansion,)
9689 150 2694 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(or)h(parameter)g(expansion.)275
9690 2844 y(The)40 b(basic)i(form)f(of)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(is)h($)p
9691 Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(The)41 b(v)-5
9692 b(alue)42 b(of)g Fr(parameter)48 b Fu(is)150 2953 y(substituted.)43
9693 b(The)31 b Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)31 b(a)h(shell)f(parameter)h(as)g
9694 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4)h([Shell)150
9695 3063 y(P)m(arameters],)e(page)f(18\))h(or)e(an)g(arra)m(y)h(reference)f
9696 (\(see)i(Section)f(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(89\).)42
9697 b(The)29 b(braces)150 3172 y(are)j(required)g(when)f
9698 Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)32 b(a)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)h(with)f
9699 (more)g(than)g(one)g(digit,)i(or)e(when)150 3282 y Fr(parameter)37
9700 b Fu(is)31 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(is)f
9701 (not)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(part)f(of)h(its)f(name.)275
9702 3432 y(If)36 b(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f Fr(parameter)44
9703 b Fu(is)37 b(an)f(exclamation)j(p)s(oin)m(t)e(\(!\),)i(it)f(in)m(tro)s
9704 (duces)e(a)h(lev)m(el)i(of)150 3542 y(v)-5 b(ariable)30
9705 b(indirection.)41 b(Bash)30 b(uses)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30
9706 b(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(formed)f(from)g(the)h(rest)f(of)h
9707 Fr(parameter)150 3651 y Fu(as)c(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)h(v)-5
9708 b(ariable;)28 b(this)e(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)f(then)f(expanded)g(and)h
9709 (that)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(is)f(used)f(in)h(the)g(rest)150
9710 3761 y(of)34 b(the)f(substitution,)i(rather)e(than)g(the)h(v)-5
9711 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(itself.)51 b(This)33
9712 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)g(as)h Ft(indirect)150 3871 y(expansion)p
9713 Fu(.)78 b(The)43 b(exceptions)i(to)f(this)f(are)h(the)g(expansions)g
9714 (of)f($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(pre\014x)6 b Fu(*)p Fi(})45
9715 b Fu(and)e($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([@])p Fi(})150
9716 3980 y Fu(describ)s(ed)28 b(b)s(elo)m(w.)41 b(The)28
9717 b(exclamation)j(p)s(oin)m(t)f(m)m(ust)f(immediately)h(follo)m(w)g(the)g
9718 (left)f(brace)h(in)f(order)f(to)150 4090 y(in)m(tro)s(duce)i
9719 (indirection.)275 4240 y(In)39 b(eac)m(h)i(of)g(the)f(cases)h(b)s(elo)m
9720 (w,)i Fr(w)m(ord)h Fu(is)c(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(tilde)f(expansion,)j
9721 (parameter)e(expansion,)150 4349 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g
9722 (arithmetic)i(expansion.)275 4500 y(When)h(not)h(p)s(erforming)e
9723 (substring)h(expansion,)h(using)g(the)f(form)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m
9724 (w)i(\(e.g.,)i(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu('\),)150 4609 y(Bash)d(tests)h(for)e(a)i
9725 (parameter)f(that)h(is)e(unset)h(or)g(n)m(ull.)48 b(Omitting)33
9726 b(the)h(colon)f(results)g(in)g(a)g(test)h(only)150 4719
9727 y(for)c(a)i(parameter)f(that)g(is)g(unset.)41 b(Put)31
9728 b(another)f(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(if)e(the)f(colon)i(is)f(included,)f
9729 (the)h(op)s(erator)g(tests)150 4828 y(for)36 b(b)s(oth)g
9730 Fr(parameter)7 b Fu('s)37 b(existence)h(and)e(that)i(its)f(v)-5
9731 b(alue)37 b(is)g(not)f(n)m(ull;)k(if)d(the)g(colon)h(is)e(omitted,)k
9732 (the)150 4938 y(op)s(erator)31 b(tests)g(only)f(for)g(existence.)150
9733 5121 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:)p Fq(\000)p Fj(word)p
9734 Ft(})630 5230 y Fu(If)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m
9735 (ull,)f(the)h(expansion)f(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)c(substituted.)40
9736 b(Otherwise,)630 5340 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h
9737 Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)31 b(substituted.)p eop end
9738 %%Page: 24 30
9739 TeXDict begin 24 29 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9740 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(24)150 299
9741 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:=)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 408
9742 y Fu(If)33 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33 b(unset)f(or)h(n)m(ull,)h(the)f
9743 (expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(assigned)g(to)h
9744 Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)630 518 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f
9745 Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(then)g(substituted.)42 b(P)m(ositional)33
9746 b(parameters)e(and)f(sp)s(ecial)630 628 y(parameters)h(ma)m(y)g(not)f
9747 (b)s(e)g(assigned)h(to)g(in)f(this)g(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)150
9748 786 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630
9749 896 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(n)m(ull)g(or)g(unset,)h
9750 (the)f(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(\(or)c(a)h(message)g(to)g(that)
9751 f(e\013ect)630 1005 y(if)i Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(not)g(presen)m(t\))h
9752 (is)f(written)g(to)h(the)f(standard)f(error)h(and)f(the)h(shell,)h(if)f
9753 (it)h(is)f(not)630 1115 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)33 b(exits.)42
9754 b(Otherwise,)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38
9755 b Fu(is)30 b(substituted.)150 1273 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9756 Ft(:+)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 1383 y Fu(If)35 b Fr(parameter)42
9757 b Fu(is)36 b(n)m(ull)f(or)h(unset,)g(nothing)g(is)f(substituted,)i
9758 (otherwise)e(the)h(expansion)630 1492 y(of)31 b Fr(w)m(ord)i
9759 Fu(is)e(substituted.)150 1650 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9760 Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(})150 1760 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9761 Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(:)p Fj(lengt)o(h)p Ft(})630 1870
9762 y Fu(This)f(is)h(referred)f(to)h(as)g(Substring)f(Expansion.)41
9763 b(It)31 b(expands)f(to)h(up)f(to)h Fr(length)g Fu(c)m(harac-)630
9764 1979 y(ters)k(of)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g Fr(parameter)42
9765 b Fu(starting)36 b(at)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)h
9766 Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)55 b(If)630 2089 y Fr(parameter)32
9767 b Fu(is)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(subscripted)e
9768 (b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(or)g(an)f(asso)s
9769 (ciativ)m(e)j(ar-)630 2198 y(ra)m(y)g(name,)h(the)f(results)g(di\013er)
9770 g(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(length)g
9771 Fu(is)g(omitted,)i(it)f(expands)630 2308 y(to)e(the)g(substring)f(of)g
9772 (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(starting)28
9773 b(at)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)630
9774 2418 y Fr(o\013set)37 b Fu(and)d(extending)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)
9775 g(v)-5 b(alue.)53 b Fr(length)34 b Fu(and)g Fr(o\013set)j
9776 Fu(are)e(arithmetic)630 2527 y(expressions)30 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h
9777 ([Shell)e(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(87\).)630 2661 y(If)39
9778 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
9779 (less)h(than)f(zero,)k(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(used)e(as)i(an)g
9780 (o\013set)630 2771 y(in)33 b(c)m(haracters)i(from)f(the)f(end)g(of)h
9781 (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)51 b(If)33
9782 b Fr(length)h Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)35 b(to)g(a)630 2880
9783 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(less)h(than)g(zero,)j(it)d(is)h(in)m(terpreted)f
9784 (as)g(an)h(o\013set)g(in)f(c)m(haracters)h(from)f(the)g(end)g(of)630
9785 2990 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)38
9786 b Fu(rather)30 b(than)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)g(c)m(haracters,)j
9787 (and)d(the)h(expansion)630 3099 y(is)39 b(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(et)
9788 m(w)m(een)f Fr(o\013set)i Fu(and)c(that)i(result.)67
9789 b(Note)40 b(that)g(a)g(negativ)m(e)h(o\013set)630 3209
9790 y(m)m(ust)27 b(b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)g(colon)i(b)m(y)e(at)h
9791 (least)g(one)f(space)h(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)h(b)s(eing)e(confused)630
9792 3319 y(with)j(the)h(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu(')f(expansion.)630
9793 3453 y(Here)43 b(are)g(some)f(examples)h(illustrating)g(substring)f
9794 (expansion)g(on)g(parameters)h(and)630 3562 y(subscripted)29
9795 b(arra)m(ys:)630 3696 y Ft($)47 b(string=01234567890abcdefgh)630
9796 3806 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7})630 3915 y(7890abcdefgh)630
9797 4025 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:0})630 4244 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:2})630
9798 4354 y(78)630 4463 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:-2})630 4573
9799 y(7890abcdef)630 4682 y($)g(echo)g(${string:)e(-7})630
9800 4792 y(bcdefgh)630 4902 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:0})630
9801 5121 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:2})630 5230 y(bc)630
9802 5340 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:-2})p eop end
9803 %%Page: 25 31
9804 TeXDict begin 25 30 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9805 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(25)630 299
9806 y Ft(bcdef)630 408 y($)47 b(set)g(--)h(01234567890abcdefgh)630
9807 518 y($)f(echo)g(${1:7})630 628 y(7890abcdefgh)630 737
9808 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:0})630 956 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:2})630
9809 1066 y(78)630 1176 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:-2})630 1285 y(7890abcdef)630
9810 1395 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7})630 1504 y(bcdefgh)630 1614
9811 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:0})630 1833 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:2})630
9812 1943 y(bc)630 2052 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:-2})630 2162
9813 y(bcdef)630 2271 y($)g(array[0]=01234567890abcdef)o(gh)630
9814 2381 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7})630 2491 y(7890abcdefgh)630
9815 2600 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:0})630 2819 y($)g(echo)g
9816 (${array[0]:7:2})630 2929 y(78)630 3039 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:-2})
9817 630 3148 y(7890abcdef)630 3258 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7})630
9818 3367 y(bcdefgh)630 3477 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:0})630
9819 3696 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:2})630 3806 y(bc)630
9820 3915 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:-2})630 4025 y(bcdef)630
9821 4171 y Fu(If)22 b Fr(parameter)30 b Fu(is)23 b(`)p Ft(@)p
9822 Fu(',)i(the)e(result)g(is)g Fr(length)h Fu(p)s(ositional)f(parameters)h
9823 (b)s(eginning)e(at)i Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)630 4281 y(A)36
9824 b(negativ)m(e)j Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e
9825 (one)g(greater)g(than)f(the)h(greatest)h(p)s(ositional)630
9826 4390 y(parameter,)29 b(so)f(an)g(o\013set)h(of)f(-1)g(ev)-5
9827 b(aluates)30 b(to)e(the)g(last)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter.)40
9828 b(It)28 b(is)g(an)630 4500 y(expansion)i(error)g(if)h
9829 Fr(length)f Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i
9830 (than)f(zero.)630 4646 y(The)i(follo)m(wing)i(examples)f(illustrate)h
9831 (substring)d(expansion)i(using)f(p)s(ositional)h(param-)630
9832 4755 y(eters:)630 4902 y Ft($)47 b(set)g(--)h(1)f(2)g(3)h(4)f(5)h(6)f
9833 (7)h(8)f(9)h(0)f(a)h(b)f(c)g(d)h(e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 5011
9834 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7})630 5121 y(7)g(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)h(e)f(f)h
9835 (g)f(h)630 5230 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7:0})p eop end
9836 %%Page: 26 32
9837 TeXDict begin 26 31 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9838 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(26)630 299
9839 y Ft($)47 b(echo)g(${@:7:2})630 408 y(7)g(8)630 518 y($)g(echo)g
9840 (${@:7:-2})630 628 y(bash:)f(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630
9841 737 y($)g(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:2})630 847 y(b)g(c)630 956
9842 y($)g(echo)g(${@:0})630 1066 y(./bash)f(1)i(2)f(3)g(4)h(5)f(6)h(7)f(8)h
9843 (9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)g(e)h(f)f(g)h(h)630 1176 y($)f(echo)g(${@:0:2})
9844 630 1285 y(./bash)f(1)630 1395 y($)h(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:0})630
9845 1677 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)36 b(an)g(indexed)g(arra)m(y)
9846 g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p
9847 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(result)g(is)630 1786 y(the)j Fr(length)g
9848 Fu(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)i(b)s(eginning)d(with)i
9849 Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft([)p Fj(offset)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)60
9850 b(A)630 1896 y(negativ)m(e)33 b Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)h
9851 (relativ)m(e)g(to)g(one)f(greater)g(than)g(the)f(maxim)m(um)h(index)f
9852 (of)h(the)630 2005 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)38 b(arra)m(y)-8
9853 b(.)65 b(It)38 b(is)g(an)h(expansion)f(error)f(if)i Fr(length)f
9854 Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)40 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)630
9855 2115 y(than)30 b(zero.)630 2287 y(These)23 b(examples)i(sho)m(w)e(ho)m
9856 (w)h(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use)f(substring)f(expansion)i(with)f(indexed)g
9857 (arra)m(ys:)630 2459 y Ft($)47 b(array=\(0)f(1)h(2)h(3)f(4)h(5)f(6)h(7)
9858 f(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)g(c)h(d)f(e)h(f)f(g)h(h\))630 2569
9859 y($)f(echo)g(${array[@]:7})630 2679 y(7)g(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)h
9860 (e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 2788 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:7:2})630
9861 2898 y(7)g(8)630 3007 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:2})630
9862 3117 y(b)i(c)630 3226 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:-2})630
9863 3336 y(bash:)h(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630
9864 3446 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0})630 3555 y(0)g(1)h(2)f(3)h(4)f(5)h(6)f
9865 (7)h(8)f(9)h(0)f(a)g(b)h(c)f(d)h(e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 3665
9866 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0:2})630 3774 y(0)g(1)630 3884
9867 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:0})630 4166 y Fu(Substring)25
9868 b(expansion)g(applied)h(to)h(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)d(pro)s
9869 (duces)f(unde\014ned)f(results.)630 4338 y(Substring)32
9870 b(indexing)i(is)f(zero-based)i(unless)e(the)h(p)s(ositional)g
9871 (parameters)g(are)g(used,)g(in)630 4448 y(whic)m(h)29
9872 b(case)i(the)f(indexing)g(starts)g(at)g(1)g(b)m(y)g(default.)41
9873 b(If)29 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(is)d(0,)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(ositional)630
9874 4557 y(parameters)h(are)f(used,)g Ft($@)g Fu(is)g(pre\014xed)g(to)h
9875 (the)f(list.)150 4792 y Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})150
9876 4902 y(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(@})630 5011 y Fu(Expands)24
9877 b(to)h(the)g(names)g(of)g(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(whose)f(names)f(b)s
9878 (egin)h(with)f Fr(pre\014x)p Fu(,)i(separated)f(b)m(y)630
9879 5121 y(the)k(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)g Ft(IFS)f
9880 Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(When)29 b(`)p Ft(@)p
9881 Fu(')g(is)g(used)f(and)h(the)g(expan-)630 5230 y(sion)35
9882 b(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)i(eac)m(h)f(v)-5
9883 b(ariable)36 b(name)f(expands)g(to)g(a)h(separate)630
9884 5340 y(w)m(ord.)p eop end
9885 %%Page: 27 33
9886 TeXDict begin 27 32 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9887 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(27)150 299
9888 y Ft(${!)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})150 408 y(${!)p Fj(name)p
9889 Ft([*]})630 518 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(name)32 b Fu(is)27 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)
9890 -5 b(ariable,)29 b(expands)d(to)h(the)g(list)g(of)g(arra)m(y)g(indices)
9891 g(\(k)m(eys\))h(assigned)630 628 y(in)c Fr(name)p Fu(.)39
9892 b(If)24 b Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24 b(not)h(an)f(arra)m(y)-8
9893 b(,)27 b(expands)c(to)j(0)f(if)f Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24
9894 b(set)h(and)f(n)m(ull)g(otherwise.)630 737 y(When)39
9895 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(is)f(used)g(and)f(the)i(expansion)f(app)s(ears)g
9896 (within)f(double)h(quotes,)k(eac)m(h)d(k)m(ey)630 847
9897 y(expands)30 b(to)h(a)f(separate)i(w)m(ord.)150 1011
9898 y Ft(${#)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(})630 1121 y Fu(The)40 b(length)g(in)g(c)m
9899 (haracters)i(of)e(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f
9900 Fr(parameter)47 b Fu(is)40 b(substituted.)630 1230 y(If)i
9901 Fr(parameter)50 b Fu(is)43 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p
9902 Ft(@)p Fu(',)k(the)c(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(substituted)f(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m
9903 (b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)630 1340 y(parameters.)i(If)32
9904 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m
9905 (y)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5
9906 b(alue)630 1450 y(substituted)30 b(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
9907 (elemen)m(ts)i(in)d(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)43 b(If)30
9908 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(an)f(indexed)630 1559
9909 y(arra)m(y)37 b(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m
9910 (b)s(er,)f(that)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)g(in)m(terpreted)i(as)630
9911 1669 y(relativ)m(e)47 b(to)g(one)e(greater)i(than)e(the)h(maxim)m(um)f
9912 (index)g(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)50 b(so)c(negativ)m(e)630
9913 1778 y(indices)30 b(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f
9914 (arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h(references)g(the)630
9915 1888 y(last)g(elemen)m(t.)150 2052 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9916 Ft(#)p Fj(word)p Ft(})150 2162 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9917 Ft(##)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 2271 y Fu(The)g Fr(w)m(ord)k
9918 Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)i(pro)s(duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)f(as)i(in)e
9919 (\014lename)h(expansion)g(\(see)630 2381 y(Section)k(3.5.8)h([Filename)
9920 g(Expansion],)g(page)f(30\).)56 b(If)35 b(the)h(pattern)f(matc)m(hes)i
9921 (the)e(b)s(e-)630 2491 y(ginning)28 b(of)g(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5
9922 b(alue)29 b(of)f Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)h(then)f(the)g(result)g(of)h(the)f
9923 (expansion)g(is)630 2600 y(the)36 b(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
9924 b(of)g Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(with)35 b(the)h(shortest)g(matc)m(hing)h
9925 (pattern)f(\(the)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')630 2710 y(case\))26
9926 b(or)f(the)g(longest)g(matc)m(hing)h(pattern)f(\(the)g(`)p
9927 Ft(##)p Fu(')g(case\))h(deleted.)39 b(If)24 b Fr(parameter)32
9928 b Fu(is)25 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')630 2819 y(or)j(`)p Ft(*)p
9929 Fu(',)i(the)e(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)29 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f
9930 (applied)h(to)g(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)630
9931 2929 y(turn,)i(and)g(the)h(expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)g(list.)
9932 45 b(If)32 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
9933 b(ariable)630 3039 y(subscripted)39 b(with)g(`)p Ft(@)p
9934 Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)d(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5
9935 b(al)41 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m(h)630
9936 3148 y(mem)m(b)s(er)30 b(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h
9937 (expansion)f(is)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 3313
9938 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(\045)p Fj(word)p Ft(})150
9939 3422 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(\045\045)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630
9940 3532 y Fu(The)k Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)c(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s(duce)e(a)i
9941 (pattern)f(just)g(as)h(in)f(\014lename)h(expansion.)55
9942 b(If)630 3641 y(the)43 b(pattern)g(matc)m(hes)h(a)g(trailing)g(p)s
9943 (ortion)e(of)h(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)g
9944 Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)630 3751 y(then)c(the)g(result)g(of)h(the)f
9945 (expansion)g(is)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f Fr(parameter)46
9946 b Fu(with)39 b(the)h(shortest)630 3861 y(matc)m(hing)31
9947 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(case\))h(or)e(the)h(longest)h
9948 (matc)m(hing)f(pattern)g(\(the)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')g(case\))630
9949 3970 y(deleted.)49 b(If)32 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33
9950 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(pattern)g(remo)m(v)-5
9951 b(al)34 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f(applied)f(to)630 4080 y(eac)m(h)38
9952 b(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)f(turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)h
9953 (the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)61 b(If)630 4189 y Fr(parameter)38
9954 b Fu(is)32 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(subscripted)e(with)h
9955 (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5
9956 b(al)630 4299 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m
9957 (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g
9958 (is)630 4408 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 4573 y
9959 Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(/)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(/)p Fj(stri)o(ng)p
9960 Ft(})630 4682 y Fu(The)37 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)g(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s
9961 (duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)g(as)h(in)e(\014lename)i(expansion.)630
9962 4792 y Fr(P)m(arameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(expanded)f(and)g(the)i(longest)g
9963 (matc)m(h)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(against)h(its)f(v)-5
9964 b(alue)39 b(is)630 4902 y(replaced)34 b(with)e Fr(string)p
9965 Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)f(`)p
9966 Ft(/)p Fu(',)j(all)f(matc)m(hes)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(are)h(re-)630
9967 5011 y(placed)28 b(with)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)40 b(Normally)28
9968 b(only)f(the)h(\014rst)e(matc)m(h)j(is)e(replaced.)40
9969 b(If)27 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)630 5121 y(with)34
9970 b(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)
9971 e(of)h(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f Fr(parameter)p
9972 Fu(.)630 5230 y(If)g Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)g(`)p
9973 Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h
9974 (expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)630 5340 y Fr(parameter)p
9975 Fu(.)41 b(If)29 b Fr(string)37 b Fu(is)29 b(n)m(ull,)h(matc)m(hes)h(of)
9976 e Fr(pattern)h Fu(are)g(deleted)g(and)f(the)g Ft(/)g
9977 Fu(follo)m(wing)p eop end
9978 %%Page: 28 34
9979 TeXDict begin 28 33 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9980 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(28)630 299
9981 y Fr(pattern)34 b Fu(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(omitted.)51 b(If)33
9982 b Fr(parameter)41 b Fu(is)33 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p
9983 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(substitution)f(op)s(eration)630
9984 408 y(is)38 b(applied)g(to)g(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)f(in)g
9985 (turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)g(the)g(re-)630 518
9986 y(sultan)m(t)f(list.)59 b(If)36 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)36
9987 b(an)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(subscripted)e(with)h(`)p
9988 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)630 628 y(substitution)30
9989 b(op)s(eration)h(is)f(applied)g(to)h(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)f(of)g(the)
9990 h(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)630 737 y(expansion)g(is)h(the)f
9991 (resultan)m(t)h(list.)150 931 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9992 Ft(^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1040 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9993 Ft(^^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1150 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9994 Ft(,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1259 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9995 Ft(,,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})630 1369 y Fu(This)36 b(expansion)g(mo)s
9996 (di\014es)g(the)g(case)i(of)f(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
9997 Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)59 b(The)630 1479 y Fr(pattern)33
9998 b Fu(is)g(expanded)e(to)j(pro)s(duce)d(a)j(pattern)e(just)g(as)h(in)g
9999 (\014lename)g(expansion.)47 b(Eac)m(h)630 1588 y(c)m(haracter)32
10000 b(in)e(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)37
10001 b Fu(is)30 b(tested)h(against)h Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)e(and,)g(if)630
10002 1698 y(it)j(matc)m(hes)h(the)g(pattern,)f(its)h(case)g(is)f(con)m(v)m
10003 (erted.)49 b(The)33 b(pattern)g(should)f(not)h(attempt)630
10004 1807 y(to)f(matc)m(h)g(more)f(than)g(one)g(c)m(haracter.)44
10005 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')i(op)s(erator)f(con)m(v)m(erts)h(lo)m(w)m
10006 (ercase)i(letters)630 1917 y(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)f
10007 Fu(to)h(upp)s(ercase;)h(the)e(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(con)m(v)m
10008 (erts)i(matc)m(hing)f(upp)s(ercase)630 2027 y(letters)e(to)f(lo)m(w)m
10009 (ercase.)50 b(The)32 b(`)p Ft(^^)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(,,)p
10010 Fu(')g(expansions)h(con)m(v)m(ert)h(eac)m(h)g(matc)m(hed)f(c)m(har-)630
10011 2136 y(acter)c(in)f(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue;)30
10012 b(the)e(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(expansions)g(matc)m
10013 (h)h(and)f(con)m(v)m(ert)i(only)630 2246 y(the)37 b(\014rst)g(c)m
10014 (haracter)i(in)e(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)61 b(If)37
10015 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(it)e(is)f(treated)630
10016 2355 y(lik)m(e)h(a)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)d(matc)m(hes)i(ev)m
10017 (ery)f(c)m(haracter.)61 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)37
10018 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)e(case)630
10019 2465 y(mo)s(di\014cation)29 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m
10020 (h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)f(in)g(turn,)g(and)g(the)630
10021 2575 y(expansion)38 b(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)65
10022 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
10023 b(ariable)39 b(subscripted)630 2684 y(with)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p
10024 Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(case)h(mo)s(di\014cation)f(op)s
10025 (eration)h(is)e(applied)h(to)h(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)630
10026 2794 y(arra)m(y)31 b(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h(expansion)f(is)g(the)h
10027 (resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 3027 y Fk(3.5.4)63 b(Command)41
10028 b(Substitution)150 3174 y Fu(Command)f(substitution)h(allo)m(ws)i(the)e
10029 (output)g(of)h(a)f(command)g(to)h(replace)g(the)g(command)f(itself.)150
10030 3284 y(Command)29 b(substitution)h(o)s(ccurs)h(when)e(a)i(command)f(is)
10031 g(enclosed)h(as)g(follo)m(ws:)390 3452 y Ft($\()p Fj(command)p
10032 Ft(\))150 3621 y Fu(or)390 3789 y Ft(`)p Fj(command)p
10033 Ft(`)150 3958 y Fu(Bash)45 b(p)s(erforms)f(the)h(expansion)f(b)m(y)h
10034 (executing)i Fr(command)h Fu(and)c(replacing)i(the)f(command)g(sub-)150
10035 4067 y(stitution)c(with)f(the)g(standard)g(output)g(of)g(the)g
10036 (command,)j(with)d(an)m(y)h(trailing)g(newlines)f(deleted.)150
10037 4177 y(Em)m(b)s(edded)30 b(newlines)h(are)h(not)f(deleted,)i(but)e
10038 (they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(during)d(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)
10039 44 b(The)150 4286 y(command)23 b(substitution)g Ft($\(cat)29
10040 b Fj(file)p Ft(\))22 b Fu(can)i(b)s(e)f(replaced)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(equiv)
10041 -5 b(alen)m(t)25 b(but)e(faster)h Ft($\(<)29 b Fj(file)p
10042 Ft(\))p Fu(.)275 4455 y(When)k(the)i(old-st)m(yle)h(bac)m(kquote)f
10043 (form)f(of)g(substitution)g(is)g(used,)h(bac)m(kslash)f(retains)h(its)f
10044 (literal)150 4565 y(meaning)k(except)h(when)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e
10045 (`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)j(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)f(or)e(`)p Ft(\\)p
10046 Fu('.)64 b(The)38 b(\014rst)f(bac)m(kquote)j(not)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)g
10047 (a)150 4674 y(bac)m(kslash)k(terminates)f(the)h(command)e
10048 (substitution.)72 b(When)41 b(using)f(the)i Ft($\()p
10049 Fj(command)p Ft(\))c Fu(form,)43 b(all)150 4784 y(c)m(haracters)32
10050 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f(paren)m(theses)h(mak)m(e)g(up)f(the)g
10051 (command;)h(none)f(are)h(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275
10052 4952 y(Command)22 b(substitutions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(nested.)39
10053 b(T)-8 b(o)23 b(nest)g(when)f(using)h(the)g(bac)m(kquoted)h(form,)g
10054 (escap)s(e)150 5062 y(the)31 b(inner)e(bac)m(kquotes)j(with)e(bac)m
10055 (kslashes.)275 5230 y(If)e(the)i(substitution)e(app)s(ears)h(within)g
10056 (double)f(quotes,)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(\014lename)g(expansion)
10057 150 5340 y(are)i(not)f(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(the)h(results.)p
10058 eop end
10059 %%Page: 29 35
10060 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10061 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)150 299
10062 y Fk(3.5.5)63 b(Arithmetic)40 b(Expansion)150 446 y Fu(Arithmetic)25
10063 b(expansion)g(allo)m(ws)g(the)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)26 b(of)f(an)f
10064 (arithmetic)i(expression)e(and)g(the)g(substitution)150
10065 555 y(of)31 b(the)f(result.)41 b(The)30 b(format)g(for)g(arithmetic)i
10066 (expansion)e(is:)390 691 y Ft($\(\()47 b Fj(expression)e
10067 Ft(\)\))275 826 y Fu(The)33 b(expression)g(is)h(treated)g(as)g(if)g(it)
10068 g(w)m(ere)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)h(but)e(a)h(double)f(quote)h
10069 (inside)150 935 y(the)k(paren)m(theses)g(is)g(not)g(treated)h(sp)s
10070 (ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(All)38 b(tok)m(ens)h(in)f(the)g(expression)f
10071 (undergo)g(parameter)150 1045 y(and)26 b(v)-5 b(ariable)28
10072 b(expansion,)g(command)e(substitution,)i(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5
10073 b(al.)41 b(The)26 b(result)h(is)g(treated)h(as)150 1154
10074 y(the)j(arithmetic)g(expression)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5
10075 b(aluated.)42 b(Arithmetic)31 b(expansions)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(nested.)
10076 275 1290 y(The)34 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)37 b(is)f(p)s(erformed)e
10077 (according)i(to)g(the)g(rules)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w)g(\(see)g(Section)
10078 g(6.5)h([Shell)150 1399 y(Arithmetic],)32 b(page)f(87\).)42
10079 b(If)30 b(the)h(expression)f(is)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)32
10080 b(Bash)e(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(message)g(indicating)h(failure)150
10081 1509 y(to)f(the)g(standard)e(error)h(and)g(no)g(substitution)g(o)s
10082 (ccurs.)150 1709 y Fk(3.5.6)63 b(Pro)s(cess)42 b(Substitution)150
10083 1856 y Fu(Pro)s(cess)i(substitution)g(is)g(supp)s(orted)f(on)h(systems)
10084 g(that)h(supp)s(ort)d(named)i(pip)s(es)f(\()p Fm(fif)n(o)p
10085 Fu(s\))i(or)f(the)150 1965 y Ft(/dev/fd)28 b Fu(metho)s(d)i(of)h
10086 (naming)f(op)s(en)g(\014les.)40 b(It)31 b(tak)m(es)h(the)e(form)g(of)
10087 390 2100 y Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 2235 y Fu(or)390
10088 2370 y Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 2506 y Fu(The)c(pro)s(cess)f
10089 Fr(list)k Fu(is)e(run)d(with)i(its)h(input)e(or)h(output)g(connected)h
10090 (to)g(a)g Fm(fif)n(o)f Fu(or)g(some)g(\014le)h(in)f Ft(/dev/fd)p
10091 Fu(.)150 2615 y(The)i(name)h(of)g(this)f(\014le)h(is)g(passed)f(as)h
10092 (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(command)h(as)f(the)h
10093 (result)g(of)g(the)150 2725 y(expansion.)40 b(If)29 b(the)g
10094 Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))f Fu(form)g(is)i(used,)f(writing)g(to)h(the)f
10095 (\014le)h(will)f(pro)m(vide)h(input)e(for)h Fr(list)p
10096 Fu(.)41 b(If)29 b(the)150 2834 y Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))24
10097 b Fu(form)h(is)h(used,)g(the)g(\014le)g(passed)g(as)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)
10098 i(should)e(b)s(e)g(read)g(to)i(obtain)f(the)g(output)g(of)150
10099 2944 y Fr(list)p Fu(.)41 b(Note)31 b(that)f(no)g(space)g(ma)m(y)g(app)s
10100 (ear)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)g Ft(<)f Fu(or)h Ft(>)f
10101 Fu(and)g(the)h(left)g(paren)m(thesis,)h(otherwise)150
10102 3054 y(the)g(construct)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(a)h
10103 (redirection.)275 3189 y(When)36 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)40
10104 b(pro)s(cess)c(substitution)h(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(sim)m(ultaneously)i
10105 (with)g(parameter)g(and)150 3298 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
10106 b(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)i(expansion.)
10107 150 3498 y Fk(3.5.7)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 b(Splitting)150
10108 3645 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)h(scans)g(the)g(results)f(of)h(parameter)g
10109 (expansion,)g(command)g(substitution,)g(and)f(arithmetic)150
10110 3755 y(expansion)g(that)h(did)f(not)g(o)s(ccur)h(within)e(double)h
10111 (quotes)h(for)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting.)275 3890 y(The)e(shell)g(treats)i
10112 (eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)g(of)f Ft($IFS)e Fu(as)i(a)g(delimiter,)h(and)e
10113 (splits)g(the)h(results)f(of)h(the)g(other)150 3999 y(expansions)22
10114 b(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)e(using)h(these)g(c)m(haracters)h(as)f(\014eld)f
10115 (terminators.)39 b(If)22 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)h(or)e(its)h(v)-5
10116 b(alue)150 4109 y(is)36 b(exactly)j Ft(<space><tab><newline>)p
10117 Fu(,)32 b(the)37 b(default,)h(then)e(sequences)h(of)67
10118 b Ft(<space>)p Fu(,)36 b Ft(<tab>)p Fu(,)h(and)150 4219
10119 y Ft(<newline>)28 b Fu(at)k(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(and)h(end)f(of)h(the)g
10120 (results)g(of)g(the)g(previous)g(expansions)f(are)i(ignored,)150
10121 4328 y(and)k(an)m(y)h(sequence)h(of)f Ft(IFS)f Fu(c)m(haracters)i(not)f
10122 (at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(or)h(end)f(serv)m(es)h(to)h(delimit)f(w)m
10123 (ords.)150 4438 y(If)43 b Ft(IFS)f Fu(has)h(a)h(v)-5
10124 b(alue)43 b(other)h(than)f(the)g(default,)k(then)c(sequences)h(of)f
10125 (the)h(whitespace)f(c)m(haracters)150 4547 y Ft(space)26
10126 b Fu(and)h Ft(tab)g Fu(are)h(ignored)g(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(and)g
10127 (end)g(of)h(the)g(w)m(ord,)g(as)g(long)g(as)g(the)g(whitespace)150
10128 4657 y(c)m(haracter)34 b(is)f(in)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33
10129 b(of)f Ft(IFS)g Fu(\(an)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)j(c)m(haracter\).)49
10130 b(An)m(y)32 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)f Ft(IFS)e Fu(that)150
10131 4767 y(is)f(not)h Ft(IFS)f Fu(whitespace,)h(along)g(with)f(an)m(y)h
10132 (adjacen)m(t)h Ft(IFS)d Fu(whitespace)i(c)m(haracters,)h(delimits)f(a)g
10133 (\014eld.)150 4876 y(A)h(sequence)h(of)f Ft(IFS)f Fu(whitespace)i(c)m
10134 (haracters)h(is)e(also)h(treated)g(as)g(a)f(delimiter.)47
10135 b(If)32 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)f Ft(IFS)150 4986
10136 y Fu(is)e(n)m(ull,)h(no)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(o)s(ccurs.)275
10137 5121 y(Explicit)44 b(n)m(ull)f(argumen)m(ts)g(\()p Ft("")g
10138 Fu(or)h Ft('')p Fu(\))f(are)g(retained.)80 b(Unquoted)43
10139 b(implicit)h(n)m(ull)f(argumen)m(ts,)150 5230 y(resulting)24
10140 b(from)f(the)g(expansion)g(of)h(parameters)g(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(no)e
10141 (v)-5 b(alues,)25 b(are)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)40 b(If)23 b(a)g(parameter)150
10142 5340 y(with)30 b(no)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(expanded)e(within)h(double)
10143 g(quotes,)h(a)g(n)m(ull)f(argumen)m(t)h(results)f(and)g(is)g(retained.)
10144 p eop end
10145 %%Page: 30 36
10146 TeXDict begin 30 35 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10147 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(30)275 299
10148 y(Note)31 b(that)g(if)g(no)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs,)g(no)h(splitting)g
10149 (is)f(p)s(erformed.)150 503 y Fk(3.5.8)63 b(Filename)41
10150 b(Expansion)150 650 y Fu(After)30 b(w)m(ord)f(splitting,)i(unless)d
10151 (the)i Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(set)h(\(see)g(Section)h
10152 (4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)150 759 y(page)d(58\),)i(Bash)d(scans)h
10153 (eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(for)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
10154 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft([)p Fu('.)39
10155 b(If)26 b(one)h(of)g(these)f(c)m(haracters)150 869 y(app)s(ears,)h
10156 (then)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)h(regarded)g(as)g(a)g Fr(pattern)p
10157 Fu(,)g(and)g(replaced)g(with)f(an)h(alphab)s(etically)h(sorted)150
10158 979 y(list)k(of)f(\014lenames)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)f(pattern)g(\(see)h
10159 (Section)f(3.5.8.1)j([P)m(attern)e(Matc)m(hing],)h(page)f(30\).)43
10160 b(If)150 1088 y(no)26 b(matc)m(hing)i(\014lenames)e(are)h(found,)f(and)
10161 g(the)h(shell)f(option)h Ft(nullglob)d Fu(is)j(disabled,)g(the)g(w)m
10162 (ord)f(is)g(left)150 1198 y(unc)m(hanged.)40 b(If)30
10163 b(the)g Ft(nullglob)e Fu(option)i(is)h(set,)f(and)g(no)g(matc)m(hes)h
10164 (are)g(found,)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150
10165 1307 y(If)i(the)g Ft(failglob)e Fu(shell)i(option)h(is)f(set,)h(and)f
10166 (no)g(matc)m(hes)h(are)g(found,)e(an)h(error)g(message)h(is)f(prin)m
10167 (ted)150 1417 y(and)e(the)g(command)g(is)h(not)f(executed.)42
10168 b(If)30 b(the)g(shell)h(option)g Ft(nocaseglob)c Fu(is)k(enabled,)f
10169 (the)h(matc)m(h)g(is)150 1527 y(p)s(erformed)e(without)h(regard)h(to)g
10170 (the)f(case)i(of)e(alphab)s(etic)h(c)m(haracters.)275
10171 1666 y(When)23 b(a)h(pattern)f(is)h(used)f(for)g(\014lename)h
10172 (expansion,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(at)g(the)g(start)g
10173 (of)g(a)g(\014lename)150 1775 y(or)f(immediately)i(follo)m(wing)g(a)f
10174 (slash)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8
10175 b(,)27 b(unless)c(the)g(shell)h(option)g Ft(dotglob)150
10176 1885 y Fu(is)33 b(set.)51 b(When)33 b(matc)m(hing)h(a)g(\014lename,)h
10177 (the)e(slash)h(c)m(haracter)h(m)m(ust)e(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(b)s(e)e(matc)m
10178 (hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(.)150 1994 y(In)30 b(other)g(cases,)i(the)e(`)p
10179 Ft(.)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(is)e(not)h(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8
10180 b(.)275 2134 y(See)28 b(the)g(description)g(of)g Ft(shopt)e
10181 Fu(in)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g(62,)g(for)f
10182 (a)g(descrip-)150 2243 y(tion)j(of)f(the)h Ft(nocaseglob)p
10183 Fu(,)d Ft(nullglob)p Fu(,)g Ft(failglob)p Fu(,)h(and)g
10184 Ft(dotglob)g Fu(options.)275 2383 y(The)j Ft(GLOBIGNORE)f
10185 Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g
10186 (the)g(set)f(of)h(\014lenames)f(matc)m(hing)i(a)150 2492
10187 y(pattern.)k(If)25 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e Fu(is)j(set,)h(eac)m(h)g(matc)m
10188 (hing)g(\014lename)f(that)g(also)h(matc)m(hes)f(one)g(of)g(the)g
10189 (patterns)150 2602 y(in)39 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(is)j(remo)m(v)m(ed)h
10190 (from)e(the)h(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hes.)67 b(The)39 b(\014lenames)g
10191 Ft(.)f Fu(and)h Ft(..)f Fu(are)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 2711
10192 y(ignored)33 b(when)e Ft(GLOBIGNORE)f Fu(is)j(set)g(and)f(not)h(n)m
10193 (ull.)48 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)35 b(setting)f Ft(GLOBIGNORE)c
10194 Fu(to)j(a)g(non-n)m(ull)150 2821 y(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(has)f(the)h
10195 (e\013ect)h(of)f(enabling)g(the)g Ft(dotglob)e Fu(shell)h(option,)j(so)
10196 e(all)g(other)g(\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)150 2930 y(with)43
10197 b(a)h(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(will)h(matc)m(h.)80 b(T)-8 b(o)44
10198 b(get)h(the)e(old)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)h(ignoring)f(\014lenames)h(b)s
10199 (eginning)f(with)g(a)150 3040 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)c(mak)m(e)g(`)p
10200 Ft(.*)p Fu(')e(one)g(of)g(the)h(patterns)f(in)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)p
10201 Fu(.)58 b(The)37 b Ft(dotglob)e Fu(option)j(is)f(disabled)g(when)150
10202 3150 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)28 b Fu(is)i(unset.)150 3354 y Fk(3.5.8.1)63
10203 b(P)m(attern)40 b(Matc)m(hing)150 3501 y Fu(An)m(y)24
10204 b(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(app)s(ears)f(in)g(a)h(pattern,)i(other)e(than)f
10205 (the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(describ)s(ed)150
10206 3610 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)31 b(matc)m(hes)g(itself.)42 b(The)29
10207 b Fm(nul)h Fu(c)m(haracter)i(ma)m(y)e(not)h(o)s(ccur)f(in)g(a)h
10208 (pattern.)40 b(A)31 b(bac)m(kslash)g(escap)s(es)150 3720
10209 y(the)38 b(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracter;)43 b(the)37 b(escaping)i(bac)m
10210 (kslash)e(is)h(discarded)f(when)f(matc)m(hing.)63 b(The)36
10211 b(sp)s(ecial)150 3829 y(pattern)30 b(c)m(haracters)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)e
10212 (quoted)i(if)f(they)h(are)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(matc)m(hed)i(literally)-8
10213 b(.)275 3969 y(The)29 b(sp)s(ecial)i(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(ha)m(v)m
10214 (e)f(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)150 4135 y Ft(*)432
10215 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)31 b(an)m(y)e(string,)h(including)f(the)g(n)m(ull)g
10216 (string.)41 b(When)29 b(the)g Ft(globstar)e Fu(shell)i(option)630
10217 4245 y(is)37 b(enabled,)h(and)e(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)g(used)f(in)g(a)h
10218 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(con)m(text,)j(t)m(w)m(o)e(adjacen)m(t)g(`)p
10219 Ft(*)p Fu('s)630 4354 y(used)f(as)g(a)h(single)g(pattern)g(will)f(matc)
10220 m(h)i(all)f(\014les)f(and)g(zero)h(or)g(more)f(directories)i(and)630
10221 4464 y(sub)s(directories.)g(If)25 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(a)g(`)p
10222 Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(adjacen)m(t)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('s)e(will)g
10223 (matc)m(h)h(only)f(directories)630 4573 y(and)k(sub)s(directories.)150
10224 4737 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(y)f(single)g(c)m(haracter.)
10225 150 4902 y Ft([...)o(])241 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)27 b(an)m(y)e(one)g(of)g
10226 (the)g(enclosed)g(c)m(haracters.)41 b(A)25 b(pair)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)
10227 i(separated)e(b)m(y)g(a)630 5011 y(h)m(yphen)k(denotes)i(a)g
10228 Fr(range)g(expression)p Fu(;)f(an)m(y)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(falls)g
10229 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(those)g(t)m(w)m(o)630 5121 y(c)m(haracters,)d
10230 (inclusiv)m(e,)f(using)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)j(collating)g
10231 (sequence)e(and)f(c)m(haracter)630 5230 y(set,)31 b(is)f(matc)m(hed.)42
10232 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(follo)m(wing)g(the)e(`)p
10233 Ft([)p Fu(')h(is)f(a)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(or)g(a)h(`)p
10234 Ft(^)p Fu(')g(then)f(an)m(y)630 5340 y(c)m(haracter)c(not)f(enclosed)g
10235 (is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(A)25 b(`)p Fq(\000)p Fu(')f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e
10236 (matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(including)h(it)g(as)g(the)p eop
10237 end
10238 %%Page: 31 37
10239 TeXDict begin 31 36 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10240 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(31)630 299
10241 y(\014rst)32 b(or)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(in)e(the)g(set.)50
10242 b(A)33 b(`)p Ft(])p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed)i(b)m(y)f
10243 (including)g(it)g(as)h(the)630 408 y(\014rst)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)e
10244 (the)h(set.)40 b(The)25 b(sorting)h(order)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)f
10245 (range)g(expressions)f(is)630 518 y(determined)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(curren)m
10246 (t)f(lo)s(cale)j(and)d(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)g(the)g
10247 Ft(LC_COLLATE)d Fu(and)i Ft(LC_ALL)630 628 y Fu(shell)31
10248 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(if)f(set.)630 758 y(F)-8 b(or)34
10249 b(example,)g(in)f(the)g(default)g(C)f(lo)s(cale,)k(`)p
10250 Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')31 b(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(`)p
10251 Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu('.)630 868 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m
10252 (haracters)h(in)e(dictionary)i(order,)76 b(and)67 b(in)g(these)h(lo)s
10253 (cales)630 977 y(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e
10254 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu(';)g(it)g(migh)m
10255 (t)f(b)s(e)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 1087 y(to)34 b(`)p
10256 Ft([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p Fu(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8
10257 b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h(in)m(terpretation)h(of)630
10258 1196 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g
10259 (force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s(cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630
10260 1306 y(the)c Ft(LC_COLLATE)e Fu(or)i Ft(LC_ALL)f Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i
10261 (v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(`)p
10262 Ft(C)p Fu(',)g(or)f(enable)h(the)630 1416 y Ft(globasciiranges)c
10263 Fu(shell)31 b(option.)630 1546 y(Within)23 b(`)p Ft([)p
10264 Fu(')h(and)e(`)p Ft(])p Fu(',)j Fr(c)m(haracter)g(classes)j
10265 Fu(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(using)f(the)i(syn)m(tax)f
10266 Ft([:)p Fr(class)t Ft(:])p Fu(,)630 1656 y(where)30 b
10267 Fr(class)35 b Fu(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(classes)f
10268 (de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard:)870 1786
10269 y Ft(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g(digit)g(graph)g(lower)
10270 870 1896 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)190 b(xdigit)630
10271 2026 y Fu(A)42 b(c)m(haracter)h(class)f(matc)m(hes)h(an)m(y)f(c)m
10272 (haracter)h(b)s(elonging)f(to)g(that)g(class.)75 b(The)41
10273 b Ft(word)630 2135 y Fu(c)m(haracter)32 b(class)f(matc)m(hes)h
10274 (letters,)f(digits,)h(and)d(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p
10275 Ft(_)p Fu('.)630 2266 y(Within)25 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
10276 Ft(])p Fu(',)i(an)e Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)26 b(class)j
10277 Fu(can)24 b(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(using)g(the)g(syn)m(tax)h
10278 Ft([=)p Fr(c)6 b Ft(=])p Fu(,)630 2375 y(whic)m(h)29
10279 b(matc)m(hes)i(all)f(c)m(haracters)h(with)e(the)h(same)g(collation)h(w)
10280 m(eigh)m(t)g(\(as)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)630 2485
10281 y(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale\))j(as)d(the)h(c)m(haracter)h
10282 Fr(c)p Fu(.)630 2615 y(Within)22 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
10283 Ft(])p Fu(',)j(the)d(syn)m(tax)h Ft([.)p Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)t
10284 Ft(.])e Fu(matc)m(hes)i(the)g(collating)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)d
10285 Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)p Fu(.)275 2767 y(If)29 b(the)g Ft(extglob)f
10286 Fu(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f(using)g(the)h Ft(shopt)e
10287 Fu(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f(pattern)150 2876
10288 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58
10289 b(In)35 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(description,)g(a)f Fr(pattern-list)j
10290 Fu(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 2986 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f
10291 (separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Ft(|)p Fu('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33
10292 b(patterns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150
10293 3095 y(more)e(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150
10294 3247 y Ft(?\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3356 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h
10295 (zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150
10296 3507 y Ft(*\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3617 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h
10297 (zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
10298 150 3768 y Ft(+\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3878
10299 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m
10300 (en)i(patterns.)150 4029 y Ft(@\()p Fj(pattern-list)p
10301 Ft(\))630 4138 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)g(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
10302 150 4290 y Ft(!\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 4399
10303 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g
10304 (patterns.)150 4590 y Fk(3.5.9)63 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7
10305 b(al)150 4737 y Fu(After)32 b(the)g(preceding)g(expansions,)h(all)f
10306 (unquoted)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
10307 Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu(',)f(and)g(`)p Ft(")p Fu(')150
10308 4847 y(that)f(did)f(not)g(result)g(from)g(one)h(of)g(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m
10309 (e)i(expansions)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 5071 y Fs(3.6)68
10310 b(Redirections)150 5230 y Fu(Before)32 b(a)f(command)f(is)h(executed,)h
10311 (its)f(input)e(and)h(output)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f Fr(redirected)k
10312 Fu(using)c(a)i(sp)s(ecial)f(no-)150 5340 y(tation)d(in)m(terpreted)f(b)
10313 m(y)f(the)h(shell.)40 b(Redirection)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(commands')f
10314 (\014le)f(handles)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(duplicated,)p eop end
10315 %%Page: 32 38
10316 TeXDict begin 32 37 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10317 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(32)150 299
10318 y(op)s(ened,)28 b(closed,)i(made)e(to)h(refer)f(to)h(di\013eren)m(t)f
10319 (\014les,)h(and)f(can)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g(\014les)f(the)g(command)g
10320 (reads)150 408 y(from)39 b(and)g(writes)h(to.)69 b(Redirection)40
10321 b(ma)m(y)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(mo)s(dify)f(\014le)g(handles)g
10322 (in)g(the)h(curren)m(t)150 518 y(shell)e(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m
10323 (t.)65 b(The)37 b(follo)m(wing)j(redirection)f(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)g
10324 (precede)h(or)f(app)s(ear)150 628 y(an)m(ywhere)30 b(within)f(a)h
10325 (simple)f(command)h(or)f(ma)m(y)i(follo)m(w)g(a)f(command.)40
10326 b(Redirections)30 b(are)g(pro)s(cessed)150 737 y(in)g(the)h(order)f
10327 (they)g(app)s(ear,)g(from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)275
10328 880 y(Eac)m(h)45 b(redirection)h(that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preceded)g(b)m
10329 (y)h(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)h(instead)h(b)s
10330 (e)150 990 y(preceded)41 b(b)m(y)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(of)g(the)h(form)f
10331 Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(In)41 b(this)g(case,)k
10332 (for)c(eac)m(h)i(redirection)f(op)s(erator)150 1100 y(except)30
10333 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)f(and)f Ft(<)p Fu(&-,)h(the)g(shell)g(will)h(allo)s
10334 (cate)h(a)e(\014le)h(descriptor)e(greater)j(than)d(10)i(and)e(assign)i
10335 (it)f(to)150 1209 y Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p
10336 Fu(.)45 b(If)31 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)g(or)h Ft(<)p Fu(&-)f(is)h(preceded)f(b)
10337 m(y)g Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(,)33 b(the)f(v)-5
10338 b(alue)32 b(of)g Fr(v)-5 b(arname)36 b Fu(de\014nes)31
10339 b(the)h(\014le)150 1319 y(descriptor)e(to)h(close.)275
10340 1462 y(In)c(the)i(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)g(if)e(the)h(\014le)g
10341 (descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is)g(omitted,)i(and)f(the)f(\014rst)g
10342 (c)m(har-)150 1572 y(acter)42 b(of)f(the)g(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g
10343 (is)g(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)i(the)e(redirection)g(refers)g(to)g(the)g
10344 (standard)f(input)f(\(\014le)150 1681 y(descriptor)33
10345 b(0\).)49 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f
10346 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)h(is)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)h(the)f(redirection)
10347 g(refers)150 1791 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h
10348 (descriptor)f(1\).)275 1934 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
10349 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)f(in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f
10350 (unless)e(other-)150 2043 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5
10351 b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f(expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)
10352 e(expansion,)i(command)150 2153 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h
10353 (expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g
10354 (and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 2263 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g
10355 (than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h(rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275
10356 2406 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g(redirections)h(is)g
10357 (signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390
10358 2549 y Ft(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)d Ft(2>&1)150 2692 y
10359 Fu(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g(output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10360 (1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i(\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)
10361 150 2802 y(\014le)h Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390
10362 2945 y Ft(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g Fj(dirlist)150 3088 y Fu(directs)28
10363 b(only)f(the)h(standard)e(output)i(to)g(\014le)f Fr(dirlist)p
10364 Fu(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error)g(w)m(as)h(made)f(a)h(cop)m
10365 (y)150 3198 y(of)j(the)f(standard)g(output)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g
10366 (standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g Fr(dirlist)p
10367 Fu(.)275 3341 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j(\014lenames)e(sp)s
10368 (ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(redirections,)i(as)e
10369 (describ)s(ed)150 3450 y(in)k(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(table:)150
10370 3623 y Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(fd)630 3732 y Fu(If)f Fr(fd)j
10371 Fu(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h
10372 Fr(fd)i Fu(is)d(duplicated.)150 3901 y Ft(/dev/stdin)630
10373 4010 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f(duplicated.)150
10374 4178 y Ft(/dev/stdout)630 4288 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(1)h(is)f
10375 (duplicated.)150 4456 y Ft(/dev/stderr)630 4565 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)
10376 e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 4734 y Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p
10377 Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 4843 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5
10378 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c
10379 Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 4953
10380 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)i(service)h(name,)g(Bash)f(attempts)h(to)f
10381 (op)s(en)f(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(TCP)g(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150
10382 5121 y Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 5230
10383 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)
10384 m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s
10385 (ort)630 5340 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)h(service)h(name,)h(Bash)e
10386 (attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f(UDP)i(so)s(c)m(k)m
10387 (et.)p eop end
10388 %%Page: 33 39
10389 TeXDict begin 33 38 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10390 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(33)275 299
10391 y(A)30 b(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)h(a)e(\014le)h(causes)g
10392 (the)f(redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275 439 y(Redirections)f(using)e
10393 (\014le)i(descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f(9)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f
10394 (with)h(care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150 548 y(con\015ict)i(with)f
10395 (\014le)h(descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f(in)m(ternally)-8
10396 b(.)150 753 y Fk(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Input)150
10397 900 y Fu(Redirection)35 b(of)f(input)f(causes)i(the)f(\014le)g(whose)g
10398 (name)g(results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k
10399 Fu(to)d(b)s(e)150 1010 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(reading)g(on)g(\014le)h
10400 (descriptor)f Ft(n)p Fu(,)h(or)f(the)g(standard)g(input)f(\(\014le)i
10401 (descriptor)f(0\))h(if)f Ft(n)g Fu(is)h(not)150 1119
10402 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275 1259 y(The)c(general)j(format)e(for)h
10403 (redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390 1399 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<)p
10404 Fj(word)150 1604 y Fk(3.6.2)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Output)150
10405 1751 y Fu(Redirection)31 b(of)g(output)f(causes)h(the)f(\014le)h(whose)
10406 f(name)g(results)h(from)e(the)i(expansion)f(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)i
10407 Fu(to)f(b)s(e)150 1861 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(writing)g(on)g(\014le)h
10408 (descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h
10409 (descriptor)f(1\))h(if)g Fr(n)e Fu(is)i(not)150 1970
10410 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(exist)g
10411 (it)g(is)f(created;)i(if)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(exist)h(it)g(is)g(truncated)f
10412 (to)h(zero)g(size.)275 2110 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)h
10413 (redirecting)g(output)f(is:)390 2250 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10414 Ft(]>[|])p Fj(word)275 2390 y Fu(If)g(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g
10415 (is)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(and)f(the)h Ft(noclobber)d Fu(option)j(to)g
10416 (the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(has)h(b)s(een)150 2500 y(enabled,)h(the)g
10417 (redirection)h(will)f(fail)h(if)e(the)i(\014le)e(whose)h(name)g
10418 (results)g(from)f(the)h(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)150
10419 2609 y Fu(exists)f(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)g(\014le.)41
10420 b(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p
10421 Ft(>|)p Fu(',)h(or)f(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)150
10422 2719 y(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')36 b(and)f(the)g Ft(noclobber)e
10423 Fu(option)j(is)g(not)g(enabled,)h(the)e(redirection)h(is)g(attempted)g
10424 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h(\014le)150 2829 y(named)30 b(b)m(y)g
10425 Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(exists.)150 3033 y Fk(3.6.3)63 b(App)s(ending)42
10426 b(Redirected)e(Output)150 3180 y Fu(Redirection)23 b(of)e(output)h(in)f
10427 (this)h(fashion)f(causes)h(the)g(\014le)g(whose)f(name)h(results)f
10428 (from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)150 3290 y Fr(w)m(ord)28
10429 b Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)g(for)h(app)s(ending)e(on)i(\014le)g
10430 (descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g
10431 (descriptor)150 3399 y(1\))31 b(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s
10432 (eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(exist)g(it)g
10433 (is)f(created.)275 3539 y(The)f(general)j(format)e(for)h(app)s(ending)e
10434 (output)h(is:)390 3679 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>>)p Fj(word)150
10435 3884 y Fk(3.6.4)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Standard)h(Output)g(and)g
10436 (Standard)g(Error)150 4031 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s
10437 (oth)f(the)g(standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f
10438 (the)g(standard)f(error)150 4141 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10439 (2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f(redirected)h(to)g(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)h(is)
10440 f(the)g(expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 4281 y(There)f(are)i(t)m
10441 (w)m(o)h(formats)e(for)h(redirecting)g(standard)e(output)h(and)g
10442 (standard)f(error:)390 4421 y Ft(&>)p Fj(word)150 4561
10443 y Fu(and)390 4701 y Ft(>&)p Fj(word)150 4841 y Fu(Of)h(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)
10444 i(forms,)e(the)h(\014rst)e(is)i(preferred.)39 b(This)30
10445 b(is)g(seman)m(tically)j(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390
10446 4981 y Ft(>)p Fj(word)46 b Ft(2>&1)275 5121 y Fu(When)41
10447 b(using)g(the)h(second)f(form,)k Fr(w)m(ord)f Fu(ma)m(y)e(not)g(expand)
10448 f(to)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)75
10449 b(If)41 b(it)h(do)s(es,)150 5230 y(other)27 b(redirection)g(op)s
10450 (erators)f(apply)h(\(see)g(Duplicating)h(File)f(Descriptors)h(b)s(elo)m
10451 (w\))f(for)f(compatibilit)m(y)150 5340 y(reasons.)p eop
10452 end
10453 %%Page: 34 40
10454 TeXDict begin 34 39 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10455 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(34)150 299
10456 y Fk(3.6.5)63 b(App)s(ending)42 b(Standard)f(Output)g(and)g(Standard)g
10457 (Error)150 446 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s(oth)f(the)g
10458 (standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f(the)g
10459 (standard)f(error)150 555 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)g
10460 (b)s(e)f(app)s(ended)f(to)i(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g(is)h(the)f
10461 (expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 684 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(app)
10462 s(ending)f(standard)h(output)g(and)f(standard)h(error)g(is:)390
10463 813 y Ft(&>>)p Fj(word)150 942 y Fu(This)g(is)g(seman)m(tically)j
10464 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 1071 y Ft(>>)p Fj(word)46
10465 b Ft(2>&1)275 1200 y Fu(\(see)31 b(Duplicating)h(File)f(Descriptors)g
10466 (b)s(elo)m(w\).)150 1389 y Fk(3.6.6)63 b(Here)41 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)150
10467 1536 y Fu(This)c(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(redirection)i(instructs)e(the)h
10468 (shell)f(to)i(read)e(input)g(from)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(source)h(un)m
10469 (til)g(a)150 1645 y(line)31 b(con)m(taining)g(only)g
10470 Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(\(with)d(no)h(trailing)g(blanks\))f(is)g(seen.)41
10471 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(lines)f(read)g(up)f(to)i(that)150
10472 1755 y(p)s(oin)m(t)f(are)h(then)f(used)g(as)g(the)h(standard)f(input)f
10473 (for)h(a)h(command.)275 1884 y(The)e(format)i(of)g(here-do)s(cumen)m
10474 (ts)f(is:)390 2013 y Ft(<<[)p Fq(\000)p Ft(])p Fj(word)772
10475 2123 y(here-document)390 2232 y(delimiter)275 2361 y
10476 Fu(No)i(parameter)h(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(expansion,)h(command)f
10477 (substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(or)150 2471
10478 y(\014lename)38 b(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i
10479 Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)62 b(If)38 b(an)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
10480 Fr(w)m(ord)42 b Fu(are)c(quoted,)i(the)e Fr(de-)150 2580
10481 y(limiter)h Fu(is)32 b(the)h(result)f(of)g(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5
10482 b(al)33 b(on)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(,)g(and)g(the)g(lines)g(in)g(the)g
10483 (here-do)s(cumen)m(t)g(are)h(not)150 2690 y(expanded.)71
10484 b(If)40 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)d(unquoted,)h(all)g(lines)f(of)g(the)f
10485 (here-do)s(cumen)m(t)h(are)g(sub)5 b(jected)41 b(to)g(param-)150
10486 2800 y(eter)c(expansion,)i(command)d(substitution,)i(and)e(arithmetic)i
10487 (expansion,)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(sequence)150 2909
10488 y Ft(\\newline)28 b Fu(is)j(ignored,)f(and)g(`)p Ft(\\)p
10489 Fu(')h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(quote)g(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(`)p
10490 Ft(\\)p Fu(',)e(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)h(and)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu('.)275
10491 3038 y(If)21 b(the)i(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p
10492 Ft(<<-)p Fu(',)i(then)e(all)h(leading)g(tab)g(c)m(haracters)h(are)e
10493 (stripp)s(ed)f(from)h(input)150 3148 y(lines)33 b(and)f(the)h(line)h
10494 (con)m(taining)g Fr(delimiter)p Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(allo)m(ws)i
10495 (here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f(within)f(shell)i(scripts)e(to)150
10496 3257 y(b)s(e)e(inden)m(ted)g(in)g(a)h(natural)f(fashion.)150
10497 3446 y Fk(3.6.7)63 b(Here)41 b(Strings)150 3593 y Fu(A)30
10498 b(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)32 b(of)e(here)h(do)s(cumen)m(ts,)f(the)g(format)h
10499 (is:)390 3722 y Ft(<<<)47 b Fj(word)275 3851 y Fu(The)21
10500 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(undergo)s(es)c(brace)h(expansion,)i(tilde)e
10501 (expansion,)i(parameter)e(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(expansion,)150
10502 3960 y(command)j(substitution,)g(arithmetic)i(expansion,)f(and)e(quote)
10503 i(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)40 b(P)m(athname)27 b(expansion)f(and)150
10504 4070 y(w)m(ord)j(splitting)i(are)f(not)g(p)s(erformed.)39
10505 b(The)29 b(result)h(is)g(supplied)e(as)i(a)h(single)f(string)g(to)g
10506 (the)g(command)150 4179 y(on)g(its)h(standard)f(input.)150
10507 4368 y Fk(3.6.8)63 b(Duplicating)41 b(File)g(Descriptors)150
10508 4515 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 4644
10509 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(word)150 4773 y Fu(is)k(used)e(to)j
10510 (duplicate)f(input)f(\014le)g(descriptors.)53 b(If)34
10511 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(expands)c(to)h(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(the)f
10512 (\014le)150 4882 y(descriptor)e(denoted)h(b)m(y)f Fr(n)g
10513 Fu(is)g(made)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(a)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(that)g(\014le)f
10514 (descriptor.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(digits)g(in)f Fr(w)m(ord)150
10515 4992 y Fu(do)c(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)g
10516 (for)g(input,)g(a)h(redirection)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)40
10517 b(If)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)150 5101 y(to)31
10518 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)g(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fr(n)f Fu(is)g(closed.)43
10519 b(If)30 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(the)h(standard)f
10520 (input)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))150 5211 y(is)g(used.)275
10521 5340 y(The)f(op)s(erator)p eop end
10522 %%Page: 35 41
10523 TeXDict begin 35 40 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10524 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(35)390 299
10525 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(word)150 440 y Fu(is)40 b(used)g(similarly)
10526 h(to)g(duplicate)f(output)g(\014le)h(descriptors.)70
10527 b(If)40 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(the)f(standard)150
10528 550 y(output)30 b(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))h(is)f(used.)39
10529 b(If)30 b(the)g(digits)h(in)e Fr(w)m(ord)34 b Fu(do)29
10530 b(not)i(sp)s(ecify)e(a)i(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)150
10531 660 y(for)35 b(output,)h(a)g(redirection)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs.)55
10532 b(If)35 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)37 b(to)f(`)p
10533 Ft(-)p Fu(',)h(\014le)e(descriptor)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(closed.)150
10534 769 y(As)f(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)h(if)e Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(and)
10535 e Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(do)s(es)d(not)g(expand)f(to)i(one)f(or)g(more)g
10536 (digits)h(or)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)150 879 y(the)d(standard)e(output)h
10537 (and)g(standard)f(error)h(are)h(redirected)g(as)g(describ)s(ed)e
10538 (previously)-8 b(.)150 1085 y Fk(3.6.9)63 b(Mo)m(ving)41
10539 b(File)h(Descriptors)150 1232 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)
10540 390 1373 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(digit)p Ft(-)150
10541 1515 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i(the)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f Fr(digit)k
10542 Fu(to)d(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)f(or)h(the)g(standard)f
10543 (input)f(\(\014le)j(descriptor)e(0\))150 1625 y(if)f
10544 Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b Fr(digit)33
10545 b Fu(is)e(closed)g(after)g(b)s(eing)f(duplicated)g(to)h
10546 Fr(n)p Fu(.)275 1766 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)31 b(the)f(redirection)h(op)s
10547 (erator)390 1908 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(digit)p
10548 Ft(-)150 2049 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)e(the)g(\014le)f(descriptor)f
10549 Fr(digit)k Fu(to)e(\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g
10550 (standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))150
10551 2159 y(if)i Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150
10552 2365 y Fk(3.6.10)63 b(Op)s(ening)42 b(File)g(Descriptors)g(for)g
10553 (Reading)e(and)h(W)-10 b(riting)150 2512 y Fu(The)30
10554 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 2653 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10555 Ft(]<>)p Fj(word)150 2795 y Fu(causes)39 b(the)g(\014le)g(whose)g(name)
10556 g(is)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)g(op)s(ened)f
10557 (for)g(b)s(oth)h(reading)g(and)150 2905 y(writing)33
10558 b(on)f(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)h(or)g(on)f(\014le)h
10559 (descriptor)g(0)g(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)47
10560 b(If)32 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 3014 y(exist,)e(it)g(is)g
10561 (created.)150 3257 y Fs(3.7)68 b(Executing)46 b(Commands)150
10562 3481 y Fk(3.7.1)63 b(Simple)41 b(Command)h(Expansion)150
10563 3628 y Fu(When)33 b(a)g(simple)g(command)g(is)g(executed,)h(the)g
10564 (shell)f(p)s(erforms)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)i(expansions,)e(assign-)150
10565 3738 y(men)m(ts,)e(and)f(redirections,)h(from)f(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)
10566 199 3879 y(1.)61 b(The)38 b(w)m(ords)f(that)i(the)g(parser)e(has)h
10567 (mark)m(ed)g(as)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(\(those)g
10568 (preceding)f(the)330 3989 y(command)30 b(name\))h(and)f(redirections)h
10569 (are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(for)e(later)h(pro)s(cessing.)199
10570 4127 y(2.)61 b(The)39 b(w)m(ords)g(that)i(are)f(not)g(v)-5
10571 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(or)e(redirections)i(are)f(expanded)f
10572 (\(see)h(Sec-)330 4237 y(tion)d(3.5)i([Shell)e(Expansions],)h(page)g
10573 (21\).)61 b(If)37 b(an)m(y)g(w)m(ords)f(remain)h(after)h(expansion,)h
10574 (the)e(\014rst)330 4346 y(w)m(ord)31 b(is)g(tak)m(en)h(to)g(b)s(e)f
10575 (the)g(name)h(of)f(the)h(command)f(and)f(the)i(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g
10576 (are)g(the)h(argu-)330 4456 y(men)m(ts.)199 4594 y(3.)61
10577 b(Redirections)25 b(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m
10578 (v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)d(31\).)199
10579 4732 y(4.)61 b(The)25 b(text)h(after)f(the)g(`)p Ft(=)p
10580 Fu(')h(in)e(eac)m(h)j(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(t)h(undergo)s(es)
10581 e(tilde)i(expansion,)g(parameter)330 4841 y(expansion,)49
10582 b(command)d(substitution,)j(arithmetic)d(expansion,)k(and)45
10583 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)46 b(b)s(efore)330 4951 y(b)s(eing)30
10584 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 5121 y(If)32
10585 b(no)i(command)f(name)g(results,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34
10586 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)h(en)m(viron-)
10587 150 5230 y(men)m(t.)39 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26
10588 b(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(executed)h
10589 (command)g(and)150 5340 y(do)35 b(not)f(a\013ect)j(the)d(curren)m(t)h
10590 (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)54 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(the)f(assignmen)
10591 m(ts)i(attempts)f(to)h(assign)p eop end
10592 %%Page: 36 42
10593 TeXDict begin 36 41 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10594 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(36)150 299
10595 y(a)39 b(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)42
10596 b(an)c(error)g(o)s(ccurs,)j(and)c(the)i(command)f(exits)h(with)g(a)f
10597 (non-zero)150 408 y(status.)275 538 y(If)33 b(no)g(command)g(name)h
10598 (results,)g(redirections)g(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f(but)g(do)h(not)f
10599 (a\013ect)i(the)f(curren)m(t)150 648 y(shell)d(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)41
10600 b(A)30 b(redirection)h(error)f(causes)h(the)g(command)f(to)h(exit)g
10601 (with)f(a)h(non-zero)g(status.)275 778 y(If)26 b(there)i(is)f(a)h
10602 (command)f(name)h(left)g(after)g(expansion,)g(execution)h(pro)s(ceeds)e
10603 (as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 887 y(Otherwise,)39
10604 b(the)e(command)g(exits.)62 b(If)37 b(one)g(of)g(the)h(expansions)f
10605 (con)m(tained)h(a)g(command)f(substitu-)150 997 y(tion,)i(the)d(exit)h
10606 (status)g(of)f(the)h(command)f(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h
10607 (last)g(command)f(substitution)150 1107 y(p)s(erformed.)55
10608 b(If)35 b(there)g(w)m(ere)h(no)g(command)f(substitutions,)i(the)e
10609 (command)h(exits)g(with)f(a)h(status)g(of)150 1216 y(zero.)150
10610 1406 y Fk(3.7.2)63 b(Command)41 b(Searc)m(h)f(and)h(Execution)150
10611 1553 y Fu(After)i(a)h(command)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)h(w)m
10612 (ords,)j(if)c(it)g(results)g(in)g(a)h(simple)f(command)g(and)f(an)150
10613 1663 y(optional)32 b(list)f(of)f(argumen)m(ts,)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)g
10614 (actions)h(are)f(tak)m(en.)199 1793 y(1.)61 b(If)24 b(the)g(command)g
10615 (name)g(con)m(tains)i(no)e(slashes,)i(the)e(shell)h(attempts)g(to)g(lo)
10616 s(cate)h(it.)39 b(If)24 b(there)g(exists)330 1902 y(a)h(shell)g
10617 (function)f(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)h(that)f(function)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m
10618 (ed)h(as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(3.3)h([Shell)330
10619 2012 y(F)-8 b(unctions],)31 b(page)h(17.)199 2142 y(2.)61
10620 b(If)41 b(the)g(name)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(matc)m(h)i(a)e(function,)j(the)e
10621 (shell)f(searc)m(hes)i(for)e(it)h(in)f(the)g(list)h(of)g(shell)330
10622 2251 y(builtins.)e(If)30 b(a)h(matc)m(h)g(is)f(found,)g(that)h(builtin)
10623 f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)199 2381 y(3.)61 b(If)40 b(the)g(name)h(is)f
10624 (neither)h(a)f(shell)h(function)f(nor)g(a)g(builtin,)j(and)d(con)m
10625 (tains)h(no)g(slashes,)i(Bash)330 2491 y(searc)m(hes)c(eac)m(h)g
10626 (elemen)m(t)g(of)g Ft($PATH)d Fu(for)i(a)g(directory)h(con)m(taining)g
10627 (an)f(executable)h(\014le)f(b)m(y)g(that)330 2600 y(name.)56
10628 b(Bash)36 b(uses)f(a)h(hash)e(table)j(to)f(remem)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(full)
10629 f(pathnames)g(of)h(executable)h(\014les)e(to)330 2710
10630 y(a)m(v)m(oid)e(m)m(ultiple)f Ft(PATH)f Fu(searc)m(hes)i(\(see)f(the)g
10631 (description)g(of)f Ft(hash)g Fu(in)g(Section)i(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)
10632 330 2819 y(Builtins],)37 b(page)f(41\).)55 b(A)35 b(full)g(searc)m(h)g
10633 (of)g(the)g(directories)h(in)f Ft($PATH)e Fu(is)i(p)s(erformed)f(only)h
10634 (if)g(the)330 2929 y(command)24 b(is)h(not)g(found)e(in)i(the)g(hash)f
10635 (table.)39 b(If)25 b(the)f(searc)m(h)i(is)e(unsuccessful,)h(the)g
10636 (shell)g(searc)m(hes)330 3039 y(for)e(a)h(de\014ned)e(shell)h(function)
10637 h(named)e Ft(command_not_found_handle)p Fu(.)32 b(If)23
10638 b(that)h(function)f(exists,)330 3148 y(it)32 b(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
10639 (with)e(the)h(original)g(command)f(and)g(the)h(original)g(command's)f
10640 (argumen)m(ts)h(as)g(its)330 3258 y(argumen)m(ts,)h(and)e(the)i
10641 (function's)e(exit)i(status)g(b)s(ecomes)f(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)h
10642 (the)f(shell.)46 b(If)31 b(that)330 3367 y(function)g(is)g(not)g
10643 (de\014ned,)f(the)i(shell)f(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)g(message)h(and)f
10644 (returns)e(an)i(exit)h(status)g(of)330 3477 y(127.)199
10645 3607 y(4.)61 b(If)33 b(the)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g(successful,)g(or)f(if)g
10646 (the)h(command)f(name)g(con)m(tains)i(one)f(or)f(more)g(slashes,)i(the)
10647 330 3716 y(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(named)f(program)g(in)h(a)g
10648 (separate)h(execution)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)55 b(Argumen)m(t)35
10649 b(0)330 3826 y(is)30 b(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(giv)m(en,)g(and)f(the)h
10650 (remaining)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g(command)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the)
10651 330 3936 y(argumen)m(ts)g(supplied,)e(if)h(an)m(y)-8
10652 b(.)199 4065 y(5.)61 b(If)35 b(this)h(execution)h(fails)f(b)s(ecause)g
10653 (the)f(\014le)h(is)g(not)g(in)f(executable)j(format,)f(and)e(the)h
10654 (\014le)g(is)g(not)330 4175 y(a)d(directory)-8 b(,)34
10655 b(it)f(is)g(assumed)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(a)i Fr(shell)g(script)h
10656 Fu(and)e(the)h(shell)f(executes)i(it)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)330
10657 4285 y(Section)g(3.8)h([Shell)e(Scripts],)g(page)i(39.)199
10658 4415 y(6.)61 b(If)38 b(the)h(command)f(w)m(as)h(not)g(b)s(egun)e(async)
10659 m(hronously)-8 b(,)42 b(the)c(shell)h(w)m(aits)h(for)e(the)h(command)f
10660 (to)330 4524 y(complete)32 b(and)e(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status.)150
10661 4714 y Fk(3.7.3)63 b(Command)41 b(Execution)f(En)m(vironmen)m(t)150
10662 4861 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)g(has)h(an)f Fr(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)
10663 p Fu(,)h(whic)m(h)e(consists)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing:)225
10664 4991 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(op)s(en)32 b(\014les)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)h(the)f
10665 (shell)h(at)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)j(as)c(mo)s(di\014ed)g(b)m(y)g
10666 (redirections)h(supplied)e(to)330 5101 y(the)g Ft(exec)e
10667 Fu(builtin)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)28 b(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)
10668 h(directory)g(as)f(set)h(b)m(y)f Ft(cd)p Fu(,)g Ft(pushd)p
10669 Fu(,)g(or)g Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(or)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(shell)f(at)
10670 330 5340 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)p eop end
10671 %%Page: 37 43
10672 TeXDict begin 37 42 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10673 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(37)225 299
10674 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(\014le)f(creation)i(mo)s(de)e(mask)g(as)h
10675 (set)g(b)m(y)f Ft(umask)f Fu(or)h(inherited)g(from)g(the)h(shell's)f
10676 (paren)m(t)225 434 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(curren)m(t)30 b(traps)g(set)h(b)m
10677 (y)f Ft(trap)225 570 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)30 b(parameters)f(that)h
10678 (are)g(set)g(b)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(assignmen)m(t)g(or)g(with)f
10679 Ft(set)f Fu(or)i(inherited)f(from)g(the)330 680 y(shell's)i(paren)m(t)f
10680 (in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)225 815 y Fq(\017)60 b
10681 Fu(shell)44 b(functions)f(de\014ned)f(during)h(execution)i(or)e
10682 (inherited)h(from)f(the)h(shell's)g(paren)m(t)f(in)h(the)330
10683 925 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)225 1061 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(options)33
10684 b(enabled)g(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h(\(either)f(b)m(y)f(default)g(or)
10685 g(with)g(command-line)g(argumen)m(ts\))h(or)330 1170
10686 y(b)m(y)c Ft(set)225 1306 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(options)31
10687 b(enabled)f(b)m(y)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(\(see)j(Section)f(4.3.2)h([The)e
10688 (Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(62\))225 1441 y Fq(\017)60
10689 b Fu(shell)31 b(aliases)g(de\014ned)f(with)g Ft(alias)f
10690 Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)h([Aliases],)g(page)f(88\))225
10691 1577 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(v)-5 b(arious)50 b(pro)s(cess)f
10692 Fm(id)p Fu(s,)55 b(including)49 b(those)i(of)e(bac)m(kground)h(jobs)f
10693 (\(see)i(Section)g(3.2.3)g([Lists],)330 1687 y(page)31
10694 b(9\),)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($$)p Fu(,)g(and)g(the)h(v)-5
10695 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($PPID)275 1849 y Fu(When)k(a)g(simple)h(command)f
10696 (other)g(than)g(a)h(builtin)f(or)g(shell)h(function)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f
10697 (executed,)i(it)f(is)150 1959 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)25 b(in)f(a)g
10698 (separate)h(execution)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(that)f(consists)g(of)h(the)
10699 f(follo)m(wing.)40 b(Unless)24 b(otherwise)150 2068 y(noted,)31
10700 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(are)g(inherited)f(from)g(the)g(shell.)225
10701 2205 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(shell's)h(op)s(en)e(\014les,)i(plus)e
10702 (an)m(y)h(mo)s(di\014cations)h(and)e(additions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m
10703 (y)g(redirections)g(to)330 2315 y(the)g(command)225 2450
10704 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(curren)m(t)f(w)m(orking)g(directory)225
10705 2586 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(\014le)f(creation)i(mo)s(de)e(mask)225
10706 2722 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33
10707 b(and)e(functions)h(mark)m(ed)g(for)g(exp)s(ort,)g(along)h(with)f(v)-5
10708 b(ariables)32 b(exp)s(orted)g(for)g(the)330 2831 y(command,)e(passed)g
10709 (in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.4)i([En)m
10710 (vironmen)m(t],)e(page)g(37\))225 2967 y Fq(\017)60 b
10711 Fu(traps)31 b(caugh)m(t)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(are)f(reset)h(to)g(the)
10712 f(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(inherited)e(from)h(the)g(shell's)h(paren)m(t,)g
10713 (and)330 3076 y(traps)e(ignored)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(are)g(ignored)
10714 275 3239 y(A)41 b(command)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)e(this)h(separate)g
10715 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(cannot)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(shell's)g(execution)150
10716 3349 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275 3485 y(Command)35 b(substitution,)j
10717 (commands)e(group)s(ed)f(with)i(paren)m(theses,)h(and)e(async)m
10718 (hronous)g(com-)150 3595 y(mands)c(are)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(a)i
10719 (subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(that)h(is)f(a)g(duplicate)h(of)f(the)g
10720 (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)150 3705 y(except)i(that)g(traps)f(caugh)m
10721 (t)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell)f(are)g(reset)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5
10722 b(alues)35 b(that)g(the)f(shell)h(inherited)e(from)150
10723 3814 y(its)g(paren)m(t)f(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation.)49
10724 b(Builtin)32 b(commands)g(that)h(are)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(part)g
10725 (of)h(a)f(pip)s(eline)g(are)h(also)150 3924 y(executed)41
10726 b(in)f(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)72 b(Changes)40
10727 b(made)g(to)h(the)g(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(cannot)150
10728 4033 y(a\013ect)32 b(the)f(shell's)f(execution)i(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275
10729 4170 y(Subshells)c(spa)m(wned)i(to)h(execute)g(command)f(substitutions)
10730 g(inherit)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h Ft(-e)e
10731 Fu(option)150 4280 y(from)23 b(the)i(paren)m(t)f(shell.)38
10732 b(When)24 b(not)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(Bash)f(clears)h(the)f
10733 Ft(-e)f Fu(option)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(subshells.)275 4416
10734 y(If)f(a)h(command)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)g(`)p
10735 Ft(&)p Fu(')g(and)f(job)h(con)m(trol)h(is)f(not)g(activ)m(e,)k(the)c
10736 (default)g(standard)f(input)150 4526 y(for)35 b(the)g(command)g(is)g
10737 (the)g(empt)m(y)h(\014le)f Ft(/dev/null)p Fu(.)52 b(Otherwise,)37
10738 b(the)e(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(command)f(inherits)150 4636
10739 y(the)c(\014le)f(descriptors)g(of)h(the)f(calling)i(shell)f(as)f(mo)s
10740 (di\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(redirections.)150 4837 y Fk(3.7.4)63
10741 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t)150 4984 y Fu(When)29 b(a)g(program)f(is)h(in)m(v)m
10742 (ok)m(ed)h(it)g(is)f(giv)m(en)g(an)g(arra)m(y)g(of)g(strings)g(called)h
10743 (the)f Fr(en)m(vironmen)m(t)p Fu(.)41 b(This)28 b(is)h(a)150
10744 5094 y(list)i(of)g(name-v)-5 b(alue)31 b(pairs,)f(of)h(the)f(form)g
10745 Ft(name=value)p Fu(.)275 5230 y(Bash)39 b(pro)m(vides)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)
10746 m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(manipulate)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)69
10747 b(On)38 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)44 b(the)c(shell)150 5340
10748 y(scans)g(its)h(o)m(wn)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(and)f(creates)i(a)f
10749 (parameter)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(name)e(found,)i(automatically)p
10750 eop end
10751 %%Page: 38 44
10752 TeXDict begin 38 43 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10753 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(38)150 299
10754 y(marking)26 b(it)g(for)g Fr(exp)s(ort)h Fu(to)g(c)m(hild)f(pro)s
10755 (cesses.)39 b(Executed)26 b(commands)g(inherit)g(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m
10756 (t.)39 b(The)150 408 y Ft(export)c Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)29
10757 b(-x)p Fu(')36 b(commands)h(allo)m(w)i(parameters)e(and)g(functions)g
10758 (to)h(b)s(e)e(added)h(to)h(and)150 518 y(deleted)21 b(from)f(the)h(en)m
10759 (vironmen)m(t.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)g(a)g(parameter)g
10760 (in)f(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(is)e(mo)s(di\014ed,)i(the)150
10761 628 y(new)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(b)s(ecomes)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(en)m
10762 (vironmen)m(t,)g(replacing)h(the)e(old.)44 b(The)31 b(en)m(vironmen)m
10763 (t)h(inherited)150 737 y(b)m(y)f(an)m(y)g(executed)h(command)f
10764 (consists)g(of)g(the)g(shell's)h(initial)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)g(whose)f
10765 (v)-5 b(alues)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 847 y(mo)s(di\014ed)26
10766 b(in)g(the)h(shell,)h(less)f(an)m(y)g(pairs)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f
10767 (the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(and)h(`)p Ft(export)j(-n)p Fu(')e(commands,)g
10768 (plus)150 956 y(an)m(y)k(additions)f(via)h(the)g Ft(export)d
10769 Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)f(-x)p Fu(')h(commands.)275 1100
10770 y(The)j(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(for)f(an)m(y)g(simple)h(command)f(or)g
10771 (function)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(augmen)m(ted)h(temp)s(orarily)150
10772 1210 y(b)m(y)c(pre\014xing)e(it)i(with)g(parameter)g(assignmen)m(ts,)h
10773 (as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)i(3.4)g([Shell)e(P)m(arameters],)150
10774 1320 y(page)g(18.)41 b(These)29 b(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts)g
10775 (a\013ect)f(only)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(seen)g(b)m(y)f(that)h
10776 (command.)275 1464 y(If)g(the)h Ft(-k)g Fu(option)g(is)g(set)h(\(see)g
10777 (Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(58\),)h(then)e(all)g
10778 (parameter)150 1573 y(assignmen)m(ts)f(are)g(placed)h(in)e(the)h(en)m
10779 (vironmen)m(t)g(for)g(a)g(command,)f(not)h(just)f(those)i(that)f
10780 (precede)g(the)150 1683 y(command)g(name.)275 1827 y(When)h(Bash)h(in)m
10781 (v)m(ok)m(es)i(an)e(external)h(command,)f(the)g(v)-5
10782 b(ariable)33 b(`)p Ft($_)p Fu(')f(is)g(set)h(to)f(the)g(full)g
10783 (pathname)150 1936 y(of)f(the)f(command)g(and)g(passed)g(to)h(that)g
10784 (command)f(in)g(its)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)150 2145 y Fk(3.7.5)63
10785 b(Exit)40 b(Status)150 2292 y Fu(The)26 b(exit)h(status)f(of)g(an)g
10786 (executed)h(command)f(is)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(returned)f(b)m(y)h
10787 (the)g Fr(w)m(aitpid)k Fu(system)d(call)g(or)150 2401
10788 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(function.)45 b(Exit)32 b(statuses)g(fall)g
10789 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(0)f(and)f(255,)i(though,)f(as)g(explained)g(b)s
10790 (elo)m(w,)h(the)150 2511 y(shell)i(ma)m(y)g(use)f(v)-5
10791 b(alues)35 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(125)h(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)54
10792 b(Exit)35 b(statuses)g(from)f(shell)h(builtins)f(and)f(comp)s(ound)150
10793 2621 y(commands)j(are)g(also)h(limited)g(to)g(this)f(range.)58
10794 b(Under)36 b(certain)h(circumstances,)h(the)e(shell)h(will)f(use)150
10795 2730 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(indicate)g(sp)s(eci\014c)
10796 f(failure)h(mo)s(des.)275 2874 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(the)g(shell's)g(purp)s
10797 (oses,)e(a)j(command)e(whic)m(h)h(exits)g(with)g(a)g(zero)g(exit)h
10798 (status)f(has)f(succeeded.)150 2984 y(A)e(non-zero)h(exit)g(status)g
10799 (indicates)g(failure.)40 b(This)28 b(seemingly)i(coun)m(ter-in)m
10800 (tuitiv)m(e)i(sc)m(heme)e(is)f(used)g(so)150 3093 y(there)34
10801 b(is)g(one)g(w)m(ell-de\014ned)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(indicate)g(success)f
10802 (and)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)35 b(of)f(w)m(a)m(ys)h(to)f(indicate)h(v)-5
10803 b(arious)150 3203 y(failure)38 b(mo)s(des.)62 b(When)37
10804 b(a)h(command)f(terminates)i(on)e(a)h(fatal)h(signal)g(whose)e(n)m(um)m
10805 (b)s(er)f(is)i Fr(N)p Fu(,)i(Bash)150 3313 y(uses)30
10806 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(128)p Ft(+)p Fr(N)42 b Fu(as)30
10807 b(the)h(exit)g(status.)275 3457 y(If)k(a)h(command)g(is)g(not)g(found,)
10808 g(the)g(c)m(hild)h(pro)s(cess)e(created)i(to)g(execute)g(it)g(returns)d
10809 (a)j(status)f(of)150 3566 y(127.)42 b(If)30 b(a)h(command)f(is)g(found)
10810 f(but)h(is)g(not)h(executable,)h(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)f(126.)275
10811 3710 y(If)i(a)i(command)f(fails)g(b)s(ecause)g(of)h(an)f(error)f
10812 (during)g(expansion)h(or)g(redirection,)i(the)f(exit)g(status)150
10813 3820 y(is)c(greater)i(than)e(zero.)275 3964 y(The)38
10814 b(exit)h(status)g(is)g(used)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(Bash)g(conditional)h
10815 (commands)e(\(see)h(Section)h(3.2.4.2)h([Con-)150 4073
10816 y(ditional)i(Constructs],)h(page)f(10\))g(and)e(some)i(of)f(the)g(list)
10817 g(constructs)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.3)i([Lists],)150
10818 4183 y(page)31 b(9\).)275 4327 y(All)40 b(of)g(the)h(Bash)f(builtins)f
10819 (return)g(an)h(exit)h(status)g(of)f(zero)h(if)f(they)g(succeed)g(and)g
10820 (a)g(non-zero)150 4436 y(status)34 b(on)f(failure,)i(so)f(they)g(ma)m
10821 (y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(conditional)h(and)e(list)h
10822 (constructs.)50 b(All)35 b(builtins)150 4546 y(return)29
10823 b(an)i(exit)g(status)g(of)f(2)h(to)g(indicate)g(incorrect)h(usage.)150
10824 4755 y Fk(3.7.6)63 b(Signals)150 4902 y Fu(When)36 b(Bash)g(is)h(in)m
10825 (teractiv)m(e,)j(in)c(the)h(absence)f(of)h(an)m(y)f(traps,)i(it)e
10826 (ignores)h Ft(SIGTERM)d Fu(\(so)j(that)g(`)p Ft(kill)150
10827 5011 y(0)p Fu(')c(do)s(es)g(not)g(kill)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j
10828 (shell\),)f(and)d Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)f(\(so)
10829 h(that)h(the)f Ft(wait)150 5121 y Fu(builtin)24 b(is)h(in)m
10830 (terruptible\).)39 b(When)24 b(Bash)g(receiv)m(es)j(a)d
10831 Ft(SIGINT)p Fu(,)h(it)g(breaks)f(out)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(executing)h(lo)s
10832 (ops.)150 5230 y(In)31 b(all)h(cases,)h(Bash)f(ignores)g
10833 Ft(SIGQUIT)p Fu(.)42 b(If)32 b(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)e(in)h(e\013ect)h
10834 (\(see)f(Chapter)f(7)h([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)150 5340 y(page)f(97\),)h
10835 (Bash)e(ignores)h Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)e Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)g(and)g
10836 Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)p eop end
10837 %%Page: 39 45
10838 TeXDict begin 39 44 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10839 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(39)275 299
10840 y(Non-builtin)31 b(commands)g(started)g(b)m(y)g(Bash)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g
10841 (signal)g(handlers)e(set)i(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)31
10842 b(inherited)150 408 y(b)m(y)37 b(the)h(shell)g(from)f(its)h(paren)m(t.)
10843 62 b(When)38 b(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)e(not)h(in)f(e\013ect,)k(async)m
10844 (hronous)c(commands)150 518 y(ignore)f Ft(SIGINT)e Fu(and)h
10845 Ft(SIGQUIT)e Fu(in)j(addition)f(to)i(these)f(inherited)f(handlers.)55
10846 b(Commands)35 b(run)f(as)i(a)150 628 y(result)27 b(of)h(command)f
10847 (substitution)h(ignore)g(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)g(job)g(con)m
10848 (trol)h(signals)f Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)150 737 y Ft(SIGTTOU)p
10849 Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)275 883 y(The)h(shell)i(exits)g(b)m(y)f
10850 (default)g(up)s(on)f(receipt)i(of)f(a)h Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)42
10851 b(Before)32 b(exiting,)h(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150
10852 992 y(resends)41 b(the)i Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(all)g(jobs,)i(running)c
10853 (or)h(stopp)s(ed.)76 b(Stopp)s(ed)41 b(jobs)h(are)h(sen)m(t)g
10854 Ft(SIGCONT)d Fu(to)150 1102 y(ensure)32 b(that)h(they)g(receiv)m(e)i
10855 (the)e Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)47 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(prev)m(en)m(t)g(the)g(shell)
10856 g(from)g(sending)f(the)h Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(signal)150 1211
10857 y(to)i(a)g(particular)g(job,)g(it)g(should)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h
10858 (from)g(the)f(jobs)g(table)i(with)e(the)h Ft(disown)e
10859 Fu(builtin)h(\(see)150 1321 y(Section)f(7.2)g([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h
10860 (Builtins],)g(page)g(98\))h(or)e(mark)m(ed)g(to)h(not)f(receiv)m(e)i
10861 Ft(SIGHUP)d Fu(using)h Ft(disown)150 1431 y(-h)p Fu(.)275
10862 1576 y(If)38 b(the)h Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)g(b)s(een)f
10863 (set)i(with)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(\(see)j(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)150
10864 1686 y(Builtin],)31 b(page)g(62\),)h(Bash)f(sends)e(a)i
10865 Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(all)g(jobs)f(when)f(an)i(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(login)
10866 e(shell)g(exits.)275 1831 y(If)38 b(Bash)h(is)g(w)m(aiting)h(for)f(a)g
10867 (command)f(to)i(complete)g(and)e(receiv)m(es)j(a)e(signal)h(for)e(whic)
10868 m(h)h(a)g(trap)150 1941 y(has)c(b)s(een)f(set,)i(the)f(trap)g(will)g
10869 (not)g(b)s(e)f(executed)i(un)m(til)f(the)g(command)f(completes.)55
10870 b(When)35 b(Bash)g(is)150 2050 y(w)m(aiting)j(for)f(an)g(async)m
10871 (hronous)g(command)g(via)h(the)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin,)i(the)g
10872 (reception)g(of)f(a)g(signal)h(for)150 2160 y(whic)m(h)d(a)g(trap)g
10873 (has)g(b)s(een)f(set)h(will)h(cause)f(the)g Ft(wait)f
10874 Fu(builtin)h(to)g(return)f(immediately)i(with)f(an)g(exit)150
10875 2270 y(status)c(greater)g(than)f(128,)i(immediately)g(after)f(whic)m(h)
10876 f(the)h(trap)f(is)g(executed.)150 2518 y Fs(3.8)68 b(Shell)45
10877 b(Scripts)150 2678 y Fu(A)30 b(shell)f(script)h(is)f(a)h(text)h(\014le)
10878 f(con)m(taining)h(shell)f(commands.)40 b(When)29 b(suc)m(h)g(a)h
10879 (\014le)g(is)f(used)g(as)h(the)g(\014rst)150 2787 y(non-option)c
10880 (argumen)m(t)h(when)e(in)m(v)m(oking)i(Bash,)g(and)f(neither)g(the)g
10881 Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f Ft(-s)h Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(\(see)150
10882 2897 y(Section)39 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)f(80\),)i
10883 (Bash)d(reads)g(and)f(executes)i(commands)f(from)f(the)i(\014le,)150
10884 3007 y(then)32 b(exits.)46 b(This)32 b(mo)s(de)f(of)i(op)s(eration)f
10885 (creates)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)46 b(The)31
10886 b(shell)i(\014rst)e(searc)m(hes)150 3116 y(for)d(the)g(\014le)g(in)g
10887 (the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(,)30 b(and)d(lo)s(oks)i(in)e(the)i
10888 (directories)g(in)e Ft($PATH)g Fu(if)h(not)g(found)e(there.)275
10889 3262 y(When)34 b(Bash)h(runs)e(a)i(shell)g(script,)g(it)h(sets)f(the)f
10890 (sp)s(ecial)i(parameter)f Ft(0)f Fu(to)h(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
10891 (\014le,)150 3371 y(rather)k(than)g(the)h(name)f(of)h(the)f(shell,)j
10892 (and)d(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the)g
10893 (remain-)150 3481 y(ing)f(argumen)m(ts,)j(if)d(an)m(y)g(are)g(giv)m
10894 (en.)67 b(If)39 b(no)g(additional)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(supplied,)h
10895 (the)f(p)s(ositional)150 3590 y(parameters)31 b(are)f(unset.)275
10896 3736 y(A)39 b(shell)h(script)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(made)h(executable)h(b)m
10897 (y)e(using)g(the)h Ft(chmod)e Fu(command)h(to)h(turn)e(on)i(the)150
10898 3846 y(execute)j(bit.)73 b(When)41 b(Bash)g(\014nds)e(suc)m(h)i(a)h
10899 (\014le)f(while)g(searc)m(hing)h(the)f Ft($PATH)f Fu(for)h(a)h
10900 (command,)h(it)150 3955 y(spa)m(wns)30 b(a)g(subshell)g(to)h(execute)h
10901 (it.)41 b(In)30 b(other)g(w)m(ords,)g(executing)390 4101
10902 y Ft(filename)46 b Fj(arguments)150 4246 y Fu(is)30 b(equiv)-5
10903 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(executing)390 4392 y Ft(bash)47
10904 b(filename)e Fj(arguments)150 4537 y Fu(if)30 b Ft(filename)d
10905 Fu(is)j(an)f(executable)j(shell)e(script.)40 b(This)29
10906 b(subshell)g(reinitializes)i(itself,)g(so)f(that)h(the)e(e\013ect)150
10907 4647 y(is)36 b(as)h(if)g(a)f(new)g(shell)h(had)f(b)s(een)g(in)m(v)m(ok)
10908 m(ed)h(to)h(in)m(terpret)e(the)h(script,)h(with)e(the)h(exception)h
10909 (that)f(the)150 4756 y(lo)s(cations)25 b(of)g(commands)e(remem)m(b)s
10910 (ered)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(paren)m(t)g(\(see)h(the)f(description)g(of)g
10911 Ft(hash)f Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.1)150 4866 y([Bourne)30
10912 b(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(41\))h(are)e(retained)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(c)m
10913 (hild.)275 5011 y(Most)36 b(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(Unix)f(mak)m(e)h(this)g
10914 (a)g(part)f(of)h(the)g(op)s(erating)g(system's)f(command)h(execution)
10915 150 5121 y(mec)m(hanism.)50 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)g(line)h(of)f(a)h
10916 (script)f(b)s(egins)g(with)g(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
10917 Ft(#!)p Fu(',)f(the)g(remainder)150 5230 y(of)d(the)g(line)h(sp)s
10918 (eci\014es)e(an)h(in)m(terpreter)g(for)g(the)g(program.)43
10919 b(Th)m(us,)30 b(y)m(ou)h(can)h(sp)s(ecify)e(Bash,)i Ft(awk)p
10920 Fu(,)e(P)m(erl,)150 5340 y(or)g(some)h(other)g(in)m(terpreter)g(and)e
10921 (write)i(the)f(rest)h(of)g(the)f(script)g(\014le)h(in)f(that)h
10922 (language.)p eop end
10923 %%Page: 40 46
10924 TeXDict begin 40 45 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10925 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(40)275 299
10926 y(The)40 b(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g(in)m(terpreter)g(consist)g(of)g(a)
10927 g(single)h(optional)f(argumen)m(t)h(follo)m(wing)g(the)150
10928 408 y(in)m(terpreter)33 b(name)h(on)f(the)g(\014rst)f(line)i(of)f(the)g
10929 (script)g(\014le,)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)h
10930 (script)f(\014le,)150 518 y(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)f(rest)h(of)g
10931 (the)f(argumen)m(ts.)45 b(Bash)31 b(will)h(p)s(erform)e(this)i(action)h
10932 (on)e(op)s(erating)h(systems)150 628 y(that)24 b(do)g(not)f(handle)g
10933 (it)h(themselv)m(es.)40 b(Note)25 b(that)f(some)g(older)g(v)m(ersions)f
10934 (of)h(Unix)f(limit)i(the)f(in)m(terpreter)150 737 y(name)30
10935 b(and)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(a)g(maxim)m(um)f(of)h(32)g(c)m(haracters.)
10936 275 872 y(Bash)h(scripts)g(often)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g
10937 Ft(#!)e(/bin/bash)g Fu(\(assuming)i(that)h(Bash)f(has)g(b)s(een)f
10938 (installed)i(in)150 981 y Ft(/bin)p Fu(\),)26 b(since)h(this)f(ensures)
10939 f(that)i(Bash)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(in)m(terpret)f(the)h
10940 (script,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)f(it)h(is)f(executed)150 1091
10941 y(under)j(another)h(shell.)p eop end
10942 %%Page: 41 47
10943 TeXDict begin 41 46 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
10944 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(41)150 299 y Fp(4)80
10945 b(Shell)53 b(Builtin)f(Commands)150 541 y Fu(Builtin)34
10946 b(commands)f(are)h(con)m(tained)g(within)f(the)h(shell)g(itself.)50
10947 b(When)34 b(the)f(name)h(of)f(a)h(builtin)f(com-)150
10948 651 y(mand)26 b(is)i(used)e(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)h(of)h(a)f
10949 (simple)h(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.1)h([Simple)f(Commands],)150
10950 760 y(page)21 b(8\),)j(the)d(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(command)f
10951 (directly)-8 b(,)24 b(without)d(in)m(v)m(oking)h(another)f(program.)37
10952 b(Builtin)150 870 y(commands)f(are)h(necessary)g(to)g(implemen)m(t)g
10953 (functionalit)m(y)h(imp)s(ossible)e(or)h(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f
10954 (obtain)150 979 y(with)30 b(separate)h(utilities.)275
10955 1117 y(This)c(section)j(brie\015y)e(describ)s(es)g(the)h(builtins)f
10956 (whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(inherits)f(from)g(the)h(Bourne)g(Shell,)g(as)150
10957 1226 y(w)m(ell)i(as)g(the)g(builtin)e(commands)h(whic)m(h)h(are)f
10958 (unique)g(to)h(or)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)d(extended)i(in)f(Bash.)275
10959 1363 y(Sev)m(eral)45 b(builtin)e(commands)h(are)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h
10960 (other)g(c)m(hapters:)69 b(builtin)43 b(commands)h(whic)m(h)150
10961 1473 y(pro)m(vide)23 b(the)h(Bash)f(in)m(terface)i(to)f(the)g(job)f
10962 (con)m(trol)i(facilities)g(\(see)f(Section)h(7.2)f([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h
10963 (Builtins],)150 1583 y(page)40 b(98\),)j(the)c(directory)h(stac)m(k)g
10964 (\(see)g(Section)g(6.8.1)h([Directory)g(Stac)m(k)f(Builtins],)i(page)e
10965 (90\),)j(the)150 1692 y(command)23 b(history)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.2)h
10966 ([Bash)f(History)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(133\),)h(and)d(the)h
10967 (programmable)150 1802 y(completion)32 b(facilities)g(\(see)g(Section)f
10968 (8.7)g([Programmable)g(Completion)g(Builtins],)g(page)h(126\).)275
10969 1939 y(Man)m(y)f(of)f(the)h(builtins)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)e(extended)
10970 g(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(or)g(Bash.)275 2076 y(Unless)39
10971 b(otherwise)h(noted,)i(eac)m(h)f(builtin)e(command)g(do)s(cumen)m(ted)g
10972 (as)h(accepting)h(options)f(pre-)150 2186 y(ceded)33
10973 b(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')f(accepts)i(`)p Ft(--)p Fu(')e(to)h(signify)f
10974 (the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f(options.)50 b(The)33 b Ft(:)p
10975 Fu(,)h Ft(true)p Fu(,)f Ft(false)p Fu(,)f(and)h Ft(test)150
10976 2295 y Fu(builtins)i(do)g(not)h(accept)g(options)g(and)f(do)g(not)h
10977 (treat)g(`)p Ft(--)p Fu(')f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)57 b(The)35
10978 b Ft(exit)p Fu(,)h Ft(logout)p Fu(,)f Ft(break)p Fu(,)150
10979 2405 y Ft(continue)p Fu(,)29 b Ft(let)p Fu(,)i(and)g
10980 Ft(shift)f Fu(builtins)g(accept)j(and)e(pro)s(cess)g(argumen)m(ts)g(b)s
10981 (eginning)g(with)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(with-)150 2515 y(out)f(requiring)f
10982 (`)p Ft(--)p Fu('.)41 b(Other)29 b(builtins)h(that)g(accept)h(argumen)m
10983 (ts)f(but)g(are)g(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(accepting)150
10984 2624 y(options)25 b(in)m(terpret)f(argumen)m(ts)h(b)s(eginning)e(with)h
10985 (`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')h(as)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)25 b(options)g(and)e(require)h
10986 (`)p Ft(--)p Fu(')g(to)h(prev)m(en)m(t)150 2734 y(this)30
10987 b(in)m(terpretation.)150 2970 y Fs(4.1)68 b(Bourne)45
10988 b(Shell)g(Builtins)150 3130 y Fu(The)22 b(follo)m(wing)j(shell)d
10989 (builtin)h(commands)f(are)h(inherited)g(from)f(the)h(Bourne)g(Shell.)38
10990 b(These)22 b(commands)150 3239 y(are)31 b(implemen)m(ted)g(as)f(sp)s
10991 (eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)150
10992 3403 y Ft(:)h Fu(\(a)h(colon\))870 3512 y Ft(:)47 b([)p
10993 Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 3648 y Fu(Do)c(nothing)f(b)s(ey)m(ond)g
10994 (expanding)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)46 b Fu(and)c(p)s(erforming)f
10995 (redirections.)76 b(The)630 3758 y(return)29 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)150
10996 3920 y Ft(.)g Fu(\(a)h(p)s(erio)s(d\))870 4029 y Ft(.)47
10997 b Fj(filename)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4165 y
10998 Fu(Read)34 b(and)f(execute)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h
10999 Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(argumen)m(t)34 b(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)
11000 630 4275 y(con)m(text.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(\014lename)37
11001 b Fu(do)s(es)31 b(not)g(con)m(tain)i(a)e(slash,)h(the)g
11002 Ft(PATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(\014nd)630
11003 4384 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)52 b(When)34 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(in)g
11004 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)g(is)g(searc)m
11005 (hed)630 4494 y(if)d Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)h(found)d(in)i
11006 Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)41 b(If)31 b(an)m(y)g Fr(argumen)m(ts)k
11007 Fu(are)c(supplied,)f(they)i(b)s(ecome)630 4604 y(the)e(p)s(ositional)h
11008 (parameters)g(when)e Fr(\014lename)35 b Fu(is)30 b(executed.)42
11009 b(Otherwise)30 b(the)g(p)s(ositional)630 4713 y(parameters)43
11010 b(are)h(unc)m(hanged.)79 b(The)42 b(return)g(status)i(is)f(the)g(exit)h
11011 (status)g(of)f(the)g(last)630 4823 y(command)37 b(executed,)k(or)c
11012 (zero)h(if)g(no)f(commands)g(are)h(executed.)63 b(If)36
11013 b Fr(\014lename)43 b Fu(is)38 b(not)630 4932 y(found,)22
11014 b(or)f(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(read,)j(the)e(return)f(status)h(is)g(non-zero.)
11015 38 b(This)20 b(builtin)h(is)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630
11016 5042 y(to)31 b Ft(source)p Fu(.)150 5204 y Ft(break)870
11017 5340 y(break)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])p eop end
11018 %%Page: 42 48
11019 TeXDict begin 42 47 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11020 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(42)630 299 y(Exit)45
11021 b(from)f(a)g Ft(for)p Fu(,)k Ft(while)p Fu(,)e Ft(until)p
11022 Fu(,)h(or)d Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)83 b(If)44 b Fr(n)g
11023 Fu(is)g(supplied,)j(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)630 408 y(enclosing)c(lo)s(op)f
11024 (is)h(exited.)70 b Fr(n)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(greater)j(than)d(or)i
11025 (equal)f(to)h(1.)70 b(The)40 b(return)630 518 y(status)31
11026 b(is)f(zero)h(unless)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(greater)g(than)g(or)f
11027 (equal)h(to)g(1.)150 677 y Ft(cd)870 812 y(cd)47 b([-L|[-P)f([-e]])g
11028 ([-@])h([)p Fj(directory)p Ft(])630 946 y Fu(Change)27
11029 b(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(orking)h(directory)g(to)h Fr(directory)p
11030 Fu(.)40 b(If)26 b Fr(directory)35 b Fu(is)27 b(not)g(supplied,)630
11031 1056 y(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5
11032 b(ariable)26 b(is)g(used.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(additional)i(argumen)m(ts)e
11033 (follo)m(wing)630 1166 y Fr(directory)39 b Fu(are)31
11034 b(ignored.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31
11035 b Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(exists,)i(it)g(is)g(used)f(as)g(a)h(searc)m(h)630
11036 1275 y(path:)39 b(eac)m(h)29 b(directory)g(name)f(in)f
11037 Ft(CDPATH)g Fu(is)h(searc)m(hed)g(for)g Fr(directory)p
11038 Fu(,)h(with)f(alternativ)m(e)630 1385 y(directory)j(names)g(in)f
11039 Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(separated)j(b)m(y)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p
11040 Ft(:)p Fu('\).)43 b(If)30 b Fr(directory)39 b Fu(b)s(egins)30
11041 b(with)630 1494 y(a)h(slash,)f Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(not)h(used.)630
11042 1629 y(The)g Ft(-P)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(not)f(follo)m(w)h(sym)m
11043 (b)s(olic)g(links:)44 b(sym)m(b)s(olic)32 b(links)g(are)g(resolv)m(ed)
11044 630 1738 y(while)41 b Ft(cd)f Fu(is)h(tra)m(v)m(ersing)h
11045 Fr(directory)49 b Fu(and)40 b(b)s(efore)g(pro)s(cessing)h(an)f
11046 (instance)i(of)f(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')f(in)630 1848 y Fr(directory)p
11047 Fu(.)630 1983 y(By)34 b(default,)h(or)e(when)g(the)g
11048 Ft(-L)g Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(links)f(in)h
11049 Fr(directory)42 b Fu(are)630 2092 y(resolv)m(ed)31 b(after)g
11050 Ft(cd)f Fu(pro)s(cesses)g(an)g(instance)h(of)g(`)p Ft(..)p
11051 Fu(')f(in)g Fr(directory)p Fu(.)630 2227 y(If)35 b(`)p
11052 Ft(..)p Fu(')f(app)s(ears)h(in)f Fr(directory)p Fu(,)j(it)f(is)f(pro)s
11053 (cessed)f(b)m(y)h(remo)m(ving)h(the)f(immediately)h(pre-)630
11054 2336 y(ceding)31 b(pathname)f(comp)s(onen)m(t,)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(a)g
11055 (slash)f(or)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g Fr(directory)p
11056 Fu(.)630 2471 y(If)i(the)i Ft(-e)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(with)g
11057 Ft(-P)h Fu(and)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)g(directory)g(cannot)630
11058 2580 y(b)s(e)k(successfully)g(determined)g(after)i(a)e(successful)h
11059 (directory)g(c)m(hange,)i Ft(cd)d Fu(will)h(return)630
11060 2690 y(an)30 b(unsuccessful)f(status.)630 2824 y(On)41
11061 b(systems)h(that)h(supp)s(ort)d(it,)46 b(the)c Ft(-@)g
11062 Fu(option)g(presen)m(ts)g(the)g(extended)g(attributes)630
11063 2934 y(asso)s(ciated)32 b(with)e(a)h(\014le)f(as)h(a)f(directory)-8
11064 b(.)630 3068 y(If)41 b Fr(directory)49 b Fu(is)41 b(`)p
11065 Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(it)e(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)g Ft($OLDPWD)d
11066 Fu(b)s(efore)i(the)g(directory)h(c)m(hange)g(is)630 3178
11067 y(attempted.)630 3313 y(If)33 b(a)h(non-empt)m(y)g(directory)g(name)f
11068 (from)g Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(used,)h(or)g(if)f(`)p Ft(-)p
11069 Fu(')h(is)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argu-)630 3422 y(men)m(t,)28
11070 b(and)e(the)h(directory)g(c)m(hange)h(is)f(successful,)h(the)f
11071 (absolute)g(pathname)g(of)f(the)h(new)630 3532 y(w)m(orking)k
11072 (directory)g(is)f(written)g(to)i(the)e(standard)g(output.)630
11073 3666 y(The)f(return)g(status)h(is)f(zero)i(if)e(the)h(directory)g(is)g
11074 (successfully)g(c)m(hanged,)g(non-zero)g(oth-)630 3776
11075 y(erwise.)150 3935 y Ft(continue)870 4070 y(continue)46
11076 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 4204 y Fu(Resume)32 b(the)g(next)g(iteration)i
11077 (of)e(an)g(enclosing)h Ft(for)p Fu(,)f Ft(while)p Fu(,)f
11078 Ft(until)p Fu(,)g(or)h Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)630 4314
11079 y(If)f Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(supplied,)e(the)j(execution)g(of)f(the)g
11080 Fr(n)p Fu(th)f(enclosing)i(lo)s(op)f(is)f(resumed.)42
11081 b Fr(n)30 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)630 4423 y(greater)39
11082 b(than)f(or)g(equal)g(to)h(1.)63 b(The)38 b(return)e(status)j(is)e
11083 (zero)i(unless)e Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(greater)630 4533
11084 y(than)30 b(or)g(equal)h(to)g(1.)150 4692 y Ft(eval)870
11085 4827 y(eval)47 b([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4961 y Fu(The)25
11086 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(concatenated)i(together)f(in)m(to)f(a)g(single)h
11087 (command,)f(whic)m(h)g(is)f(then)630 5071 y(read)35 b(and)g(executed,)j
11088 (and)d(its)h(exit)g(status)g(returned)e(as)h(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g
11089 Ft(eval)p Fu(.)54 b(If)630 5181 y(there)31 b(are)f(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f
11090 (or)h(only)f(empt)m(y)h(argumen)m(ts,)g(the)f(return)g(status)g(is)h
11091 (zero.)150 5340 y Ft(exec)p eop end
11092 %%Page: 43 49
11093 TeXDict begin 43 48 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)h(Shell)f
11094 (Builtin)h(Commands)2079 b(43)870 299 y Ft(exec)47 b([-cl])f([-a)h
11095 Fj(name)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(command)g Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p
11096 Ft(]])630 440 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(command)k Fu(is)c(supplied,)h(it)g
11097 (replaces)h(the)e(shell)h(without)f(creating)i(a)f(new)f(pro)s(cess.)
11098 630 549 y(If)k(the)h Ft(-l)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied,)h(the)e(shell)h
11099 (places)g(a)g(dash)f(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)630
11100 659 y(zeroth)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(passed)e(to)h Fr(command)p
11101 Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(is)h(what)f(the)h Ft(login)e Fu(program)i(do)s(es.)
11102 630 769 y(The)i Ft(-c)g Fu(option)g(causes)h Fr(command)j
11103 Fu(to)d(b)s(e)f(executed)h(with)f(an)g(empt)m(y)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)
11104 630 878 y(If)c Ft(-a)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)f(the)h(shell)g(passes)f
11105 Fr(name)41 b Fu(as)36 b(the)f(zeroth)i(argumen)m(t)f(to)g
11106 Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 988 y(If)c Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)e(b)s(e)f
11107 (executed)h(for)f(some)g(reason,)h(a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d
11108 (exits,)630 1097 y(unless)27 b(the)g Ft(execfail)e Fu(shell)i(option)h
11109 (is)f(enabled.)40 b(In)27 b(that)g(case,)j(it)d(returns)f(failure.)40
11110 b(An)630 1207 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)d(shell)c(returns)g(failure)h(if)f
11111 (the)h(\014le)g(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(executed.)52 b(If)33
11112 b(no)h Fr(command)630 1316 y Fu(is)27 b(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(redirections)
11113 h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(a\013ect)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(shell)g
11114 (en)m(vironmen)m(t.)40 b(If)630 1426 y(there)34 b(are)h(no)f
11115 (redirection)h(errors,)g(the)f(return)f(status)i(is)f(zero;)j
11116 (otherwise)e(the)f(return)630 1536 y(status)d(is)f(non-zero.)150
11117 1708 y Ft(exit)870 1849 y(exit)47 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630
11118 1990 y Fu(Exit)30 b(the)g(shell,)h(returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g
11119 Fr(n)f Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(paren)m(t.)41 b(If)30
11120 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 2099 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g
11121 (of)g(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed.)41 b(An)m(y)26
11122 b(trap)h(on)f Ft(EXIT)f Fu(is)i(executed)630 2209 y(b)s(efore)j(the)h
11123 (shell)f(terminates.)150 2381 y Ft(export)870 2522 y(export)46
11124 b([-fn])g([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(]])630
11125 2663 y Fu(Mark)40 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(to)40 b(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)
11126 i(c)m(hild)f(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)70
11127 b(If)39 b(the)630 2772 y Ft(-f)33 b Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h
11128 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)33 b(refer)g(to)i(shell)e(functions;)i(otherwise)f
11129 (the)g(names)630 2882 y(refer)c(to)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)41
11130 b(The)30 b Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(means)f(to)h(no)f(longer)h(mark)f(eac)m
11131 (h)i Fr(name)j Fu(for)630 2992 y(exp)s(ort.)52 b(If)33
11132 b(no)h Fr(names)k Fu(are)c(supplied,)g(or)g(if)g(the)g
11133 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)g(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(a)d(list)h(of)f(names)630
11134 3101 y(of)d(all)h(exp)s(orted)e(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(is)g(displa)m(y)m
11135 (ed.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)i(displa)m(ys)e(output)h(in)f(a)h
11136 (form)630 3211 y(that)25 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)h(input.)38
11137 b(If)24 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(name)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e
11138 (=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)27 b(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)630
11139 3320 y(of)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)g(to)g
11140 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 3461 y(The)29 b(return)e(status)j(is)f(zero)h
11141 (unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i
11142 (of)f(the)g(names)630 3571 y(is)k(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)33
11143 b(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name,)i(or)e Ft(-f)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f
11144 (with)h(a)g(name)g(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)630 3680 y(shell)d(function.)150
11145 3853 y Ft(getopts)870 3994 y(getopts)46 b Fj(optstring)f(name)i
11146 Ft([)p Fj(args)p Ft(])630 4134 y(getopts)28 b Fu(is)i(used)g(b)m(y)g
11147 (shell)g(scripts)g(to)g(parse)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)41
11148 b Fr(optstring)d Fu(con-)630 4244 y(tains)k(the)g(option)f(c)m
11149 (haracters)i(to)g(b)s(e)d(recognized;)49 b(if)42 b(a)f(c)m(haracter)j
11150 (is)d(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(a)630 4354 y(colon,)33
11151 b(the)f(option)g(is)g(exp)s(ected)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)e(argumen)m
11152 (t,)i(whic)m(h)f(should)e(b)s(e)h(separated)630 4463
11153 y(from)40 b(it)g(b)m(y)g(whitespace.)70 b(The)40 b(colon)h(\(`)p
11154 Ft(:)p Fu('\))g(and)e(question)h(mark)g(\(`)p Ft(?)p
11155 Fu('\))h(ma)m(y)f(not)h(b)s(e)630 4573 y(used)d(as)g(option)h(c)m
11156 (haracters.)67 b(Eac)m(h)39 b(time)g(it)g(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k
11157 Ft(getopts)37 b Fu(places)i(the)g(next)630 4682 y(option)29
11158 b(in)f(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)f(initializing)
11159 i Fr(name)j Fu(if)28 b(it)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(exist,)h(and)e(the)630
11160 4792 y(index)33 b(of)g(the)h(next)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(pro)s
11161 (cessed)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(OPTIND)p
11162 Fu(.)48 b Ft(OPTIND)630 4902 y Fu(is)41 b(initialized)i(to)f(1)f(eac)m
11163 (h)h(time)g(the)f(shell)g(or)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
11164 (ed.)74 b(When)41 b(an)630 5011 y(option)36 b(requires)e(an)h(argumen)m
11165 (t,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(that)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(v)
11166 -5 b(ariable)630 5121 y Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)55 b(The)35
11167 b(shell)g(do)s(es)h(not)g(reset)g Ft(OPTIND)e Fu(automatically;)41
11168 b(it)36 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(man)m(ually)630 5230 y(reset)i(b)s(et)m(w)m
11169 (een)g(m)m(ultiple)h(calls)f(to)g Ft(getopts)e Fu(within)h(the)h(same)g
11170 (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(if)e(a)630 5340 y(new)30
11171 b(set)h(of)f(parameters)h(is)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(used.)p eop
11172 end
11173 %%Page: 44 50
11174 TeXDict begin 44 49 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11175 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(44)630 299 y(When)41
11176 b(the)h(end)e(of)i(options)g(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)k Ft(getopts)39
11177 b Fu(exits)j(with)f(a)h(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)630 408
11178 y(greater)32 b(than)e(zero.)41 b Ft(OPTIND)29 b Fu(is)h(set)h(to)g(the)
11179 g(index)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(non-option)g(argumen)m(t,)630
11180 518 y(and)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(is)c(set)g(to)g(`)p Ft(?)p
11181 Fu('.)630 655 y Ft(getopts)c Fu(normally)j(parses)e(the)i(p)s
11182 (ositional)g(parameters,)g(but)e(if)i(more)f(argumen)m(ts)h(are)630
11183 765 y(giv)m(en)h(in)f Fr(args)p Fu(,)h Ft(getopts)e Fu(parses)h(those)h
11184 (instead.)630 902 y Ft(getopts)h Fu(can)h(rep)s(ort)g(errors)g(in)h(t)m
11185 (w)m(o)h(w)m(a)m(ys.)51 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)k(of)d
11186 Fr(optstring)42 b Fu(is)34 b(a)630 1011 y(colon,)g Fr(silen)m(t)h
11187 Fu(error)d(rep)s(orting)f(is)i(used.)45 b(In)31 b(normal)h(op)s
11188 (eration,)h(diagnostic)h(messages)630 1121 y(are)c(prin)m(ted)e(when)g
11189 (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(options)g(or)f(missing)g(option)g(argumen)m(ts)h
11190 (are)f(encoun)m(tered.)630 1230 y(If)34 b(the)g(v)-5
11191 b(ariable)35 b Ft(OPTERR)d Fu(is)i(set)h(to)f(0,)i(no)e(error)g
11192 (messages)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(ev)m(en)f(if)630
11193 1340 y(the)c(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)j(of)f Ft(optstring)d
11194 Fu(is)i(not)h(a)f(colon.)630 1477 y(If)39 b(an)h(in)m(v)-5
11195 b(alid)41 b(option)f(is)g(seen,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(`)p
11196 Ft(?)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)h Fr(name)k Fu(and,)d(if)e(not)g(silen)m(t,)630
11197 1587 y(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)f(message)h(and)f(unsets)g
11198 Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)67 b(If)39 b Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)j(the)c
11199 (option)630 1696 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(found)d(is)h(placed)h(in)f
11200 Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(and)h(no)g(diagnostic)i(message)f(is)g(prin)m(ted.)630
11201 1833 y(If)c(a)g(required)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(not)g(found,)g(and)f
11202 Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(not)h(silen)m(t,)h(a)e(question)g(mark)630
11203 1943 y(\(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('\))h(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)p
11204 Fu(,)h Ft(OPTARG)e Fu(is)h(unset,)h(and)f(a)g(diagnostic)i(message)g
11205 (is)e(prin)m(ted.)39 b(If)630 2052 y Ft(getopts)28 b
11206 Fu(is)h(silen)m(t,)i(then)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p Ft(:)p
11207 Fu('\))f(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)35 b Fu(and)29 b
11208 Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(is)h(set)h(to)h(the)630 2162 y(option)g(c)m(haracter)h
11209 (found.)150 2326 y Ft(hash)870 2463 y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h
11210 Fj(filename)p Ft(])e([-dt])i([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2600
11211 y Fu(Eac)m(h)32 b(time)g Ft(hash)e Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)j(it)d
11212 (remem)m(b)s(ers)g(the)g(full)g(pathnames)g(of)h(the)f(commands)630
11213 2710 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)i(as)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c(so)g(they)f
11214 (need)g(not)g(b)s(e)f(searc)m(hed)i(for)f(on)g(subsequen)m(t)630
11215 2819 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)79 b(The)41 b(commands)h(are)h(found)e(b)m
11216 (y)h(searc)m(hing)i(through)d(the)i(directories)630 2929
11217 y(listed)37 b(in)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)58 b(An)m(y)37 b(previously-remem)m
11218 (b)s(ered)f(pathname)h(is)g(discarded.)59 b(The)37 b
11219 Ft(-p)630 3039 y Fu(option)d(inhibits)f(the)h(path)g(searc)m(h,)h(and)e
11220 Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(is)34 b(used)f(as)h(the)f(lo)s(cation)j(of)e
11221 Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 3148 y(The)42 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)h(causes)f(the)h
11222 (shell)g(to)g(forget)g(all)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)d(lo)s(cations.)79
11223 b(The)42 b Ft(-d)630 3258 y Fu(option)31 b(causes)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g
11224 (forget)h(the)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(lo)s(cation)j(of)f(eac)m(h)h
11225 Fr(name)p Fu(.)41 b(If)30 b(the)630 3367 y Ft(-t)39 b
11226 Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(full)f(pathname)h(to)g(whic)m(h)f
11227 (eac)m(h)i Fr(name)k Fu(corresp)s(onds)38 b(is)630 3477
11228 y(prin)m(ted.)k(If)30 b(m)m(ultiple)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts)31
11229 b(are)g(supplied)f(with)g Ft(-t)g Fu(the)h Fr(name)36
11230 b Fu(is)31 b(prin)m(ted)630 3587 y(b)s(efore)e(the)i(hashed)e(full)g
11231 (pathname.)41 b(The)29 b Ft(-l)g Fu(option)i(causes)f(output)f(to)i(b)s
11232 (e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)630 3696 y(in)23 b(a)h(format)g(that)g(ma)m(y)g(b)
11233 s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)37 b(If)23 b(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(giv)m
11234 (en,)i(or)e(if)f(only)h Ft(-l)630 3806 y Fu(is)35 b(supplied,)f
11235 (information)h(ab)s(out)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(commands)g(is)h(prin)m
11236 (ted.)53 b(The)34 b(return)630 3915 y(status)d(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(a)h
11237 Fr(name)k Fu(is)c(not)f(found)f(or)i(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31
11238 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4080 y Ft(pwd)870 4217
11239 y(pwd)47 b([-LP])630 4354 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)g(absolute)h(pathname)
11240 e(of)h(the)h(curren)m(t)e(w)m(orking)h(directory)-8 b(.)42
11241 b(If)28 b(the)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)630 4463 y(is)39 b(supplied,)h(the)f
11242 (pathname)g(prin)m(ted)g(will)g(not)h(con)m(tain)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
11243 (links.)67 b(If)38 b(the)i Ft(-L)630 4573 y Fu(option)k(is)g(supplied,)
11244 i(the)e(pathname)f(prin)m(ted)h(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
11245 (links.)80 b(The)630 4682 y(return)26 b(status)h(is)h(zero)g(unless)e
11246 (an)h(error)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered)g(while)h(determining)f(the)g(name)
11247 630 4792 y(of)k(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(or)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5
11248 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4956 y Ft(readonly)870
11249 5093 y(readonly)46 b([-aAf])g([-p])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p
11250 Fj(value)p Ft(]])e(...)630 5230 y Fu(Mark)33 b(eac)m(h)h
11251 Fr(name)39 b Fu(as)33 b(readonly)-8 b(.)49 b(The)32 b(v)-5
11252 b(alues)34 b(of)f(these)g(names)g(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)630
11253 5340 y(b)m(y)38 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t.)65 b(If)38
11254 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied,)g(eac)m(h)h
11255 Fr(name)j Fu(refers)38 b(to)p eop end
11256 %%Page: 45 51
11257 TeXDict begin 45 50 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11258 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(45)630 299 y(a)37
11259 b(shell)g(function.)59 b(The)36 b Ft(-a)g Fu(option)h(means)f(eac)m(h)i
11260 Fr(name)k Fu(refers)36 b(to)h(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)630
11261 408 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)28 b(the)f Ft(-A)e Fu(option)h(means)g(eac)m(h)h
11262 Fr(name)k Fu(refers)26 b(to)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5
11263 b(ariable.)630 518 y(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)h(supplied,)f
11264 Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)i(precedence.)58 b(If)35 b(no)h Fr(name)k
11265 Fu(argumen)m(ts)d(are)630 628 y(giv)m(en,)k(or)c(if)h(the)g
11266 Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)i(a)f(list)g(of)g(all)g(readonly)g
11267 (names)f(is)h(prin)m(ted.)630 737 y(The)32 b(other)g(options)g(ma)m(y)h
11268 (b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(the)f(output)g(to)h(a)f(subset)g(of)g
11269 (the)g(set)h(of)630 847 y(readonly)c(names.)41 b(The)28
11270 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)h(causes)g(output)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed)i
11271 (in)f(a)h(format)f(that)630 956 y(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(reused)g(as)i
11272 (input.)42 b(If)30 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m
11273 (ed)h(b)m(y)f(=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)32 b(the)f(v)-5
11274 b(alue)32 b(of)630 1066 y(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(set)i(to)f
11275 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)50 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)g(is)h(zero)g
11276 (unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)34 b(option)630 1176
11277 y(is)c(supplied,)f(one)h(of)g(the)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30
11278 b(is)g(not)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30
11279 b(or)g(function)630 1285 y(name,)h(or)f(the)h Ft(-f)e
11280 Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied)e(with)h(a)h(name)f(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)g
11281 (shell)f(function.)150 1450 y Ft(return)870 1587 y(return)46
11282 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 1724 y Fu(Cause)37 b(a)g(shell)h(function)f(to)g
11283 (stop)h(executing)g(and)e(return)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37
11284 b Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(its)f(caller.)630 1833 y(If)h Fr(n)h
11285 Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)40
11286 b(is)f(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(last)h(command)630
11287 1943 y(executed)35 b(in)f(the)h(function.)53 b Ft(return)33
11288 b Fu(ma)m(y)i(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j(terminate)f(execution)h(of)630
11289 2052 y(a)e(script)g(b)s(eing)g(executed)g(with)g(the)g
11290 Ft(.)g Fu(\()p Ft(source)p Fu(\))f(builtin,)h(returning)f(either)i
11291 Fr(n)e Fu(or)h(the)630 2162 y(exit)j(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)h
11292 (command)e(executed)i(within)e(the)h(script)g(as)g(the)g(exit)h(status)
11293 630 2271 y(of)i(the)g(script.)65 b(If)38 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)h
11294 (the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)g(its)g(least)h(signi\014can)m(t)g
11295 (8)f(bits.)630 2381 y(An)m(y)g(command)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(the)h
11296 Ft(RETURN)e Fu(trap)i(is)g(executed)g(b)s(efore)g(execution)630
11297 2491 y(resumes)29 b(after)h(the)g(function)g(or)g(script.)40
11298 b(The)29 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(non-zero)g(if)g Ft(return)e
11299 Fu(is)630 2600 y(supplied)h(a)i(non-n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(or)f(is)
11300 h(used)f(outside)h(a)g(function)f(and)g(not)h(during)630
11301 2710 y(the)g(execution)g(of)g(a)f(script)h(b)m(y)f Ft(.)g
11302 Fu(or)g Ft(source)p Fu(.)150 2874 y Ft(shift)870 3011
11303 y(shift)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 3148 y Fu(Shift)41 b(the)g(p)s
11304 (ositional)h(parameters)g(to)g(the)f(left)h(b)m(y)g Fr(n)p
11305 Fu(.)73 b(The)40 b(p)s(ositional)j(parameters)630 3258
11306 y(from)34 b Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)39 b(.)22 b(.)h(.)45 b
11307 Ft($#)34 b Fu(are)g(renamed)g(to)h Ft($1)k Fu(.)22 b(.)g(.)46
11308 b Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Fu(.)51 b(P)m(arameters)36 b(represen)m(ted)e
11309 (b)m(y)g(the)630 3367 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)25 b Ft($#)i
11310 Fu(to)g Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)g(are)g(unset.)39
11311 b Fr(n)26 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(non-negativ)m(e)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)
11312 c(less)i(than)g(or)630 3477 y(equal)33 b(to)h Ft($#)p
11313 Fu(.)47 b(If)33 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(zero)g(or)g(greater)h(than)f
11314 Ft($#)p Fu(,)g(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)h(not)630
11315 3587 y(c)m(hanged.)48 b(If)32 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(supplied,)h(it)g
11316 (is)f(assumed)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(1.)48 b(The)32 b(return)g(status)h(is)f
11317 (zero)630 3696 y(unless)e Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(greater)g(than)g
11318 Ft($#)e Fu(or)i(less)f(than)h(zero,)g(non-zero)g(otherwise.)150
11319 3861 y Ft(test)150 3970 y([)870 4107 y(test)47 b Fj(expr)630
11320 4244 y Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)40 b(a)f(conditional)h(express)f(ion)g
11321 Fr(expr)45 b Fu(and)38 b(return)g(a)h(status)g(of)g(0)g(\(true\))h(or)f
11322 (1)630 4354 y(\(false\).)j(Eac)m(h)31 b(op)s(erator)f(and)f(op)s(erand)
11323 g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(separate)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b(Expressions)630
11324 4463 y(are)26 b(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s
11325 (elo)m(w)h(in)g(Section)h(6.4)h([Bash)e(Conditional)630
11326 4573 y(Expressions],)39 b(page)g(85.)64 b Ft(test)37
11327 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)i(an)m(y)e(options,)i(nor)e(do)s(es)f(it)h
11328 (accept)630 4682 y(and)30 b(ignore)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f
11329 Ft(--)g Fu(as)h(signifying)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630
11330 4819 y(When)g(the)h Ft([)f Fu(form)g(is)g(used,)g(the)g(last)i(argumen)
11331 m(t)e(to)i(the)e(command)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(a)i Ft(])p
11332 Fu(.)630 4956 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f
11333 (the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f(in)f(decreasing)630
11334 5066 y(order)30 b(of)h(precedence.)43 b(The)30 b(ev)-5
11335 b(aluation)33 b(dep)s(ends)28 b(on)j(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
11336 (argumen)m(ts;)g(see)630 5176 y(b)s(elo)m(w.)41 b(Op)s(erator)30
11337 b(precedence)h(is)f(used)g(when)f(there)i(are)f(\014v)m(e)h(or)f(more)h
11338 (argumen)m(ts.)630 5340 y Ft(!)f Fj(expr)210 b Fu(T)-8
11339 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(expr)37 b Fu(is)30 b(false.)p eop
11340 end
11341 %%Page: 46 52
11342 TeXDict begin 46 51 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11343 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(46)630 299 y Ft(\()30
11344 b Fj(expr)f Ft(\))133 b Fu(Returns)23 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)25
11345 b(of)f Fr(expr)p Fu(.)38 b(This)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(o)m
11346 (v)m(erride)g(the)g(normal)1110 408 y(precedence)31 b(of)f(op)s
11347 (erators.)630 568 y Fj(expr1)f Ft(-a)h Fj(expr2)1110
11348 677 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g Fr(expr1)37 b
11349 Fu(and)30 b Fr(expr2)38 b Fu(are)30 b(true.)630 837 y
11350 Fj(expr1)f Ft(-o)h Fj(expr2)1110 946 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
11351 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expr1)38 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expr2)37
11352 b Fu(is)31 b(true.)630 1106 y(The)37 b Ft(test)f Fu(and)g
11353 Ft([)h Fu(builtins)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)39 b(conditional)f(expressions)f
11354 (using)g(a)g(set)h(of)f(rules)630 1215 y(based)30 b(on)g(the)h(n)m(um)m
11355 (b)s(er)e(of)h(argumen)m(ts.)630 1375 y(0)h(argumen)m(ts)1110
11356 1484 y(The)f(expression)g(is)g(false.)630 1644 y(1)h(argumen)m(t)1110
11357 1753 y(The)f(expression)g(is)g(true)h(if)f(and)g(only)g(if)h(the)f
11358 (argumen)m(t)h(is)f(not)h(n)m(ull.)630 1913 y(2)g(argumen)m(ts)1110
11359 2022 y(If)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(`)p Ft(!)p
11360 Fu(',)g(the)g(expression)g(is)g(true)f(if)h(and)f(only)h(if)g(the)1110
11361 2132 y(second)j(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(n)m(ull.)50 b(If)33
11362 b(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(unary)1110
11363 2242 y(conditional)42 b(op)s(erators)f(\(see)g(Section)h(6.4)f([Bash)g
11364 (Conditional)g(Expres-)1110 2351 y(sions],)34 b(page)f(85\),)i(the)e
11365 (expression)f(is)h(true)g(if)g(the)g(unary)e(test)j(is)f(true.)47
11366 b(If)1110 2461 y(the)33 b(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(not)g(a)h(v)-5
11367 b(alid)34 b(unary)e(op)s(erator,)i(the)g(expression)f(is)1110
11368 2570 y(false.)630 2730 y(3)e(argumen)m(ts)1110 2839 y(The)44
11369 b(follo)m(wing)i(conditions)f(are)g(applied)f(in)g(the)g(order)g
11370 (listed.)84 b(If)44 b(the)1110 2949 y(second)f(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(one)g
11371 (of)g(the)g(binary)f(conditional)i(op)s(erators)f(\(see)1110
11372 3059 y(Section)h(6.4)g([Bash)g(Conditional)g(Expressions],)i(page)e
11373 (85\),)k(the)43 b(result)1110 3168 y(of)h(the)h(expression)f(is)g(the)g
11374 (result)g(of)h(the)f(binary)g(test)h(using)e(the)i(\014rst)1110
11375 3278 y(and)31 b(third)g(argumen)m(ts)i(as)f(op)s(erands.)44
11376 b(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-a)p Fu(')h(and)g(`)p Ft(-o)p Fu(')f(op)s(erators)i
11377 (are)1110 3387 y(considered)25 b(binary)g(op)s(erators)g(when)f(there)i
11378 (are)f(three)h(argumen)m(ts.)39 b(If)25 b(the)1110 3497
11379 y(\014rst)j(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)h(the)f(v)-5
11380 b(alue)29 b(is)g(the)g(negation)i(of)e(the)g(t)m(w)m(o-argumen)m(t)1110
11381 3606 y(test)38 b(using)f(the)g(second)g(and)g(third)f(argumen)m(ts.)61
11382 b(If)37 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)1110 3716 y(is)j(exactly)i(`)p
11383 Ft(\()p Fu(')f(and)f(the)g(third)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(exactly)i(`)p
11384 Ft(\))p Fu(',)h(the)e(result)f(is)1110 3826 y(the)46
11385 b(one-argumen)m(t)g(test)h(of)f(the)f(second)h(argumen)m(t.)86
11386 b(Otherwise,)50 b(the)1110 3935 y(expression)30 b(is)h(false.)630
11387 4095 y(4)g(argumen)m(ts)1110 4204 y(If)h(the)i(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)h
11388 (is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)h(the)f(result)g(is)g(the)g(negation)h(of)f(the)
11389 g(three-)1110 4314 y(argumen)m(t)h(expression)f(comp)s(osed)h(of)f(the)
11390 h(remaining)g(argumen)m(ts.)50 b(Oth-)1110 4423 y(erwise,)34
11391 b(the)f(expression)g(is)g(parsed)g(and)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)34
11392 b(according)h(to)e(prece-)1110 4533 y(dence)e(using)e(the)i(rules)f
11393 (listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630 4692 y(5)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts)1110
11394 4802 y(The)43 b(expression)f(is)i(parsed)e(and)g(ev)-5
11395 b(aluated)45 b(according)f(to)f(precedence)1110 4912
11396 y(using)30 b(the)g(rules)g(listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630
11397 5071 y(When)40 b(used)f(with)g Ft(test)g Fu(or)h(`)p
11398 Ft([)p Fu(',)j(the)d(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p
11399 Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g(lexicographically)630 5181
11400 y(using)30 b(ASCI)s(I)f(ordering.)150 5340 y Ft(times)p
11401 eop end
11402 %%Page: 47 53
11403 TeXDict begin 47 52 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11404 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(47)870 299 y Ft(times)630
11405 434 y Fu(Prin)m(t)37 b(out)h(the)g(user)e(and)h(system)g(times)h(used)f
11406 (b)m(y)g(the)h(shell)f(and)g(its)h(c)m(hildren.)61 b(The)630
11407 543 y(return)29 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)150 704 y Ft(trap)870
11408 838 y(trap)47 b([-lp])f([)p Fj(arg)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(sigspec)g
11409 Ft(...)o(])630 973 y Fu(The)d(commands)f(in)h Fr(arg)51
11410 b Fu(are)44 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(read)h(and)g(executed)h(when)e(the)h(shell)g
11411 (receiv)m(es)630 1083 y(signal)36 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)p Fu(.)57
11412 b(If)35 b Fr(arg)44 b Fu(is)36 b(absen)m(t)g(\(and)f(there)h(is)g(a)f
11413 (single)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))35 b(or)h(equal)g(to)h(`)p
11414 Ft(-)p Fu(',)630 1192 y(eac)m(h)k(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(signal's)h(disp)s
11415 (osition)g(is)f(reset)i(to)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(it)g(had)f(when)g
11416 (the)h(shell)630 1302 y(w)m(as)33 b(started.)47 b(If)32
11417 b Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)32 b(the)h(n)m(ull)f(string,)i(then)e(the)g(signal)
11418 i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)i(eac)m(h)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)630
11419 1412 y Fu(is)g(ignored)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(and)e(commands)h(it)h
11420 (in)m(v)m(ok)m(es.)51 b(If)33 b Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)33
11421 b(not)h(presen)m(t)f(and)g Ft(-p)630 1521 y Fu(has)g(b)s(een)g
11422 (supplied,)f(the)i(shell)f(displa)m(ys)h(the)f(trap)g(commands)g(asso)s
11423 (ciated)i(with)e(eac)m(h)630 1631 y Fr(sigsp)s(ec)p Fu(.)47
11424 b(If)31 b(no)i(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(supplied,)e(or)i(only)f
11425 Ft(-p)g Fu(is)g(giv)m(en,)i Ft(trap)d Fu(prin)m(ts)h(the)g(list)630
11426 1740 y(of)c(commands)f(asso)s(ciated)i(with)f(eac)m(h)h(signal)f(n)m
11427 (um)m(b)s(er)e(in)i(a)g(form)f(that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(reused)630
11428 1850 y(as)f(shell)h(input.)38 b(The)26 b Ft(-l)f Fu(option)i(causes)f
11429 (the)g(shell)h(to)g(prin)m(t)e(a)i(list)f(of)h(signal)g(names)f(and)630
11430 1960 y(their)33 b(corresp)s(onding)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)47
11431 b(Eac)m(h)34 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)39 b Fu(is)33 b(either)g(a)h(signal)g
11432 (name)f(or)g(a)g(signal)630 2069 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)39
11433 b(Signal)31 b(names)f(are)h(case)h(insensitiv)m(e)f(and)f(the)g
11434 Ft(SIG)g Fu(pre\014x)f(is)i(optional.)630 2204 y(If)k(a)g
11435 Fr(sigsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)35 b Ft(0)g Fu(or)g Ft(EXIT)p
11436 Fu(,)g Fr(arg)43 b Fu(is)35 b(executed)h(when)e(the)h(shell)h(exits.)55
11437 b(If)35 b(a)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)630 2314 y Ft(DEBUG)p
11438 Fu(,)32 b(the)g(command)g Fr(arg)40 b Fu(is)33 b(executed)g(b)s(efore)f
11439 (ev)m(ery)h(simple)f(command,)h Ft(for)e Fu(com-)630
11440 2423 y(mand,)d Ft(case)g Fu(command,)h Ft(select)e Fu(command,)i(ev)m
11441 (ery)h(arithmetic)g Ft(for)d Fu(command,)j(and)630 2533
11442 y(b)s(efore)22 b(the)g(\014rst)f(command)h(executes)i(in)e(a)g(shell)h
11443 (function.)37 b(Refer)22 b(to)h(the)g(description)f(of)630
11444 2642 y(the)i Ft(extdebug)d Fu(option)j(to)h(the)f Ft(shopt)e
11445 Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)630
11446 2752 y(page)33 b(62\))g(for)f(details)h(of)f(its)h(e\013ect)g(on)f(the)
11447 g Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap.)46 b(If)31 b(a)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)38
11448 b Fu(is)32 b Ft(RETURN)p Fu(,)f(the)630 2862 y(command)h
11449 Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)33 b(executed)g(eac)m(h)h(time)f(a)g(shell)g
11450 (function)g(or)f(a)h(script)g(executed)g(with)630 2971
11451 y(the)e Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)g(\014nishes)h
11452 (executing.)630 3106 y(If)20 b(a)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)27 b
11453 Fu(is)21 b Ft(ERR)p Fu(,)h(the)f(command)g Fr(arg)29
11454 b Fu(is)21 b(executed)h(whenev)m(er)e(a)i(pip)s(eline)e(\(whic)m(h)h
11455 (ma)m(y)630 3216 y(consist)35 b(of)g(a)f(single)h(simple)g(command\),)h
11456 (a)e(list,)j(or)d(a)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(returns)630
11457 3325 y(a)41 b(non-zero)g(exit)h(status,)h(sub)5 b(ject)41
11458 b(to)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(conditions.)72 b(The)40 b
11459 Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)i(is)630 3435 y(not)c(executed)h(if)f(the)h(failed)f
11460 (command)g(is)g(part)g(of)h(the)f(command)g(list)h(immediately)630
11461 3544 y(follo)m(wing)30 b(an)e Ft(until)f Fu(or)i Ft(while)e
11462 Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(part)g(of)f(the)h(test)g(follo)m(wing)h(the)f
11463 Ft(if)f Fu(or)g Ft(elif)630 3654 y Fu(reserv)m(ed)45
11464 b(w)m(ords,)j(part)c(of)h(a)g(command)g(executed)g(in)g(a)g
11465 Ft(&&)f Fu(or)h Ft(||)f Fu(list)h(except)h(the)630 3764
11466 y(command)28 b(follo)m(wing)j(the)d(\014nal)h Ft(&&)f
11467 Fu(or)g Ft(||)p Fu(,)h(an)m(y)g(command)f(in)h(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(but)g
11468 (the)h(last,)630 3873 y(or)d(if)g(the)f(command's)h(return)f(status)h
11469 (is)g(b)s(eing)f(in)m(v)m(erted)i(using)e Ft(!)p Fu(.)39
11470 b(These)25 b(are)i(the)f(same)630 3983 y(conditions)31
11471 b(ob)s(ey)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f Ft(errexit)f Fu(\()p Ft(-e)p
11472 Fu(\))h(option.)630 4118 y(Signals)37 b(ignored)f(up)s(on)f(en)m(try)i
11473 (to)g(the)f(shell)h(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(trapp)s(ed)f(or)h(reset.)59
11474 b(T)-8 b(rapp)s(ed)630 4227 y(signals)28 b(that)f(are)h(not)f(b)s(eing)
11475 g(ignored)g(are)g(reset)h(to)g(their)f(original)h(v)-5
11476 b(alues)28 b(in)e(a)i(subshell)630 4337 y(or)i(subshell)g(en)m
11477 (vironmen)m(t)h(when)e(one)i(is)f(created.)630 4472 y(The)g(return)f
11478 (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(a)h Fr(sigsp)s(ec)36 b
11479 Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31
11480 b(signal.)150 4632 y Ft(umask)870 4767 y(umask)46 b([-p])h([-S])g([)p
11481 Fj(mode)p Ft(])630 4902 y Fu(Set)30 b(the)f(shell)h(pro)s(cess's)f
11482 (\014le)h(creation)g(mask)g(to)g Fr(mo)s(de)p Fu(.)40
11483 b(If)29 b Fr(mo)s(de)34 b Fu(b)s(egins)29 b(with)g(a)h(digit,)630
11484 5011 y(it)e(is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(an)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s
11485 (er;)e(if)g(not,)h(it)g(is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
11486 (mo)s(de)630 5121 y(mask)i(similar)g(to)g(that)h(accepted)g(b)m(y)f
11487 (the)g Ft(chmod)e Fu(command.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(mo)s(de)34
11488 b Fu(is)28 b(omitted,)j(the)630 5230 y(curren)m(t)39
11489 b(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f(the)g(mask)g(is)h(prin)m(ted.)66
11490 b(If)39 b(the)g Ft(-S)g Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied)d(without)j(a)630
11491 5340 y Fr(mo)s(de)d Fu(argumen)m(t,)d(the)e(mask)g(is)h(prin)m(ted)f
11492 (in)g(a)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(format.)47 b(If)32 b(the)g
11493 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)p eop end
11494 %%Page: 48 54
11495 TeXDict begin 48 53 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11496 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(48)630 299 y(supplied,)32
11497 b(and)f Fr(mo)s(de)37 b Fu(is)32 b(omitted,)i(the)f(output)f(is)g(in)g
11498 (a)g(form)g(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)630 408
11499 y(input.)62 b(The)38 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)g(if)g(the)g(mo)s
11500 (de)g(is)g(successfully)g(c)m(hanged)g(or)g(if)g(no)630
11501 518 y Fr(mo)s(de)d Fu(argumen)m(t)c(is)f(supplied,)g(and)f(non-zero)i
11502 (otherwise.)630 660 y(Note)38 b(that)e(when)g(the)g(mo)s(de)g(is)g(in)m
11503 (terpreted)h(as)f(an)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)e(eac)m(h)i(n)m(um)m
11504 (b)s(er)d(of)630 770 y(the)f(umask)g(is)h(subtracted)f(from)f
11505 Ft(7)p Fu(.)53 b(Th)m(us,)34 b(a)h(umask)e(of)i Ft(022)e
11506 Fu(results)h(in)g(p)s(ermissions)630 879 y(of)d Ft(755)p
11507 Fu(.)150 1054 y Ft(unset)870 1196 y(unset)46 b([-fnv])g([)p
11508 Fj(name)p Ft(])630 1338 y Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)36 b(eac)m(h)f(v)-5
11509 b(ariable)35 b(or)f(function)f Fr(name)p Fu(.)52 b(If)33
11510 b(the)i Ft(-v)e Fu(option)h(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(eac)m(h)e
11511 Fr(name)630 1448 y Fu(refers)24 b(to)h(a)g(shell)f(v)-5
11512 b(ariable)25 b(and)f(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(is)f(rem)m(v)m(o)m(v)m
11513 (ed.)41 b(If)23 b(the)i Ft(-f)f Fu(option)g(is)h(giv)m(en,)630
11514 1557 y(the)37 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)37 b(refer)f(to)i(shell)f(functions,)h
11515 (and)e(the)h(function)g(de\014nition)f(is)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)61
11516 b(If)630 1667 y(the)34 b Ft(-n)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied,)f(and)g
11517 Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)c(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(with)g(the)f
11518 Fr(nameref)51 b Fu(attribute,)630 1776 y Fr(name)42 b
11519 Fu(will)37 b(b)s(e)f(unset)g(rather)g(than)h(the)g(v)-5
11520 b(ariable)37 b(it)g(references.)60 b Ft(-n)36 b Fu(has)g(no)h(e\013ect)
11521 h(if)630 1886 y(the)h Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied.)65
11522 b(If)39 b(no)g(options)h(are)f(supplied,)h(eac)m(h)h
11523 Fr(name)j Fu(refers)39 b(to)h(a)630 1995 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)37
11524 b(if)d(there)g(is)g(no)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)g(an)
11525 m(y)f(function)g(with)f(that)i(name)f(is)630 2105 y(unset.)46
11526 b(Readonly)33 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(and)e(functions)h(ma)m(y)h(not)g
11527 (b)s(e)e(unset.)47 b(The)31 b(return)h(status)630 2215
11528 y(is)e(zero)i(unless)d(a)i Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)30 b(readonly)-8
11529 b(.)150 2470 y Fs(4.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Builtin)g(Commands)150
11530 2629 y Fu(This)c(section)h(describ)s(es)f(builtin)f(commands)h(whic)m
11531 (h)g(are)h(unique)e(to)j(or)e(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)f(extended)g(in)150
11532 2739 y(Bash.)g(Some)30 b(of)h(these)g(commands)f(are)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
11533 (in)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)150 2921 y Ft(alias)870
11534 3063 y(alias)46 b([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p
11535 Ft(])d(...)o(])630 3205 y Fu(Without)26 b(argumen)m(ts)f(or)g(with)f
11536 (the)h Ft(-p)g Fu(option,)h Ft(alias)e Fu(prin)m(ts)g(the)h(list)h(of)f
11537 (aliases)h(on)f(the)630 3315 y(standard)g(output)g(in)g(a)h(form)f
11538 (that)h(allo)m(ws)h(them)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)39
11539 b(If)25 b(argumen)m(ts)630 3424 y(are)j(supplied,)e(an)i(alias)g(is)f
11540 (de\014ned)f(for)h(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)33 b Fu(whose)27
11541 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)33 b Fu(is)27 b(giv)m(en.)41 b(If)26
11542 b(no)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)630 3534 y Fu(is)37 b(giv)m(en,)j(the)d(name)g
11543 (and)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(the)f(alias)h(is)f(prin)m(ted.)61
11544 b(Aliases)38 b(are)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)630 3643 y(Section)31
11545 b(6.6)h([Aliases],)g(page)f(88.)150 3818 y Ft(bind)870
11546 3960 y(bind)47 b([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e([-lpsvPSVX])870
11547 4070 y(bind)i([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e([-q)i Fj(function)p
11548 Ft(])f([-u)g Fj(function)p Ft(])g([-r)h Fj(keyseq)p Ft(])870
11549 4179 y(bind)g([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e(-f)j Fj(filename)870
11550 4289 y Ft(bind)f([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e(-x)j Fj(keyseq:shell-command)
11551 870 4398 y Ft(bind)f([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e Fj(keyseq:function-name)
11552 870 4508 y Ft(bind)i Fj(readline-command)630 4650 y Fu(Displa)m(y)22
11553 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(\(see)f(Chapter)g(8)g([Command)f(Line)h
11554 (Editing],)j(page)e(101\))g(k)m(ey)630 4760 y(and)36
11555 b(function)g(bindings,)i(bind)d(a)i(k)m(ey)g(sequence)g(to)h(a)f
11556 (Readline)g(function)f(or)h(macro,)630 4869 y(or)44 b(set)h(a)g
11557 (Readline)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)83 b(Eac)m(h)45 b(non-option)g(argumen)m(t)
11558 f(is)g(a)h(command)f(as)g(it)630 4979 y(w)m(ould)e(app)s(ear)f(in)h(a)h
11559 (Readline)g(initialization)i(\014le)d(\(see)h(Section)g(8.3)g
11560 ([Readline)g(Init)630 5088 y(File],)c(page)d(104\),)j(but)c(eac)m(h)h
11561 (binding)f(or)g(command)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(passed)g(as)h(a)g(separate)
11562 630 5198 y(argumen)m(t;)31 b(e.g.,)h(`)p Ft
11563 ("\\C-x\\C-r":re-read-init-f)o(ile)p Fu('.)630 5340 y(Options,)e(if)h
11564 (supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)p
11565 eop end
11566 %%Page: 49 55
11567 TeXDict begin 49 54 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11568 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(49)630 299 y Ft(-m)30
11569 b Fj(keymap)66 b Fu(Use)54 b Fr(k)m(eymap)j Fu(as)d(the)g(k)m(eymap)g
11570 (to)h(b)s(e)e(a\013ected)i(b)m(y)f(the)g(subsequen)m(t)1110
11571 408 y(bindings.)46 b(Acceptable)34 b Fr(k)m(eymap)i Fu(names)c(are)h
11572 Ft(emacs)p Fu(,)f Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(,)1110 518 y
11573 Ft(emacs-meta)p Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p
11574 Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p Fu(,)f(and)1110
11575 628 y Ft(vi-insert)p Fu(.)64 b Ft(vi)38 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5
11576 b(alen)m(t)41 b(to)e Ft(vi-command)p Fu(;)i Ft(emacs)c
11577 Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)1110 737 y(to)31 b Ft(emacs-standard)p
11578 Fu(.)630 888 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(List)31 b(the)f(names)g(of)h(all)g
11579 (Readline)g(functions.)630 1039 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)34
11580 b(Readline)f(function)g(names)g(and)f(bindings)f(in)i(suc)m(h)f(a)i(w)m
11581 (a)m(y)f(that)1110 1148 y(they)e(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(as)g(input)g(or)g
11582 (in)g(a)h(Readline)g(initialization)i(\014le.)630 1299
11583 y Ft(-P)384 b Fu(List)31 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(function)f(names)g
11584 (and)g(bindings.)630 1450 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)25
11585 b(Readline)f(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(names)f(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)24
11586 b(in)g(suc)m(h)f(a)i(w)m(a)m(y)f(that)h(they)1110 1559
11587 y(can)31 b(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)h(input)e(or)h(in)g(a)h(Readline)g
11588 (initialization)j(\014le.)630 1710 y Ft(-V)384 b Fu(List)31
11589 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(names)f(and)g(v)-5
11590 b(alues.)630 1861 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)39 b(Readline)f(k)m(ey)g
11591 (sequences)f(b)s(ound)f(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)g(strings)1110
11592 1970 y(they)d(output)f(in)h(suc)m(h)f(a)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)f(they)g
11593 (can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)h(input)e(or)i(in)g(a)1110 2080
11594 y(Readline)d(initialization)i(\014le.)630 2230 y Ft(-S)384
11595 b Fu(Displa)m(y)39 b(Readline)f(k)m(ey)g(sequences)f(b)s(ound)f(to)i
11596 (macros)g(and)f(the)g(strings)1110 2340 y(they)31 b(output.)630
11597 2491 y Ft(-f)f Fj(filename)1110 2600 y Fu(Read)h(k)m(ey)g(bindings)e
11598 (from)h Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)630 2751 y Ft(-q)g Fj(function)1110
11599 2861 y Fu(Query)g(ab)s(out)g(whic)m(h)g(k)m(eys)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h
11600 (the)f(named)f Fr(function)p Fu(.)630 3011 y Ft(-u)g
11601 Fj(function)1110 3121 y Fu(Un)m(bind)f(all)i(k)m(eys)g(b)s(ound)e(to)i
11602 (the)f(named)g Fr(function)p Fu(.)630 3271 y Ft(-r)g
11603 Fj(keyseq)66 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(an)m(y)f(curren)m(t)f(binding)f
11604 (for)h Fr(k)m(eyseq)p Fu(.)630 3422 y Ft(-x)g Fj(keyseq:shell-command)
11605 1110 3532 y Fu(Cause)35 b Fr(shell-command)k Fu(to)d(b)s(e)f(executed)h
11606 (whenev)m(er)f Fr(k)m(eyseq)j Fu(is)d(en)m(tered.)1110
11607 3641 y(When)46 b Fr(shell-command)k Fu(is)c(executed,)51
11608 b(the)46 b(shell)g(sets)g(the)g Ft(READLINE_)1110 3751
11609 y(LINE)37 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(to)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e
11610 (the)g(Readline)g(line)g(bu\013er)f(and)g(the)1110 3861
11611 y Ft(READLINE_POINT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(to)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h
11612 (lo)s(cation)h(of)f(the)g(insertion)1110 3970 y(p)s(oin)m(t.)59
11613 b(If)37 b(the)f(executed)i(command)e(c)m(hanges)i(the)f(v)-5
11614 b(alue)37 b(of)f Ft(READLINE_)1110 4080 y(LINE)29 b Fu(or)h
11615 Ft(READLINE_POINT)p Fu(,)c(those)31 b(new)e(v)-5 b(alues)31
11616 b(will)f(b)s(e)f(re\015ected)i(in)f(the)1110 4189 y(editing)h(state.)
11617 630 4340 y Ft(-X)384 b Fu(List)27 b(all)i(k)m(ey)f(sequences)f(b)s
11618 (ound)e(to)j(shell)g(commands)e(and)h(the)g(asso)s(ciated)1110
11619 4450 y(commands)j(in)g(a)h(format)g(that)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i
11620 (input.)630 4600 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)i(is)f(zero)i(unless)d(an)i
11621 (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)27 b(option)g(is)f(supplied)f(or)i(an)f(error)g(o)s
11622 (ccurs.)150 4751 y Ft(builtin)870 4881 y(builtin)46 b([)p
11623 Fj(shell-builtin)e Ft([)p Fj(args)p Ft(]])630 5011 y
11624 Fu(Run)35 b(a)i(shell)f(builtin,)i(passing)e(it)h Fr(args)p
11625 Fu(,)h(and)e(return)f(its)i(exit)g(status.)59 b(This)35
11626 b(is)i(useful)630 5121 y(when)29 b(de\014ning)h(a)g(shell)h(function)f
11627 (with)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)g(shell)f(builtin,)g(retaining)630
11628 5230 y(the)k(functionalit)m(y)h(of)f(the)f(builtin)g(within)g(the)h
11629 (function.)50 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(non-)630
11630 5340 y(zero)e(if)g Fr(shell-builtin)f Fu(is)g(not)h(a)g(shell)f
11631 (builtin)g(command.)p eop end
11632 %%Page: 50 56
11633 TeXDict begin 50 55 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11634 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(50)150 299 y Ft(caller)870
11635 443 y(caller)46 b([)p Fj(expr)p Ft(])630 587 y Fu(Returns)34
11636 b(the)g(con)m(text)j(of)e(an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)i(subroutine)c(call)j(\(a)
11637 f(shell)g(function)f(or)h(a)g(script)630 696 y(executed)c(with)f(the)h
11638 Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)630 840 y(Without)45
11639 b Fr(expr)p Fu(,)j Ft(caller)43 b Fu(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(line)h(n)m(um)
11640 m(b)s(er)f(and)g(source)g(\014lename)h(of)g(the)630 950
11641 y(curren)m(t)35 b(subroutine)g(call.)58 b(If)35 b(a)h(non-negativ)m(e)i
11642 (in)m(teger)f(is)f(supplied)e(as)i Fr(expr)p Fu(,)h Ft(caller)630
11643 1059 y Fu(displa)m(ys)k(the)f(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(subroutine)d
11644 (name,)44 b(and)c(source)g(\014le)h(corresp)s(onding)e(to)630
11645 1169 y(that)c(p)s(osition)g(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(execution)i(call)g
11646 (stac)m(k.)54 b(This)34 b(extra)h(information)g(ma)m(y)630
11647 1278 y(b)s(e)30 b(used,)g(for)g(example,)h(to)g(prin)m(t)f(a)h(stac)m
11648 (k)h(trace.)42 b(The)29 b(curren)m(t)i(frame)f(is)g(frame)h(0.)630
11649 1422 y(The)d(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)g(0)g(unless)f(the)h(shell)g
11650 (is)g(not)g(executing)h(a)f(subroutine)e(call)j(or)f
11651 Fr(expr)630 1532 y Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(corresp)s(ond)e(to)i(a)g(v)-5
11652 b(alid)30 b(p)s(osition)h(in)f(the)g(call)i(stac)m(k.)150
11653 1710 y Ft(command)870 1854 y(command)46 b([-pVv])g Fj(command)g
11654 Ft([)p Fj(arguments)f Ft(...)o(])630 1998 y Fu(Runs)32
11655 b Fr(command)k Fu(with)d Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(ignoring)c(an)m(y)g
11656 (shell)h(function)e(named)h Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 2107
11657 y(Only)39 b(shell)i(builtin)e(commands)h(or)g(commands)f(found)g(b)m(y)
11658 h(searc)m(hing)h(the)f Ft(PATH)f Fu(are)630 2217 y(executed.)59
11659 b(If)36 b(there)h(is)f(a)h(shell)f(function)g(named)g
11660 Ft(ls)p Fu(,)h(running)e(`)p Ft(command)29 b(ls)p Fu(')35
11661 b(within)630 2326 y(the)c(function)f(will)h(execute)g(the)g(external)g
11662 (command)g Ft(ls)f Fu(instead)g(of)h(calling)h(the)f(func-)630
11663 2436 y(tion)36 b(recursiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)56 b(The)34 b
11664 Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(use)f(a)g(default)h(v)-5
11665 b(alue)35 b(for)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(that)i(is)630 2545 y(guaran)m(teed)f(to)
11666 f(\014nd)e(all)j(of)f(the)g(standard)f(utilities.)52
11667 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)h(in)f(this)h(case)630 2655
11668 y(is)29 b(127)g(if)g Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)d(b)s(e)e(found)h(or)g(an)g
11669 (error)h(o)s(ccurred,)f(and)g(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)630
11670 2765 y Fr(command)34 b Fu(otherwise.)630 2908 y(If)e(either)h(the)f
11671 Ft(-V)g Fu(or)g Ft(-v)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(a)h(description)f
11672 (of)h Fr(command)j Fu(is)c(prin)m(ted.)630 3018 y(The)f
11673 Ft(-v)h Fu(option)g(causes)g(a)g(single)h(w)m(ord)f(indicating)g(the)g
11674 (command)g(or)g(\014le)g(name)g(used)630 3128 y(to)40
11675 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h Fr(command)h Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed;)44
11676 b(the)39 b Ft(-V)f Fu(option)i(pro)s(duces)d(a)j(more)f(v)m(erb)s(ose)
11677 630 3237 y(description.)61 b(In)36 b(this)h(case,)j(the)e(return)e
11678 (status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f Fr(command)k Fu(is)c(found,)h(and)630
11679 3347 y(non-zero)31 b(if)f(not.)150 3525 y Ft(declare)870
11680 3669 y(declare)46 b([-aAfFgilnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p
11681 Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 3813 y Fu(Declare)29
11682 b(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b(and)e(giv)m(e)j(them)e(attributes.)40
11683 b(If)27 b(no)g Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)27 b(are)h(giv)m(en,)h(then)e(displa)m
11684 (y)630 3922 y(the)k(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31
11685 b(instead.)630 4066 y(The)k Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(will)g(displa)m(y)f
11686 (the)h(attributes)g(and)e(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(of)f(eac)m(h)i
11687 Fr(name)p Fu(.)55 b(When)36 b Ft(-p)630 4176 y Fu(is)i(used)g(with)g
11688 Fr(name)43 b Fu(argumen)m(ts,)e(additional)e(options,)i(other)d(than)g
11689 Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-F)p Fu(,)i(are)630 4285 y(ignored.)630
11690 4429 y(When)g Ft(-p)g Fu(is)g(supplied)f(without)i Fr(name)k
11691 Fu(argumen)m(ts,)f Ft(declare)38 b Fu(will)j(displa)m(y)f(the)h(at-)630
11692 4539 y(tributes)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)g(all)h(v)-5
11693 b(ariables)31 b(ha)m(ving)h(the)f(attributes)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h
11694 (the)g(addi-)630 4648 y(tional)k(options.)52 b(If)34
11695 b(no)g(other)g(options)g(are)g(supplied)f(with)h Ft(-p)p
11696 Fu(,)g Ft(declare)e Fu(will)j(displa)m(y)630 4758 y(the)e(attributes)h
11697 (and)e(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(of)g(all)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)50
11698 b(The)32 b Ft(-f)g Fu(option)i(will)f(restrict)h(the)630
11699 4867 y(displa)m(y)d(to)g(shell)f(functions.)630 5011
11700 y(The)41 b Ft(-F)f Fu(option)i(inhibits)e(the)i(displa)m(y)f(of)g
11701 (function)g(de\014nitions;)47 b(only)41 b(the)g(function)630
11702 5121 y(name)30 b(and)f(attributes)i(are)f(prin)m(ted.)40
11703 b(If)30 b(the)g Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled)g(using)
11704 630 5230 y Ft(shopt)24 b Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)f
11705 (Builtin],)k(page)e(62\),)i(the)d(source)h(\014le)f(name)h(and)630
11706 5340 y(line)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(where)h(the)g(function)g(is)h
11707 (de\014ned)e(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(as)f(w)m(ell.)42
11708 b Ft(-F)30 b Fu(implies)g Ft(-f)p Fu(.)p eop end
11709 %%Page: 51 57
11710 TeXDict begin 51 56 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11711 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(51)630 299 y(The)36
11712 b Ft(-g)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(to)g(b)s(e)f
11713 (created)i(or)e(mo)s(di\014ed)g(at)h(the)g(global)h(scop)s(e,)630
11714 408 y(ev)m(en)g(when)e Ft(declare)f Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)f(a)g(shell)h
11715 (function.)61 b(It)37 b(is)g(ignored)h(in)f(all)h(other)630
11716 518 y(cases.)630 654 y(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)h(options)g(can)f(b)s(e)g
11717 (used)f(to)i(restrict)g(output)e(to)i(v)-5 b(ariables)28
11718 b(with)f(the)g(sp)s(ec-)630 764 y(i\014ed)j(attributes)h(or)f(to)h(giv)
11719 m(e)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(attributes:)630 926 y Ft(-a)384
11720 b Fu(Eac)m(h)36 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)34 b(an)h(indexed)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
11721 b(ariable)36 b(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)1110
11722 1035 y(page)31 b(89\).)630 1198 y Ft(-A)384 b Fu(Eac)m(h)24
11723 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)23 b(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)e(v)-5
11724 b(ariable)24 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)1110
11725 1307 y(page)31 b(89\).)630 1469 y Ft(-f)384 b Fu(Use)31
11726 b(function)f(names)g(only)-8 b(.)630 1631 y Ft(-i)384
11727 b Fu(The)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(treated)h(as)g(an)f
11728 (in)m(teger;)41 b(arithmetic)c(ev)-5 b(aluation)1110
11729 1741 y(\(see)29 b(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arithmetic],)i(page)e(87\))h
11730 (is)f(p)s(erformed)e(when)h(the)1110 1851 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
11731 b(is)g(assigned)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)630 2013 y Ft(-l)384
11732 b Fu(When)26 b(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)f(assigned)g(a)g(v)-5
11733 b(alue,)28 b(all)f(upp)s(er-case)e(c)m(haracters)j(are)1110
11734 2122 y(con)m(v)m(erted)k(to)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case.)43 b(The)30
11735 b(upp)s(er-case)g(attribute)h(is)g(disabled.)630 2285
11736 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Giv)m(e)28 b(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)k Fu(the)27
11737 b Fr(nameref)44 b Fu(attribute,)28 b(making)f(it)h(a)f(name)f
11738 (reference)1110 2394 y(to)32 b(another)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)46
11739 b(That)31 b(other)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(is)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)g
11740 (v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)1110 2504 y Fr(name)p Fu(.)39 b(All)26
11741 b(references)g(and)f(assignmen)m(ts)h(to)g Fr(name)p
11742 Fu(,)h(except)g(for)e(c)m(hanging)1110 2613 y(the)43
11743 b Ft(-n)f Fu(attribute)i(itself,)j(are)c(p)s(erformed)f(on)g(the)h(v)-5
11744 b(ariable)44 b(referenced)1110 2723 y(b)m(y)h Fr(name)5
11745 b Fu('s)46 b(v)-5 b(alue.)86 b(The)45 b Ft(-n)f Fu(attribute)j(cannot)e
11746 (b)s(e)g(applied)g(to)h(arra)m(y)1110 2833 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)630
11747 2995 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)25 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)23
11748 b(readonly)-8 b(.)39 b(These)24 b(names)f(cannot)h(then)f(b)s(e)g
11749 (assigned)h(v)-5 b(alues)1110 3104 y(b)m(y)30 b(subsequen)m(t)g
11750 (assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts)h(or)f(unset.)630 3267
11751 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Giv)m(e)33 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)j Fu(the)32
11752 b Ft(trace)f Fu(attribute.)46 b(T)-8 b(raced)32 b(functions)g(inherit)g
11753 (the)1110 3376 y Ft(DEBUG)26 b Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps)h(from)g
11754 (the)h(calling)h(shell.)40 b(The)27 b(trace)i(attribute)1110
11755 3486 y(has)h(no)g(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)g(for)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)630
11756 3648 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(When)28 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29
11757 b(is)f(assigned)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue,)30 b(all)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case)i(c)m
11758 (haracters)f(are)1110 3758 y(con)m(v)m(erted)i(to)f(upp)s(er-case.)40
11759 b(The)30 b(lo)m(w)m(er-case)j(attribute)e(is)g(disabled.)630
11760 3920 y Ft(-x)384 b Fu(Mark)30 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(for)29
11761 b(exp)s(ort)h(to)g(subsequen)m(t)f(commands)h(via)g(the)g(en)m(vi-)1110
11762 4029 y(ronmen)m(t.)630 4191 y(Using)e(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')h(instead)f(of)g
11763 (`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(turns)f(o\013)i(the)f(attribute)h(instead,)g(with)f
11764 (the)g(exceptions)h(that)630 4301 y(`)p Ft(+a)p Fu(')h(ma)m(y)h(not)f
11765 (b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(destro)m(y)g(an)f(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
11766 b(ariable)31 b(and)f(`)p Ft(+r)p Fu(')g(will)g(not)g(remo)m(v)m(e)i
11767 (the)630 4411 y(readonly)e(attribute.)41 b(When)30 b(used)f(in)g(a)h
11768 (function,)g Ft(declare)e Fu(mak)m(es)j(eac)m(h)f Fr(name)35
11769 b Fu(lo)s(cal,)630 4520 y(as)f(with)f(the)g Ft(local)f
11770 Fu(command,)i(unless)f(the)g Ft(-g)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used.)49
11771 b(If)33 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(name)630 4630 y(is)c(follo)m(w)m(ed)i
11772 (b)m(y)f(=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31
11773 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)g(to)g Fr(v)-5
11774 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 4766 y(When)41 b(using)g Ft(-a)g Fu(or)h
11775 Ft(-A)e Fu(and)h(the)h(comp)s(ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g(to)g
11776 (create)h(arra)m(y)630 4875 y(v)-5 b(ariables,)28 b(additional)f
11777 (attributes)g(do)f(not)h(tak)m(e)h(e\013ect)g(un)m(til)e(subsequen)m(t)
11778 g(assignmen)m(ts.)630 5011 y(The)35 b(return)f(status)i(is)g(zero)g
11779 (unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(option)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered,)h
11780 (an)f(attempt)630 5121 y(is)c(made)g(to)g(de\014ne)f(a)h(function)g
11781 (using)f(`)p Ft(-f)f(foo=bar)p Fu(',)h(an)h(attempt)g(is)g(made)g(to)h
11782 (assign)630 5230 y(a)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(to)g(a)f(readonly)g(v)-5
11783 b(ariable,)47 b(an)42 b(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)h(assign)f(a)h(v)-5
11784 b(alue)42 b(to)h(an)630 5340 y(arra)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30
11785 b(without)g(using)e(the)i(comp)s(ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g
11786 (\(see)h(Section)f(6.7)p eop end
11787 %%Page: 52 58
11788 TeXDict begin 52 57 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11789 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(52)630 299 y([Arra)m(ys],)47
11790 b(page)c(89\),)48 b(one)43 b(of)g(the)g Fr(names)k Fu(is)c(not)g(a)g(v)
11791 -5 b(alid)43 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(name,)i(an)630
11792 408 y(attempt)28 b(is)f(made)h(to)f(turn)f(o\013)i(readonly)f(status)g
11793 (for)g(a)h(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(an)e(attempt)630
11794 518 y(is)h(made)h(to)g(turn)e(o\013)i(arra)m(y)f(status)h(for)f(an)g
11795 (arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)30 b(or)e(an)g(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630
11796 628 y(displa)m(y)j(a)f(non-existen)m(t)i(function)e(with)g
11797 Ft(-f)p Fu(.)150 785 y Ft(echo)870 918 y(echo)47 b([-neE])f([)p
11798 Fj(arg)g Ft(...])630 1051 y Fu(Output)31 b(the)i Fr(arg)8
11799 b Fu(s,)33 b(separated)g(b)m(y)g(spaces,)g(terminated)g(with)f(a)h
11800 (newline.)47 b(The)32 b(return)630 1161 y(status)f(is)f(0)h(unless)f(a)
11801 h(write)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)41 b(If)30 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)h(sp)s
11802 (eci\014ed,)f(the)h(trailing)g(newline)g(is)630 1270
11803 y(suppressed.)38 b(If)29 b(the)h Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i
11804 (in)m(terpretation)g(of)e(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(bac)m(kslash-)630
11805 1380 y(escap)s(ed)43 b(c)m(haracters)h(is)e(enabled.)78
11806 b(The)42 b Ft(-E)g Fu(option)h(disables)g(the)g(in)m(terpretation)h(of)
11807 630 1490 y(these)27 b(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracters,)i(ev)m(en)e(on)g
11808 (systems)f(where)g(they)h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(b)m(y)f(default.)630
11809 1599 y(The)32 b Ft(xpg_echo)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e
11810 (used)g(to)h(dynamically)h(determine)f(whether)f(or)630
11811 1709 y(not)h Ft(echo)f Fu(expands)g(these)h(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracters)g
11812 (b)m(y)f(default.)48 b Ft(echo)32 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)i(in)m(terpret)630
11813 1818 y Ft(--)c Fu(to)h(mean)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630
11814 1952 y Ft(echo)f Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(escap)s(e)f
11815 (sequences:)630 2109 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630
11816 2266 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)630 2423 y Ft(\\c)g
11817 Fu(suppress)28 b(further)h(output)630 2580 y Ft(\\e)630
11818 2689 y(\\E)384 b Fu(escap)s(e)630 2846 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30
11819 b(feed)630 3003 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(new)30 b(line)630 3160
11820 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(carriage)32 b(return)630 3317 y Ft(\\t)384
11821 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 3474 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32
11822 b(tab)630 3631 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)630 3788
11823 y Ft(\\0)p Fj(nnn)240 b Fu(the)32 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g
11824 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(the)g(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5
11825 b(alue)32 b Fr(nnn)f Fu(\(zero)i(to)1110 3898 y(three)e(o)s(ctal)g
11826 (digits\))630 4055 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)38 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)
11827 m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(the)h(hexadecimal)g(v)-5
11828 b(alue)39 b Fr(HH)1110 4164 y Fu(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e
11829 (digits\))630 4321 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)41
11830 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
11831 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 4431 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5
11832 b(alue)31 b Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)e(hex)h(digits\))630
11833 4588 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)1110 4697 y Fu(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g
11834 (\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41
11835 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 4807 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)31
11836 b Fr(HHHHHHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)h(hex)e(digits\))150
11837 4964 y Ft(enable)870 5097 y(enable)46 b([-a])h([-dnps])f([-f)g
11838 Fj(filename)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)g Ft(...)o(])630 5230
11839 y Fu(Enable)36 b(and)f(disable)h(builtin)g(shell)g(commands.)56
11840 b(Disabling)37 b(a)g(builtin)e(allo)m(ws)i(a)f(disk)630
11841 5340 y(command)e(whic)m(h)g(has)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)f(shell)h
11842 (builtin)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(executed)h(without)p eop end
11843 %%Page: 53 59
11844 TeXDict begin 53 58 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11845 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(53)630 299 y(sp)s(ecifying)27
11846 b(a)g(full)g(pathname,)g(ev)m(en)h(though)f(the)g(shell)g(normally)g
11847 (searc)m(hes)h(for)f(builtins)630 408 y(b)s(efore)35
11848 b(disk)g(commands.)55 b(If)35 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)g(used,)h(the)g
11849 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)35 b(b)s(ecome)h(disabled.)55 b(Otherwise)630
11850 518 y Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(enabled.)82 b(F)-8
11851 b(or)45 b(example,)k(to)c(use)f(the)g Ft(test)f Fu(binary)h(found)f
11852 (via)h Ft($PATH)630 628 y Fu(instead)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtin)g
11853 (v)m(ersion,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(enable)e(-n)h(test)p
11854 Fu('.)630 762 y(If)45 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)j(or)d
11855 (no)g Fr(name)51 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)46 b(app)s(ear,)k(a)c(list)h(of)f
11856 (shell)630 871 y(builtins)37 b(is)h(prin)m(ted.)63 b(With)38
11857 b(no)f(other)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(the)d(list)g(consists)g(of)g(all)h
11858 (enabled)630 981 y(shell)d(builtins.)57 b(The)35 b Ft(-a)h
11859 Fu(option)g(means)g(to)g(list)h(eac)m(h)g(builtin)f(with)f(an)h
11860 (indication)h(of)630 1090 y(whether)30 b(or)g(not)h(it)g(is)f(enabled.)
11861 630 1224 y(The)22 b Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(means)g(to)h(load)g(the)f(new)g
11862 (builtin)f(command)h Fr(name)27 b Fu(from)22 b(shared)f(ob)5
11863 b(ject)630 1334 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(,)33 b(on)e(systems)h(that)h(supp)
11864 s(ort)d(dynamic)i(loading.)46 b(The)31 b Ft(-d)g Fu(option)h(will)h
11865 (delete)630 1443 y(a)e(builtin)f(loaded)h(with)f Ft(-f)p
11866 Fu(.)630 1577 y(If)j(there)i(are)f(no)g(options,)h(a)f(list)h(of)f(the)
11867 g(shell)g(builtins)g(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)52 b(The)33
11868 b Ft(-s)g Fu(option)630 1687 y(restricts)j Ft(enable)d
11869 Fu(to)j(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins.)54
11870 b(If)34 b Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(used)f(with)g Ft(-f)p Fu(,)i(the)f(new)630
11871 1797 y(builtin)30 b(b)s(ecomes)h(a)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(\(see)i
11872 (Section)f(4.4)g([Sp)s(ecial)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(68\).)630
11873 1931 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(unless)e(a)i
11874 Fr(name)k Fu(is)26 b(not)g(a)h(shell)f(builtin)g(or)g(there)g(is)g(an)g
11875 (error)630 2040 y(loading)31 b(a)g(new)f(builtin)g(from)g(a)g(shared)g
11876 (ob)5 b(ject.)150 2198 y Ft(help)870 2332 y(help)47 b([-dms])f([)p
11877 Fj(pattern)p Ft(])630 2466 y Fu(Displa)m(y)40 b(helpful)e(information)h
11878 (ab)s(out)g(builtin)f(commands.)66 b(If)38 b Fr(pattern)h
11879 Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)630 2576 y Ft(help)28 b Fu(giv)m(es)i(detailed)
11880 g(help)e(on)h(all)h(commands)e(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)p
11881 Fu(,)g(otherwise)f(a)g(list)h(of)630 2685 y(the)h(builtins)e(is)i(prin)
11882 m(ted.)630 2819 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)
11883 m(wing)h(meanings:)630 2978 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32
11884 b(a)e(short)g(description)h(of)f(eac)m(h)i Fr(pattern)630
11885 3136 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(the)e(description)g(of)h(eac)m(h)
11886 h Fr(pattern)e Fu(in)g(a)h(manpage-lik)m(e)h(format)630
11887 3294 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(a)h(short)f(usage)h
11888 (synopsis)e(for)i(eac)m(h)g Fr(pattern)630 3453 y Fu(The)f(return)f
11889 (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(no)g(command)h(matc)m(hes)g
11890 Fr(pattern)p Fu(.)150 3611 y Ft(let)870 3745 y(let)47
11891 b Fj(expression)e Ft([)p Fj(expression)g Ft(...)o(])630
11892 3879 y Fu(The)c Ft(let)g Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)i(arithmetic)f(to)h(b)s
11893 (e)d(p)s(erformed)g(on)i(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)74
11894 b(Eac)m(h)630 3988 y Fr(expression)31 b Fu(is)g(ev)-5
11895 b(aluated)32 b(according)f(to)h(the)f(rules)g(giv)m(en)h(b)s(elo)m(w)f
11896 (in)f(Section)i(6.5)g([Shell)630 4098 y(Arithmetic],)51
11897 b(page)46 b(87.)87 b(If)45 b(the)g(last)h Fr(expression)g
11898 Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)47 b(to)f(0,)k Ft(let)44 b Fu(returns)g(1;)630
11899 4208 y(otherwise)31 b(0)g(is)f(returned.)150 4366 y Ft(local)870
11900 4500 y(local)46 b([)p Fj(option)p Ft(])g Fj(name)p Ft([=)p
11901 Fj(value)p Ft(])e(...)630 4634 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)27 b(eac)m(h)g(argumen)m
11902 (t,)g(a)f(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(named)e Fr(name)31
11903 b Fu(is)26 b(created,)i(and)d(assigned)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p
11904 Fu(.)630 4743 y(The)37 b Fr(option)h Fu(can)f(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)h(of)f
11905 (the)h(options)g(accepted)g(b)m(y)g Ft(declare)p Fu(.)59
11906 b Ft(local)36 b Fu(can)i(only)630 4853 y(b)s(e)j(used)h(within)f(a)i
11907 (function;)48 b(it)42 b(mak)m(es)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)43
11908 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)43 b(a)f(visible)h(scop)s(e)630
11909 4963 y(restricted)c(to)g(that)g(function)f(and)f(its)i(c)m(hildren.)64
11910 b(The)38 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(zero)g(unless)630 5072
11911 y Ft(local)g Fu(is)h(used)g(outside)g(a)h(function,)h(an)e(in)m(v)-5
11912 b(alid)41 b Fr(name)46 b Fu(is)40 b(supplied,)i(or)e
11913 Fr(name)45 b Fu(is)c(a)630 5182 y(readonly)30 b(v)-5
11914 b(ariable.)150 5340 y Ft(logout)p eop end
11915 %%Page: 54 60
11916 TeXDict begin 54 59 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11917 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(54)870 299 y Ft(logout)46
11918 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 429 y Fu(Exit)31 b(a)g(login)g(shell,)g
11919 (returning)e(a)i(status)g(of)f Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)f(paren)m
11920 (t.)150 580 y Ft(mapfile)870 710 y(mapfile)46 b([-n)h
11921 Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)g Fj(count)p
11922 Ft(])h([-t])f([-u)h Fj(fd)p Ft(])1061 819 y([-C)g Fj(callback)p
11923 Ft(])e([-c)i Fj(quantum)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(array)p Ft(])630
11924 950 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e(input)g(in)m(to)j
11925 (the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b Fr(arra)m(y)p
11926 Fu(,)i(or)630 1059 y(from)28 b(\014le)h(descriptor)f
11927 Fr(fd)k Fu(if)c(the)h Ft(-u)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied.)39
11928 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Ft(MAPFILE)e Fu(is)i(the)630
11929 1169 y(default)i Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(.)41 b(Options,)30
11930 b(if)g(supplied,)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630
11931 1319 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Cop)m(y)30 b(at)h(most)g Fr(coun)m(t)i
11932 Fu(lines.)41 b(If)30 b Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(is)d(0,)h(all)h(lines)e(are)h
11933 (copied.)630 1470 y Ft(-O)384 b Fu(Begin)31 b(assigning)g(to)g
11934 Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(at)31 b(index)f Fr(origin)p Fu(.)41
11935 b(The)30 b(default)h(index)f(is)g(0.)630 1621 y Ft(-s)384
11936 b Fu(Discard)31 b(the)f(\014rst)g Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(lines)e(read.)630
11937 1771 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)f(trailing)g(newline)g(from)f
11938 (eac)m(h)h(line)g(read.)630 1922 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Read)31
11939 b(lines)f(from)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(fd)j Fu(instead)e(of)f(the)h
11940 (standard)e(input.)630 2073 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)33
11941 b Fr(callbac)m(k)39 b Fu(eac)m(h)33 b(time)f Fr(quan)m(tum)p
11942 Fu(P)f(lines)h(are)g(read.)45 b(The)31 b Ft(-c)g Fu(op-)1110
11943 2182 y(tion)g(sp)s(eci\014es)f Fr(quan)m(tum)p Fu(.)630
11944 2333 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Sp)s(ecify)30 b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i
11945 (lines)f(read)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)g(call)h(to)f
11946 Fr(callbac)m(k)p Fu(.)630 2484 y(If)36 b Ft(-C)g Fu(is)g(sp)s
11947 (eci\014ed)g(without)g Ft(-c)p Fu(,)h(the)g(default)f(quan)m(tum)g(is)h
11948 (5000.)60 b(When)36 b Fr(callbac)m(k)44 b Fu(is)630 2593
11949 y(ev)-5 b(aluated,)30 b(it)e(is)g(supplied)f(the)h(index)f(of)i(the)f
11950 (next)g(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(assigned)i(and)630
11951 2703 y(the)39 b(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(assigned)h(to)h(that)f(elemen)m(t)i
11952 (as)e(additional)h(argumen)m(ts.)66 b Fr(callbac)m(k)47
11953 b Fu(is)630 2813 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(after)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(read)
11954 g(but)g(b)s(efore)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)g(is)g(assigned.)630
11955 2943 y(If)25 b(not)g(supplied)f(with)h(an)g(explicit)i(origin,)g
11956 Ft(mapfile)c Fu(will)j(clear)g Fr(arra)m(y)34 b Fu(b)s(efore)24
11957 b(assigning)630 3052 y(to)31 b(it.)630 3182 y Ft(mapfile)41
11958 b Fu(returns)g(successfully)i(unless)e(an)i(in)m(v)-5
11959 b(alid)43 b(option)g(or)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)630
11960 3292 y(supplied,)29 b Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(is)30 b(in)m(v)-5
11961 b(alid)31 b(or)g(unassignable,)f(or)h Fr(arra)m(y)38
11962 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(an)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)150
11963 3443 y Ft(printf)870 3573 y(printf)46 b([-v)h Fj(var)p
11964 Ft(])g Fj(format)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 3703
11965 y Fu(W)-8 b(rite)27 b(the)g(formatted)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)k
11966 Fu(to)d(the)f(standard)f(output)h(under)e(the)i(con)m(trol)i(of)e(the)
11967 630 3813 y Fr(format)p Fu(.)66 b(The)39 b Ft(-v)f Fu(option)h(causes)g
11968 (the)g(output)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)h(the)f(v)-5
11969 b(ariable)39 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)630 3922 y Fu(rather)30 b(than)g(b)s(eing)g
11970 (prin)m(ted)g(to)h(the)g(standard)e(output.)630 4052
11971 y(The)36 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(string)e(whic)m(h)g
11972 (con)m(tains)i(three)e(t)m(yp)s(es)g(of)h(ob)5 b(jects:)53
11973 b(plain)630 4162 y(c)m(haracters,)41 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(simply)e
11974 (copied)i(to)g(standard)f(output,)i(c)m(haracter)g(escap)s(e)e(se-)630
11975 4271 y(quences,)g(whic)m(h)f(are)g(con)m(v)m(erted)h(and)f(copied)g(to)
11976 g(the)g(standard)f(output,)i(and)f(format)630 4381 y(sp)s
11977 (eci\014cations,)j(eac)m(h)e(of)g(whic)m(h)f(causes)g(prin)m(ting)g(of)
11978 h(the)f(next)h(successiv)m(e)g Fr(argumen)m(t)p Fu(.)630
11979 4491 y(In)24 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(standard)f Ft(printf\(1\))e
11980 Fu(formats,)27 b Ft(printf)c Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)630
11981 4600 y(extensions:)630 4751 y Ft(\045b)384 b Fu(Causes)30
11982 b Ft(printf)e Fu(to)j(expand)f(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(e)f(sequences)h
11983 (in)f(the)g(corre-)1110 4861 y(sp)s(onding)19 b Fr(argumen)m(t)p
11984 Fu(,)24 b(except)e(that)g(`)p Ft(\\c)p Fu(')e(terminates)i(output,)h
11985 (bac)m(kslashes)1110 4970 y(in)k(`)p Ft(\\')p Fu(',)h(`)p
11986 Ft(\\")p Fu(',)g(and)f(`)p Ft(\\?)p Fu(')g(are)h(not)f(remo)m(v)m(ed,)j
11987 (and)c(o)s(ctal)j(escap)s(es)f(b)s(eginning)1110 5080
11988 y(with)i(`)p Ft(\\0)p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)h(up)d(to)i(four)f
11989 (digits.)630 5230 y Ft(\045q)384 b Fu(Causes)32 b Ft(printf)e
11990 Fu(to)i(output)g(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f Fr(argumen)m(t)j
11991 Fu(in)d(a)i(format)1110 5340 y(that)e(can)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)h
11992 (shell)f(input.)p eop end
11993 %%Page: 55 61
11994 TeXDict begin 55 60 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11995 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y Ft(\045\()p
11996 Fj(datefmt)p Ft(\)T)1110 408 y Fu(Causes)29 b Ft(printf)e
11997 Fu(to)j(output)f(the)g(date-time)i(string)e(resulting)h(from)e(using)
11998 1110 518 y Fr(datefm)m(t)45 b Fu(as)d(a)g(format)g(string)g(for)g
11999 Ft(strftime)p Fu(\(3\).)74 b(The)41 b(corresp)s(onding)1110
12000 628 y Fr(argumen)m(t)h Fu(is)e(an)g(in)m(teger)i(represen)m(ting)e(the)
12001 g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(seconds)g(since)1110 737 y(the)24
12002 b(ep)s(o)s(c)m(h.)38 b(Tw)m(o)24 b(sp)s(ecial)h(argumen)m(t)f(v)-5
12003 b(alues)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used:)36 b(-1)25 b(represen)m(ts)1110
12004 847 y(the)30 b(curren)m(t)g(time,)h(and)e(-2)i(represen)m(ts)f(the)g
12005 (time)h(the)f(shell)g(w)m(as)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)1110
12006 956 y(If)38 b(no)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(con)m(v)m
12007 (ersion)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(-1)h(had)f(b)s(een)1110
12008 1066 y(giv)m(en.)k(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(exception)i(to)f(the)f(usual)g
12009 Ft(printf)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior.)630 1230 y(Argumen)m(ts)f(to)h
12010 (non-string)e(format)i(sp)s(eci\014ers)e(are)h(treated)h(as)g(C)e
12011 (language)j(constan)m(ts,)630 1340 y(except)22 b(that)g(a)g(leading)g
12012 (plus)e(or)h(min)m(us)f(sign)i(is)f(allo)m(w)m(ed,)k(and)c(if)g(the)g
12013 (leading)h(c)m(haracter)h(is)630 1450 y(a)i(single)g(or)f(double)h
12014 (quote,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(the)h(ASCI)s(I)e(v)-5
12015 b(alue)25 b(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(c)m(haracter.)630
12016 1587 y(The)31 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(reused)e(as)i(necessary)f(to)i
12017 (consume)e(all)h(of)f(the)h Fr(argumen)m(ts)p Fu(.)44
12018 b(If)30 b(the)i Fr(for-)630 1696 y(mat)c Fu(requires)e(more)g
12019 Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(than)25 b(are)i(supplied,)e(the)h(extra)h(format)f
12020 (sp)s(eci\014cations)630 1806 y(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)j(as)g(if)f(a)h(zero)g
12021 (v)-5 b(alue)29 b(or)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(as)g(appropriate,)g(had)f(b)
12022 s(een)g(supplied.)38 b(The)630 1915 y(return)29 b(v)-5
12023 b(alue)31 b(is)g(zero)g(on)f(success,)h(non-zero)g(on)f(failure.)150
12024 2080 y Ft(read)870 2217 y(read)47 b([-ers])f([-a)h Fj(aname)p
12025 Ft(])f([-d)h Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-i)h Fj(text)p Ft(])f([-n)h
12026 Fj(nchars)p Ft(])1061 2326 y([-N)g Fj(nchars)p Ft(])f([-p)h
12027 Fj(prompt)p Ft(])e([-t)i Fj(timeout)p Ft(])f([-u)h Fj(fd)p
12028 Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...)o(])630 2463 y Fu(One)26
12029 b(line)h(is)g(read)f(from)h(the)f(standard)g(input,)h(or)g(from)f(the)h
12030 (\014le)f(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(supplied)630 2573 y(as)23
12031 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)f(the)h Ft(-u)e Fu(option,)j(and)e(the)g
12032 (\014rst)f(w)m(ord)h(is)g(assigned)g(to)h(the)f(\014rst)g
12033 Fr(name)p Fu(,)630 2682 y(the)32 b(second)g(w)m(ord)f(to)i(the)f
12034 (second)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(and)g(so)g(on,)g(with)f(lefto)m(v)m(er)j(w)m
12035 (ords)e(and)f(their)630 2792 y(in)m(terv)m(ening)f(separators)g
12036 (assigned)g(to)g(the)g(last)g Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(If)29
12037 b(there)h(are)g(few)m(er)f(w)m(ords)g(read)630 2902 y(from)36
12038 b(the)i(input)d(stream)j(than)e(names,)j(the)e(remaining)g(names)g(are)
12039 g(assigned)h(empt)m(y)630 3011 y(v)-5 b(alues.)40 b(The)26
12040 b(c)m(haracters)j(in)d(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g(the)g
12041 Ft(IFS)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(are)f(used)g(to)g(split)g(the)h(line)
12042 630 3121 y(in)m(to)36 b(w)m(ords)e(using)g(the)h(same)g(rules)f(the)h
12043 (shell)g(uses)f(for)g(expansion)h(\(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)630
12044 3230 y(in)j(Section)h(3.5.7)i([W)-8 b(ord)38 b(Splitting],)i(page)e
12045 (29\).)63 b(The)37 b(bac)m(kslash)h(c)m(haracter)h(`)p
12046 Ft(\\)p Fu(')e(ma)m(y)630 3340 y(b)s(e)28 b(used)g(to)i(remo)m(v)m(e)g
12047 (an)m(y)f(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f(for)g(the)g(next)g(c)m(haracter)h
12048 (read)f(and)f(for)h(line)630 3450 y(con)m(tin)m(uation.)42
12049 b(If)27 b(no)h(names)f(are)h(supplied,)g(the)f(line)h(read)g(is)g
12050 (assigned)g(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 3559 y Ft(REPLY)p
12051 Fu(.)37 b(The)23 b(return)f(co)s(de)h(is)g(zero,)j(unless)d
12052 (end-of-\014le)g(is)h(encoun)m(tered,)h Ft(read)d Fu(times)i(out)630
12053 3669 y(\(in)k(whic)m(h)f(case)i(the)e(return)g(co)s(de)h(is)f(greater)i
12054 (than)f(128\),)i(a)e(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)630
12055 3778 y(\(suc)m(h)g(as)h(assigning)g(to)g(a)f(readonly)h(v)-5
12056 b(ariable\))29 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(or)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29
12057 b(\014le)g(descriptor)f(is)630 3888 y(supplied)h(as)i(the)f(argumen)m
12058 (t)h(to)g Ft(-u)p Fu(.)630 4025 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m
12059 (e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4189 y Ft(-a)e
12060 Fj(aname)114 b Fu(The)34 b(w)m(ords)f(are)i(assigned)f(to)h(sequen)m
12061 (tial)h(indices)e(of)g(the)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110
12062 4299 y Fr(aname)p Fu(,)29 b(starting)h(at)f(0.)40 b(All)29
12063 b(elemen)m(ts)h(are)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(from)d Fr(aname)34
12064 b Fu(b)s(efore)1110 4408 y(the)d(assignmen)m(t.)41 b(Other)30
12065 b Fr(name)36 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30 b(are)h(ignored.)630
12066 4573 y Ft(-d)f Fj(delim)114 b Fu(The)41 b(\014rst)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)f
12067 Fr(delim)g Fu(is)g(used)g(to)g(terminate)h(the)f(input)f(line,)1110
12068 4682 y(rather)30 b(than)g(newline.)630 4847 y Ft(-e)384
12069 b Fu(Readline)46 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)f(Line)h(Editing],)50
12070 b(page)45 b(101\))i(is)1110 4956 y(used)37 b(to)i(obtain)g(the)f(line.)
12071 65 b(Readline)39 b(uses)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(default,)j(if)1110
12072 5066 y(line)31 b(editing)g(w)m(as)f(not)h(previously)f(activ)m(e\))j
12073 (editing)e(settings.)630 5230 y Ft(-i)f Fj(text)162 b
12074 Fu(If)36 b(Readline)i(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used)f(to)h(read)g(the)g(line,)j
12075 Fr(text)f Fu(is)e(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)1110 5340 y(editing)31
12076 b(bu\013er)e(b)s(efore)h(editing)h(b)s(egins.)p eop end
12077 %%Page: 56 62
12078 TeXDict begin 56 61 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12079 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(56)630 299 y Ft(-n)30
12080 b Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)38 b Fu(returns)f(after)j(reading)f
12081 Fr(nc)m(hars)j Fu(c)m(haracters)e(rather)f(than)g(w)m(aiting)1110
12082 408 y(for)g(a)h(complete)h(line)f(of)f(input,)i(but)e(honor)g(a)h
12083 (delimiter)g(if)f(few)m(er)h(than)1110 518 y Fr(nc)m(hars)34
12084 b Fu(c)m(haracters)e(are)e(read)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(delimiter.)630
12085 673 y Ft(-N)g Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)39 b Fu(returns)f(after)j(reading)
12086 e(exactly)j Fr(nc)m(hars)h Fu(c)m(haracters)f(rather)d(than)1110
12087 783 y(w)m(aiting)32 b(for)f(a)g(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)g(unless)
12088 f(EOF)h(is)g(encoun)m(tered)g(or)1110 892 y Ft(read)f
12089 Fu(times)i(out.)43 b(Delimiter)33 b(c)m(haracters)f(encoun)m(tered)g
12090 (in)f(the)g(input)g(are)1110 1002 y(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)f(and)
12091 f(do)h(not)g(cause)g Ft(read)e Fu(to)j(return)d(un)m(til)i
12092 Fr(nc)m(hars)1110 1112 y Fu(c)m(haracters)h(are)f(read.)630
12093 1267 y Ft(-p)f Fj(prompt)66 b Fu(Displa)m(y)38 b Fr(prompt)p
12094 Fu(,)g(without)e(a)h(trailing)h(newline,)h(b)s(efore)d(attempting)i(to)
12095 1110 1377 y(read)f(an)m(y)h(input.)60 b(The)37 b(prompt)g(is)g(displa)m
12096 (y)m(ed)h(only)f(if)g(input)g(is)g(coming)1110 1486 y(from)30
12097 b(a)h(terminal.)630 1641 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(If)21 b(this)h(option)g(is)f
12098 (giv)m(en,)k(bac)m(kslash)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(act)h(as)f(an)f(escap)s(e)h
12099 (c)m(haracter.)1110 1751 y(The)30 b(bac)m(kslash)i(is)f(considered)g
12100 (to)h(b)s(e)e(part)h(of)g(the)g(line.)43 b(In)30 b(particular,)i(a)1110
12101 1861 y(bac)m(kslash-newline)f(pair)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(as)i
12102 (a)g(line)f(con)m(tin)m(uation.)630 2016 y Ft(-s)384
12103 b Fu(Silen)m(t)28 b(mo)s(de.)40 b(If)27 b(input)f(is)i(coming)g(from)f
12104 (a)h(terminal,)h(c)m(haracters)g(are)f(not)1110 2125
12105 y(ec)m(ho)s(ed.)630 2281 y Ft(-t)i Fj(timeout)1110 2390
12106 y Fu(Cause)42 b Ft(read)g Fu(to)h(time)h(out)f(and)f(return)f(failure)i
12107 (if)g(a)g(complete)h(line)f(of)1110 2500 y(input)26 b(\(or)h(a)g(sp)s
12108 (eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(c)m(haracters\))h(is)f(not)g(read)g
12109 (within)f Fr(time-)1110 2609 y(out)37 b Fu(seconds.)53
12110 b Fr(timeout)38 b Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f(a)h(decimal)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d
12111 (with)h(a)h(fractional)1110 2719 y(p)s(ortion)29 b(follo)m(wing)h(the)f
12112 (decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)g(only)g(e\013ectiv)
12113 m(e)j(if)1110 2829 y Ft(read)j Fu(is)i(reading)g(input)e(from)h(a)h
12114 (terminal,)i(pip)s(e,)e(or)g(other)f(sp)s(ecial)i(\014le;)1110
12115 2938 y(it)31 b(has)g(no)g(e\013ect)h(when)e(reading)h(from)g(regular)g
12116 (\014les.)42 b(If)30 b Ft(read)g Fu(times)h(out,)1110
12117 3048 y Ft(read)d Fu(sa)m(v)m(es)j(an)m(y)f(partial)h(input)d(read)i(in)
12118 m(to)h(the)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Fr(name)p
12119 Fu(.)1110 3157 y(If)k Fr(timeout)j Fu(is)e(0,)h Ft(read)e
12120 Fu(returns)f(immediately)-8 b(,)39 b(without)c(trying)h(to)g(read)1110
12121 3267 y(and)30 b(data.)44 b(The)30 b(exit)i(status)f(is)g(0)g(if)g
12122 (input)f(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)34 b(on)c(the)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)1110
12123 3377 y(\014le)g(descriptor,)g(non-zero)h(otherwise.)46
12124 b(The)31 b(exit)i(status)f(is)g(greater)h(than)1110 3486
12125 y(128)f(if)e(the)h(timeout)g(is)f(exceeded.)630 3641
12126 y Ft(-u)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(Read)31 b(input)e(from)h(\014le)g(descriptor)h
12127 Fr(fd)p Fu(.)150 3797 y Ft(readarray)870 3906 y(readarray)45
12128 b([-n)i Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)h
12129 Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-t])h([-u)g Fj(fd)p Ft(])1061 4016
12130 y([-C)g Fj(callback)p Ft(])e([-c)i Fj(quantum)p Ft(])f([)p
12131 Fj(array)p Ft(])630 4148 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e
12132 (input)g(in)m(to)j(the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38
12133 b Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(,)i(or)630 4258 y(from)30 b(\014le)g(descriptor)h
12134 Fr(fd)i Fu(if)d(the)h Ft(-u)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied.)630
12135 4390 y(A)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(mapfile)p Fu(.)150 4545
12136 y Ft(source)870 4678 y(source)46 b Fj(filename)630 4810
12137 y Fu(A)30 b(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(.)g Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)g
12138 ([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\).)150 4966
12139 y Ft(type)870 5098 y(type)47 b([-afptP])e([)p Fj(name)i
12140 Ft(...)o(])630 5230 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)42 b(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p
12141 Fu(,)i(indicate)e(ho)m(w)g(it)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)g(if)
12142 g(used)f(as)i(a)f(command)630 5340 y(name.)p eop end
12143 %%Page: 57 63
12144 TeXDict begin 57 62 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12145 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(57)630 299 y(If)41
12146 b(the)g Ft(-t)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)j Ft(type)c Fu(prin)m(ts)h(a)h
12147 (single)g(w)m(ord)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(one)h(of)g(`)p Ft(alias)p
12148 Fu(',)630 408 y(`)p Ft(function)p Fu(',)32 b(`)p Ft(builtin)p
12149 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(file)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(keyword)p Fu(',)f(if)h
12150 Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)33 b(an)f(alias,)j(shell)e(function,)630
12151 518 y(shell)i(builtin,)g(disk)g(\014le,)h(or)e(shell)h(reserv)m(ed)g(w)
12152 m(ord,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)55 b(If)34 b(the)h
12153 Fr(name)40 b Fu(is)35 b(not)630 628 y(found,)29 b(then)h(nothing)h(is)f
12154 (prin)m(ted,)g(and)g Ft(type)f Fu(returns)g(a)i(failure)g(status.)630
12155 765 y(If)25 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)h
12156 Ft(type)e Fu(either)h(returns)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(disk)g(\014le)g
12157 (that)h(w)m(ould)630 874 y(b)s(e)k(executed,)h(or)g(nothing)f(if)g
12158 Ft(-t)g Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h(return)e(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630
12159 1011 y(The)h Ft(-P)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(a)g(path)f(searc)m(h)h(for)g
12160 (eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)g Ft(-t)f Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h
12161 (return)630 1121 y(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630 1258 y(If)f(a)g(command)g
12162 (is)g(hashed,)f Ft(-p)h Fu(and)f Ft(-P)g Fu(prin)m(t)h(the)g(hashed)f
12163 (v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(whic)m(h)f(is)g(not)g(neces-)630 1367
12164 y(sarily)h(the)f(\014le)h(that)g(app)s(ears)e(\014rst)h(in)g
12165 Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)630 1504 y(If)22 b(the)i Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(is)g
12166 (used,)h Ft(type)e Fu(returns)f(all)j(of)f(the)g(places)h(that)f(con)m
12167 (tain)i(an)d(executable)630 1614 y(named)32 b Fr(\014le)p
12168 Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(includes)h(aliases)h(and)e(functions,)i(if)f(and)f
12169 (only)h(if)g(the)g Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)630 1724 y(not)d(also)g
12170 (used.)630 1861 y(If)f(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(used,)e
12171 Ft(type)g Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)d(shell)j
12172 (functions,)f(as)g(with)630 1970 y(the)h Ft(command)d
12173 Fu(builtin.)630 2107 y(The)j(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(all)h
12174 (of)f(the)h Fr(names)i Fu(are)e(found,)e(non-zero)i(if)f(an)m(y)g(are)h
12175 (not)630 2217 y(found.)150 2381 y Ft(typeset)870 2518
12176 y(typeset)46 b([-afFgrxilnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p
12177 Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 2655 y Fu(The)31
12178 b Ft(typeset)e Fu(command)i(is)g(supplied)f(for)h(compatibilit)m(y)i
12179 (with)e(the)g(Korn)f(shell.)44 b(It)31 b(is)630 2765
12180 y(a)g(synon)m(ym)f(for)g(the)g Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)150
12181 2929 y Ft(ulimit)870 3066 y(ulimit)46 b([-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST])41
12182 b([)p Fj(limit)p Ft(])630 3203 y(ulimit)25 b Fu(pro)m(vides)h(con)m
12183 (trol)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)f(resources)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29
12184 b(to)e(pro)s(cesses)f(started)h(b)m(y)g(the)630 3313
12185 y(shell,)i(on)f(systems)g(that)h(allo)m(w)h(suc)m(h)e(con)m(trol.)41
12186 b(If)28 b(an)g(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i(it)e(is)h(in)m(terpreted)630
12187 3422 y(as)i(follo)m(ws:)630 3587 y Ft(-S)384 b Fu(Change)30
12188 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(soft)h(limit)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h
12189 (resource.)630 3751 y Ft(-H)384 b Fu(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)
12190 g(hard)g(limit)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h(resource.)630
12191 3915 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(All)31 b(curren)m(t)f(limits)h(are)g(rep)s
12192 (orted.)630 4080 y Ft(-b)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(so)s(c)m(k)m
12193 (et)i(bu\013er)e(size.)630 4244 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(The)30
12194 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(core)g(\014les)f(created.)630
12195 4408 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(a)g(pro)s
12196 (cess's)f(data)h(segmen)m(t.)630 4573 y Ft(-e)384 b Fu(The)30
12197 b(maxim)m(um)g(sc)m(heduling)h(priorit)m(y)f(\()p Ft(")p
12198 Fu(nice)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)630 4737 y Ft(-f)384 b Fu(The)30
12199 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(\014les)f(written)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h
12200 (and)f(its)h(c)m(hildren.)630 4902 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(The)30
12201 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(p)s(ending)e(signals.)630
12202 5066 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(that)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s
12203 (e)f(lo)s(c)m(k)m(ed)i(in)m(to)f(memory)-8 b(.)630 5230
12204 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(The)36 b(maxim)m(um)g(residen)m(t)h(set)g(size)g
12205 (\(man)m(y)g(systems)f(do)h(not)f(honor)g(this)1110 5340
12206 y(limit\).)p eop end
12207 %%Page: 58 64
12208 TeXDict begin 58 63 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12209 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(58)630 299 y Ft(-n)384
12210 b Fu(The)38 b(maxim)m(um)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(op)s(en)f(\014le)h
12211 (descriptors)g(\(most)g(systems)g(do)1110 408 y(not)31
12212 b(allo)m(w)g(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(set\).)630
12213 567 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(The)30 b(pip)s(e)f(bu\013er)h(size.)630
12214 726 y Ft(-q)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(b)m
12215 (ytes)g(in)f(POSIX)f(message)j(queues.)630 885 y Ft(-r)384
12216 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(real-time)i(sc)m(heduling)f(priorit)m(y)-8
12217 b(.)630 1043 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(stac)m(k)i(size.)
12218 630 1202 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(cpu)g
12219 (time)h(in)f(seconds.)630 1361 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(The)30
12220 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(pro)s(cesses)f(a)m(v)-5
12221 b(ailable)33 b(to)e(a)f(single)i(user.)630 1520 y Ft(-v)384
12222 b Fu(The)41 b(maxim)m(um)h(amoun)m(t)g(of)h(virtual)f(memory)g(a)m(v)-5
12223 b(ailable)44 b(to)e(the)g(shell,)1110 1629 y(and,)30
12224 b(on)g(some)h(systems,)g(to)g(its)g(c)m(hildren.)630
12225 1788 y Ft(-x)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i
12226 (\014le)f(lo)s(c)m(ks.)630 1947 y Ft(-T)384 b Fu(The)30
12227 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(threads.)630 2105
12228 y(If)36 b Fr(limit)k Fu(is)c(giv)m(en,)k(and)c(the)h
12229 Ft(-a)f Fu(option)h(is)f(not)h(used,)h Fr(limit)h Fu(is)e(the)g(new)f
12230 (v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)630 2215 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)c(resource.)51
12231 b(The)34 b(sp)s(ecial)g Fr(limit)j Fu(v)-5 b(alues)34
12232 b Ft(hard)p Fu(,)g Ft(soft)p Fu(,)g(and)f Ft(unlimited)e
12233 Fu(stand)630 2325 y(for)h(the)g(curren)m(t)g(hard)f(limit,)i(the)g
12234 (curren)m(t)f(soft)g(limit,)h(and)f(no)g(limit,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8
12235 b(.)48 b(A)630 2434 y(hard)37 b(limit)h(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(increased)h(b)
12236 m(y)f(a)h(non-ro)s(ot)g(user)f(once)i(it)f(is)g(set;)k(a)c(soft)g
12237 (limit)630 2544 y(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(increased)i(up)e(to)h(the)h(v)-5
12238 b(alue)40 b(of)g(the)h(hard)e(limit.)70 b(Otherwise,)43
12239 b(the)d(curren)m(t)630 2653 y(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)h(the)f(soft)g(limit)
12240 h(for)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(resource)g(is)g(prin)m(ted,)g(unless)f
12241 (the)h Ft(-H)f Fu(option)630 2763 y(is)h(supplied.)39
12242 b(When)29 b(setting)h(new)f(limits,)h(if)f(neither)g
12243 Ft(-H)g Fu(nor)f Ft(-S)h Fu(is)g(supplied,)f(b)s(oth)h(the)630
12244 2872 y(hard)i(and)h(soft)h(limits)g(are)f(set.)48 b(If)31
12245 b(no)i(option)f(is)h(giv)m(en,)h(then)e Ft(-f)g Fu(is)g(assumed.)46
12246 b(V)-8 b(alues)630 2982 y(are)31 b(in)f(1024-b)m(yte)j(incremen)m(ts,)e
12247 (except)g(for)f Ft(-t)p Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)g(is)g(in)g(seconds;)h
12248 Ft(-p)p Fu(,)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(in)630 3092 y(units)g(of)g(512-b)m(yte)j
12249 (blo)s(c)m(ks;)e(and)f Ft(-T)p Fu(,)g Ft(-b)p Fu(,)g
12250 Ft(-n)g Fu(and)f Ft(-u)p Fu(,)h(whic)m(h)g(are)h(unscaled)f(v)-5
12251 b(alues.)630 3226 y(The)34 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(zero)i(unless)e(an)
12252 g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(option)f(or)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e(supplied,)h
12253 (or)630 3335 y(an)30 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g(while)h(setting)g(a)g(new)f
12254 (limit.)150 3494 y Ft(unalias)870 3628 y(unalias)46 b([-a])g([)p
12255 Fj(name)h Ft(...)g(])630 3762 y Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)42 b(eac)m(h)f
12256 Fr(name)k Fu(from)39 b(the)i(list)f(of)g(aliases.)71
12257 b(If)40 b Ft(-a)f Fu(is)h(supplied,)h(all)g(aliases)h(are)630
12258 3872 y(remo)m(v)m(ed.)g(Aliases)31 b(are)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(Section)
12259 i(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)f(88.)150 4104 y Fs(4.3)68
12260 b(Mo)t(difying)45 b(Shell)g(Beha)l(vior)150 4328 y Fk(4.3.1)63
12261 b(The)41 b(Set)g(Builtin)150 4475 y Fu(This)35 b(builtin)h(is)g(so)g
12262 (complicated)i(that)f(it)f(deserv)m(es)h(its)f(o)m(wn)g(section.)59
12263 b Ft(set)35 b Fu(allo)m(ws)j(y)m(ou)e(to)h(c)m(hange)150
12264 4584 y(the)c(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(of)f(shell)g(options)h(and)e(set)i(the)f
12265 (p)s(ositional)h(parameters,)h(or)e(to)h(displa)m(y)f(the)g(names)h
12266 (and)150 4694 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)150
12267 4852 y Ft(set)870 4987 y(set)47 b([--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT])41
12268 b([-o)47 b Fj(option-name)p Ft(])e([)p Fj(argument)g
12269 Ft(...)o(])870 5096 y(set)i([+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT])42
12270 b([+o)47 b Fj(option-name)p Ft(])d([)p Fj(argument)h
12271 Ft(...)o(])630 5230 y Fu(If)22 b(no)h(options)g(or)g(argumen)m(ts)g
12272 (are)g(supplied,)g Ft(set)f Fu(displa)m(ys)g(the)h(names)g(and)f(v)-5
12273 b(alues)23 b(of)g(all)630 5340 y(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)27
12274 b(and)e(functions,)h(sorted)g(according)h(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(lo)s
12275 (cale,)k(in)c(a)i(format)p eop end
12276 %%Page: 59 65
12277 TeXDict begin 59 64 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12278 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(59)630 299 y(that)29
12279 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(reused)g(as)h(input)f(for)h(setting)h(or)e
12280 (resetting)i(the)f(curren)m(tly-set)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)630
12281 408 y(Read-only)37 b(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(reset.)59
12282 b(In)36 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)i(only)f(shell)f(v)-5
12283 b(ariables)38 b(are)630 518 y(listed.)630 647 y(When)29
12284 b(options)g(are)g(supplied,)f(they)h(set)h(or)f(unset)f(shell)h
12285 (attributes.)41 b(Options,)29 b(if)g(sp)s(ec-)630 757
12286 y(i\014ed,)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(meanings:)630
12287 905 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(Mark)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(and)e(function)h
12288 (whic)m(h)g(are)g(mo)s(di\014ed)f(or)h(created)h(for)f(ex-)1110
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12290 (commands.)630 1163 y Ft(-b)384 b Fu(Cause)44 b(the)h(status)g(of)f
12291 (terminated)h(bac)m(kground)g(jobs)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(rep)s(orted)1110
12292 1272 y(immediately)-8 b(,)30 b(rather)d(than)f(b)s(efore)h(prin)m(ting)
12293 g(the)g(next)g(primary)g(prompt.)630 1421 y Ft(-e)384
12294 b Fu(Exit)65 b(immediately)g(if)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(\(see)i(Section)g
12295 (3.2.2)h([Pip)s(elines],)1110 1530 y(page)56 b(8\),)62
12296 b(whic)m(h)55 b(ma)m(y)h(consist)f(of)h(a)f(single)h(simple)f(command)g
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12298 (8\),)h(a)f(list)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.3)1110 1749
12299 y([Lists],)66 b(page)59 b(9\),)67 b(or)58 b(a)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h
12300 (\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4)1110 1859 y([Comp)s(ound)67
12301 b(Commands],)77 b(page)69 b(9\))g(returns)e(a)i(non-zero)g(status.)1110
12302 1969 y(The)41 b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(exit)h(if)f(the)h(command)f
12303 (that)h(fails)f(is)g(part)g(of)h(the)1110 2078 y(command)g(list)h
12304 (immediately)g(follo)m(wing)g(a)g Ft(while)e Fu(or)h
12305 Ft(until)e Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)1110 2188 y(part)61 b(of)g(the)g(test)h
12306 (in)e(an)h Ft(if)f Fu(statemen)m(t,)71 b(part)61 b(of)g(an)m(y)g
12307 (command)1110 2297 y(executed)50 b(in)e(a)h Ft(&&)f Fu(or)h
12308 Ft(||)f Fu(list)h(except)g(the)g(command)g(follo)m(wing)h(the)1110
12309 2407 y(\014nal)37 b Ft(&&)g Fu(or)g Ft(||)p Fu(,)h(an)m(y)g(command)f
12310 (in)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(but)g(the)g(last,)j(or)e(if)f(the)1110
12311 2516 y(command's)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(b)s(eing)g(in)m(v)m(erted)h
12312 (with)e Ft(!)p Fu(.)48 b(If)33 b(a)g(comp)s(ound)1110
12313 2626 y(command)g(other)g(than)f(a)i(subshell)d(returns)h(a)h(non-zero)h
12314 (status)f(b)s(ecause)1110 2736 y(a)k(command)g(failed)g(while)g
12315 Ft(-e)f Fu(w)m(as)i(b)s(eing)e(ignored,)j(the)e(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)
12316 1110 2845 y(exit.)42 b(A)30 b(trap)g(on)h Ft(ERR)p Fu(,)e(if)i(set,)g
12317 (is)f(executed)i(b)s(efore)e(the)g(shell)h(exits.)1110
12318 2974 y(This)f(option)h(applies)f(to)h(the)g(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g
12319 (and)f(eac)m(h)h(subshell)f(en-)1110 3084 y(vironmen)m(t)j(separately)i
12320 (\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d(Execution)i(En-)1110
12321 3193 y(vironmen)m(t],)i(page)f(36\),)i(and)d(ma)m(y)h(cause)f
12322 (subshells)g(to)h(exit)g(b)s(efore)f(exe-)1110 3303 y(cuting)d(all)g
12323 (the)g(commands)f(in)g(the)g(subshell.)1110 3432 y(If)41
12324 b(a)g(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(or)g(shell)g(function)g(executes)h(in)f
12325 (a)g(con)m(text)1110 3541 y(where)31 b Ft(-e)g Fu(is)g(b)s(eing)g
12326 (ignored,)h(none)f(of)h(the)f(commands)g(executed)h(within)1110
12327 3651 y(the)j(comp)s(ound)f(command)h(or)g(function)f(b)s(o)s(dy)g(will)
12328 h(b)s(e)f(a\013ected)j(b)m(y)e(the)1110 3761 y Ft(-e)25
12329 b Fu(setting,)j(ev)m(en)e(if)g Ft(-e)f Fu(is)h(set)g(and)f(a)h(command)
12330 g(returns)e(a)i(failure)g(status.)1110 3870 y(If)32 b(a)i(comp)s(ound)d
12331 (command)i(or)g(shell)g(function)f(sets)i Ft(-e)e Fu(while)h(executing)
12332 1110 3980 y(in)40 b(a)h(con)m(text)i(where)d Ft(-e)g
12333 Fu(is)h(ignored,)j(that)d(setting)h(will)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(an)m(y)
12334 1110 4089 y(e\013ect)g(un)m(til)e(the)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(or)g
12335 (the)g(command)g(con)m(taining)1110 4199 y(the)31 b(function)f(call)h
12336 (completes.)630 4347 y Ft(-f)384 b Fu(Disable)31 b(\014lename)g
12337 (expansion)f(\(globbing\).)630 4495 y Ft(-h)384 b Fu(Lo)s(cate)33
12338 b(and)e(remem)m(b)s(er)h(\(hash\))g(commands)f(as)h(they)g(are)g(lo)s
12339 (ok)m(ed)h(up)e(for)1110 4605 y(execution.)42 b(This)29
12340 b(option)i(is)g(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)630 4753 y
12341 Ft(-k)384 b Fu(All)34 b(argumen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(form)f(of)g
12342 (assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts)i(are)d(placed)h(in)1110
12343 4863 y(the)k(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(for)g(a)g(command,)h(not)f(just)f
12344 (those)i(that)f(precede)g(the)1110 4973 y(command)30
12345 b(name.)630 5121 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(Job)32 b(con)m(trol)h(is)f(enabled)g
12346 (\(see)h(Chapter)f(7)g([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)i(page)e(97\).)47
12347 b(All)1110 5230 y(pro)s(cesses)27 b(run)f(in)i(a)g(separate)g(pro)s
12348 (cess)f(group.)40 b(When)27 b(a)h(bac)m(kground)f(job)1110
12349 5340 y(completes,)32 b(the)f(shell)f(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(line)f(con)m
12350 (taining)i(its)f(exit)g(status.)p eop end
12351 %%Page: 60 66
12352 TeXDict begin 60 65 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12353 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(60)630 299 y Ft(-n)384
12354 b Fu(Read)21 b(commands)f(but)g(do)h(not)g(execute)h(them;)i(this)d(ma)
12355 m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(c)m(hec)m(k)1110 408 y(a)42
12356 b(script)g(for)g(syn)m(tax)g(errors.)75 b(This)41 b(option)h(is)g
12357 (ignored)g(b)m(y)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)1110 518 y(shells.)630
12358 667 y Ft(-o)30 b Fj(option-name)1110 777 y Fu(Set)h(the)f(option)h
12359 (corresp)s(onding)e(to)i Fr(option-name)5 b Fu(:)1110
12360 927 y Ft(allexport)1590 1036 y Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-a)p
12361 Fu(.)1110 1186 y Ft(braceexpand)1590 1295 y Fu(Same)f(as)h
12362 Ft(-B)p Fu(.)1110 1445 y Ft(emacs)240 b Fu(Use)25 b(an)f
12363 Ft(emacs)p Fu(-st)m(yle)h(line)f(editing)h(in)m(terface)h(\(see)g
12364 (Chapter)e(8)1590 1554 y([Command)33 b(Line)g(Editing],)h(page)h
12365 (101\).)51 b(This)32 b(also)i(a\013ects)1590 1664 y(the)d(editing)g(in)
12366 m(terface)h(used)d(for)h Ft(read)f(-e)p Fu(.)1110 1813
12367 y Ft(errexit)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-e)p Fu(.)1110
12368 1963 y Ft(errtrace)96 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-E)p Fu(.)1110
12369 2112 y Ft(functrace)1590 2222 y Fu(Same)f(as)h Ft(-T)p
12370 Fu(.)1110 2371 y Ft(hashall)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-h)p
12371 Fu(.)1110 2521 y Ft(histexpand)1590 2630 y Fu(Same)f(as)h
12372 Ft(-H)p Fu(.)1110 2780 y Ft(history)144 b Fu(Enable)39
12373 b(command)g(history)-8 b(,)42 b(as)d(describ)s(ed)f(in)h(Section)h(9.1)
12374 1590 2889 y([Bash)d(History)g(F)-8 b(acilities],)41 b(page)c(133.)60
12375 b(This)36 b(option)h(is)f(on)1590 2999 y(b)m(y)30 b(default)h(in)f(in)m
12376 (teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)1110 3148 y Ft(ignoreeof)1590
12377 3258 y Fu(An)d(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(will)g(not)f(exit)h(up)s(on)
12378 e(reading)i(EOF.)1110 3407 y Ft(keyword)144 b Fu(Same)30
12379 b(as)h Ft(-k)p Fu(.)1110 3557 y Ft(monitor)144 b Fu(Same)30
12380 b(as)h Ft(-m)p Fu(.)1110 3706 y Ft(noclobber)1590 3816
12381 y Fu(Same)f(as)h Ft(-C)p Fu(.)1110 3965 y Ft(noexec)192
12382 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-n)p Fu(.)1110 4115 y Ft(noglob)192
12383 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-f)p Fu(.)1110 4264 y Ft(nolog)240
12384 b Fu(Curren)m(tly)30 b(ignored.)1110 4413 y Ft(notify)192
12385 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 4563 y Ft(nounset)144
12386 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-u)p Fu(.)1110 4712 y Ft(onecmd)192
12387 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-t)p Fu(.)1110 4862 y Ft(physical)96
12388 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-P)p Fu(.)1110 5011 y Ft(pipefail)96
12389 b Fu(If)44 b(set,)k(the)d(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)45 b(of)f(a)h(pip)s
12390 (eline)e(is)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)45 b(of)1590 5121 y(the)33
12391 b(last)h(\(righ)m(tmost\))h(command)e(to)h(exit)g(with)f(a)g(non-zero)
12392 1590 5230 y(status,)28 b(or)f(zero)g(if)f(all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)h
12393 (pip)s(eline)f(exit)i(suc-)1590 5340 y(cessfully)-8 b(.)41
12394 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(disabled)g(b)m(y)h(default.)p
12395 eop end
12396 %%Page: 61 67
12397 TeXDict begin 61 66 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12398 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(61)1110 299 y
12399 Ft(posix)240 b Fu(Change)30 b(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(of)f(Bash)g(where)
12400 g(the)g(default)h(op)s(era-)1590 408 y(tion)25 b(di\013ers)f(from)g
12401 (the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)f(to)i(matc)m(h)h(the)f(stan-)1590
12402 518 y(dard)32 b(\(see)i(Section)g(6.11)h([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)j
12403 (page)e(94\).)1590 628 y(This)k(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(mak)m(e)g(Bash)
12404 g(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)g(a)f(strict)h(su-)1590 737 y(p)s(erset)30
12405 b(of)h(that)f(standard.)1110 911 y Ft(privileged)1590
12406 1020 y Fu(Same)g(as)h Ft(-p)p Fu(.)1110 1194 y Ft(verbose)144
12407 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-v)p Fu(.)1110 1367 y Ft(vi)384
12408 b Fu(Use)36 b(a)g Ft(vi)p Fu(-st)m(yle)g(line)g(editing)g(in)m
12409 (terface.)58 b(This)35 b(also)h(a\013ects)1590 1477 y(the)31
12410 b(editing)g(in)m(terface)h(used)d(for)h Ft(read)f(-e)p
12411 Fu(.)1110 1650 y Ft(xtrace)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-x)p
12412 Fu(.)630 1824 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(urn)33 b(on)h(privileged)h(mo)s
12413 (de.)51 b(In)34 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h(the)f Ft($BASH_ENV)e
12414 Fu(and)h Ft($ENV)1110 1934 y Fu(\014les)23 b(are)h(not)f(pro)s(cessed,)
12415 h(shell)g(functions)e(are)i(not)f(inherited)g(from)f(the)i(en-)1110
12416 2043 y(vironmen)m(t,)h(and)e(the)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)f
12417 Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)h Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(and)i Ft(GLOBIGNORE)1110
12418 2153 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)23 b(if)e(they)g(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(en)m
12419 (vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(shell)1110
12420 2262 y(is)37 b(started)h(with)f(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d
12421 (\(group\))g(id)g(not)g(equal)h(to)g(the)f(real)1110
12422 2372 y(user)h(\(group\))h(id,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)e
12423 (not)i(supplied,)f(these)h(actions)1110 2482 y(are)32
12424 b(tak)m(en)i(and)d(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)c(id)h(is)g(set)h(to)f
12425 (the)h(real)f(user)g(id.)45 b(If)32 b(the)1110 2591 y
12426 Ft(-p)i Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(at)h(startup,)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m
12427 (e)i(user)d(id)g(is)h(not)g(reset.)1110 2701 y(T)-8 b(urning)35
12428 b(this)i(option)g(o\013)g(causes)g(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)i(user)d(and)g
12429 (group)g(ids)g(to)1110 2810 y(b)s(e)30 b(set)h(to)g(the)f(real)h(user)f
12430 (and)g(group)g(ids.)630 2984 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Exit)31
12431 b(after)g(reading)f(and)g(executing)h(one)g(command.)630
12432 3157 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(reat)25 b(unset)e(v)-5 b(ariables)25
12433 b(and)e(parameters)h(other)h(than)e(the)h(sp)s(ecial)h(param-)1110
12434 3267 y(eters)35 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(as)f(an)g
12435 (error)g(when)f(p)s(erforming)g(parameter)i(expansion.)1110
12436 3377 y(An)28 b(error)h(message)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(written)h(to)h(the)e
12437 (standard)g(error,)h(and)f(a)h(non-)1110 3486 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k
12438 (shell)e(will)g(exit.)630 3660 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Prin)m(t)30
12439 b(shell)h(input)e(lines)i(as)g(they)f(are)h(read.)630
12440 3833 y Ft(-x)384 b Fu(Prin)m(t)21 b(a)h(trace)h(of)f(simple)f
12441 (commands,)i Ft(for)e Fu(commands,)i Ft(case)d Fu(commands,)1110
12442 3943 y Ft(select)29 b Fu(commands,)j(and)e(arithmetic)j
12443 Ft(for)d Fu(commands)h(and)f(their)i(argu-)1110 4052
12444 y(men)m(ts)h(or)f(asso)s(ciated)i(w)m(ord)e(lists)h(after)g(they)f(are)
12445 h(expanded)f(and)f(b)s(efore)1110 4162 y(they)i(are)g(executed.)49
12446 b(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g Ft(PS4)f Fu(v)-5
12447 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(expanded)f(and)1110 4271 y(the)24
12448 b(resultan)m(t)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(is)g(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(efore)f(the)h
12449 (command)g(and)f(its)i(expanded)1110 4381 y(argumen)m(ts.)630
12450 4555 y Ft(-B)384 b Fu(The)41 b(shell)g(will)g(p)s(erform)f(brace)h
12451 (expansion)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.1)g([Brace)1110 4664
12452 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(21\).)42 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(on)g(b)m
12453 (y)h(default.)630 4838 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Prev)m(en)m(t)25
12454 b(output)e(redirection)h(using)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)i(`)p
12455 Ft(>&)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(')g(from)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)1110
12456 4947 y(existing)31 b(\014les.)630 5121 y Ft(-E)384 b
12457 Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)f(on)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(is)g(inherited)g(b)m
12458 (y)g(shell)h(functions,)h(command)1110 5230 y(substitutions,)35
12459 b(and)e(commands)g(executed)i(in)f(a)g(subshell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)
12460 1110 5340 y(The)d Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)i(is)f(normally)h(not)f(inherited)g
12461 (in)g(suc)m(h)g(cases.)p eop end
12462 %%Page: 62 68
12463 TeXDict begin 62 67 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12464 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(62)630 299 y Ft(-H)384
12465 b Fu(Enable)38 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(st)m(yle)h(history)e(substitution)g
12466 (\(see)h(Section)h(9.3)f([History)g(In-)1110 408 y(teraction],)g(page)d
12467 (135\).)57 b(This)34 b(option)i(is)f(on)g(b)m(y)h(default)f(for)g(in)m
12468 (teractiv)m(e)1110 518 y(shells.)630 670 y Ft(-P)384
12469 b Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(do)d(not)g(resolv)m(e)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(links)g
12470 (when)f(p)s(erforming)g(commands)1110 780 y(suc)m(h)29
12471 b(as)h Ft(cd)f Fu(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)
12472 -8 b(.)42 b(The)28 b(ph)m(ysical)j(direc-)1110 890 y(tory)j(is)g(used)f
12473 (instead.)52 b(By)34 b(default,)h(Bash)f(follo)m(ws)h(the)f(logical)i
12474 (c)m(hain)f(of)1110 999 y(directories)j(when)d(p)s(erforming)h
12475 (commands)g(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hange)i(the)f(curren)m(t)1110
12476 1109 y(directory)-8 b(.)1110 1240 y(F)g(or)42 b(example,)i(if)d
12477 Ft(/usr/sys)e Fu(is)i(a)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link)g(to)h
12478 Ft(/usr/local/sys)1110 1349 y Fu(then:)1350 1480 y Ft($)47
12479 b(cd)h(/usr/sys;)d(echo)i($PWD)1350 1590 y(/usr/sys)1350
12480 1700 y($)g(cd)h(..;)f(pwd)1350 1809 y(/usr)1110 1940
12481 y Fu(If)30 b Ft(set)f(-P)h Fu(is)h(on,)f(then:)1350 2071
12482 y Ft($)47 b(cd)h(/usr/sys;)d(echo)i($PWD)1350 2181 y(/usr/local/sys)
12483 1350 2290 y($)g(cd)h(..;)f(pwd)1350 2400 y(/usr/local)630
12484 2552 y(-T)384 b Fu(If)34 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)g(on)g
12485 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(and)i Ft(RETURN)e Fu(are)i(inherited)g(b)m(y)f(shell)i
12486 (func-)1110 2662 y(tions,)k(command)d(substitutions,)h(and)f(commands)g
12487 (executed)h(in)f(a)h(sub-)1110 2771 y(shell)33 b(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)49
12488 b(The)32 b Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(and)g Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps)h(are)i(normally)f
12489 (not)1110 2881 y(inherited)d(in)g(suc)m(h)g(cases.)630
12490 3033 y Ft(--)384 b Fu(If)44 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)g(follo)m(w)i(this)e
12491 (option,)k(then)c(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(parame-)1110
12492 3143 y(ters)31 b(are)g(unset.)40 b(Otherwise,)31 b(the)f(p)s(ositional)
12493 i(parameters)f(are)f(set)h(to)h(the)1110 3253 y Fr(argumen)m(ts)p
12494 Fu(,)f(ev)m(en)g(if)f(some)h(of)g(them)f(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(`)p
12495 Ft(-)p Fu('.)630 3405 y Ft(-)432 b Fu(Signal)45 b(the)g(end)f(of)h
12496 (options,)k(cause)c(all)h(remaining)e Fr(argumen)m(ts)49
12497 b Fu(to)d(b)s(e)1110 3515 y(assigned)33 b(to)h(the)g(p)s(ositional)g
12498 (parameters.)49 b(The)33 b Ft(-x)g Fu(and)f Ft(-v)h Fu(options)h(are)
12499 1110 3624 y(turned)k(o\013.)68 b(If)38 b(there)i(are)f(no)g(argumen)m
12500 (ts,)j(the)e(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)1110 3734 y(remain)30
12501 b(unc)m(hanged.)630 3886 y(Using)d(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')h(rather)f(than)g(`)
12502 p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(causes)h(these)f(options)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(turned)g
12503 (o\013.)40 b(The)27 b(options)h(can)630 3996 y(also)36
12504 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(up)s(on)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(of)e(the)g(shell.)56
12505 b(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(set)h(of)f(options)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)630
12506 4105 y(found)29 b(in)h Ft($-)p Fu(.)630 4236 y(The)43
12507 b(remaining)h(N)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)48 b Fu(are)c(p)s(ositional)g
12508 (parameters)g(and)f(are)h(assigned,)j(in)630 4346 y(order,)30
12509 b(to)h Ft($1)p Fu(,)f Ft($2)p Fu(,)36 b(.)22 b(.)g(.)42
12510 b Ft($N)p Fu(.)e(The)30 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)g Ft(#)f
12511 Fu(is)g(set)h(to)g(N.)630 4477 y(The)f(return)f(status)i(is)f(alw)m(a)m
12512 (ys)i(zero)f(unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f
12513 (supplied.)150 4669 y Fk(4.3.2)63 b(The)41 b(Shopt)h(Builtin)150
12514 4816 y Fu(This)30 b(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(c)m(hange)h
12515 (additional)f(shell)f(optional)i(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150
12516 4968 y Ft(shopt)870 5099 y(shopt)46 b([-pqsu])g([-o])h([)p
12517 Fj(optname)e Ft(...])630 5230 y Fu(T)-8 b(oggle)37 b(the)e(v)-5
12518 b(alues)35 b(of)g(settings)h(con)m(trolling)g(optional)g(shell)f(b)s
12519 (eha)m(vior.)55 b(The)34 b(settings)630 5340 y(can)24
12520 b(b)s(e)g(either)h(those)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w,)h(or,)f(if)g(the)f
12521 Ft(-o)f Fu(option)i(is)f(used,)h(those)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)26
12522 b(with)p eop end
12523 %%Page: 63 69
12524 TeXDict begin 63 68 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12525 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(63)630 299 y(the)30
12526 b Ft(-o)f Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(command)f(\(see)
12527 i(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g(Builtin],)630 408 y(page)i(58\).)45
12528 b(With)32 b(no)f(options,)h(or)g(with)f(the)g Ft(-p)g
12529 Fu(option,)h(a)g(list)g(of)f(all)i(settable)g(options)630
12530 518 y(is)j(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(with)f(an)f(indication)i(of)e(whether)g
12531 (or)h(not)g(eac)m(h)h(is)e(set.)57 b(The)35 b Ft(-p)g
12532 Fu(option)630 628 y(causes)i(output)e(to)i(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)i
12533 (in)f(a)g(form)g(that)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)57
12534 b(Other)630 737 y(options)31 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h
12535 (meanings:)630 894 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Enable)30 b(\(set\))i(eac)m(h)f
12536 Fr(optname)p Fu(.)630 1052 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Disable)31
12537 b(\(unset\))g(eac)m(h)h Fr(optname)p Fu(.)630 1209 y
12538 Ft(-q)384 b Fu(Suppresses)28 b(normal)h(output;)h(the)g(return)e
12539 (status)i(indicates)h(whether)e(the)1110 1319 y Fr(optname)37
12540 b Fu(is)31 b(set)h(or)f(unset.)43 b(If)31 b(m)m(ultiple)h
12541 Fr(optname)37 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)31 b(are)h(giv)m(en)1110
12542 1428 y(with)d Ft(-q)p Fu(,)g(the)g(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f
12543 (all)h Fr(optnames)j Fu(are)d(enabled;)f(non-)1110 1538
12544 y(zero)i(otherwise.)630 1695 y Ft(-o)384 b Fu(Restricts)22
12545 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(of)f Fr(optname)27 b Fu(to)22
12546 b(b)s(e)e(those)i(de\014ned)e(for)h(the)g Ft(-o)f Fu(option)1110
12547 1805 y(to)31 b(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(4.3.1)g
12548 ([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(58\).)630 1962 y(If)e(either)i
12549 Ft(-s)e Fu(or)h Ft(-u)f Fu(is)h(used)f(with)g(no)h Fr(optname)35
12550 b Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c Ft(shopt)d Fu(sho)m(ws)h(only)h(those)630
12551 2071 y(options)h(whic)m(h)f(are)h(set)f(or)h(unset,)f(resp)s(ectiv)m
12552 (ely)-8 b(.)630 2205 y(Unless)30 b(otherwise)h(noted,)g(the)g
12553 Ft(shopt)d Fu(options)j(are)g(disabled)f(\(o\013)7 b(\))32
12554 b(b)m(y)e(default.)630 2338 y(The)d(return)f(status)i(when)f(listing)h
12555 (options)g(is)f(zero)i(if)e(all)i Fr(optnames)i Fu(are)d(enabled,)g
12556 (non-)630 2448 y(zero)40 b(otherwise.)66 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f
12557 (unsetting)g(options,)i(the)e(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)630
12558 2557 y(unless)30 b(an)g Fr(optname)36 b Fu(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5
12559 b(alid)30 b(shell)h(option.)630 2691 y(The)f(list)h(of)f
12560 Ft(shopt)f Fu(options)i(is:)630 2848 y Ft(autocd)192
12561 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)h(a)g(command)f(name)g(that)h(is)f(the)g(name)g(of)h
12562 (a)f(directory)h(is)f(executed)1110 2958 y(as)j(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)f
12563 (the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(command.)40
12564 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)h(only)1110 3067 y(used)g(b)m(y)g(in)m
12565 (teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)630 3224 y Ft(cdable_vars)1110
12566 3334 y Fu(If)h(this)h(is)g(set,)i(an)e(argumen)m(t)g(to)h(the)f
12567 Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(command)f(that)i(is)f(not)1110 3444
12568 y(a)c(directory)g(is)g(assumed)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(the)h(name)f(of)h(a)g(v)
12569 -5 b(ariable)31 b(whose)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)1110 3553
12570 y(the)g(directory)f(to)i(c)m(hange)f(to.)630 3710 y Ft(cdspell)144
12571 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)h(minor)f(errors)f(in)h(the)g(sp)s(elling)h(of)f(a)g
12572 (directory)h(comp)s(onen)m(t)f(in)g(a)h Ft(cd)1110 3820
12573 y Fu(command)i(will)h(b)s(e)f(corrected.)43 b(The)30
12574 b(errors)g(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)j(for)d(are)h(transp)s(osed)1110
12575 3930 y(c)m(haracters,)46 b(a)c(missing)f(c)m(haracter,)47
12576 b(and)40 b(a)i(c)m(haracter)h(to)s(o)g(man)m(y)-8 b(.)74
12577 b(If)42 b(a)1110 4039 y(correction)25 b(is)e(found,)g(the)h(corrected)g
12578 (path)f(is)g(prin)m(ted,)h(and)f(the)g(command)1110 4149
12579 y(pro)s(ceeds.)40 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(only)h(used)e(b)m(y)h(in)m
12580 (teractiv)m(e)k(shells.)630 4306 y Ft(checkhash)1110
12581 4416 y Fu(If)29 b(this)h(is)g(set,)g(Bash)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(that)g(a)f
12582 (command)f(found)g(in)g(the)h(hash)f(table)1110 4525
12583 y(exists)k(b)s(efore)f(trying)h(to)h(execute)g(it.)48
12584 b(If)32 b(a)h(hashed)e(command)i(no)f(longer)1110 4635
12585 y(exists,)f(a)g(normal)f(path)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed.)630
12586 4792 y Ft(checkjobs)1110 4902 y Fu(If)d(set,)i(Bash)e(lists)h(the)g
12587 (status)g(of)f(an)m(y)h(stopp)s(ed)f(and)g(running)e(jobs)i(b)s(efore)
12588 1110 5011 y(exiting)42 b(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)72
12589 b(If)41 b(an)m(y)g(jobs)f(are)i(running,)g(this)f(causes)1110
12590 5121 y(the)30 b(exit)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(deferred)g(un)m(til)h(a)f(second)h
12591 (exit)g(is)g(attempted)h(without)e(an)1110 5230 y(in)m(terv)m(ening)j
12592 (command)e(\(see)h(Chapter)f(7)h([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(97\).)42
12593 b(The)1110 5340 y(shell)31 b(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(p)s(ostp)s(ones)f(exiting)h
12594 (if)g(an)m(y)f(jobs)g(are)h(stopp)s(ed.)p eop end
12595 %%Page: 64 70
12596 TeXDict begin 64 69 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12597 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(64)630 299 y Ft(checkwinsize)
12598 1110 408 y Fu(If)41 b(set,)k(Bash)c(c)m(hec)m(ks)i(the)f(windo)m(w)e
12599 (size)j(after)f(eac)m(h)g(command)f(and,)j(if)1110 518
12600 y(necessary)-8 b(,)31 b(up)s(dates)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)31
12601 b(of)g Ft(LINES)e Fu(and)g Ft(COLUMNS)p Fu(.)630 669
12602 y Ft(cmdhist)144 b Fu(If)33 b(set,)j(Bash)e(attempts)h(to)g(sa)m(v)m(e)
12603 g(all)g(lines)f(of)g(a)h(m)m(ultiple-line)g(command)1110
12604 778 y(in)c(the)g(same)g(history)g(en)m(try)-8 b(.)42
12605 b(This)30 b(allo)m(ws)i(easy)g(re-editing)g(of)f(m)m(ulti-line)1110
12606 888 y(commands.)630 1039 y Ft(compat31)96 b Fu(If)27
12607 b(set,)i(Bash)e(c)m(hanges)i(its)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)i(that)f(of)f(v)
12608 m(ersion)h(3.1)h(with)e(resp)s(ect)1110 1148 y(to)39
12609 b(quoted)f(argumen)m(ts)g(to)h(the)f(conditional)h(command's)f(`)p
12610 Ft(=~)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)1110 1258 y(and)i(with)f(resp)s(ect)i(to)g
12611 (lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(string)e(comparison)g(when)f(using)1110
12612 1367 y(the)31 b Ft([[)e Fu(conditional)j(command's)e(`)p
12613 Ft(<)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators.)41
12614 b(Bash)31 b(v)m(ersions)1110 1477 y(prior)g(to)h(bash-4.1)g(use)g(ASCI)
12615 s(I)e(collation)j(and)e(strcmp\(3\);)i(bash-4.1)g(and)1110
12616 1587 y(later)e(use)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)i(collation)h
12617 (sequence)e(and)f(strcoll\(3\).)630 1737 y Ft(compat32)96
12618 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)i(Bash)e(c)m(hanges)i(its)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)i
12619 (that)f(of)f(v)m(ersion)h(3.2)h(with)e(resp)s(ect)1110
12620 1847 y(to)34 b(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(string)e(comparison)g(when)f
12621 (using)h(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(conditional)1110 1956 y(command's)d(`)p
12622 Ft(<)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(\(see)g(previous)f
12623 (item\).)630 2107 y Ft(compat40)96 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)i(Bash)e(c)m
12624 (hanges)i(its)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)i(that)f(of)f(v)m(ersion)h(4.0)h
12625 (with)e(resp)s(ect)1110 2217 y(to)34 b(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h
12626 (string)e(comparison)g(when)f(using)h(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(conditional)1110
12627 2326 y(command's)28 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p
12628 Fu(')h(op)s(erators)f(\(see)i(description)e(of)h Ft(compat31)p
12629 Fu(\))e(and)1110 2436 y(the)38 b(e\013ect)i(of)e(in)m(terrupting)f(a)i
12630 (command)e(list.)64 b(Bash)38 b(v)m(ersions)h(4.0)g(and)1110
12631 2545 y(later)24 b(in)m(terrupt)f(the)g(list)h(as)g(if)f(the)h(shell)f
12632 (receiv)m(ed)i(the)e(in)m(terrupt;)i(previous)1110 2655
12633 y(v)m(ersions)31 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)g(with)f(the)h(next)g(command)f(in)g
12634 (the)g(list.)630 2806 y Ft(compat41)96 b Fu(If)25 b(set,)j(Bash,)e
12635 (when)f(in)g Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)i(treats)f(a)g(single)h(quote)f(in)
12636 f(a)h(double-)1110 2915 y(quoted)46 b(parameter)h(expansion)f(as)g(a)h
12637 (sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter.)90 b(The)45 b(single)1110
12638 3025 y(quotes)34 b(m)m(ust)g(matc)m(h)h(\(an)f(ev)m(en)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
12639 (er\))e(and)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)1110
12640 3134 y(the)40 b(single)g(quotes)g(are)g(considered)g(quoted.)69
12641 b(This)38 b(is)i(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)1110 3244
12642 y Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)g(through)g(v)m(ersion)h(4.1.)69
12643 b(The)39 b(default)g(Bash)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(re-)1110
12644 3354 y(mains)30 b(as)h(in)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions.)630
12645 3504 y Ft(compat42)96 b Fu(If)29 b(set,)i(Bash)f(do)s(es)f(not)h(pro)s
12646 (cess)g(the)g(replacemen)m(t)h(string)e(in)h(the)g(pattern)1110
12647 3614 y(substitution)g(w)m(ord)g(expansion)g(using)g(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5
12648 b(al.)630 3765 y Ft(complete_fullquote)1110 3874 y Fu(If)31
12649 b(set,)g(Bash)h(quotes)f(all)h(shell)f(metac)m(haracters)i(in)e
12650 (\014lenames)g(and)g(direc-)1110 3984 y(tory)g(names)f(when)g(p)s
12651 (erforming)f(completion.)43 b(If)30 b(not)h(set,)g(Bash)g(remo)m(v)m
12652 (es)1110 4093 y(metac)m(haracters)40 b(suc)m(h)d(as)h(the)g(dollar)g
12653 (sign)g(from)f(the)h(set)g(of)f(c)m(haracters)1110 4203
12654 y(that)f(will)g(b)s(e)f(quoted)g(in)g(completed)i(\014lenames)e(when)f
12655 (these)i(metac)m(har-)1110 4313 y(acters)29 b(app)s(ear)e(in)g(shell)h
12656 (v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(references)g(in)f(w)m(ords)g(to)i(b)s(e)e
12657 (completed.)1110 4422 y(This)k(means)i(that)g(dollar)f(signs)g(in)g(v)
12658 -5 b(ariable)33 b(names)g(that)f(expand)g(to)h(di-)1110
12659 4532 y(rectories)28 b(will)g(not)f(b)s(e)f(quoted;)j(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)
12660 g(an)m(y)e(dollar)h(signs)f(app)s(earing)f(in)1110 4641
12661 y(\014lenames)j(will)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(quoted,)h(either.)41
12662 b(This)28 b(is)i(activ)m(e)h(only)e(when)g(bash)1110
12663 4751 y(is)39 b(using)f(bac)m(kslashes)i(to)g(quote)g(completed)f
12664 (\014lenames.)67 b(This)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 4861
12665 y(is)41 b(set)g(b)m(y)g(default,)j(whic)m(h)c(is)h(the)g(default)g
12666 (Bash)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(in)g(v)m(ersions)1110 4970 y(through)30
12667 b(4.2.)630 5121 y Ft(direxpand)1110 5230 y Fu(If)k(set,)i(Bash)f
12668 (replaces)g(directory)g(names)g(with)f(the)g(results)h(of)f(w)m(ord)g
12669 (ex-)1110 5340 y(pansion)k(when)g(p)s(erforming)f(\014lename)i
12670 (completion.)67 b(This)38 b(c)m(hanges)i(the)p eop end
12671 %%Page: 65 71
12672 TeXDict begin 65 70 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12673 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(65)1110 299 y(con)m(ten)m(ts)29
12674 b(of)e(the)g(readline)h(editing)g(bu\013er.)38 b(If)27
12675 b(not)g(set,)i(Bash)e(attempts)h(to)1110 408 y(preserv)m(e)j(what)f
12676 (the)g(user)g(t)m(yp)s(ed.)630 555 y Ft(dirspell)96 b
12677 Fu(If)26 b(set,)i(Bash)f(attempts)g(sp)s(elling)g(correction)g(on)g
12678 (directory)g(names)f(during)1110 664 y(w)m(ord)36 b(completion)h(if)f
12679 (the)g(directory)g(name)g(initially)h(supplied)e(do)s(es)h(not)1110
12680 774 y(exist.)630 920 y Ft(dotglob)144 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)i(Bash)f
12681 (includes)g(\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)g(a)h(`.')41
12682 b(in)27 b(the)h(results)g(of)1110 1029 y(\014lename)j(expansion.)630
12683 1176 y Ft(execfail)96 b Fu(If)24 b(this)h(is)f(set,)j(a)e(non-in)m
12684 (teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(will)f(not)h(exit)h(if)e(it)h(cannot)h(execute)
12685 1110 1285 y(the)i(\014le)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(to)
12686 h(the)f Ft(exec)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)39 b(An)1110
12687 1395 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shell)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(exit)i(if)e
12688 Ft(exec)f Fu(fails.)630 1541 y Ft(expand_aliases)1110
12689 1650 y Fu(If)j(set,)h(aliases)g(are)g(expanded)e(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(b)
12690 s(elo)m(w)h(under)f(Aliases,)i(Sec-)1110 1760 y(tion)38
12691 b(6.6)h([Aliases],)j(page)d(88.)64 b(This)37 b(option)h(is)g(enabled)g
12692 (b)m(y)g(default)g(for)1110 1870 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)33
12693 b(shells.)630 2016 y Ft(extdebug)96 b Fu(If)30 b(set,)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)
12694 g(in)m(tended)f(for)g(use)g(b)m(y)g(debuggers)g(is)h(enabled:)1159
12695 2144 y(1.)61 b(The)37 b Ft(-F)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g
12696 Ft(declare)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)h([Bash)1290
12697 2253 y(Builtins],)29 b(page)g(48\))g(displa)m(ys)f(the)g(source)h
12698 (\014le)f(name)g(and)f(line)h(n)m(um-)1290 2363 y(b)s(er)h(corresp)s
12699 (onding)g(to)i(eac)m(h)g(function)f(name)g(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argu-)
12700 1290 2472 y(men)m(t.)1159 2600 y(2.)61 b(If)20 b(the)h(command)g(run)e
12701 (b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(trap)g(returns)g(a)h(non-zero)g(v)-5
12702 b(alue,)1290 2710 y(the)31 b(next)f(command)g(is)h(skipp)s(ed)e(and)g
12703 (not)i(executed.)1159 2838 y(3.)61 b(If)37 b(the)g(command)g(run)f(b)m
12704 (y)i(the)f Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap)h(returns)f(a)i(v)-5 b(alue)38
12705 b(of)f(2,)1290 2947 y(and)c(the)g(shell)h(is)f(executing)i(in)e(a)h
12706 (subroutine)e(\(a)i(shell)g(function)f(or)1290 3057 y(a)h(shell)h
12707 (script)f(executed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(.)g Fu(or)g Ft(source)e
12708 Fu(builtins\),)j(a)g(call)g(to)1290 3166 y Ft(return)29
12709 b Fu(is)h(sim)m(ulated.)1159 3294 y(4.)61 b Ft(BASH_ARGC)34
12710 b Fu(and)i Ft(BASH_ARGV)e Fu(are)j(up)s(dated)e(as)h(describ)s(ed)g(in)
12711 g(their)1290 3404 y(descriptions)30 b(\(see)i(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g
12712 (V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(69\).)1159 3532 y(5.)61
12713 b(F)-8 b(unction)57 b(tracing)g(is)g(enabled:)93 b(command)56
12714 b(substitution,)63 b(shell)1290 3641 y(functions,)32
12715 b(and)e(subshells)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e Ft(\()f
12716 Fj(command)e Ft(\))j Fu(inherit)h(the)1290 3751 y Ft(DEBUG)d
12717 Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)e Fu(traps.)1159 3879 y(6.)61 b(Error)41
12718 b(tracing)i(is)f(enabled:)63 b(command)42 b(substitution,)i(shell)f
12719 (func-)1290 3988 y(tions,)32 b(and)e(subshells)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
12720 (with)e Ft(\()g Fj(command)f Ft(\))h Fu(inherit)h(the)g
12721 Ft(ERR)1290 4098 y Fu(trap.)630 4244 y Ft(extglob)144
12722 b Fu(If)26 b(set,)i(the)f(extended)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)g(features)g
12723 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)1110 4354 y(Section)j(3.5.8.1)i
12724 ([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(30\))h(are)f(enabled.)630
12725 4500 y Ft(extquote)96 b Fu(If)51 b(set,)58 b Ft($')p
12726 Fj(string)p Ft(')49 b Fu(and)i Ft($")p Fj(string)p Ft(")e
12727 Fu(quoting)k(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(within)1110 4609 y Ft(${)p
12728 Fj(parameter)p Ft(})31 b Fu(expansions)k(enclosed)g(in)g(double)f
12729 (quotes.)55 b(This)33 b(option)1110 4719 y(is)d(enabled)h(b)m(y)f
12730 (default.)630 4865 y Ft(failglob)96 b Fu(If)36 b(set,)j(patterns)d
12731 (whic)m(h)g(fail)h(to)h(matc)m(h)f(\014lenames)f(during)g(\014lename)g
12732 (ex-)1110 4975 y(pansion)30 b(result)g(in)g(an)g(expansion)h(error.)630
12733 5121 y Ft(force_fignore)1110 5230 y Fu(If)43 b(set,)k(the)d(su\016xes)f
12734 (sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(FIGNORE)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5
12735 b(ariable)44 b(cause)1110 5340 y(w)m(ords)31 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(ignored)h
12736 (when)f(p)s(erforming)f(w)m(ord)h(completion)i(ev)m(en)f(if)g(the)p
12737 eop end
12738 %%Page: 66 72
12739 TeXDict begin 66 71 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12740 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(66)1110 299 y(ignored)37
12741 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(the)h(only)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)62
12742 b(See)37 b(Section)h(5.2)1110 408 y([Bash)24 b(V)-8 b(ariables],)27
12743 b(page)e(69,)h(for)d(a)h(description)g(of)g Ft(FIGNORE)p
12744 Fu(.)37 b(This)22 b(option)1110 518 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(b)m(y)f
12745 (default.)630 701 y Ft(globasciiranges)1110 810 y Fu(If)j(set,)h(range)
12746 f(expressions)g(used)f(in)h(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)h(brac)m(k)m(et)h
12747 (expres-)1110 920 y(sions)28 b(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.8.1)g([P)m(attern)
12748 g(Matc)m(hing],)h(page)e(30\))g(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)g(if)1110
12749 1029 y(in)i(the)g(traditional)i(C)d(lo)s(cale)j(when)d(p)s(erforming)g
12750 (comparisons.)44 b(That)31 b(is,)1110 1139 y(the)d(curren)m(t)g(lo)s
12751 (cale's)i(collating)h(sequence)d(is)h(not)f(tak)m(en)h(in)m(to)g
12752 (accoun)m(t,)i(so)1110 1249 y(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')j(will)g(not)g(collate)i
12753 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)e(`)p Ft(A)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(B)p
12754 Fu(',)h(and)f(upp)s(er-case)g(and)g(lo)m(w)m(er-)1110
12755 1358 y(case)e(ASCI)s(I)e(c)m(haracters)j(will)f(collate)i(together.)630
12756 1541 y Ft(globstar)96 b Fu(If)38 b(set,)j(the)e(pattern)f(`)p
12757 Ft(**)p Fu(')h(used)e(in)i(a)f(\014lename)h(expansion)f(con)m(text)j
12758 (will)1110 1650 y(matc)m(h)36 b(all)g(\014les)f(and)f(zero)i(or)f(more)
12759 g(directories)h(and)e(sub)s(directories.)54 b(If)1110
12760 1760 y(the)30 b(pattern)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)d(a)i(`)p
12761 Ft(/)p Fu(',)f(only)g(directories)h(and)f(sub)s(directories)1110
12762 1870 y(matc)m(h.)630 2052 y Ft(gnu_errfmt)1110 2162 y
12763 Fu(If)35 b(set,)j(shell)e(error)g(messages)g(are)h(written)e(in)h(the)g
12764 (standard)f Fm(gnu)g Fu(error)1110 2271 y(message)c(format.)630
12765 2454 y Ft(histappend)1110 2564 y Fu(If)c(set,)j(the)e(history)g(list)g
12766 (is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)f(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5
12767 b(alue)29 b(of)1110 2673 y(the)d Ft(HISTFILE)d Fu(v)-5
12768 b(ariable)26 b(when)e(the)h(shell)h(exits,)h(rather)e(than)h(o)m(v)m
12769 (erwriting)1110 2783 y(the)31 b(\014le.)630 2966 y Ft(histreedit)1110
12770 3075 y Fu(If)i(set,)h(and)f(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)g(a)g
12771 (user)g(is)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g(opp)s(ortunit)m(y)1110
12772 3185 y(to)d(re-edit)g(a)g(failed)g(history)f(substitution.)630
12773 3367 y Ft(histverify)1110 3477 y Fu(If)35 b(set,)i(and)e(Readline)h(is)
12774 f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h(the)f(results)g(of)g(history)h(substitu-)1110
12775 3587 y(tion)h(are)g(not)g(immediately)h(passed)e(to)h(the)g(shell)g
12776 (parser.)59 b(Instead,)38 b(the)1110 3696 y(resulting)i(line)f(is)h
12777 (loaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(Readline)g(editing)g(bu\013er,)h(allo)m(wing)
12778 1110 3806 y(further)29 b(mo)s(di\014cation.)630 3988
12779 y Ft(hostcomplete)1110 4098 y Fu(If)38 b(set,)j(and)c(Readline)i(is)f
12780 (b)s(eing)g(used,)h(Bash)g(will)f(attempt)h(to)g(p)s(erform)1110
12781 4208 y(hostname)d(completion)h(when)e(a)h(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(a)f
12782 (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(com-)1110 4317 y(pleted)g(\(see)h
12783 (Section)f(8.4.6)i([Commands)d(F)-8 b(or)36 b(Completion],)g(page)g
12784 (120\).)1110 4427 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)
12785 630 4609 y Ft(huponexit)1110 4719 y Fu(If)i(set,)i(Bash)f(will)h(send)d
12786 Ft(SIGHUP)h Fu(to)h(all)h(jobs)e(when)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)
12787 1110 4829 y(shell)31 b(exits)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g
12788 (page)f(38\).)630 5011 y Ft(interactive_comments)1110
12789 5121 y Fu(Allo)m(w)c(a)g(w)m(ord)e(b)s(eginning)g(with)h(`)p
12790 Ft(#)p Fu(')g(to)h(cause)f(that)h(w)m(ord)f(and)f(all)i(remain-)1110
12791 5230 y(ing)41 b(c)m(haracters)i(on)e(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f
12792 (ignored)g(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)1110
12793 5340 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)p
12794 eop end
12795 %%Page: 67 73
12796 TeXDict begin 67 72 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12797 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(67)630 299 y Ft(lastpipe)96
12798 b Fu(If)24 b(set,)i(and)e(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f(not)f(activ)m(e,)k
12799 (the)d(shell)f(runs)f(the)i(last)g(command)1110 408 y(of)37
12800 b(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(not)h(executed)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m(kground)g(in)g
12801 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)1110 518 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)630
12802 677 y Ft(lithist)144 b Fu(If)22 b(enabled,)i(and)d(the)h
12803 Ft(cmdhist)e Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled,)i(m)m(ulti-line)f(commands)1110
12804 787 y(are)28 b(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(history)g(with)f(em)m(b)s
12805 (edded)g(newlines)h(rather)g(than)f(using)1110 897 y(semicolon)32
12806 b(separators)f(where)e(p)s(ossible.)630 1056 y Ft(login_shell)1110
12807 1166 y Fu(The)35 b(shell)h(sets)g(this)f(option)h(if)g(it)g(is)f
12808 (started)h(as)g(a)g(login)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Sec-)1110
12809 1275 y(tion)29 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)h(Bash],)f(page)g(80\).)41
12810 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(ma)m(y)g(not)f(b)s(e)g(c)m(hanged.)630
12811 1435 y Ft(mailwarn)96 b Fu(If)34 b(set,)i(and)e(a)h(\014le)g(that)g
12812 (Bash)f(is)h(c)m(hec)m(king)h(for)f(mail)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(accessed)
12813 1110 1544 y(since)24 b(the)h(last)g(time)f(it)h(w)m(as)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m
12814 (ed,)k(the)c(message)h Ft("The)k(mail)h(in)f Fj(mail-)1110
12815 1654 y(file)g Ft(has)h(been)f(read")g Fu(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed.)630
12816 1813 y Ft(no_empty_cmd_completion)1110 1923 y Fu(If)g(set,)g(and)g
12817 (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)h(Bash)g(will)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)e
12818 (searc)m(h)1110 2032 y(the)25 b Ft(PATH)f Fu(for)h(p)s(ossible)f
12819 (completions)j(when)d(completion)i(is)f(attempted)h(on)1110
12820 2142 y(an)k(empt)m(y)h(line.)630 2301 y Ft(nocaseglob)1110
12821 2411 y Fu(If)38 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(\014lenames)g(in)f(a)h
12822 (case-insensitiv)m(e)j(fashion)c(when)1110 2521 y(p)s(erforming)29
12823 b(\014lename)i(expansion.)630 2680 y Ft(nocasematch)1110
12824 2790 y Fu(If)42 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(patterns)g(in)f(a)h
12825 (case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion)d(when)1110 2899 y(p)s(erforming)31
12826 b(matc)m(hing)i(while)f(executing)i Ft(case)d Fu(or)h
12827 Ft([[)g Fu(conditional)h(com-)1110 3009 y(mands.)630
12828 3168 y Ft(nullglob)96 b Fu(If)23 b(set,)j(Bash)e(allo)m(ws)g
12829 (\014lename)g(patterns)g(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(no)g(\014les)f(to)i
12830 (expand)1110 3278 y(to)31 b(a)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(rather)f(than)g
12831 (themselv)m(es.)630 3437 y Ft(progcomp)96 b Fu(If)25
12832 b(set,)i(the)f(programmable)g(completion)g(facilities)i(\(see)f
12833 (Section)f(8.6)h([Pro-)1110 3547 y(grammable)45 b(Completion],)k(page)c
12834 (124\))h(are)f(enabled.)82 b(This)44 b(option)h(is)1110
12835 3656 y(enabled)30 b(b)m(y)h(default.)630 3816 y Ft(promptvars)1110
12836 3925 y Fu(If)50 b(set,)56 b(prompt)49 b(strings)h(undergo)g(parameter)h
12837 (expansion,)k(command)1110 4035 y(substitution,)35 b(arithmetic)g
12838 (expansion,)g(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)35 b(after)f(b)s(eing)1110
12839 4144 y(expanded)53 b(as)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w)i(\(see)h(Section)
12840 f(6.9)h([Con)m(trolling)g(the)1110 4254 y(Prompt],)30
12841 b(page)h(92\).)42 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default.)
12842 630 4413 y Ft(restricted_shell)1110 4523 y Fu(The)40
12843 b(shell)h(sets)g(this)g(option)g(if)g(it)h(is)e(started)i(in)e
12844 (restricted)i(mo)s(de)e(\(see)1110 4633 y(Section)c(6.10)g([The)f
12845 (Restricted)g(Shell],)i(page)e(93\).)56 b(The)34 b(v)-5
12846 b(alue)35 b(ma)m(y)h(not)1110 4742 y(b)s(e)c(c)m(hanged.)49
12847 b(This)32 b(is)h(not)h(reset)f(when)f(the)h(startup)g(\014les)f(are)i
12848 (executed,)1110 4852 y(allo)m(wing)k(the)e(startup)f(\014les)h(to)g
12849 (disco)m(v)m(er)h(whether)f(or)f(not)i(a)f(shell)g(is)g(re-)1110
12850 4961 y(stricted.)630 5121 y Ft(shift_verbose)1110 5230
12851 y Fu(If)g(this)g(is)g(set,)j(the)d Ft(shift)f Fu(builtin)h(prin)m(ts)f
12852 (an)h(error)g(message)i(when)d(the)1110 5340 y(shift)30
12853 b(coun)m(t)h(exceeds)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i
12854 (parameters.)p eop end
12855 %%Page: 68 74
12856 TeXDict begin 68 73 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12857 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(68)630 299 y Ft(sourcepath)1110
12858 408 y Fu(If)22 b(set,)j(the)e Ft(source)e Fu(builtin)h(uses)g(the)h(v)
12859 -5 b(alue)23 b(of)g Ft(PATH)e Fu(to)j(\014nd)d(the)h(directory)1110
12860 518 y(con)m(taining)29 b(the)e(\014le)h(supplied)e(as)h(an)g(argumen)m
12861 (t.)40 b(This)27 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)1110 628 y(b)m(y)j(default.)
12862 630 787 y Ft(xpg_echo)96 b Fu(If)31 b(set,)h(the)g Ft(echo)e
12863 Fu(builtin)h(expands)f(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(e)j(sequences)f(b)m(y)f
12864 (de-)1110 897 y(fault.)630 1056 y(The)c(return)f(status)i(when)f
12865 (listing)h(options)g(is)f(zero)i(if)e(all)i Fr(optnames)i
12866 Fu(are)d(enabled,)g(non-)630 1166 y(zero)40 b(otherwise.)66
12867 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f(unsetting)g(options,)i(the)e(return)f
12868 (status)h(is)g(zero)630 1275 y(unless)30 b(an)g Fr(optname)36
12869 b Fu(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(shell)h(option.)150
12870 1508 y Fs(4.4)68 b(Sp)t(ecial)45 b(Builtins)150 1667
12871 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)35 b(historical)h(reasons,)g(the)e Fm(posix)g
12872 Fu(standard)f(has)i(classi\014ed)f(sev)m(eral)i(builtin)e(commands)g
12873 (as)h Fl(sp)-5 b(e-)150 1777 y(cial)p Fu(.)47 b(When)33
12874 b(Bash)f(is)h(executing)g(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)h(the)g(sp)s
12875 (ecial)g(builtins)e(di\013er)i(from)f(other)g(builtin)150
12876 1886 y(commands)e(in)g(three)h(resp)s(ects:)199 2021
12877 y(1.)61 b(Sp)s(ecial)31 b(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h(shell)h
12878 (functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)199 2155 y(2.)61
12879 b(If)30 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)h
12880 (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(exits.)199 2290
12881 y(3.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)30 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(the)f(command)
12882 g(sta)m(y)i(in)e(e\013ect)i(in)e(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330
12883 2399 y(after)i(the)f(command)h(completes.)275 2559 y(When)36
12884 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(executing)i(in)e Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j(these)f
12885 (builtins)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)h(no)f(di\013eren)m(tly)h(than)150
12886 2668 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h(builtin)e(commands.)41
12887 b(The)30 b(Bash)g Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(is)g(describ)s(ed)f(in)h
12888 (Section)h(6.11)150 2778 y([Bash)g(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(94.)275
12889 2912 y(These)f(are)g(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins:)390
12890 3047 y Ft(break)46 b(:)i(.)f(continue)f(eval)g(exec)h(exit)g(export)f
12891 (readonly)f(return)h(set)390 3156 y(shift)g(trap)h(unset)p
12892 eop end
12893 %%Page: 69 75
12894 TeXDict begin 69 74 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
12895 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(69)150 299 y Fp(5)80
12896 b(Shell)53 b(V)-13 b(ariables)150 541 y Fu(This)21 b(c)m(hapter)i
12897 (describ)s(es)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(that)f(Bash)h(uses.)
12898 37 b(Bash)23 b(automatically)h(assigns)f(default)150
12899 651 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(v)-5
12900 b(ariables.)150 888 y Fs(5.1)68 b(Bourne)45 b(Shell)g(V)-11
12901 b(ariables)150 1047 y Fu(Bash)30 b(uses)g(certain)h(shell)g(v)-5
12902 b(ariables)31 b(in)f(the)g(same)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(as)g(the)f(Bourne)g
12903 (shell.)41 b(In)30 b(some)g(cases,)i(Bash)150 1157 y(assigns)f(a)f
12904 (default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
12905 1320 y Ft(CDPATH)192 b Fu(A)39 b(colon-separated)i(list)e(of)g
12906 (directories)h(used)f(as)g(a)g(searc)m(h)h(path)e(for)h(the)g
12907 Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)630 1430 y(command.)150 1592 y Ft(HOME)288
12908 b Fu(The)23 b(curren)m(t)h(user's)f(home)g(directory;)k(the)d(default)g
12909 (for)f(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(command.)38 b(The)630
12910 1702 y(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37
12911 b(is)g(also)g(used)e(b)m(y)h(tilde)h(expansion)f(\(see)i(Section)f
12912 (3.5.2)h([Tilde)630 1811 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(22\).)150
12913 1973 y Ft(IFS)336 b Fu(A)25 b(list)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)i(that)f
12914 (separate)g(\014elds;)h(used)e(when)f(the)i(shell)f(splits)h(w)m(ords)e
12915 (as)i(part)630 2083 y(of)31 b(expansion.)150 2245 y Ft(MAIL)288
12916 b Fu(If)44 b(this)g(parameter)h(is)g(set)g(to)g(a)f(\014lename)h(or)f
12917 (directory)h(name)g(and)f(the)g Ft(MAILPATH)630 2355
12918 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(not)h(set,)h(Bash)f(informs)f(the)h(user)
12919 f(of)h(the)g(arriv)-5 b(al)31 b(of)g(mail)g(in)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)
12920 630 2464 y(\014le)f(or)h(Maildir-format)g(directory)-8
12921 b(.)150 2627 y Ft(MAILPATH)96 b Fu(A)33 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f
12922 (\014lenames)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(shell)g(p)s(erio)s(dically)h(c)m(hec)m
12923 (ks)g(for)f(new)630 2736 y(mail.)60 b(Eac)m(h)37 b(list)g(en)m(try)g
12924 (can)g(sp)s(ecify)f(the)h(message)h(that)f(is)g(prin)m(ted)f(when)f
12925 (new)h(mail)630 2846 y(arriv)m(es)31 b(in)g(the)g(mail)g(\014le)g(b)m
12926 (y)g(separating)h(the)f(\014lename)g(from)f(the)h(message)h(with)e(a)i
12927 (`)p Ft(?)p Fu('.)630 2955 y(When)g(used)f(in)h(the)g(text)i(of)e(the)g
12928 (message,)i Ft($_)e Fu(expands)f(to)i(the)f(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m
12929 (t)630 3065 y(mail)f(\014le.)150 3227 y Ft(OPTARG)192
12930 b Fu(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(last)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g
12931 (pro)s(cessed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(getopts)f Fu(builtin.)150
12932 3389 y Ft(OPTIND)192 b Fu(The)30 b(index)g(of)g(the)h(last)g(option)g
12933 (argumen)m(t)g(pro)s(cessed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(getopts)f
12934 Fu(builtin.)150 3552 y Ft(PATH)288 b Fu(A)32 b(colon-separated)i(list)f
12935 (of)f(directories)h(in)e(whic)m(h)h(the)g(shell)g(lo)s(oks)h(for)f
12936 (commands.)45 b(A)630 3661 y(zero-length)e(\(n)m(ull\))g(directory)f
12937 (name)g(in)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(of)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(indicates)i(the)f
12938 (curren)m(t)630 3771 y(directory)-8 b(.)49 b(A)33 b(n)m(ull)f
12939 (directory)i(name)e(ma)m(y)i(app)s(ear)e(as)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(adjacen)m(t)g
12940 (colons,)g(or)f(as)g(an)630 3880 y(initial)f(or)e(trailing)h(colon.)150
12941 4042 y Ft(PS1)336 b Fu(The)35 b(primary)f(prompt)h(string.)55
12942 b(The)35 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(is)h(`)p Ft(\\s-\\v\\$)28
12943 b Fu('.)56 b(See)36 b(Section)g(6.9)630 4152 y([Con)m(trolling)42
12944 b(the)e(Prompt],)j(page)e(92,)j(for)c(the)g(complete)i(list)f(of)f
12945 (escap)s(e)h(sequences)630 4262 y(that)31 b(are)g(expanded)e(b)s(efore)
12946 h Ft(PS1)g Fu(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)150 4424 y Ft(PS2)336
12947 b Fu(The)30 b(secondary)g(prompt)g(string.)41 b(The)29
12948 b(default)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(>)g Fu('.)150
12949 4661 y Fs(5.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(V)-11 b(ariables)150 4820
12950 y Fu(These)45 b(v)-5 b(ariables)46 b(are)g(set)g(or)f(used)f(b)m(y)h
12951 (Bash,)50 b(but)44 b(other)i(shells)f(do)h(not)f(normally)h(treat)g
12952 (them)150 4929 y(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 5067 y(A)24
12953 b(few)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(used)g(b)m(y)f(Bash)i(are)f(describ)s(ed)f
12954 (in)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(c)m(hapters:)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)25
12955 b(for)f(con)m(trolling)150 5176 y(the)31 b(job)f(con)m(trol)h
12956 (facilities)i(\(see)e(Section)g(7.3)h([Job)e(Con)m(trol)h(V)-8
12957 b(ariables],)32 b(page)g(100\).)150 5340 y Ft(BASH)288
12958 b Fu(The)30 b(full)g(pathname)g(used)g(to)h(execute)h(the)e(curren)m(t)
12959 g(instance)h(of)g(Bash.)p eop end
12960 %%Page: 70 76
12961 TeXDict begin 70 75 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
12962 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(70)150 299 y Ft(BASHOPTS)96
12963 b Fu(A)31 b(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g(enabled)f(shell)h(options.)41
12964 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5
12965 b(alid)630 408 y(argumen)m(t)37 b(for)g(the)g Ft(-s)f
12966 Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)g
12967 (Section)h(4.3.2)630 518 y([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(62\).)60
12968 b(The)36 b(options)h(app)s(earing)f(in)g Ft(BASHOPTS)e
12969 Fu(are)i(those)630 628 y(rep)s(orted)e(as)h(`)p Ft(on)p
12970 Fu(')f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(shopt)p Fu('.)53 b(If)34 b(this)g(v)-5
12971 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)f(Bash)630
12972 737 y(starts)25 b(up,)f(eac)m(h)i(shell)e(option)h(in)e(the)i(list)g
12973 (will)f(b)s(e)g(enabled)g(b)s(efore)g(reading)g(an)m(y)g(startup)630
12974 847 y(\014les.)41 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(readonly)-8
12975 b(.)150 1003 y Ft(BASHPID)144 b Fu(Expands)35 b(to)i(the)f(pro)s(cess)f
12976 (ID)i(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(Bash)g(pro)s(cess.)58 b(This)35
12977 b(di\013ers)h(from)g Ft($$)630 1113 y Fu(under)31 b(certain)j
12978 (circumstances,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)g(subshells)f(that)i(do)f(not)g(require)
12979 g(Bash)g(to)h(b)s(e)630 1223 y(re-initialized.)150 1379
12980 y Ft(BASH_ALIASES)630 1489 y Fu(An)40 b(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)d
12981 (v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s(ond)g(to)i(the)f
12982 (in)m(ternal)h(list)630 1598 y(of)c(aliases)h(as)f(main)m(tained)g(b)m
12983 (y)g(the)g Ft(alias)e Fu(builtin.)59 b(\(see)37 b(Section)h(4.1)f
12984 ([Bourne)g(Shell)630 1708 y(Builtins],)f(page)e(41\).)53
12985 b(Elemen)m(ts)35 b(added)e(to)i(this)e(arra)m(y)i(app)s(ear)e(in)h(the)
12986 g(alias)h(list;)i(un-)630 1817 y(setting)31 b(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)h
12987 (cause)f(aliases)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(the)h(alias)g
12988 (list.)150 1974 y Ft(BASH_ARGC)630 2084 y Fu(An)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
12989 b(ariable)31 b(whose)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(are)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g
12990 (of)g(parameters)h(in)f(eac)m(h)h(frame)g(of)630 2193
12991 y(the)26 b(curren)m(t)f(bash)g(execution)i(call)g(stac)m(k.)41
12992 b(The)25 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(parameters)g(to)g(the)g(curren)m(t)
12993 630 2303 y(subroutine)i(\(shell)i(function)g(or)f(script)g(executed)i
12994 (with)e Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)p Fu(\))e(is)h(at)h(the)g(top)g(of)630
12995 2412 y(the)37 b(stac)m(k.)63 b(When)37 b(a)h(subroutine)e(is)h
12996 (executed,)j(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(parameters)f(passed)630
12997 2522 y(is)g(pushed)f(on)m(to)i Ft(BASH_ARGC)p Fu(.)59
12998 b(The)37 b(shell)g(sets)h Ft(BASH_ARGC)c Fu(only)k(when)e(in)h
12999 (extended)630 2632 y(debugging)23 b(mo)s(de)f(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.2)i
13000 ([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)j(page)e(62)h(for)e(a)h(description)630
13001 2741 y(of)31 b(the)f Ft(extdebug)e Fu(option)j(to)g(the)g
13002 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin\).)150 2898 y Ft(BASH_ARGV)630
13003 3007 y Fu(An)24 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(con)m(taining)h(all)f
13004 (of)f(the)h(parameters)f(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(bash)g(execution)630
13005 3117 y(call)35 b(stac)m(k.)53 b(The)34 b(\014nal)g(parameter)g(of)g
13006 (the)g(last)h(subroutine)e(call)i(is)f(at)h(the)f(top)h(of)f(the)630
13007 3226 y(stac)m(k;)28 b(the)c(\014rst)f(parameter)i(of)f(the)g(initial)i
13008 (call)f(is)f(at)h(the)f(b)s(ottom.)39 b(When)24 b(a)g(subroutine)630
13009 3336 y(is)40 b(executed,)j(the)d(parameters)h(supplied)d(are)i(pushed)f
13010 (on)m(to)i Ft(BASH_ARGV)p Fu(.)66 b(The)40 b(shell)630
13011 3446 y(sets)28 b Ft(BASH_ARGV)e Fu(only)i(when)f(in)h(extended)g
13012 (debugging)g(mo)s(de)g(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)630
13013 3555 y(Shopt)i(Builtin],)h(page)g(62)g(for)f(a)h(description)f(of)h
13014 (the)f Ft(extdebug)e Fu(option)j(to)g(the)f Ft(shopt)630
13015 3665 y Fu(builtin\).)150 3821 y Ft(BASH_CMDS)630 3931
13016 y Fu(An)i(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35
13017 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s(ond)g(to)i(the)f(in)m(ternal)h
13018 (hash)630 4041 y(table)c(of)g(commands)f(as)g(main)m(tained)h(b)m(y)g
13019 (the)f Ft(hash)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)h([Bourne)630
13020 4150 y(Shell)23 b(Builtins],)j(page)e(41\).)40 b(Elemen)m(ts)24
13021 b(added)e(to)j(this)e(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)e(in)i(the)f(hash)g(table;)
13022 630 4260 y(unsetting)30 b(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)h(cause)f(commands)f
13023 (to)h(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(the)h(hash)e(table.)150
13024 4416 y Ft(BASH_COMMAND)630 4526 y Fu(The)39 b(command)h(curren)m(tly)g
13025 (b)s(eing)f(executed)i(or)e(ab)s(out)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed,)44
13026 b(unless)39 b(the)630 4635 y(shell)g(is)g(executing)g(a)g(command)g(as)
13027 g(the)f(result)h(of)g(a)g(trap,)i(in)d(whic)m(h)g(case)i(it)f(is)g(the)
13028 630 4745 y(command)30 b(executing)i(at)f(the)f(time)h(of)g(the)g(trap.)
13029 150 4902 y Ft(BASH_COMPAT)630 5011 y Fu(The)i(v)-5 b(alue)34
13030 b(is)f(used)g(to)h(set)f(the)h(shell's)g(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(el.)
13031 51 b(See)34 b(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)630 5121 y(Shopt)40
13032 b(Builtin],)45 b(page)c(62,)k(for)c(a)g(description)g(of)g(the)g(v)-5
13033 b(arious)41 b(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(els)630 5230 y(and)31
13034 b(their)g(e\013ects.)45 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(a)
13035 h(decimal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(\(e.g.,)j(4.2\))g(or)e(an)h(in)m(teger)
13036 630 5340 y(\(e.g.,)39 b(42\))f(corresp)s(onding)d(to)i(the)f(desired)f
13037 (compatibilit)m(y)k(lev)m(el.)59 b(If)36 b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d
13038 Fu(is)p eop end
13039 %%Page: 71 77
13040 TeXDict begin 71 76 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13041 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(71)630 299 y(unset)37
13042 b(or)g(set)h(to)g(the)g(empt)m(y)f(string,)j(the)d(compatibilit)m(y)j
13043 (lev)m(el)f(is)e(set)h(to)g(the)g(default)630 408 y(for)i(the)h(curren)
13044 m(t)f(v)m(ersion.)72 b(If)40 b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)e Fu(is)i(set)h(to)h(a)e
13045 (v)-5 b(alue)41 b(that)h(is)e(not)h(one)g(of)630 518
13046 y(the)f(v)-5 b(alid)40 b(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(els,)i(the)c(shell)g
13047 (prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)f(message)i(and)f(sets)g(the)630
13048 628 y(compatibilit)m(y)23 b(lev)m(el)f(to)f(the)f(default)h(for)f(the)g
13049 (curren)m(t)g(v)m(ersion.)38 b(The)20 b(v)-5 b(alid)21
13050 b(compatibilit)m(y)630 737 y(lev)m(els)40 b(corresp)s(ond)e(to)h(the)g
13051 (compatibilit)m(y)i(options)e(accepted)h(b)m(y)f(the)g
13052 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)630 847 y(describ)s(ed)20 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
13053 (\(for)g(example,)h Fr(compat42)31 b Fu(means)21 b(that)g(4.2)i(and)d
13054 (42)i(are)g(v)-5 b(alid)21 b(v)-5 b(alues\).)630 956
13055 y(The)30 b(curren)m(t)g(v)m(ersion)h(is)f(also)i(a)e(v)-5
13056 b(alid)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)150 1121 y Ft(BASH_ENV)96 b
13057 Fu(If)28 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(is)e(set)h(when)f(Bash)g(is)h(in)
13058 m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(to)f(execute)h(a)e(shell)h(script,)g(its)g(v)-5
13059 b(alue)29 b(is)630 1230 y(expanded)k(and)h(used)g(as)g(the)h(name)f(of)
13060 g(a)h(startup)f(\014le)g(to)h(read)f(b)s(efore)g(executing)i(the)630
13061 1340 y(script.)41 b(See)30 b(Section)h(6.2)h([Bash)f(Startup)e(Files],)
13062 j(page)f(82.)150 1504 y Ft(BASH_EXECUTION_STRING)630
13063 1614 y Fu(The)f(command)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)g Ft(-c)e
13064 Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)k(option.)150 1778 y Ft(BASH_LINENO)630
13065 1888 y Fu(An)62 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)63 b(whose)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)
13066 e(are)j(the)e(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(in)g(source)h(\014les)630
13067 1998 y(where)46 b(eac)m(h)i(corresp)s(onding)d(mem)m(b)s(er)h(of)h
13068 Fr(FUNCNAME)53 b Fu(w)m(as)47 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)91
13069 b Ft(${BASH_)630 2107 y(LINENO[$i]})39 b Fu(is)i(the)h(line)g(n)m(um)m
13070 (b)s(er)e(in)i(the)f(source)h(\014le)g(\()p Ft(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]})p
13071 Fu(\))630 2217 y(where)d Ft(${FUNCNAME[$i]})c Fu(w)m(as)k(called)i
13072 (\(or)e Ft(${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]})34 b Fu(if)39 b(referenced)630
13073 2326 y(within)30 b(another)g(shell)h(function\).)41 b(Use)31
13074 b Ft(LINENO)d Fu(to)j(obtain)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
13075 (er.)150 2491 y Ft(BASH_REMATCH)630 2600 y Fu(An)43 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
13076 b(ariable)44 b(whose)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(are)h(assigned)g(b)m(y)f(the)h
13077 (`)p Ft(=~)p Fu(')g(binary)f(op)s(erator)630 2710 y(to)37
13078 b(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(conditional)i(command)e(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4.2)i
13079 ([Conditional)e(Constructs],)630 2819 y(page)e(10\).)52
13080 b(The)33 b(elemen)m(t)j(with)d(index)g(0)i(is)f(the)g(p)s(ortion)f(of)h
13081 (the)g(string)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)630 2929 y(en)m(tire)29
13082 b(regular)f(expression.)40 b(The)27 b(elemen)m(t)j(with)d(index)h
13083 Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(of)g(the)g(string)630
13084 3039 y(matc)m(hing)j(the)g Fr(n)p Fu(th)f(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s
13085 (expression.)39 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(read-only)-8
13086 b(.)150 3203 y Ft(BASH_SOURCE)630 3313 y Fu(An)40 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
13087 b(ariable)41 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)g(are)h(the)g(source)f
13088 (\014lenames)h(where)f(the)g(corre-)630 3422 y(sp)s(onding)27
13089 b(shell)i(function)f(names)g(in)g(the)h Ft(FUNCNAME)d
13090 Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(are)f(de\014ned.)38
13091 b(The)630 3532 y(shell)26 b(function)g Ft(${FUNCNAME[$i]})c
13092 Fu(is)k(de\014ned)f(in)g(the)h(\014le)h Ft(${BASH_SOURCE[$i]})21
13093 b Fu(and)630 3641 y(called)32 b(from)d Ft(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]})150
13094 3806 y(BASH_SUBSHELL)630 3915 y Fu(Incremen)m(ted)24
13095 b(b)m(y)f(one)h(within)f(eac)m(h)i(subshell)d(or)i(subshell)e(en)m
13096 (vironmen)m(t)i(when)f(the)h(shell)630 4025 y(b)s(egins)30
13097 b(executing)h(in)f(that)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)42 b(The)30
13098 b(initial)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(0.)150 4189 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)630
13099 4299 y Fu(A)36 b(readonly)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37
13100 b(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)h(page)e(89\))h(whose)f(mem)m(b)
13101 s(ers)630 4408 y(hold)c(v)m(ersion)h(information)f(for)g(this)g
13102 (instance)h(of)g(Bash.)46 b(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alues)32
13103 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)630 4518 y(arra)m(y)e(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(are)i(as)g
13104 (follo)m(ws:)630 4682 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO[0])1110 4792
13105 y Fu(The)f(ma)5 b(jor)30 b(v)m(ersion)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(\(the)i
13106 Fr(release)5 b Fu(\).)630 4956 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO[1])1110
13107 5066 y Fu(The)30 b(minor)g(v)m(ersion)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(\(the)i
13108 Fr(v)m(ersion)p Fu(\).)630 5230 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO[2])1110
13109 5340 y Fu(The)f(patc)m(h)h(lev)m(el.)p eop end
13110 %%Page: 72 78
13111 TeXDict begin 72 77 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13112 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(72)630 299 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO[3])
13113 1110 408 y Fu(The)30 b(build)f(v)m(ersion.)630 591 y
13114 Ft(BASH_VERSINFO[4])1110 701 y Fu(The)h(release)i(status)e(\(e.g.,)j
13115 Fr(b)s(eta1)7 b Fu(\).)630 883 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO[5])1110
13116 993 y Fu(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft(MACHTYPE)p
13117 Fu(.)150 1176 y Ft(BASH_VERSION)630 1285 y Fu(The)g(v)m(ersion)h(n)m
13118 (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)h(curren)m(t)f(instance)h(of)g(Bash.)150
13119 1468 y Ft(BASH_XTRACEFD)630 1577 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)h(an)e(in)m(teger)i
13120 (corresp)s(onding)e(to)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(\014le)g(descriptor,)g
13121 (Bash)g(will)g(write)g(the)630 1687 y(trace)37 b(output)f(generated)h
13122 (when)f(`)p Ft(set)29 b(-x)p Fu(')36 b(is)g(enabled)h(to)g(that)f
13123 (\014le)h(descriptor.)58 b(This)630 1797 y(allo)m(ws)29
13124 b(tracing)h(output)d(to)i(b)s(e)f(separated)g(from)g(diagnostic)h(and)f
13125 (error)f(messages.)41 b(The)630 1906 y(\014le)31 b(descriptor)f(is)h
13126 (closed)g(when)f Ft(BASH_XTRACEFD)d Fu(is)k(unset)f(or)g(assigned)h(a)g
13127 (new)f(v)-5 b(alue.)630 2016 y(Unsetting)45 b Ft(BASH_XTRACEFD)40
13128 b Fu(or)k(assigning)g(it)g(the)g(empt)m(y)h(string)e(causes)i(the)f
13129 (trace)630 2125 y(output)33 b(to)i(b)s(e)d(sen)m(t)j(to)f(the)g
13130 (standard)e(error.)50 b(Note)35 b(that)g(setting)f Ft(BASH_XTRACEFD)c
13131 Fu(to)630 2235 y(2)39 b(\(the)h(standard)e(error)g(\014le)h
13132 (descriptor\))h(and)e(then)h(unsetting)g(it)g(will)g(result)g(in)g(the)
13133 630 2345 y(standard)30 b(error)g(b)s(eing)f(closed.)150
13134 2527 y Ft(CHILD_MAX)630 2637 y Fu(Set)35 b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h
13135 (exited)h(c)m(hild)g(status)f(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(for)f(the)g(shell)g(to)
13136 h(remem)m(b)s(er.)55 b(Bash)630 2746 y(will)37 b(not)g(allo)m(w)i(this)
13137 e(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(to)h(b)s(e)e(decreased)i(b)s(elo)m(w)f(a)g
13138 Fm(posix)p Fu(-mandated)f(minim)m(um,)630 2856 y(and)30
13139 b(there)g(is)g(a)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(\(curren)m(tly)h
13140 (8192\))h(that)f(this)f(ma)m(y)g(not)h(exceed.)41 b(The)630
13141 2966 y(minim)m(um)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)h(system-dep)s(enden)m(t.)
13142 150 3148 y Ft(COLUMNS)144 b Fu(Used)32 b(b)m(y)f(the)h
13143 Ft(select)e Fu(command)h(to)i(determine)f(the)f(terminal)i(width)d
13144 (when)h(prin)m(ting)630 3258 y(selection)39 b(lists.)63
13145 b(Automatically)41 b(set)d(if)f(the)h Ft(checkwinsize)d
13146 Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled)h(\(see)630 3367 y(Section)44
13147 b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)k(page)d(62\),)k(or)43
13148 b(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(up)s(on)630 3477
13149 y(receipt)31 b(of)g(a)g Ft(SIGWINCH)p Fu(.)150 3660 y
13150 Ft(COMP_CWORD)630 3769 y Fu(An)38 b(index)g(in)m(to)h
13151 Ft(${COMP_WORDS})c Fu(of)k(the)g(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(the)e
13152 (curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s(o-)630 3879 y(sition.)72 b(This)40
13153 b(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)43 b(only)e(in)f(shell)h
13154 (functions)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(the)h(pro-)630
13155 3988 y(grammable)36 b(completion)g(facilities)i(\(see)e(Section)g(8.6)g
13156 ([Programmable)g(Completion],)630 4098 y(page)31 b(124\).)150
13157 4281 y Ft(COMP_LINE)630 4390 y Fu(The)38 b(curren)m(t)h(command)f
13158 (line.)66 b(This)37 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(is)f(a)m(v)-5
13159 b(ailable)41 b(only)d(in)h(shell)f(functions)630 4500
13160 y(and)25 b(external)h(commands)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)h
13161 (programmable)f(completion)i(facilities)g(\(see)630 4609
13162 y(Section)k(8.6)h([Programmable)f(Completion],)g(page)g(124\).)150
13163 4792 y Ft(COMP_POINT)630 4902 y Fu(The)25 b(index)g(of)h(the)g(curren)m
13164 (t)f(cursor)g(p)s(osition)h(relativ)m(e)i(to)e(the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)
13165 g(the)h(curren)m(t)630 5011 y(command.)40 b(If)27 b(the)h(curren)m(t)g
13166 (cursor)g(p)s(osition)g(is)g(at)g(the)g(end)g(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g
13167 (command,)630 5121 y(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(this)g(v)-5
13168 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(equal)g(to)h Ft(${#COMP_LINE})p Fu(.)37
13169 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)630
13170 5230 y(only)36 b(in)f(shell)h(functions)f(and)g(external)h(commands)g
13171 (in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(the)h(programmable)630 5340
13172 y(completion)c(facilities)g(\(see)g(Section)f(8.6)g([Programmable)g
13173 (Completion],)h(page)f(124\).)p eop end
13174 %%Page: 73 79
13175 TeXDict begin 73 78 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13176 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(73)150 299 y Ft(COMP_TYPE)630
13177 408 y Fu(Set)27 b(to)h(an)f(in)m(teger)h(v)-5 b(alue)28
13178 b(corresp)s(onding)e(to)h(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(completion)h
13179 (attempted)g(that)630 518 y(caused)e(a)h(completion)h(function)e(to)h
13180 (b)s(e)f(called:)40 b Fr(T)-8 b(AB)p Fu(,)27 b(for)g(normal)f
13181 (completion,)j(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)e(for)630 628 y(listing)35
13182 b(completions)h(after)f(successiv)m(e)g(tabs,)h(`)p Ft(!)p
13183 Fu(',)g(for)e(listing)h(alternativ)m(es)i(on)d(partial)630
13184 737 y(w)m(ord)22 b(completion,)k(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)f(to)e(list)g
13185 (completions)h(if)f(the)g(w)m(ord)f(is)h(not)g(unmo)s(di\014ed,)f(or)h
13186 (`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(for)630 847 y(men)m(u)i(completion.)41
13187 b(This)25 b(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)28
13188 b(only)f(in)f(shell)g(functions)g(and)g(external)630
13189 956 y(commands)32 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(the)g(programmable)h
13190 (completion)g(facilities)i(\(see)e(Section)g(8.6)630
13191 1066 y([Programmable)e(Completion],)h(page)f(124\).)150
13192 1241 y Ft(COMP_KEY)96 b Fu(The)29 b(k)m(ey)i(\(or)g(\014nal)e(k)m(ey)i
13193 (of)f(a)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence\))g(used)e(to)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(the)e
13194 (curren)m(t)g(completion)630 1351 y(function.)150 1526
13195 y Ft(COMP_WORDBREAKS)630 1636 y Fu(The)f(set)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)j
13196 (that)e(the)g(Readline)g(library)g(treats)g(as)g(w)m(ord)g(separators)g
13197 (when)630 1745 y(p)s(erforming)i(w)m(ord)h(completion.)51
13198 b(If)33 b Ft(COMP_WORDBREAKS)c Fu(is)34 b(unset,)g(it)f(loses)i(its)e
13199 (sp)s(ecial)630 1855 y(prop)s(erties,)d(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g
13200 (subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 2030 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)630
13201 2140 y Fu(An)36 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(consisting)g(of)f(the)
13202 g(individual)f(w)m(ords)h(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(command)630
13203 2250 y(line.)94 b(The)47 b(line)i(is)f(split)g(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)e(as)
13204 h(Readline)h(w)m(ould)f(split)g(it,)53 b(using)47 b Ft(COMP_)630
13205 2359 y(WORDBREAKS)34 b Fu(as)i(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)60
13206 b(This)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39
13207 b(only)e(in)f(shell)h(func-)630 2469 y(tions)32 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(b)
13208 m(y)d(the)i(programmable)f(completion)h(facilities)h(\(see)f(Section)g
13209 (8.6)g([Pro-)630 2578 y(grammable)e(Completion],)g(page)g(124\).)150
13210 2754 y Ft(COMPREPLY)630 2863 y Fu(An)37 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
13211 b(ariable)38 b(from)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)g(reads)g(the)h(p)s(ossible)e
13212 (completions)j(generated)630 2973 y(b)m(y)33 b(a)g(shell)h(function)f
13213 (in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(programmable)h(completion)g(facilit)m
13214 (y)h(\(see)f(Sec-)630 3082 y(tion)g(8.6)g([Programmable)g(Completion],)
13215 h(page)f(124\).)51 b(Eac)m(h)34 b(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(con)m(tains)
13216 630 3192 y(one)c(p)s(ossible)f(completion.)150 3367 y
13217 Ft(COPROC)192 b Fu(An)27 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28
13218 b(created)g(to)f(hold)g(the)g(\014le)g(descriptors)g(for)g(output)f
13219 (from)h(and)f(input)630 3477 y(to)31 b(an)f(unnamed)f(copro)s(cess)i
13220 (\(see)g(Section)h(3.2.5)g([Copro)s(cesses],)f(page)g(15\).)150
13221 3652 y Ft(DIRSTACK)96 b Fu(An)26 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28
13222 b(con)m(taining)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)j(of)e(the)f
13223 (directory)i(stac)m(k.)41 b(Direc-)630 3762 y(tories)33
13224 b(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(stac)m(k)h(in)e(the)h(order)f(they)h(are)g
13225 (displa)m(y)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(dirs)e Fu(builtin.)630
13226 3871 y(Assigning)f(to)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(this)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
13227 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(mo)s(dify)e(directories)630
13228 3981 y(already)41 b(in)f(the)h(stac)m(k,)k(but)40 b(the)h
13229 Ft(pushd)e Fu(and)h Ft(popd)f Fu(builtins)h(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(used)h
13230 (to)i(add)630 4091 y(and)37 b(remo)m(v)m(e)h(directories.)63
13231 b(Assignmen)m(t)37 b(to)h(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(will)g(not)f(c)m
13232 (hange)i(the)e(cur-)630 4200 y(ren)m(t)c(directory)-8
13233 b(.)47 b(If)32 b Ft(DIRSTACK)e Fu(is)i(unset,)g(it)h(loses)g(its)g(sp)s
13234 (ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)630
13235 4310 y(subsequen)m(tly)d(reset.)150 4485 y Ft(EMACS)240
13236 b Fu(If)31 b(Bash)h(\014nds)d(this)j(v)-5 b(ariable)32
13237 b(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)e(the)i(shell)f(starts)h(with)f
13238 (v)-5 b(alue)630 4595 y(`)p Ft(t)p Fu(',)36 b(it)f(assumes)f(that)h
13239 (the)g(shell)f(is)h(running)e(in)h(an)g(Emacs)h(shell)g(bu\013er)e(and)
13240 h(disables)630 4704 y(line)d(editing.)150 4880 y Ft(ENV)336
13241 b Fu(Similar)35 b(to)g Ft(BASH_ENV)p Fu(;)h(used)e(when)g(the)h(shell)g
13242 (is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(in)e Fm(posix)h Fu(Mo)s(de)g(\(see)g(Sec-)630
13243 4989 y(tion)c(6.11)h([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(94\).)150
13244 5165 y Ft(EUID)288 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d
13245 (id)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)40 b(This)30 b(v)-5
13246 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)150 5340 y Ft(FCEDIT)192
13247 b Fu(The)30 b(editor)h(used)e(as)i(a)g(default)f(b)m(y)h(the)f
13248 Ft(-e)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)g(command.)p
13249 eop end
13250 %%Page: 74 80
13251 TeXDict begin 74 79 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13252 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(74)150 299 y Ft(FIGNORE)144
13253 b Fu(A)35 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)g(su\016xes)e(to)i(ignore)g
13254 (when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)i(comple-)630 408
13255 y(tion.)k(A)27 b(\014lename)g(whose)f(su\016x)g(matc)m(hes)i(one)f(of)g
13256 (the)g(en)m(tries)g(in)g Ft(FIGNORE)d Fu(is)j(excluded)630
13257 518 y(from)j(the)g(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hed)g(\014lenames.)41
13258 b(A)30 b(sample)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(.o:~)p
13259 Fu(')150 671 y Ft(FUNCNAME)96 b Fu(An)35 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
13260 b(ariable)36 b(con)m(taining)h(the)f(names)g(of)g(all)g(shell)g
13261 (functions)g(curren)m(tly)f(in)h(the)630 781 y(execution)g(call)h(stac)
13262 m(k.)57 b(The)34 b(elemen)m(t)j(with)e(index)g(0)h(is)f(the)g(name)h
13263 (of)f(an)m(y)h(curren)m(tly-)630 891 y(executing)f(shell)f(function.)51
13264 b(The)34 b(b)s(ottom-most)h(elemen)m(t)g(\(the)g(one)f(with)g(the)g
13265 (highest)630 1000 y(index\))e(is)h Ft("main")p Fu(.)44
13266 b(This)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(exists)g(only)g(when)e(a)i(shell)f
13267 (function)g(is)g(executing.)630 1110 y(Assignmen)m(ts)23
13268 b(to)h Ft(FUNCNAME)c Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)k(no)f(e\013ect)h(and)e(return)g(an)
13269 g(error)g(status.)39 b(If)22 b Ft(FUNCNAME)630 1219 y
13270 Fu(is)30 b(unset,)h(it)g(loses)g(its)f(sp)s(ecial)h(prop)s(erties,)f
13271 (ev)m(en)h(if)g(it)g(is)f(subsequen)m(tly)g(reset.)630
13272 1351 y(This)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(with)g
13273 Ft(BASH_LINENO)d Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_SOURCE)p Fu(.)40 b(Eac)m(h)32
13274 b(elemen)m(t)630 1461 y(of)g Ft(FUNCNAME)d Fu(has)j(corresp)s(onding)e
13275 (elemen)m(ts)j(in)f Ft(BASH_LINENO)c Fu(and)k Ft(BASH_SOURCE)c
13276 Fu(to)630 1570 y(describ)s(e)39 b(the)h(call)h(stac)m(k.)70
13277 b(F)-8 b(or)41 b(instance,)i Ft(${FUNCNAME[$i]})35 b
13278 Fu(w)m(as)41 b(called)f(from)g(the)630 1680 y(\014le)27
13279 b Ft(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]})21 b Fu(at)27 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d
13280 Ft(${BASH_LINENO[$i]})p Fu(.)34 b(The)27 b Ft(caller)630
13281 1789 y Fu(builtin)j(displa)m(ys)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(call)i(stac)m(k)g
13282 (using)d(this)i(information.)150 1943 y Ft(FUNCNEST)96
13283 b Fu(If)34 b(set)i(to)f(a)h(n)m(umeric)e(v)-5 b(alue)36
13284 b(greater)g(than)e(0,)j(de\014nes)d(a)h(maxim)m(um)g(function)g
13285 (nesting)630 2052 y(lev)m(el.)42 b(F)-8 b(unction)29
13286 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations)h(that)f(exceed)h(this)e(nesting)h(lev)m(el)h
13287 (will)f(cause)g(the)f(curren)m(t)630 2162 y(command)i(to)h(ab)s(ort.)
13288 150 2315 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)630 2425 y Fu(A)38 b(colon-separated)i(list)f
13289 (of)f(patterns)g(de\014ning)f(the)h(set)g(of)h(\014lenames)f(to)g(b)s
13290 (e)g(ignored)630 2534 y(b)m(y)31 b(\014lename)g(expansion.)43
13291 b(If)31 b(a)h(\014lename)f(matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(a)g(\014lename)h
13292 (expansion)f(pattern)630 2644 y(also)i(matc)m(hes)g(one)f(of)g(the)g
13293 (patterns)g(in)f Ft(GLOBIGNORE)p Fu(,)f(it)i(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)
13294 e(the)h(list)h(of)630 2754 y(matc)m(hes.)150 2907 y Ft(GROUPS)192
13295 b Fu(An)36 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(con)m(taining)g(the)f(list)
13296 h(of)f(groups)g(of)g(whic)m(h)f(the)i(curren)m(t)e(user)h(is)g(a)630
13297 3017 y(mem)m(b)s(er.)47 b(Assignmen)m(ts)33 b(to)g Ft(GROUPS)e
13298 Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)j(no)f(e\013ect)h(and)e(return)g(an)g(error)g(status.)48
13299 b(If)630 3126 y Ft(GROUPS)29 b Fu(is)h(unset,)g(it)h(loses)g(its)g(sp)s
13300 (ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f
13301 (reset.)150 3280 y Ft(histchars)630 3389 y Fu(Up)c(to)g(three)g(c)m
13302 (haracters)i(whic)m(h)d(con)m(trol)j(history)d(expansion,)i(quic)m(k)g
13303 (substitution,)g(and)630 3499 y(tok)m(enization)k(\(see)f(Section)f
13304 (9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)i(page)f(135\).)41
13305 b(The)29 b(\014rst)e(c)m(harac-)630 3608 y(ter)j(is)f(the)g
13306 Fr(history)g(expansion)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(that)e(is,)f(the)h(c)m
13307 (haracter)h(whic)m(h)d(signi\014es)i(the)630 3718 y(start)25
13308 b(of)f(a)h(history)f(expansion,)i(normally)e(`)p Ft(!)p
13309 Fu('.)39 b(The)24 b(second)g(c)m(haracter)i(is)e(the)g(c)m(haracter)630
13310 3828 y(whic)m(h)36 b(signi\014es)g(`quic)m(k)h(substitution')f(when)f
13311 (seen)h(as)g(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(on)e(a)g(line,)630
13312 3937 y(normally)27 b(`)p Ft(^)p Fu('.)39 b(The)26 b(optional)i(third)d
13313 (c)m(haracter)j(is)e(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(whic)m(h)e(indicates)h(that)
13314 630 4047 y(the)34 b(remainder)f(of)h(the)g(line)g(is)f(a)h(commen)m(t)h
13315 (when)e(found)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f(a)630
13316 4156 y(w)m(ord,)i(usually)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu('.)55 b(The)34
13317 b(history)h(commen)m(t)h(c)m(haracter)h(causes)e(history)g
13318 (substitution)630 4266 y(to)27 b(b)s(e)f(skipp)s(ed)f(for)i(the)f
13319 (remaining)h(w)m(ords)f(on)h(the)f(line.)40 b(It)27 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
13320 (necessarily)g(cause)630 4376 y(the)k(shell)f(parser)g(to)h(treat)g
13321 (the)g(rest)g(of)f(the)h(line)f(as)h(a)g(commen)m(t.)150
13322 4529 y Ft(HISTCMD)144 b Fu(The)35 b(history)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)g(or)f
13323 (index)g(in)h(the)g(history)f(list,)j(of)e(the)g(curren)m(t)f(command.)
13324 56 b(If)630 4639 y Ft(HISTCMD)28 b Fu(is)h(unset,)h(it)g(loses)h(its)f
13325 (sp)s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(subsequen)m
13326 (tly)f(reset.)150 4792 y Ft(HISTCONTROL)630 4902 y Fu(A)40
13327 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f(v)-5 b(alues)40 b(con)m(trolling)i(ho)m
13328 (w)e(commands)g(are)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)f(the)630 5011
13329 y(history)29 b(list.)41 b(If)28 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(v)-5
13330 b(alues)29 b(includes)f(`)p Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(',)f(lines)i(whic)m(h)g
13331 (b)s(egin)f(with)630 5121 y(a)39 b(space)g(c)m(haracter)i(are)e(not)g
13332 (sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)g(the)g(history)f(list.)66 b(A)39 b(v)-5
13333 b(alue)39 b(of)g(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(')630 5230 y(causes)34
13334 b(lines)h(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(previous)f(history)h(en)m(try)h
13335 (to)g(not)f(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)53 b(A)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)630
13336 5340 y(of)32 b(`)p Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(')d(is)j(shorthand)e(for)i(`)p
13337 Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu('.)42
13338 b(A)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)p eop end
13339 %%Page: 75 81
13340 TeXDict begin 75 80 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13341 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(75)630 299 y(`)p
13342 Ft(erasedups)p Fu(')31 b(causes)i(all)h(previous)f(lines)g(matc)m(hing)
13343 h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)630
13344 408 y(from)42 b(the)h(history)f(list)i(b)s(efore)e(that)h(line)g(is)g
13345 (sa)m(v)m(ed.)78 b(An)m(y)43 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(not)g(in)f(the)h(ab)s
13346 (o)m(v)m(e)630 518 y(list)35 b(is)g(ignored.)53 b(If)34
13347 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)e Fu(is)i(unset,)i(or)e(do)s(es)h(not)g(include)f(a)h
13348 (v)-5 b(alid)35 b(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(all)630 628 y(lines)30
13349 b(read)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(shell)g(parser)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)f(the)g
13350 (history)g(list,)h(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5
13351 b(alue)630 737 y(of)42 b Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)73 b(The)42
13352 b(second)g(and)g(subsequen)m(t)f(lines)h(of)h(a)f(m)m(ulti-line)h(comp)
13353 s(ound)630 847 y(command)33 b(are)h(not)g(tested,)i(and)d(are)h(added)f
13354 (to)h(the)g(history)g(regardless)g(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)630
13355 956 y(of)31 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)150 1117 y Ft(HISTFILE)96
13356 b Fu(The)27 b(name)h(of)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(command)
13357 f(history)h(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(The)27 b(default)h(v)-5
13358 b(alue)630 1226 y(is)30 b Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(.)150
13359 1386 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)630 1496 y Fu(The)c(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
13360 (er)g(of)h(lines)h(con)m(tained)g(in)f(the)g(history)g(\014le.)39
13361 b(When)26 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 1606 y(is)25 b(assigned)h(a)g(v)
13362 -5 b(alue,)27 b(the)f(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(truncated,)i(if)e
13363 (necessary)-8 b(,)28 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)g(more)630
13364 1715 y(than)37 b(that)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(lines)f(b)m(y)g(remo)m
13365 (ving)h(the)f(oldest)h(en)m(tries.)62 b(The)37 b(history)g(\014le)g(is)
13366 630 1825 y(also)i(truncated)f(to)h(this)e(size)i(after)g(writing)f(it)g
13367 (when)f(a)h(shell)h(exits.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)39
13368 b(is)630 1934 y(0,)g(the)e(history)f(\014le)h(is)g(truncated)f(to)i
13369 (zero)f(size.)60 b(Non-n)m(umeric)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37
13370 b(and)f(n)m(umeric)630 2044 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(less)f(than)g(zero)h
13371 (inhibit)f(truncation.)41 b(The)29 b(shell)i(sets)f(the)h(default)f(v)
13372 -5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)630 2153 y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f
13373 Ft(HISTSIZE)f Fu(after)h(reading)h(an)m(y)g(startup)f(\014les.)150
13374 2314 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 2423 y Fu(A)j(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g
13375 (patterns)f(used)g(to)h(decide)g(whic)m(h)f(command)g(lines)h(should)
13376 630 2533 y(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)g(the)f(history)h(list.)47
13377 b(Eac)m(h)33 b(pattern)g(is)f(anc)m(hored)h(at)g(the)f(b)s(eginning)g
13378 (of)h(the)630 2642 y(line)43 b(and)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(the)g
13379 (complete)h(line)e(\(no)h(implicit)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(is)g(app)s
13380 (ended\).)75 b(Eac)m(h)630 2752 y(pattern)42 b(is)g(tested)g(against)h
13381 (the)f(line)g(after)g(the)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h
13382 Ft(HISTCONTROL)630 2862 y Fu(are)37 b(applied.)59 b(In)36
13383 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(normal)g(shell)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)h(c)m
13384 (haracters,)i(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')630 2971 y(matc)m(hes)d(the)f(previous)g
13385 (history)g(line.)57 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')36 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(escap)s(ed)
13386 h(using)g(a)g(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)630 3081 y(bac)m(kslash)34
13387 b(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(b)s(efore)e(attempting)i(a)g(matc)m(h.)51
13388 b(The)34 b(second)f(and)h(subsequen)m(t)630 3190 y(lines)e(of)h(a)g(m)m
13389 (ulti-line)g(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(are)h(not)f(tested,)i(and)e(are)g
13390 (added)g(to)h(the)630 3300 y(history)d(regardless)h(of)g(the)f(v)-5
13391 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)630 3435 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)20
13392 b Fu(subsumes)g(the)j(function)f(of)h Ft(HISTCONTROL)p
13393 Fu(.)35 b(A)23 b(pattern)f(of)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')g(is)f(iden)m(tical)630
13394 3544 y(to)k Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(,)e(and)h(a)h(pattern)g(of)f(`)p
13395 Ft([)31 b(]*)p Fu(')25 b(is)h(iden)m(tical)h(to)f Ft(ignorespace)p
13396 Fu(.)36 b(Com)m(bining)630 3654 y(these)30 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(patterns,)f
13397 (separating)g(them)g(with)f(a)h(colon,)h(pro)m(vides)e(the)h
13398 (functionalit)m(y)h(of)630 3764 y Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(.)150
13399 3924 y Ft(HISTSIZE)96 b Fu(The)37 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)j
13400 (commands)f(to)g(remem)m(b)s(er)g(on)g(the)g(history)g(list.)62
13401 b(If)37 b(the)630 4033 y(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)g(0,)i(commands)d(are)h
13402 (not)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)e(the)h(history)g(list.)40 b(Numeric)26
13403 b(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(less)g(than)630 4143 y(zero)i(result)e(in)h(ev)m
13404 (ery)g(command)g(b)s(eing)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(on)f(the)g(history)f(list)i
13405 (\(there)f(is)g(no)g(limit\).)630 4253 y(The)j(shell)g(sets)h(the)g
13406 (default)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(500)h(after)f(reading)f(an)m(y)h
13407 (startup)f(\014les.)150 4413 y Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)630
13408 4522 y Fu(If)44 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(set)g(and)g(not)g(n)m
13409 (ull,)k(its)d(v)-5 b(alue)44 b(is)g(used)g(as)g(a)h(format)f(string)g
13410 (for)630 4632 y Fr(strftime)c Fu(to)35 b(prin)m(t)f(the)h(time)g(stamp)
13411 f(asso)s(ciated)i(with)f(eac)m(h)g(history)g(en)m(try)f(displa)m(y)m
13412 (ed)630 4741 y(b)m(y)g(the)f Ft(history)f Fu(builtin.)50
13413 b(If)33 b(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)g(set,)h(time)f(stamps)g(are)g
13414 (written)f(to)i(the)630 4851 y(history)26 b(\014le)g(so)g(they)g(ma)m
13415 (y)h(b)s(e)e(preserv)m(ed)g(across)i(shell)f(sessions.)39
13416 b(This)25 b(uses)h(the)g(history)630 4961 y(commen)m(t)31
13417 b(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(distinguish)f(timestamps)h(from)f(other)g
13418 (history)h(lines.)150 5121 y Ft(HOSTFILE)96 b Fu(Con)m(tains)33
13419 b(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)g(\014le)f(in)g(the)h(same)g(format)g(as)f
13420 Ft(/etc/hosts)e Fu(that)j(should)f(b)s(e)630 5230 y(read)21
13421 b(when)g(the)g(shell)h(needs)f(to)h(complete)h(a)e(hostname.)38
13422 b(The)21 b(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)630 5340
13423 y(completions)27 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)h(while)f(the)h(shell)g
13424 (is)f(running;)h(the)g(next)f(time)i(hostname)p eop end
13425 %%Page: 76 82
13426 TeXDict begin 76 81 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13427 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(76)630 299 y(completion)33
13428 b(is)g(attempted)g(after)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(c)m(hanged,)i
13429 (Bash)e(adds)f(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)630 408 y(the)h(new)f(\014le)g
13430 (to)h(the)g(existing)h(list.)53 b(If)34 b Ft(HOSTFILE)e
13431 Fu(is)j(set,)h(but)e(has)g(no)h(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(or)e(do)s(es)630
13432 518 y(not)d(name)f(a)h(readable)g(\014le,)g(Bash)f(attempts)i(to)f
13433 (read)f Ft(/etc/hosts)e Fu(to)j(obtain)g(the)f(list)630
13434 628 y(of)h(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)h(completions.)43 b(When)31
13435 b Ft(HOSTFILE)d Fu(is)j(unset,)f(the)h(hostname)g(list)630
13436 737 y(is)f(cleared.)150 906 y Ft(HOSTNAME)96 b Fu(The)30
13437 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(host.)150 1074 y Ft(HOSTTYPE)96
13438 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(mac)m(hine)h(Bash)g(is)f
13439 (running)f(on.)150 1243 y Ft(IGNOREEOF)630 1353 y Fu(Con)m(trols)e(the)
13440 h(action)g(of)f(the)g(shell)g(on)g(receipt)h(of)f(an)g
13441 Ft(EOF)f Fu(c)m(haracter)i(as)g(the)f(sole)h(input.)630
13442 1462 y(If)i(set,)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(denotes)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
13443 (er)f(of)h(consecutiv)m(e)i Ft(EOF)d Fu(c)m(haracters)i(that)f(can)h(b)
13444 s(e)630 1572 y(read)40 b(as)f(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(on)f(an)f
13445 (input)g(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)h(shell)g(will)g(exit.)70
13446 b(If)39 b(the)630 1681 y(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(exists)f(but)f(do)s(es)g
13447 (not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)g(n)m(umeric)e(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(\(or)h(has)e(no)h
13448 (v)-5 b(alue\))37 b(then)g(the)630 1791 y(default)31
13449 b(is)g(10.)43 b(If)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(do)s(es)g(not)g
13450 (exist,)h(then)e Ft(EOF)g Fu(signi\014es)h(the)g(end)f(of)h(input)630
13451 1901 y(to)g(the)g(shell.)41 b(This)29 b(is)i(only)f(in)g(e\013ect)i
13452 (for)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)150 2069 y Ft(INPUTRC)144
13453 b Fu(The)68 b(name)h(of)f(the)h(Readline)g(initialization)j(\014le,)78
13454 b(o)m(v)m(erriding)69 b(the)g(default)g(of)630 2179 y
13455 Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)150 2347 y Ft(LANG)288 b Fu(Used)28
13456 b(to)h(determine)f(the)g(lo)s(cale)h(category)h(for)e(an)m(y)h
13457 (category)h(not)e(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(selected)630 2457
13458 y(with)i(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(starting)g(with)f Ft(LC_)p
13459 Fu(.)150 2626 y Ft(LC_ALL)192 b Fu(This)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29
13460 b(o)m(v)m(errides)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g Ft(LANG)f
13461 Fu(and)g(an)m(y)h(other)g Ft(LC_)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29
13462 b(sp)s(ecifying)630 2735 y(a)i(lo)s(cale)h(category)-8
13463 b(.)150 2904 y Ft(LC_COLLATE)630 3013 y Fu(This)37 b(v)-5
13464 b(ariable)38 b(determines)g(the)g(collation)i(order)d(used)g(when)f
13465 (sorting)i(the)g(results)g(of)630 3123 y(\014lename)e(expansion,)i(and)
13466 e(determines)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)g(range)h(expressions,)h
13467 (equiv-)630 3232 y(alence)e(classes,)h(and)e(collating)i(sequences)e
13468 (within)f(\014lename)h(expansion)g(and)f(pattern)630
13469 3342 y(matc)m(hing)d(\(see)h(Section)f(3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)
13470 e(page)h(30\).)150 3511 y Ft(LC_CTYPE)96 b Fu(This)36
13471 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(determines)f(the)h(in)m(terpretation)h(of)f(c)m
13472 (haracters)h(and)e(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(of)630 3620
13473 y(c)m(haracter)46 b(classes)g(within)e(\014lename)h(expansion)g(and)f
13474 (pattern)h(matc)m(hing)h(\(see)f(Sec-)630 3730 y(tion)31
13475 b(3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)e(page)h(30\).)150
13476 3898 y Ft(LC_MESSAGES)630 4008 y Fu(This)25 b(v)-5 b(ariable)27
13477 b(determines)f(the)g(lo)s(cale)i(used)d(to)i(translate)g(double-quoted)
13478 f(strings)g(pre-)630 4118 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p
13479 Ft($)p Fu(')f(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)g([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8
13480 b(ranslation],)32 b(page)f(7\).)150 4286 y Ft(LC_NUMERIC)630
13481 4396 y Fu(This)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(determines)f(the)h(lo)s(cale)h
13482 (category)g(used)e(for)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(formatting.)150
13483 4564 y Ft(LINENO)192 b Fu(The)30 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)h(the)g
13484 (script)h(or)f(shell)g(function)h(curren)m(tly)f(executing.)150
13485 4733 y Ft(LINES)240 b Fu(Used)43 b(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(select)e
13486 Fu(command)i(to)g(determine)g(the)g(column)g(length)g(for)g(prin)m
13487 (ting)630 4843 y(selection)c(lists.)63 b(Automatically)41
13488 b(set)d(if)f(the)h Ft(checkwinsize)d Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled)h(\(see)
13489 630 4952 y(Section)44 b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)k(page)d
13490 (62\),)k(or)43 b(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(up)s(on)630
13491 5062 y(receipt)31 b(of)g(a)g Ft(SIGWINCH)p Fu(.)150 5230
13492 y Ft(MACHTYPE)96 b Fu(A)26 b(string)g(that)h(fully)f(describ)s(es)f
13493 (the)h(system)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(on)f(whic)m(h)f(Bash)i(is)f(executing,)i
13494 (in)e(the)630 5340 y(standard)k Fm(gnu)g Fr(cpu-compan)m(y-system)h
13495 Fu(format.)p eop end
13496 %%Page: 77 83
13497 TeXDict begin 77 82 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13498 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(77)150 299 y Ft(MAILCHECK)630
13499 408 y Fu(Ho)m(w)28 b(often)g(\(in)g(seconds\))g(that)g(the)f(shell)h
13500 (should)f(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)h(in)f(the)h(\014les)g(sp)s
13501 (eci\014ed)630 518 y(in)i(the)h Ft(MAILPATH)e Fu(or)i
13502 Ft(MAIL)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)43 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(60)i
13503 (seconds.)42 b(When)30 b(it)h(is)g(time)630 628 y(to)37
13504 b(c)m(hec)m(k)h(for)e(mail,)j(the)e(shell)f(do)s(es)g(so)h(b)s(efore)f
13505 (displa)m(ying)h(the)f(primary)g(prompt.)57 b(If)630
13506 737 y(this)37 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(is)f(unset,)h(or)f(set)h(to)g(a)f
13507 (v)-5 b(alue)38 b(that)f(is)g(not)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(greater)i
13508 (than)f(or)630 847 y(equal)31 b(to)g(zero,)g(the)g(shell)g(disables)f
13509 (mail)h(c)m(hec)m(king.)150 996 y Ft(MAPFILE)144 b Fu(An)35
13510 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(created)g(to)h(hold)e(the)g(text)i
13511 (read)e(b)m(y)g(the)h Ft(mapfile)d Fu(builtin)i(when)630
13512 1105 y(no)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)g(is)f(supplied.)150
13513 1254 y Ft(OLDPWD)192 b Fu(The)30 b(previous)g(w)m(orking)g(directory)h
13514 (as)g(set)g(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(cd)e Fu(builtin.)150 1403
13515 y Ft(OPTERR)192 b Fu(If)35 b(set)i(to)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)36
13516 b(1,)i(Bash)e(displa)m(ys)g(error)f(messages)i(generated)g(b)m(y)f(the)
13517 g Ft(getopts)630 1512 y Fu(builtin)30 b(command.)150
13518 1661 y Ft(OSTYPE)192 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(op)s
13519 (erating)h(system)g(Bash)f(is)h(running)d(on.)150 1810
13520 y Ft(PIPESTATUS)630 1919 y Fu(An)23 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
13521 b(ariable)24 b(\(see)h(Section)f(6.7)h([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)f(89\))h
13522 (con)m(taining)g(a)f(list)g(of)g(exit)g(sta-)630 2029
13523 y(tus)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(from)e(the)h(pro)s(cesses)g(in)f(the)h
13524 (most-recen)m(tly-executed)j(foreground)c(pip)s(eline)630
13525 2138 y(\(whic)m(h)30 b(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)h(only)f(a)f(single)h
13526 (command\).)150 2287 y Ft(POSIXLY_CORRECT)630 2397 y
13527 Fu(If)h(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)e(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g
13528 (when)e(Bash)i(starts,)g(the)g(shell)g(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)630
13529 2506 y Fu(mo)s(de)22 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)h([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s
13530 (de],)k(page)e(94\))g(b)s(efore)f(reading)g(the)g(startup)630
13531 2616 y(\014les,)36 b(as)e(if)h(the)f Ft(--posix)f Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s
13532 (cation)j(option)f(had)f(b)s(een)g(supplied.)51 b(If)34
13533 b(it)h(is)g(set)g(while)630 2725 y(the)c(shell)f(is)h(running,)d(Bash)j
13534 (enables)g Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de,)h(as)h(if)f(the)h(command)870
13535 2855 y Ft(set)47 b(-o)g(posix)630 2984 y Fu(had)30 b(b)s(een)f
13536 (executed.)150 3133 y Ft(PPID)288 b Fu(The)30 b(pro)s(cess)g
13537 Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)f(shell's)h(paren)m(t)g(pro)s(cess.)40
13538 b(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)150
13539 3281 y Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)630 3391 y Fu(If)32 b(set,)h(the)f(v)-5
13540 b(alue)33 b(is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(a)h(command)f(to)h(execute)g(b)s
13541 (efore)f(the)g(prin)m(ting)g(of)630 3500 y(eac)m(h)g(primary)d(prompt)g
13542 (\()p Ft($PS1)p Fu(\).)150 3649 y Ft(PROMPT_DIRTRIM)630
13543 3759 y Fu(If)e(set)g(to)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(greater)i(than)f(zero,)
13544 i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)f(used)g(as)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h
13545 (trailing)630 3868 y(directory)35 b(comp)s(onen)m(ts)g(to)h(retain)f
13546 (when)f(expanding)g(the)h Ft(\\w)f Fu(and)g Ft(\\W)g
13547 Fu(prompt)g(string)630 3978 y(escap)s(es)21 b(\(see)h(Section)f(6.9)h
13548 ([Con)m(trolling)g(the)f(Prompt],)h(page)f(92\).)39 b(Characters)21
13549 b(remo)m(v)m(ed)630 4088 y(are)31 b(replaced)g(with)f(an)g(ellipsis.)
13550 150 4236 y Ft(PS3)336 b Fu(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f(this)g(v)-5
13551 b(ariable)35 b(is)g(used)e(as)i(the)f(prompt)g(for)g(the)g
13552 Ft(select)f Fu(command.)52 b(If)630 4346 y(this)30 b(v)-5
13553 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(not)f(set,)i(the)e Ft(select)f Fu(command)h
13554 (prompts)f(with)h(`)p Ft(#?)g Fu(')150 4495 y Ft(PS4)336
13555 b Fu(The)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(the)h(prompt)e(prin)m(ted)h(b)s
13556 (efore)g(the)h(command)f(line)h(is)f(ec)m(ho)s(ed)i(when)d(the)i
13557 Ft(-x)630 4604 y Fu(option)32 b(is)f(set)h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)g
13558 ([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(58\).)45 b(The)31 b(\014rst)f(c)m
13559 (haracter)630 4714 y(of)k Ft(PS4)g Fu(is)g(replicated)i(m)m(ultiple)f
13560 (times,)h(as)e(necessary)-8 b(,)37 b(to)e(indicate)g(m)m(ultiple)g(lev)
13561 m(els)h(of)630 4823 y(indirection.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p
13562 Ft(+)g Fu('.)150 4972 y Ft(PWD)336 b Fu(The)30 b(curren)m(t)g(w)m
13563 (orking)h(directory)g(as)f(set)h(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(cd)f
13564 Fu(builtin.)150 5121 y Ft(RANDOM)192 b Fu(Eac)m(h)30
13565 b(time)g(this)f(parameter)g(is)g(referenced,)h(a)f(random)g(in)m(teger)
13566 h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(0)f(and)g(32767)630 5230 y(is)i(generated.)43
13567 b(Assigning)31 b(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(this)g(v)-5
13568 b(ariable)31 b(seeds)g(the)g(random)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(gen-)630
13569 5340 y(erator.)p eop end
13570 %%Page: 78 84
13571 TeXDict begin 78 83 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13572 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(78)150 299 y Ft(READLINE_LINE)630
13573 408 y Fu(The)27 b(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)g(Readline)g(line)g
13574 (bu\013er,)f(for)h(use)f(with)g(`)p Ft(bind)j(-x)p Fu(')d(\(see)h
13575 (Section)h(4.2)630 518 y([Bash)i(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)150
13576 667 y Ft(READLINE_POINT)630 776 y Fu(The)23 b(p)s(osition)g(of)g(the)h
13577 (insertion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g(the)g(Readline)h(line)f(bu\013er,)h
13578 (for)f(use)g(with)g(`)p Ft(bind)630 886 y(-x)p Fu(')30
13579 b(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)150
13580 1035 y Ft(REPLY)240 b Fu(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32
13581 b(for)e(the)g Ft(read)g Fu(builtin.)150 1183 y Ft(SECONDS)144
13582 b Fu(This)40 b(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(expands)f(to)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
13583 (er)e(of)i(seconds)g(since)g(the)f(shell)h(w)m(as)g(started.)630
13584 1293 y(Assignmen)m(t)i(to)g(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)43
13585 b(resets)g(the)g(coun)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)43
13586 b(assigned,)j(and)c(the)630 1403 y(expanded)35 b(v)-5
13587 b(alue)36 b(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(assigned)g(plus)f(the)h
13588 (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(seconds)g(since)630 1512 y(the)31
13589 b(assignmen)m(t.)150 1661 y Ft(SHELL)240 b Fu(The)29
13590 b(full)h(pathname)g(to)h(the)f(shell)g(is)g(k)m(ept)g(in)g(this)g(en)m
13591 (vironmen)m(t)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)42 b(If)29 b(it)i(is)f(not)630
13592 1771 y(set)36 b(when)f(the)h(shell)g(starts,)i(Bash)e(assigns)h(to)f
13593 (it)h(the)f(full)f(pathname)h(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)630
13594 1880 y(user's)30 b(login)h(shell.)150 2029 y Ft(SHELLOPTS)630
13595 2138 y Fu(A)g(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g(enabled)f(shell)h(options.)
13596 41 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5
13597 b(alid)630 2248 y(argumen)m(t)28 b(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e
13598 Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)i(Section)
13599 f(4.3.1)h([The)630 2358 y(Set)g(Builtin],)h(page)f(58\).)42
13600 b(The)28 b(options)h(app)s(earing)f(in)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)e
13601 Fu(are)j(those)h(rep)s(orted)630 2467 y(as)g(`)p Ft(on)p
13602 Fu(')f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(set)g(-o)p Fu('.)40 b(If)29 b(this)h(v)-5
13603 b(ariable)30 b(is)g(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)f(Bash)h
13604 (starts)g(up,)630 2577 y(eac)m(h)41 b(shell)e(option)h(in)f(the)h(list)
13605 g(will)f(b)s(e)g(enabled)h(b)s(efore)f(reading)g(an)m(y)h(startup)f
13606 (\014les.)630 2686 y(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(readonly)-8
13607 b(.)150 2835 y Ft(SHLVL)240 b Fu(Incremen)m(ted)21 b(b)m(y)g(one)g(eac)
13608 m(h)h(time)f(a)h(new)e(instance)h(of)g(Bash)g(is)g(started.)38
13609 b(This)20 b(is)h(in)m(tended)630 2945 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(a)h(coun)m(t)g
13610 (of)f(ho)m(w)h(deeply)f(y)m(our)g(Bash)h(shells)f(are)h(nested.)150
13611 3093 y Ft(TIMEFORMAT)630 3203 y Fu(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)32
13612 b(of)f(this)g(parameter)g(is)g(used)f(as)h(a)g(format)h(string)f(sp)s
13613 (ecifying)f(ho)m(w)h(the)g(tim-)630 3313 y(ing)37 b(information)f(for)h
13614 (pip)s(elines)f(pre\014xed)f(with)h(the)h Ft(time)e Fu(reserv)m(ed)i(w)
13615 m(ord)f(should)g(b)s(e)630 3422 y(displa)m(y)m(ed.)k(The)27
13616 b(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(in)m(tro)s(duces)e(an)h(escap)s
13617 (e)g(sequence)g(that)g(is)f(expanded)g(to)630 3532 y(a)37
13618 b(time)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(or)h(other)f(information.)59
13619 b(The)36 b(escap)s(e)g(sequences)h(and)e(their)i(meanings)630
13620 3641 y(are)31 b(as)f(follo)m(ws;)i(the)f(braces)f(denote)h(optional)h
13621 (p)s(ortions.)630 3790 y Ft(\045\045)384 b Fu(A)30 b(literal)i(`)p
13622 Ft(\045)p Fu('.)630 3939 y Ft(\045[)p Fj(p)p Ft(][l]R)96
13623 b Fu(The)30 b(elapsed)h(time)g(in)f(seconds.)630 4088
13624 y Ft(\045[)p Fj(p)p Ft(][l]U)96 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
13625 (CPU)g(seconds)h(sp)s(en)m(t)f(in)g(user)f(mo)s(de.)630
13626 4236 y Ft(\045[)p Fj(p)p Ft(][l]S)96 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
13627 (of)h(CPU)g(seconds)h(sp)s(en)m(t)f(in)g(system)g(mo)s(de.)630
13628 4385 y Ft(\045P)384 b Fu(The)30 b(CPU)g(p)s(ercen)m(tage,)i(computed)e
13629 (as)h(\(\045U)f Ft(+)g Fu(\045S\))g(/)h(\045R.)630 4534
13630 y(The)23 b(optional)j Fr(p)g Fu(is)e(a)g(digit)h(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)h
13631 (precision,)i(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(fractional)h(digits)630
13632 4643 y(after)36 b(a)f(decimal)i(p)s(oin)m(t.)55 b(A)35
13633 b(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)f(0)h(causes)g(no)f(decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(or)h
13634 (fraction)g(to)g(b)s(e)630 4753 y(output.)48 b(A)m(t)34
13635 b(most)f(three)g(places)h(after)f(the)g(decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(ma)m(y)
13636 h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed;)i(v)-5 b(alues)630 4862 y(of)31
13637 b Fr(p)h Fu(greater)g(than)e(3)h(are)f(c)m(hanged)h(to)g(3.)42
13638 b(If)29 b Fr(p)k Fu(is)d(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(the)h(v)-5
13639 b(alue)30 b(3)h(is)g(used.)630 4992 y(The)54 b(optional)h
13640 Ft(l)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)g(a)h(longer)f(format,)61 b(including)54
13641 b(min)m(utes,)61 b(of)54 b(the)g(form)630 5101 y Fr(MM)10
13642 b Fu(m)p Fr(SS)p Fu(.)p Fr(FF)d Fu(s.)103 b(The)50 b(v)-5
13643 b(alue)52 b(of)f Fr(p)j Fu(determines)d(whether)f(or)h(not)h(the)f
13644 (fraction)h(is)630 5211 y(included.)630 5340 y(If)30
13645 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(not)f(set,)i(Bash)e(acts)h(as)g(if)f
13646 (it)h(had)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)p eop end
13647 %%Page: 79 85
13648 TeXDict begin 79 84 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13649 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(79)870 299 y Ft
13650 ($'\\nreal\\t\0453lR\\nuser\\t\0453)o(lU\\n)o(sys\\)o(t\0453)o(lS')630
13651 433 y Fu(If)37 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(is)f(n)m(ull,)i(no)f(timing)f
13652 (information)h(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed.)62 b(A)37 b(trailing)i(newline)e
13653 (is)630 543 y(added)30 b(when)f(the)i(format)f(string)h(is)f(displa)m
13654 (y)m(ed.)150 702 y Ft(TMOUT)240 b Fu(If)22 b(set)h(to)g(a)g(v)-5
13655 b(alue)23 b(greater)h(than)e(zero,)j Ft(TMOUT)d Fu(is)g(treated)i(as)e
13656 (the)h(default)g(timeout)g(for)g(the)630 812 y Ft(read)31
13657 b Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)i([Bash)e(Builtins],)h(page)g
13658 (48\).)47 b(The)32 b Ft(select)e Fu(command)630 922 y(\(see)f(Section)h
13659 (3.2.4.2)g([Conditional)g(Constructs],)e(page)i(10\))f(terminates)g(if)
13660 g(input)e(do)s(es)630 1031 y(not)k(arriv)m(e)g(after)g
13661 Ft(TMOUT)e Fu(seconds)h(when)f(input)h(is)g(coming)h(from)f(a)h
13662 (terminal.)630 1166 y(In)40 b(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell,)h(the)d
13663 (v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
13664 (of)h(seconds)f(to)630 1275 y(w)m(ait)28 b(for)e(a)g(line)h(of)g(input)
13665 e(after)i(issuing)f(the)h(primary)e(prompt.)39 b(Bash)26
13666 b(terminates)h(after)630 1385 y(w)m(aiting)32 b(for)e(that)h(n)m(um)m
13667 (b)s(er)e(of)h(seconds)h(if)f(a)h(complete)h(line)e(of)h(input)e(do)s
13668 (es)h(not)h(arriv)m(e.)150 1544 y Ft(TMPDIR)192 b Fu(If)39
13669 b(set,)j(Bash)e(uses)f(its)h(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(as)f(the)h(name)f(of)h(a)
13670 g(directory)g(in)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(creates)630 1654
13671 y(temp)s(orary)30 b(\014les)g(for)g(the)h(shell's)g(use.)150
13672 1813 y Ft(UID)336 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(real)h(user)f(id)g(of)g
13673 (the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)40 b(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31
13674 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)p eop end
13675 %%Page: 80 86
13676 TeXDict begin 80 85 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
13677 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(80)150 299 y Fp(6)80
13678 b(Bash)54 b(F)-13 b(eatures)150 504 y Fu(This)30 b(c)m(hapter)h
13679 (describ)s(es)e(features)i(unique)e(to)i(Bash.)150 725
13680 y Fs(6.1)68 b(In)l(v)l(oking)46 b(Bash)390 884 y Ft(bash)h([long-opt])e
13681 ([-ir])h([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])c([-o)47 b Fj(option)p
13682 Ft(])e([-O)i Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])e([)p Fj(ar-)390
13683 994 y(gument)h Ft(...)o(])390 1103 y(bash)h([long-opt])e
13684 ([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])c([-o)47 b Fj(option)p Ft(])f([-O)h
13685 Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])d(-c)j Fj(string)f Ft([)p Fj(ar-)390
13686 1213 y(gument)g Ft(...)o(])390 1323 y(bash)h([long-opt])e(-s)i
13687 ([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])42 b([-o)k Fj(option)p Ft(])g([-O)h
13688 Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])d([)p Fj(ar-)390 1432 y(gument)i
13689 Ft(...)o(])275 1561 y Fu(All)31 b(of)g(the)f(single-c)m(haracter)k
13690 (options)d(used)f(with)g(the)h Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Section)h
13691 (4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)150 1670 y(Builtin],)45 b(page)c(58\))i(can)e(b)s
13692 (e)f(used)h(as)g(options)g(when)f(the)i(shell)f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)
13693 74 b(In)41 b(addition,)j(there)150 1780 y(are)38 b(sev)m(eral)h(m)m
13694 (ulti-c)m(haracter)h(options)d(that)h(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use.)61
13695 b(These)38 b(options)f(m)m(ust)h(app)s(ear)e(on)i(the)150
13696 1890 y(command)30 b(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(single-c)m(haracter)j
13697 (options)e(to)g(b)s(e)f(recognized.)150 2037 y Ft(--debugger)630
13698 2147 y Fu(Arrange)j(for)g(the)g(debugger)g(pro\014le)g(to)h(b)s(e)e
13699 (executed)i(b)s(efore)f(the)g(shell)g(starts.)49 b(T)-8
13700 b(urns)630 2257 y(on)37 b(extended)g(debugging)g(mo)s(de)g(\(see)h
13701 (Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(62)630
13702 2366 y(for)30 b(a)h(description)f(of)h(the)f Ft(extdebug)f
13703 Fu(option)h(to)h(the)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin\).)150 2514
13704 y Ft(--dump-po-strings)630 2623 y Fu(A)37 b(list)g(of)f(all)i
13705 (double-quoted)e(strings)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft($)p
13706 Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630 2733
13707 y(output)29 b(in)g(the)g Fm(gnu)g Ft(gettext)f Fu(PO)g(\(p)s(ortable)i
13708 (ob)5 b(ject\))30 b(\014le)g(format.)40 b(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31
13709 b(to)f Ft(-D)630 2843 y Fu(except)h(for)f(the)h(output)f(format.)150
13710 2990 y Ft(--dump-strings)630 3100 y Fu(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31
13711 b(to)g Ft(-D)p Fu(.)150 3248 y Ft(--help)192 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32
13712 b(a)e(usage)h(message)h(on)e(standard)g(output)g(and)f(exit)j
13713 (successfully)-8 b(.)150 3396 y Ft(--init-file)27 b Fj(filename)150
13714 3505 y Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(filename)630 3615 y Fu(Execute)23
13715 b(commands)e(from)g Fr(\014lename)28 b Fu(\(instead)22
13716 b(of)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(\))e(in)h(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell.)150
13717 3763 y Ft(--login)144 b Fu(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g
13718 Ft(-l)p Fu(.)150 3910 y Ft(--noediting)630 4020 y Fu(Do)h(not)e(use)h
13719 (the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(Readline)i(library)e(\(see)h(Chapter)g(8)g([Command)
13720 f(Line)g(Editing],)630 4130 y(page)h(101\))h(to)f(read)g(command)f
13721 (lines)g(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)150
13722 4277 y Ft(--noprofile)630 4387 y Fu(Don't)22 b(load)g(the)g
13723 (system-wide)f(startup)g(\014le)h Ft(/etc/profile)c Fu(or)j(an)m(y)h
13724 (of)f(the)h(p)s(ersonal)f(ini-)630 4496 y(tialization)34
13725 b(\014les)e Ft(~/.bash_profile)p Fu(,)c Ft(~/.bash_login)p
13726 Fu(,)g(or)k Ft(~/.profile)c Fu(when)j(Bash)630 4606 y(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)
13727 m(ed)i(as)f(a)g(login)g(shell.)150 4754 y Ft(--norc)192
13728 b Fu(Don't)35 b(read)f(the)g Ft(~/.bashrc)e Fu(initialization)k(\014le)
13729 f(in)e(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)52 b(This)33 b(is)h(on)630
13730 4863 y(b)m(y)c(default)h(if)f(the)h(shell)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)
13731 e Ft(sh)p Fu(.)150 5011 y Ft(--posix)144 b Fu(Change)24
13732 b(the)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)g(Bash)h(where)e(the)i(default)f(op)s
13733 (eration)h(di\013ers)f(from)f(the)i Fm(posix)630 5121
13734 y Fu(standard)35 b(to)h(matc)m(h)g(the)g(standard.)55
13735 b(This)35 b(is)h(in)m(tended)f(to)h(mak)m(e)h(Bash)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g
13736 (as)g(a)630 5230 y(strict)26 b(sup)s(erset)e(of)h(that)g(standard.)38
13737 b(See)26 b(Section)f(6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)j(page)f(94,)630
13738 5340 y(for)k(a)h(description)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h Fm(posix)f
13739 Fu(mo)s(de.)p eop end
13740 %%Page: 81 87
13741 TeXDict begin 81 86 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
13742 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(81)150 299 y Ft(--restricted)630
13743 408 y Fu(Mak)m(e)54 b(the)e(shell)g(a)h(restricted)g(shell)f(\(see)h
13744 (Section)g(6.10)h([The)d(Restricted)j(Shell],)630 518
13745 y(page)31 b(93\).)150 682 y Ft(--verbose)630 791 y Fu(Equiv)-5
13746 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-v)p Fu(.)41 b(Prin)m(t)30 b(shell)g(input)g
13747 (lines)g(as)h(they're)g(read.)150 955 y Ft(--version)630
13748 1065 y Fu(Sho)m(w)d(v)m(ersion)g(information)g(for)g(this)g(instance)h
13749 (of)f(Bash)g(on)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(and)630 1174
13750 y(exit)j(successfully)-8 b(.)275 1341 y(There)28 b(are)i(sev)m(eral)g
13751 (single-c)m(haracter)i(options)d(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(supplied)g(at)
13752 i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h(whic)m(h)e(are)150 1450 y(not)i(a)m(v)-5
13753 b(ailable)32 b(with)e(the)h Ft(set)e Fu(builtin.)150
13754 1616 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Read)44 b(and)e(execute)j(commands)e(from)g(the)g
13755 (\014rst)g(non-option)h Fr(argumen)m(t)h Fu(after)f(pro-)630
13756 1726 y(cessing)37 b(the)g(options,)i(then)d(exit.)61
13757 b(An)m(y)37 b(remaining)f(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(assigned)g(to)h(the)630
13758 1835 y(p)s(ositional)31 b(parameters,)g(starting)g(with)f
13759 Ft($0)p Fu(.)150 1999 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(F)-8 b(orce)22
13760 b(the)g(shell)f(to)g(run)f(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)41
13761 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)23 b(shells)e(are)h(describ)s(ed)d(in)i(Section)h
13762 (6.3)630 2109 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(Shells],)e(page)g(83.)150
13763 2273 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)33 b(this)e(shell)h(act)g(as)g(if)f(it)h
13764 (had)f(b)s(een)f(directly)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(login.)44
13765 b(When)31 b(the)h(shell)630 2382 y(is)37 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)43
13766 b(this)37 b(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)f(starting)h(a)e(login)i
13767 (shell)e(with)g(`)p Ft(exec)30 b(-l)g(bash)p Fu('.)630
13768 2492 y(When)h(the)g(shell)h(is)f(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)k(the)c
13769 (login)h(shell)g(startup)f(\014les)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(executed.)630
13770 2601 y(`)p Ft(exec)e(bash)h(-l)p Fu(')43 b(or)h(`)p Ft(exec)29
13771 b(bash)g(--login)p Fu(')42 b(will)i(replace)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)
13772 h(with)g(a)630 2711 y(Bash)26 b(login)g(shell.)39 b(See)26
13773 b(Section)g(6.2)h([Bash)e(Startup)g(Files],)j(page)e(82,)i(for)d(a)h
13774 (description)630 2821 y(of)31 b(the)f(sp)s(ecial)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)
13775 f(a)h(login)g(shell.)150 2984 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)54
13776 b(the)e(shell)g(a)h(restricted)g(shell)f(\(see)h(Section)g(6.10)h([The)
13777 d(Restricted)j(Shell],)630 3094 y(page)31 b(93\).)150
13778 3258 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(If)24 b(this)h(option)h(is)f(presen)m(t,)h(or)f
13779 (if)g(no)f(argumen)m(ts)i(remain)e(after)i(option)f(pro)s(cessing,)h
13780 (then)630 3367 y(commands)i(are)h(read)g(from)f(the)h(standard)f
13781 (input.)39 b(This)28 b(option)h(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(p)s(ositional)630
13782 3477 y(parameters)i(to)g(b)s(e)f(set)g(when)g(in)m(v)m(oking)h(an)g(in)
13783 m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell.)150 3641 y Ft(-D)384 b Fu(A)37
13784 b(list)g(of)f(all)i(double-quoted)e(strings)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(`)p
13785 Ft($)p Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630
13786 3750 y(output.)63 b(These)38 b(are)g(the)g(strings)g(that)h(are)f(sub)5
13787 b(ject)38 b(to)h(language)g(translation)g(when)630 3860
13788 y(the)e(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f(not)g Ft(C)g Fu(or)f
13789 Ft(POSIX)g Fu(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)h([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8
13790 b(ranslation],)630 3970 y(page)31 b(7\).)42 b(This)29
13791 b(implies)i(the)f Ft(-n)g Fu(option;)h(no)f(commands)g(will)h(b)s(e)f
13792 (executed.)150 4133 y Ft([-+]O)f([)p Fj(shopt_option)p
13793 Ft(])630 4243 y Fr(shopt)p 854 4243 28 4 v 40 w(option)44
13794 b Fu(is)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)h(options)f(accepted)h(b)m(y)f(the)h
13795 Ft(shopt)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)630 4353 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)h([The)e
13796 (Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g(62\).)44 b(If)31 b Fr(shopt)p
13797 2724 4353 V 40 w(option)g Fu(is)g(presen)m(t,)h Ft(-O)f
13798 Fu(sets)630 4462 y(the)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(that)h(option;)h
13799 Ft(+O)e Fu(unsets)f(it.)39 b(If)23 b Fr(shopt)p 2423
13800 4462 V 40 w(option)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)g(the)g(names)630
13801 4572 y(and)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(options)g
13802 (accepted)h(b)m(y)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(are)i(prin)m(ted)f(on)h(the)g
13803 (standard)630 4681 y(output.)40 b(If)29 b(the)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h
13804 (option)f(is)f Ft(+O)p Fu(,)h(the)f(output)g(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(in)
13805 f(a)h(format)f(that)630 4791 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)
13806 150 4955 y Ft(--)384 b Fu(A)38 b Ft(--)g Fu(signals)g(the)h(end)e(of)i
13807 (options)f(and)g(disables)g(further)f(option)h(pro)s(cessing.)64
13808 b(An)m(y)630 5064 y(argumen)m(ts)31 b(after)g(the)f Ft(--)g
13809 Fu(are)h(treated)g(as)g(\014lenames)f(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)275
13810 5230 y(A)d Fl(lo)-5 b(gin)35 b Fu(shell)27 b(is)g(one)h(whose)f
13811 (\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(argumen)m(t)h(zero)f(is)h(`)p
13812 Ft(-)p Fu(',)g(or)f(one)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)150
13813 5340 y Ft(--login)h Fu(option.)p eop end
13814 %%Page: 82 88
13815 TeXDict begin 82 87 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
13816 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(82)275 299 y(An)28
13817 b Fl(inter)-5 b(active)37 b Fu(shell)30 b(is)f(one)g(started)h(without)
13818 f(non-option)h(argumen)m(ts,)g(unless)e Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(sp)s
13819 (eci\014ed,)150 408 y(without)k(sp)s(ecifying)h(the)f
13820 Ft(-c)g Fu(option,)i(and)e(whose)g(input)g(and)f(output)h(are)h(b)s
13821 (oth)f(connected)h(to)g(ter-)150 518 y(minals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)m
13822 (y)h Ft(isatty\(3\))p Fu(\),)e(or)i(one)g(started)g(with)f(the)h
13823 Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)51 b(See)33 b(Section)i(6.3)150 628
13824 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shells],)e(page)g(83,)g(for)f(more)h
13825 (information.)275 763 y(If)i(argumen)m(ts)h(remain)g(after)h(option)f
13826 (pro)s(cessing,)h(and)e(neither)h(the)g Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f(the)h
13827 Ft(-s)g Fu(option)g(has)150 873 y(b)s(een)44 b(supplied,)j(the)d
13828 (\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(assumed)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(the)i(name)g(of)f
13829 (a)h(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(shell)150 982 y(commands)30
13830 b(\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)g(page)h(39\).)41
13831 b(When)30 b(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(this)h(fashion,)150
13832 1092 y Ft($0)37 b Fu(is)g(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h(\014le,)i
13833 (and)c(the)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)g(set)g(to)g(the)g
13834 (remaining)150 1202 y(argumen)m(ts.)h(Bash)26 b(reads)f(and)g(executes)
13835 h(commands)f(from)g(this)g(\014le,)i(then)e(exits.)40
13836 b(Bash's)25 b(exit)i(status)150 1311 y(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)e(of)h
13837 (the)g(last)g(command)f(executed)h(in)g(the)f(script.)40
13838 b(If)26 b(no)g(commands)g(are)h(executed,)150 1421 y(the)k(exit)g
13839 (status)g(is)f(0.)150 1655 y Fs(6.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Startup)g(Files)150
13840 1814 y Fu(This)23 b(section)j(describ)s(es)d(ho)m(w)i(Bash)f(executes)h
13841 (its)g(startup)f(\014les.)38 b(If)24 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(\014les)f
13842 (exist)h(but)e(cannot)150 1924 y(b)s(e)29 b(read,)i(Bash)f(rep)s(orts)f
13843 (an)h(error.)40 b(Tildes)30 b(are)g(expanded)f(in)h(\014lenames)g(as)g
13844 (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(under)150 2034 y(Tilde)f(Expansion)g
13845 (\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.2)g([Tilde)e(Expansion],)h(page)g(22\).)275
13846 2169 y(In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shells)f(are)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(Section)h
13847 (6.3)h([In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(Shells],)d(page)h(83.)150
13848 2370 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(login)j
13849 (shell,)g(or)g(with)e Fh(--login)150 2516 y Fu(When)c(Bash)f(is)h(in)m
13850 (v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)f(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)d(shell,)i(or)e(as)g
13851 (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(with)g(the)150 2626
13852 y Ft(--login)30 b Fu(option,)k(it)f(\014rst)e(reads)h(and)g(executes)i
13853 (commands)e(from)f(the)i(\014le)f Ft(/etc/profile)p Fu(,)e(if)i(that)
13854 150 2736 y(\014le)44 b(exists.)80 b(After)44 b(reading)g(that)g
13855 (\014le,)j(it)d(lo)s(oks)g(for)f Ft(~/.bash_profile)p
13856 Fu(,)g Ft(~/.bash_login)p Fu(,)h(and)150 2845 y Ft(~/.profile)p
13857 Fu(,)25 b(in)i(that)g(order,)h(and)e(reads)h(and)f(executes)j(commands)
13858 d(from)h(the)g(\014rst)f(one)i(that)f(exists)150 2955
13859 y(and)j(is)h(readable.)42 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)d
13860 Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(when)g(the)h(shell)f(is)h(started)g
13861 (to)g(inhibit)150 3064 y(this)f(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 3200
13862 y(When)38 b(a)h(login)h(shell)f(exits,)j(Bash)d(reads)f(and)h(executes)
13863 h(commands)e(from)g(the)h(\014le)g Ft(~/.bash_)150 3310
13864 y(logout)p Fu(,)29 b(if)h(it)h(exists.)150 3510 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)
13865 40 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(non-login)k(shell)150
13866 3657 y Fu(When)g(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(that)g(is)f(not)h(a)g
13867 (login)g(shell)g(is)f(started,)48 b(Bash)c(reads)f(and)g(executes)150
13868 3767 y(commands)31 b(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(if)h(that)h(\014le)g
13869 (exists.)44 b(This)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(inhibited)g(b)m(y)g(using)g
13870 (the)h Ft(--norc)150 3876 y Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b
13871 Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(file)e Fu(option)h(will)g(force)h(Bash)f(to)h(read)f
13872 (and)f(execute)j(commands)d(from)h Fr(\014le)150 3986
13873 y Fu(instead)k(of)f Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(.)275 4121 y(So,)g(t)m(ypically)
13874 -8 b(,)33 b(y)m(our)d Ft(~/.bash_profile)c Fu(con)m(tains)32
13875 b(the)f(line)390 4257 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-f)f(~/.bashrc)e(];)i(then)g(.)g
13876 (~/.bashrc;)e(fi)150 4393 y Fu(after)31 b(\(or)g(b)s(efore\))f(an)m(y)h
13877 (login-sp)s(eci\014c)g(initializations.)150 4593 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)
13878 40 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)150 4740 y Fu(When)33 b(Bash)g(is)g
13879 (started)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)37 b(to)d(run)e(a)h(shell)h
13880 (script,)g(for)f(example,)i(it)e(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)150
13881 4850 y(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b Ft(BASH_ENV)d Fu(in)i(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m
13882 (t,)h(expands)e(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(if)g(it)g(app)s(ears)e(there,)j
13883 (and)e(uses)g(the)150 4959 y(expanded)c(v)-5 b(alue)30
13884 b(as)h(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)f(\014le)h(to)g(read)f(and)g(execute.)42
13885 b(Bash)31 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(the)g(follo)m(wing)150
13886 5069 y(command)g(w)m(ere)h(executed:)390 5204 y Ft(if)47
13887 b([)h(-n)f("$BASH_ENV")e(];)i(then)f(.)i("$BASH_ENV";)c(fi)150
13888 5340 y Fu(but)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f
13889 Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(not)h(used)e(to)i(searc)m(h)g
13890 (for)f(the)h(\014lename.)p eop end
13891 %%Page: 83 89
13892 TeXDict begin 83 88 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
13893 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(83)275 299 y(As)42
13894 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)47 b(if)42 b(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i
13895 (shell)d(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)h Ft(--login)d
13896 Fu(option,)46 b(Bash)150 408 y(attempts)31 b(to)g(read)g(and)e(execute)
13897 j(commands)e(from)g(the)h(login)g(shell)g(startup)e(\014les.)150
13898 614 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(name)h Fh(sh)150
13899 761 y Fu(If)c(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)g(name)g
13900 Ft(sh)p Fu(,)i(it)f(tries)f(to)h(mimic)g(the)f(startup)g(b)s(eha)m
13901 (vior)g(of)h(historical)150 870 y(v)m(ersions)31 b(of)f
13902 Ft(sh)g Fu(as)h(closely)h(as)e(p)s(ossible,)g(while)h(conforming)f(to)h
13903 (the)g Fm(posix)e Fu(standard)h(as)h(w)m(ell.)275 1010
13904 y(When)50 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(as)f(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e
13905 (shell,)57 b(or)51 b(as)g(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell)f(with)f
13906 (the)150 1120 y Ft(--login)31 b Fu(option,)k(it)e(\014rst)g(attempts)h
13907 (to)g(read)f(and)g(execute)h(commands)f(from)g Ft(/etc/profile)d
13908 Fu(and)150 1230 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)d(in)i(that)i(order.)39
13909 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)c Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h
13910 (inhibit)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150 1339 y(When)36
13911 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(with)f(the)g
13912 (name)h Ft(sh)p Fu(,)g(Bash)f(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)h(v)-5
13913 b(ariable)37 b Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)150 1449 y(expands)29 b(its)i(v)-5
13914 b(alue)30 b(if)h(it)f(is)g(de\014ned,)g(and)f(uses)h(the)g(expanded)g
13915 (v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(a)h(\014le)f(to)h(read)150
13916 1558 y(and)g(execute.)46 b(Since)32 b(a)g(shell)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
13917 (as)f Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(attempt)h(to)g(read)e(and)g(execute)i
13918 (commands)150 1668 y(from)39 b(an)m(y)g(other)h(startup)e(\014les,)k
13919 (the)d Ft(--rcfile)e Fu(option)j(has)f(no)g(e\013ect.)69
13920 b(A)39 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150 1778 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)32
13921 b(with)e(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)f(read)f
13922 (an)m(y)h(other)g(startup)e(\014les.)275 1918 y(When)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m
13923 (ed)h(as)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e
13924 Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h(the)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)150
13925 2123 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(in)h Fg(posix)g Fk(mo)s(de)150
13926 2270 y Fu(When)28 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(in)g Fm(posix)f
13927 Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(with)g(the)g Ft(--posix)d Fu(command)j(line)g
13928 (option,)h(it)f(follo)m(ws)150 2380 y(the)24 b Fm(posix)f
13929 Fu(standard)h(for)f(startup)h(\014les.)38 b(In)24 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h
13930 (in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shells)d(expand)f(the)h Ft(ENV)f
13931 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)150 2489 y(and)30 b(commands)g(are)g(read)h(and)e
13932 (executed)j(from)d(the)i(\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e
13933 (v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(No)150 2599 y(other)31 b(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h
13934 (read.)150 2804 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(b)m(y)g(remote)h(shell)h
13935 (daemon)150 2951 y Fu(Bash)36 b(attempts)h(to)g(determine)f(when)f(it)i
13936 (is)f(b)s(eing)g(run)e(with)i(its)g(standard)g(input)f(connected)i(to)g
13937 (a)150 3060 y(net)m(w)m(ork)h(connection,)j(as)c(when)g(executed)h(b)m
13938 (y)f(the)h(remote)g(shell)g(daemon,)h(usually)e Ft(rshd)p
13939 Fu(,)h(or)g(the)150 3170 y(secure)c(shell)f(daemon)h
13940 Ft(sshd)p Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b(Bash)g(determines)h(it)g(is)f(b)s(eing)g
13941 (run)f(in)i(this)f(fashion,)h(it)g(reads)g(and)150 3280
13942 y(executes)29 b(commands)e(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)e(if)j(that)g
13943 (\014le)f(exists)h(and)f(is)g(readable.)41 b(It)27 b(will)h(not)f(do)h
13944 (this)f(if)150 3389 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)k(as)f Ft(sh)p
13945 Fu(.)40 b(The)29 b Ft(--norc)f Fu(option)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j
13946 (inhibit)e(this)g(b)s(eha)m(vior,)h(and)f(the)h Ft(--rcfile)150
13947 3499 y Fu(option)36 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(force)g(another)f
13948 (\014le)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(read,)j(but)d(neither)i Ft(rshd)e
13949 Fu(nor)h Ft(sshd)f Fu(generally)150 3608 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)e(the)f
13950 (shell)f(with)h(those)f(options)h(or)f(allo)m(w)i(them)f(to)g(b)s(e)e
13951 (sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 3814 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(unequal)h
13952 (e\013ectiv)m(e)e(and)i(real)g Fg(uid/gid)p Fk(s)150
13953 3960 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(with)f(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)i
13954 (user)d(\(group\))h(id)f(not)h(equal)g(to)g(the)g(real)g(user)f
13955 (\(group\))h(id,)150 4070 y(and)26 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g
13956 (not)h(supplied,)e(no)h(startup)g(\014les)g(are)g(read,)h(shell)f
13957 (functions)g(are)g(not)g(inherited)150 4180 y(from)41
13958 b(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)j(the)d Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)h
13959 Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)g Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)e Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e
13960 Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)45 b(if)150 4289 y(they)28 b(app)s(ear)f(in)h(the)g
13961 (en)m(vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored,)h(and)e(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j
13962 (user)c(id)h(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)f(real)h(user)150 4399
13963 y(id.)62 b(If)38 b(the)f Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(is)f(supplied)g(at)h(in)m
13964 (v)m(o)s(cation,)k(the)c(startup)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(the)g(same,)i
13965 (but)d(the)150 4508 y(e\013ectiv)m(e)c(user)d(id)g(is)g(not)h(reset.)
13966 150 4750 y Fs(6.3)68 b(In)l(teractiv)l(e)47 b(Shells)150
13967 4974 y Fk(6.3.1)63 b(What)40 b(is)h(an)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shell?)150
13968 5121 y Fu(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(is)g(one)g(started)g
13969 (without)g(non-option)g(argumen)m(ts,)j(unless)c Ft(-s)h
13970 Fu(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)150 5230 y(without)30 b(sp)s(ecifying)g(the)g
13971 Ft(-c)f Fu(option,)h(and)g(whose)f(input)g(and)g(error)h(output)f(are)h
13972 (b)s(oth)f(connected)i(to)150 5340 y(terminals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)
13973 m(y)g Ft(isatty\(3\))p Fu(\),)e(or)j(one)f(started)h(with)f(the)h
13974 Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)p eop end
13975 %%Page: 84 90
13976 TeXDict begin 84 89 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
13977 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(84)275 299 y(An)30
13978 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(generally)i(reads)e(from)g(and)g(writes)g
13979 (to)h(a)g(user's)f(terminal.)275 430 y(The)i Ft(-s)g
13980 Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(option)f(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(set)f
13981 (the)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(when)f(an)h(in)m(ter-)150
13982 540 y(activ)m(e)g(shell)d(is)h(started.)150 733 y Fk(6.3.2)63
13983 b(Is)41 b(this)g(Shell)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e?)150 880 y
13984 Fu(T)-8 b(o)30 b(determine)g(within)f(a)h(startup)g(script)f(whether)g
13985 (or)h(not)g(Bash)g(is)g(running)e(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8
13986 b(,)33 b(test)e(the)150 990 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)f(`)p
13987 Ft(-)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameter.)41 b(It)29 b(con)m(tains)i
13988 Ft(i)e Fu(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)44
13989 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)390 1121 y Ft(case)47 b("$-")f(in)390
13990 1231 y(*i*\))h(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)h(interactive)e(;;)390
13991 1340 y(*\))i(echo)g(This)f(shell)h(is)g(not)g(interactive)e(;;)390
13992 1450 y(esac)275 1581 y Fu(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)28
13993 b(startup)23 b(scripts)h(ma)m(y)g(examine)g(the)g(v)-5
13994 b(ariable)25 b Ft(PS1)p Fu(;)g(it)g(is)e(unset)h(in)f(non-in)m
13995 (teractiv)m(e)150 1691 y(shells,)31 b(and)e(set)i(in)f(in)m(teractiv)m
13996 (e)k(shells.)40 b(Th)m(us:)390 1822 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-z)f("$PS1")f(];)h
13997 (then)772 1932 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(not)f(interactive)390
13998 2042 y(else)772 2151 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(interactive)390
13999 2261 y(fi)150 2454 y Fk(6.3.3)63 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)38
14000 b(Shell)k(Beha)m(vior)150 2601 y Fu(When)30 b(the)h(shell)f(is)h
14001 (running)d(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)34 b(it)d(c)m(hanges)h(its)f(b)s
14002 (eha)m(vior)f(in)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)m(a)m(ys.)199 2732
14003 y(1.)61 b(Startup)37 b(\014les)g(are)h(read)f(and)g(executed)h(as)f
14004 (describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(6.2)g([Bash)g(Startup)e(Files],)330
14005 2842 y(page)31 b(82.)199 2973 y(2.)61 b(Job)35 b(Con)m(trol)g(\(see)h
14006 (Chapter)f(7)g([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(97\))g(is)f(enabled)g(b)m
14007 (y)g(default.)55 b(When)34 b(job)330 3083 y(con)m(trol)h(is)f(in)f
14008 (e\013ect,)k(Bash)d(ignores)g(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(job)e
14009 (con)m(trol)i(signals)g Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)330 3192 y
14010 Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)29 b(and)g Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 3324
14011 y(3.)61 b(Bash)39 b(expands)f(and)g(displa)m(ys)h Ft(PS1)f
14012 Fu(b)s(efore)h(reading)g(the)g(\014rst)f(line)h(of)g(a)g(command,)i
14013 (and)d(ex-)330 3434 y(pands)30 b(and)g(displa)m(ys)h
14014 Ft(PS2)e Fu(b)s(efore)i(reading)g(the)g(second)f(and)h(subsequen)m(t)f
14015 (lines)h(of)g(a)g(m)m(ulti-line)330 3543 y(command.)199
14016 3675 y(4.)61 b(Bash)26 b(executes)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)27
14017 b(of)f(the)h Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)22 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)27
14018 b(as)g(a)f(command)g(b)s(efore)g(prin)m(ting)330 3784
14019 y(the)31 b(primary)e(prompt,)h Ft($PS1)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h
14020 ([Bash)f(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(69\).)199 3916
14021 y(5.)61 b(Readline)27 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)g(Line)g
14022 (Editing],)h(page)g(101\))g(is)f(used)g(to)g(read)g(commands)330
14023 4025 y(from)k(the)g(user's)g(terminal.)199 4157 y(6.)61
14024 b(Bash)36 b(insp)s(ects)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(the)g
14025 Ft(ignoreeof)e Fu(option)j(to)g Ft(set)29 b(-o)36 b Fu(instead)h(of)f
14026 (exiting)i(imme-)330 4266 y(diately)f(when)e(it)i(receiv)m(es)h(an)e
14027 Ft(EOF)f Fu(on)h(its)g(standard)f(input)g(when)h(reading)g(a)g(command)
14028 g(\(see)330 4376 y(Section)31 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g
14029 (58\).)199 4507 y(7.)61 b(Command)43 b(history)h(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)
14030 g([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)51 b(page)45 b(133\))h(and)d
14031 (history)330 4617 y(expansion)h(\(see)i(Section)f(9.3)h([History)g(In)m
14032 (teraction],)k(page)45 b(135\))h(are)f(enabled)g(b)m(y)f(default.)330
14033 4726 y(Bash)28 b(will)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(command)f(history)h(to)g
14034 (the)g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Ft($HISTFILE)d Fu(when)h(a)i(shell)g
14035 (with)330 4836 y(history)i(enabled)h(exits.)199 4967
14036 y(8.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)g([Aliases],)i
14037 (page)e(88\))h(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(b)m(y)h(default.)199
14038 5099 y(9.)61 b(In)24 b(the)g(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(traps,)g(Bash)g
14039 (ignores)f Ft(SIGTERM)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g(page)
14040 f(38\).)154 5230 y(10.)61 b(In)26 b(the)h(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)g
14041 (traps,)g Ft(SIGINT)e Fu(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)e(\(\(see)k
14042 (Section)e(3.7.6)i([Signals],)330 5340 y(page)i(38\).)42
14043 b Ft(SIGINT)29 b Fu(will)h(in)m(terrupt)g(some)h(shell)g(builtins.)p
14044 eop end
14045 %%Page: 85 91
14046 TeXDict begin 85 90 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14047 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(85)154 299 y(11.)61
14048 b(An)40 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e(shell)g(sends)e(a)i
14049 Ft(SIGHUP)d Fu(to)j(all)g(jobs)f(on)g(exit)h(if)g(the)f
14050 Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)330 408 y(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g
14051 (\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.6)i([Signals],)e(page)g(38\).)154
14052 542 y(12.)61 b(The)29 b Ft(-n)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(option)e(is)g
14053 (ignored,)g(and)f(`)p Ft(set)h(-n)p Fu(')f(has)h(no)f(e\013ect)j(\(see)
14054 e(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)330 652 y(Set)g(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\).)154
14055 785 y(13.)61 b(Bash)32 b(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)g(p)s(erio)s
14056 (dically)-8 b(,)34 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)32
14057 b(of)g(the)h Ft(MAIL)p Fu(,)e Ft(MAILPATH)p Fu(,)330
14058 895 y(and)f Ft(MAILCHECK)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables)31
14059 b(\(see)h(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14060 b(page)f(69\).)154 1028 y(14.)61 b(Expansion)32 b(errors)h(due)f(to)i
14061 (references)f(to)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)34
14062 b(after)g(`)p Ft(set)29 b(-u)p Fu(')k(has)g(b)s(een)330
14063 1138 y(enabled)d(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit)g(\(see)g
14064 (Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\).)154
14065 1271 y(15.)61 b(The)48 b(shell)h(will)f(not)h(exit)g(on)g(expansion)f
14066 (errors)g(caused)g(b)m(y)h Fr(v)-5 b(ar)54 b Fu(b)s(eing)48
14067 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull)f(in)330 1381 y Ft(${)p Fj(var)p
14068 Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})27 b Fu(expansions)j(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.3)g
14069 ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)i(Expansion],)e(page)h(23\).)154
14070 1514 y(16.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(errors)f(encoun)m(tered)h(b)m(y)f
14071 (shell)h(builtins)f(will)g(not)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)154
14072 1648 y(17.)61 b(When)26 b(running)f(in)i Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de,)j(a)f
14073 (sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returning)g(an)g(error)h(status)g(will)g(not)f
14074 (cause)330 1757 y(the)31 b(shell)f(to)h(exit)h(\(see)f(Section)g(6.11)h
14075 ([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(94\).)154 1891 y(18.)61
14076 b(A)34 b(failed)g Ft(exec)f Fu(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g
14077 (exit)h(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)f(Builtins],)330
14078 2000 y(page)e(41\).)154 2134 y(19.)61 b(P)m(arser)31
14079 b(syn)m(tax)f(errors)g(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)
14080 154 2267 y(20.)61 b(Simple)21 b(sp)s(elling)h(correction)g(for)g
14081 (directory)g(argumen)m(ts)f(to)i(the)e Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h
14082 (enabled)f(b)m(y)h(default)330 2377 y(\(see)35 b(the)g(description)f
14083 (of)h(the)f Ft(cdspell)f Fu(option)h(to)i(the)e Ft(shopt)f
14084 Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)330 2486 y(Shopt)30
14085 b(Builtin],)h(page)g(62\).)154 2620 y(21.)61 b(The)42
14086 b(shell)h(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)f(the)h
14087 Ft(TMOUT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(and)e(exit)h(if)g(a)g(command)f(is)h
14088 (not)330 2729 y(read)30 b(within)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
14089 (er)g(of)i(seconds)f(after)g(prin)m(ting)g Ft($PS1)f
14090 Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)330 2839 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14091 b(page)f(69\).)150 3069 y Fs(6.4)68 b(Bash)45 b(Conditional)h
14092 (Expressions)150 3229 y Fu(Conditional)26 b(expressions)g(are)g(used)f
14093 (b)m(y)g(the)h Ft([[)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command)g(and)g(the)h
14094 Ft(test)f Fu(and)g Ft([)g Fu(builtin)150 3338 y(commands.)275
14095 3472 y(Expressions)32 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(unary)f(or)h(binary)-8
14096 b(.)48 b(Unary)33 b(expressions)f(are)i(often)f(used)f(to)i(examine)g
14097 (the)150 3581 y(status)i(of)g(a)g(\014le.)57 b(There)35
14098 b(are)h(string)g(op)s(erators)g(and)f(n)m(umeric)h(comparison)g(op)s
14099 (erators)g(as)g(w)m(ell.)57 b(If)150 3691 y(the)27 b
14100 Fr(\014le)33 b Fu(argumen)m(t)28 b(to)g(one)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f
14101 (is)g(of)g(the)h(form)f Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(N)p Fu(,)e(then)i(\014le)h
14102 (descriptor)f Fr(N)37 b Fu(is)150 3800 y(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)51
14103 b(If)32 b(the)h Fr(\014le)39 b Fu(argumen)m(t)33 b(to)h(one)f(of)g(the)
14104 g(primaries)g(is)g(one)g(of)h Ft(/dev/stdin)p Fu(,)d
14105 Ft(/dev/stdout)p Fu(,)150 3910 y(or)f Ft(/dev/stderr)p
14106 Fu(,)e(\014le)i(descriptor)h(0,)g(1,)g(or)f(2,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8
14107 b(,)32 b(is)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)275 4043 y(When)37 b(used)g(with)g
14108 Ft([[)p Fu(,)i(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p
14109 Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g(lexicographically)i(using)d(the)h(curren)m
14110 (t)150 4153 y(lo)s(cale.)k(The)30 b Ft(test)f Fu(command)i(uses)f(ASCI)
14111 s(I)e(ordering.)275 4287 y(Unless)44 b(otherwise)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)j
14112 (primaries)c(that)h(op)s(erate)g(on)g(\014les)f(follo)m(w)i(sym)m(b)s
14113 (olic)f(links)g(and)150 4396 y(op)s(erate)31 b(on)f(the)h(target)h(of)e
14114 (the)h(link,)f(rather)h(than)f(the)g(link)h(itself.)150
14115 4553 y Ft(-a)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14116 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists.)150 4711 y Ft(-b)30 b Fj(file)162
14117 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14118 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(sp)s(ecial)g(\014le.)150
14119 4868 y Ft(-c)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14120 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(ecial)
14121 f(\014le.)150 5025 y Ft(-d)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14122 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(directory)-8
14123 b(.)150 5183 y Ft(-e)30 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14124 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists.)150 5340 y Ft(-f)30
14125 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14126 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)f(\014le.)p eop
14127 end
14128 %%Page: 86 92
14129 TeXDict begin 86 91 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14130 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(86)150 299 y Ft(-g)30
14131 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14132 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-group-id)h(bit)g(is)f(set.)150
14133 446 y Ft(-h)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14134 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150
14135 593 y Ft(-k)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14136 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g Ft(")p Fu(stic)m(ky)p Ft(")h
14137 Fu(bit)g(is)f(set.)150 740 y Ft(-p)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8
14138 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(named)f
14139 (pip)s(e)f(\(FIF)m(O\).)150 886 y Ft(-r)h Fj(file)162
14140 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14141 b(and)f(is)g(readable.)150 1033 y Ft(-s)g Fj(file)162
14142 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14143 b(and)f(has)g(a)g(size)i(greater)f(than)f(zero.)150 1180
14144 y Ft(-t)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f
14145 Fr(fd)j Fu(is)e(op)s(en)e(and)h(refers)g(to)h(a)g(terminal.)150
14146 1327 y Ft(-u)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14147 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-user-id)h(bit)f(is)h
14148 (set.)150 1474 y Ft(-w)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14149 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(writable.)150
14150 1621 y Ft(-x)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14151 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(executable.)150
14152 1768 y Ft(-G)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14153 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m(y)h(the)f
14154 (e\013ectiv)m(e)j(group)d(id.)150 1915 y Ft(-L)g Fj(file)162
14155 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14156 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150 2062 y Ft(-N)f
14157 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14158 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(mo)s(di\014ed)h(since)g(it)h(w)m
14159 (as)g(last)g(read.)150 2209 y Ft(-O)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8
14160 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m
14161 (y)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d(id.)150 2355 y Ft(-S)g
14162 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14163 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150 2502
14164 y Fj(file1)e Ft(-ef)g Fj(file2)630 2612 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14165 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(refer)30
14166 b(to)i(the)e(same)h(device)g(and)f(ino)s(de)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)150
14167 2759 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-nt)g Fj(file2)630 2868 y Fu(T)-8
14168 b(rue)23 b(if)h Fr(\014le1)32 b Fu(is)24 b(new)m(er)g(\(according)h(to)
14169 g(mo)s(di\014cation)f(date\))h(than)f Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g
14170 Fr(\014le1)31 b Fu(exists)630 2978 y(and)f Fr(\014le2)38
14171 b Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 3125 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-ot)g
14172 Fj(file2)630 3234 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38
14173 b Fu(is)31 b(older)f(than)g Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g
14174 Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f Fr(\014le1)38 b
14175 Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 3381 y Ft(-o)g Fj(optname)630
14176 3491 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)41 b(if)g(the)g(shell)h(option)f
14177 Fr(optname)47 b Fu(is)41 b(enabled.)73 b(The)41 b(list)h(of)f(options)h
14178 (app)s(ears)e(in)630 3601 y(the)33 b(description)h(of)f(the)g
14179 Ft(-o)g Fu(option)g(to)h(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g
14180 (4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)630 3710 y(Builtin],)e(page)g(58\).)150
14181 3857 y Ft(-v)f Fj(varname)630 3967 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14182 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)35
14183 b Fu(is)30 b(set)h(\(has)g(b)s(een)e(assigned)i(a)g(v)-5
14184 b(alue\).)150 4114 y Ft(-R)30 b Fj(varname)630 4223 y
14185 Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32
14186 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)35 b Fu(is)30 b(set)h(and)f(is)h(a)f(name)h
14187 (reference.)150 4370 y Ft(-z)f Fj(string)66 b Fu(T)-8
14188 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f Fr(string)38 b Fu(is)31
14189 b(zero.)150 4517 y Ft(-n)f Fj(string)150 4626 y(string)192
14190 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f Fr(string)38
14191 b Fu(is)31 b(non-zero.)150 4773 y Fj(string1)d Ft(==)i
14192 Fj(string2)150 4883 y(string1)e Ft(=)i Fj(string2)630
14193 4993 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)43 b(if)h(the)g(strings)g(are)g(equal.)82
14194 b(When)44 b(used)f(with)g(the)h Ft([[)g Fu(command,)j(this)d(p)s(er-)
14195 630 5102 y(forms)d(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)i(as)f(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m
14196 (v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)630
14197 5212 y(Constructs],)30 b(page)h(10\).)630 5340 y(`)p
14198 Ft(=)p Fu(')g(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(the)h Ft(test)e
14199 Fu(command)h(for)g Fm(posix)g Fu(conformance.)p eop end
14200 %%Page: 87 93
14201 TeXDict begin 87 92 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14202 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(87)150 299 y Fj(string1)28
14203 b Ft(!=)i Fj(string2)630 408 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(strings)f
14204 (are)h(not)f(equal.)150 563 y Fj(string1)e Ft(<)i Fj(string2)630
14205 673 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31
14206 b(b)s(efore)f Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8
14207 b(.)150 828 y Fj(string1)28 b Ft(>)i Fj(string2)630 937
14208 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31
14209 b(after)g Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150
14210 1092 y Fj(arg1)29 b Ft(OP)h Fj(arg2)630 1202 y Ft(OP)j
14211 Fu(is)h(one)g(of)h(`)p Ft(-eq)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-ne)p
14212 Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-lt)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(-le)p Fu(',)f(`)p
14213 Ft(-gt)p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p Ft(-ge)p Fu('.)51 b(These)34
14214 b(arithmetic)h(binary)630 1311 y(op)s(erators)h(return)e(true)i(if)f
14215 Fr(arg1)44 b Fu(is)36 b(equal)g(to,)i(not)e(equal)g(to,)i(less)e(than,)
14216 h(less)f(than)f(or)630 1421 y(equal)29 b(to,)g(greater)h(than,)e(or)g
14217 (greater)i(than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h Fr(arg2)p Fu(,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m
14218 (ely)-8 b(.)42 b Fr(Arg1)36 b Fu(and)630 1531 y Fr(arg2)j
14219 Fu(ma)m(y)30 b(b)s(e)g(p)s(ositiv)m(e)i(or)e(negativ)m(e)j(in)m
14220 (tegers.)150 1758 y Fs(6.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Arithmetic)150
14221 1918 y Fu(The)35 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)i(arithmetic)f(expressions)f(to)h
14222 (b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)38 b(as)d(one)h(of)f(the)h(shell)f
14223 (expansions)g(or)150 2027 y(b)m(y)30 b(the)h Ft(let)e
14224 Fu(and)h(the)h Ft(-i)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(declare)d
14225 Fu(builtins.)275 2160 y(Ev)-5 b(aluation)27 b(is)g(done)f(in)g
14226 (\014xed-width)g(in)m(tegers)i(with)e(no)h(c)m(hec)m(k)h(for)e(o)m(v)m
14227 (er\015o)m(w,)j(though)d(division)h(b)m(y)150 2269 y(0)g(is)g(trapp)s
14228 (ed)f(and)h(\015agged)g(as)h(an)f(error.)39 b(The)26
14229 b(op)s(erators)h(and)g(their)g(precedence,)h(asso)s(ciativit)m(y)-8
14230 b(,)32 b(and)150 2379 y(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(are)h(the)f(same)g(as)h(in)e
14231 (the)h(C)g(language.)56 b(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)h(list)g(of)f(op)s
14232 (erators)g(is)g(group)s(ed)f(in)m(to)150 2488 y(lev)m(els)27
14233 b(of)f(equal-precedence)i(op)s(erators.)39 b(The)25 b(lev)m(els)j(are)e
14234 (listed)h(in)e(order)h(of)g(decreasing)g(precedence.)150
14235 2643 y Fj(id)p Ft(++)j Fj(id)p Ft(--)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14236 b(p)s(ost-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(p)s(ost-decremen)m(t)150
14237 2798 y Ft(++)p Fj(id)f Ft(--)p Fj(id)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14238 b(pre-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(pre-decremen)m(t)150 2953
14239 y Ft(-)g(+)354 b Fu(unary)29 b(min)m(us)h(and)g(plus)150
14240 3108 y Ft(!)g(~)354 b Fu(logical)33 b(and)d(bit)m(wise)h(negation)150
14241 3263 y Ft(**)384 b Fu(exp)s(onen)m(tiation)150 3417 y
14242 Ft(*)30 b(/)g(\045)276 b Fu(m)m(ultiplication,)33 b(division,)d
14243 (remainder)150 3572 y Ft(+)g(-)354 b Fu(addition,)31
14244 b(subtraction)150 3727 y Ft(<<)f(>>)258 b Fu(left)31
14245 b(and)f(righ)m(t)h(bit)m(wise)g(shifts)150 3882 y Ft(<=)f(>=)g(<)g(>)
14246 102 b Fu(comparison)150 4037 y Ft(==)30 b(!=)258 b Fu(equalit)m(y)32
14247 b(and)e(inequalit)m(y)150 4192 y Ft(&)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31
14248 b(AND)150 4347 y Ft(^)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(exclusiv)m(e)h(OR)150
14249 4501 y Ft(|)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(OR)150 4656 y Ft(&&)384
14250 b Fu(logical)33 b(AND)150 4811 y Ft(||)384 b Fu(logical)33
14251 b(OR)150 4966 y Ft(expr)c(?)h(expr)f(:)h(expr)630 5076
14252 y Fu(conditional)i(op)s(erator)150 5230 y Ft(=)e(*=)g(/=)g(\045=)f(+=)h
14253 (-=)g(<<=)f(>>=)h(&=)g(^=)f(|=)630 5340 y Fu(assignmen)m(t)p
14254 eop end
14255 %%Page: 88 94
14256 TeXDict begin 88 93 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14257 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(88)150 299 y Ft(expr1)29
14258 b(,)h(expr2)630 408 y Fu(comma)275 574 y(Shell)38 b(v)-5
14259 b(ariables)39 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(as)e(op)s(erands;)i(parameter)e
14260 (expansion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)g(b)s(efore)g(the)150
14261 684 y(expression)g(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)66 b(Within)38
14262 b(an)h(expression,)h(shell)e(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s
14263 (e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150 793 y(name)31 b(without)f(using)g(the)h
14264 (parameter)g(expansion)f(syn)m(tax.)42 b(A)31 b(shell)f(v)-5
14265 b(ariable)32 b(that)f(is)f(n)m(ull)h(or)f(unset)150 903
14266 y(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(0)g(when)e(referenced)h(b)m(y)g(name)h
14267 (without)f(using)g(the)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(syn)m(tax.)150
14268 1012 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36
14269 b(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(as)e(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f(when)f
14270 (it)h(is)g(referenced,)i(or)150 1122 y(when)31 b(a)i(v)-5
14271 b(ariable)33 b(whic)m(h)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m(en)j(the)e
14272 Fr(in)m(teger)40 b Fu(attribute)33 b(using)f(`)p Ft(declare)d(-i)p
14273 Fu(')i(is)i(assigned)150 1232 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue.)58 b(A)36
14274 b(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(ev)-5 b(aluates)37 b(to)g(0.)57
14275 b(A)36 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(need)e(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(its)f
14276 Fr(in)m(teger)44 b Fu(attribute)150 1341 y(turned)29
14277 b(on)h(to)i(b)s(e)d(used)h(in)g(an)g(expression.)275
14278 1480 y(Constan)m(ts)41 b(with)g(a)h(leading)f(0)h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)
14279 f(as)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)72 b(A)41 b(leading)h(`)p
14280 Ft(0x)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(0X)p Fu(')150 1589 y(denotes)30
14281 b(hexadecimal.)42 b(Otherwise,)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f
14282 (form)g([)p Fr(base)5 b Ft(#)p Fu(])p Fr(n)p Fu(,)30
14283 b(where)f(the)i(optional)g Fr(base)150 1699 y Fu(is)e(a)h(decimal)g(n)m
14284 (um)m(b)s(er)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(2)h(and)e(64)i(represen)m(ting)g(the)
14285 f(arithmetic)i(base,)e(and)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
14286 1809 y(in)e(that)h(base.)40 b(If)26 b Fr(base)5 b Ft(#)27
14287 b Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(then)e(base)g(10)h(is)f(used.)39
14288 b(When)27 b(sp)s(ecifying)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)h(he)f(digits)h(greater)150
14289 1918 y(than)33 b(9)h(are)g(represen)m(ted)g(b)m(y)f(the)h(lo)m(w)m
14290 (ercase)i(letters,)g(the)d(upp)s(ercase)g(letters,)j(`)p
14291 Ft(@)p Fu(',)e(and)f(`)p Ft(_)p Fu(',)i(in)e(that)150
14292 2028 y(order.)69 b(If)39 b Fr(base)45 b Fu(is)40 b(less)g(than)g(or)f
14293 (equal)i(to)f(36,)k(lo)m(w)m(ercase)e(and)d(upp)s(ercase)g(letters)i
14294 (ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)150 2137 y(in)m(terc)m(hangeably)32
14295 b(to)f(represen)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(10)g(and)f
14296 (35.)275 2276 y(Op)s(erators)44 b(are)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)46
14297 b(in)f(order)f(of)h(precedence.)85 b(Sub-expressions)44
14298 b(in)g(paren)m(theses)i(are)150 2386 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32
14299 b(\014rst)d(and)h(ma)m(y)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)g(precedence)g(rules)f
14300 (ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)150 2624 y Fs(6.6)68 b(Aliases)150 2784
14301 y Fr(Aliases)41 b Fu(allo)m(w)d(a)f(string)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(substituted)g
14302 (for)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(when)g(it)h(is)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m
14303 (ord)h(of)h(a)150 2893 y(simple)32 b(command.)45 b(The)31
14304 b(shell)i(main)m(tains)f(a)h(list)f(of)g(aliases)i(that)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s
14305 (e)e(set)h(and)g(unset)f(with)h(the)150 3003 y Ft(alias)d
14306 Fu(and)h Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtin)i(commands.)275 3142
14307 y(The)f(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)i(of)f(eac)m(h)i(simple)f(command,)g(if)f
14308 (unquoted,)g(is)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(to)g(see)f(if)g(it)g(has)f(an)g
14309 (alias.)150 3251 y(If)24 b(so,)i(that)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)m
14310 (y)f(the)h(text)h(of)e(the)h(alias.)40 b(The)24 b(c)m(haracters)i(`)p
14311 Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p
14312 Ft(=)p Fu(')f(and)f(an)m(y)h(of)150 3361 y(the)e(shell)g(metac)m
14313 (haracters)i(or)e(quoting)g(c)m(haracters)h(listed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g
14314 (ma)m(y)f(not)g(app)s(ear)f(in)h(an)g(alias)h(name.)150
14315 3470 y(The)e(replacemen)m(t)h(text)g(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(an)m(y)e(v)
14316 -5 b(alid)23 b(shell)f(input,)h(including)f(shell)g(metac)m(haracters.)
14317 40 b(The)150 3580 y(\014rst)35 b(w)m(ord)g(of)h(the)g(replacemen)m(t)i
14318 (text)e(is)g(tested)h(for)e(aliases,)k(but)c(a)h(w)m(ord)g(that)g(is)g
14319 (iden)m(tical)i(to)e(an)150 3689 y(alias)c(b)s(eing)f(expanded)f(is)h
14320 (not)g(expanded)f(a)h(second)g(time.)43 b(This)30 b(means)h(that)g(one)
14321 g(ma)m(y)h(alias)g Ft(ls)e Fu(to)150 3799 y Ft("ls)f(-F")p
14322 Fu(,)f(for)f(instance,)i(and)d(Bash)i(do)s(es)f(not)h(try)f(to)h
14323 (recursiv)m(ely)g(expand)e(the)i(replacemen)m(t)h(text.)40
14324 b(If)150 3909 y(the)31 b(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)e(the)h(alias)g(v)-5
14325 b(alue)31 b(is)h(a)f Fr(blank)p Fu(,)g(then)g(the)g(next)h(command)e(w)
14326 m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)150 4018 y(alias)f(is)e(also)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m
14327 (ed)i(for)d(alias)h(expansion.)275 4157 y(Aliases)e(are)f(created)i
14328 (and)d(listed)i(with)f(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(command,)h(and)g(remo)m(v)m
14329 (ed)h(with)f(the)g Ft(unalias)150 4267 y Fu(command.)275
14330 4405 y(There)44 b(is)h(no)g(mec)m(hanism)g(for)f(using)h(argumen)m(ts)g
14331 (in)f(the)h(replacemen)m(t)i(text,)i(as)d(in)e Ft(csh)p
14332 Fu(.)83 b(If)150 4515 y(argumen)m(ts)37 b(are)h(needed,)g(a)g(shell)f
14333 (function)f(should)g(b)s(e)h(used)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.3)g([Shell)f(F)
14334 -8 b(unctions],)150 4624 y(page)31 b(17\).)275 4763 y(Aliases)i(are)h
14335 (not)e(expanded)g(when)g(the)h(shell)g(is)g(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)j
14336 (unless)c(the)h Ft(expand_aliases)150 4873 y Fu(shell)e(option)f(is)h
14337 (set)g(using)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g
14338 (Builtin],)h(page)g(62\).)275 5011 y(The)38 b(rules)h(concerning)h(the)
14339 f(de\014nition)g(and)g(use)g(of)g(aliases)i(are)e(somewhat)h
14340 (confusing.)67 b(Bash)150 5121 y(alw)m(a)m(ys)42 b(reads)f(at)h(least)g
14341 (one)f(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input)f(b)s(efore)h(executing)h(an)m(y)f
14342 (of)g(the)g(commands)150 5230 y(on)h(that)h(line.)77
14343 b(Aliases)44 b(are)e(expanded)g(when)f(a)i(command)f(is)g(read,)k(not)c
14344 (when)g(it)g(is)h(executed.)150 5340 y(Therefore,)f(an)e(alias)h
14345 (de\014nition)e(app)s(earing)h(on)f(the)h(same)h(line)f(as)g(another)g
14346 (command)f(do)s(es)h(not)p eop end
14347 %%Page: 89 95
14348 TeXDict begin 89 94 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14349 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(89)150 299 y(tak)m(e)31
14350 b(e\013ect)f(un)m(til)g(the)f(next)g(line)h(of)f(input)f(is)h(read.)41
14351 b(The)28 b(commands)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)e(alias)h(de\014nition)150
14352 408 y(on)d(that)h(line)f(are)h(not)f(a\013ected)i(b)m(y)e(the)g(new)g
14353 (alias.)41 b(This)26 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(also)h(an)f(issue)g(when)f
14354 (functions)150 518 y(are)d(executed.)39 b(Aliases)24
14355 b(are)f(expanded)f(when)f(a)i(function)g(de\014nition)f(is)h(read,)h
14356 (not)f(when)e(the)i(function)150 628 y(is)i(executed,)j(b)s(ecause)d(a)
14357 h(function)f(de\014nition)f(is)i(itself)g(a)f(comp)s(ound)f(command.)39
14358 b(As)25 b(a)h(consequence,)150 737 y(aliases)36 b(de\014ned)d(in)h(a)g
14359 (function)g(are)h(not)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)37 b(un)m(til)d(after)h
14360 (that)g(function)f(is)g(executed.)53 b(T)-8 b(o)35 b(b)s(e)150
14361 847 y(safe,)41 b(alw)m(a)m(ys)f(put)d(alias)j(de\014nitions)e(on)g(a)h
14362 (separate)g(line,)i(and)d(do)g(not)g(use)g Ft(alias)f
14363 Fu(in)h(comp)s(ound)150 956 y(commands.)275 1094 y(F)-8
14364 b(or)31 b(almost)g(ev)m(ery)g(purp)s(ose,)e(shell)i(functions)f(are)g
14365 (preferred)g(o)m(v)m(er)h(aliases.)150 1332 y Fs(6.7)68
14366 b(Arra)l(ys)150 1491 y Fu(Bash)33 b(pro)m(vides)g(one-dimensional)g
14367 (indexed)f(and)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)e(v)-5
14368 b(ariables.)49 b(An)m(y)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(ma)m(y)150
14369 1601 y(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)g(an)g(indexed)f(arra)m(y;)j(the)e
14370 Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(will)i(explicitly)g(declare)g(an)f(arra)m(y)
14371 -8 b(.)46 b(There)32 b(is)150 1710 y(no)h(maxim)m(um)g(limit)h(on)f
14372 (the)g(size)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(nor)d(an)m(y)i(requiremen)
14373 m(t)f(that)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(e)g(indexed)150 1820
14374 y(or)26 b(assigned)h(con)m(tiguously)-8 b(.)41 b(Indexed)25
14375 b(arra)m(ys)i(are)f(referenced)g(using)g(in)m(tegers)i(\(including)e
14376 (arithmetic)150 1929 y(expressions)38 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)
14377 e(Arithmetic],)k(page)d(87\)\))h(and)d(are)i(zero-based;)k(asso)s
14378 (ciativ)m(e)150 2039 y(arra)m(ys)37 b(use)f(arbitrary)g(strings.)59
14379 b(Unless)36 b(otherwise)h(noted,)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)h(indices)f(m)m
14380 (ust)g(b)s(e)g(non-)150 2149 y(negativ)m(e)d(in)m(tegers.)275
14381 2286 y(An)26 b(indexed)h(arra)m(y)h(is)f(created)h(automatically)j(if)c
14382 (an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(the)g(syn)m
14383 (tax)390 2424 y Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p
14384 Fj(value)150 2562 y Fu(The)34 b Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(treated)g(as)g
14385 (an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(that)h(m)m(ust)g(ev)-5
14386 b(aluate)36 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)51 b(T)-8 b(o)150
14387 2672 y(explicitly)32 b(declare)f(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31
14388 b(use)390 2809 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h Fj(name)150 2947
14389 y Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)390 3085 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h
14390 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])150 3223 y Fu(is)30
14391 b(also)i(accepted;)g(the)e Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(ignored.)150
14392 3361 y(Asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(ys)d(are)h(created)h(using)390
14393 3499 y Ft(declare)46 b(-A)h Fj(name)p Ft(.)275 3636 y
14394 Fu(A)m(ttributes)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(for)h(an)g(arra)m
14395 (y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)47 b(using)e(the)h Ft(declare)e Fu(and)h
14396 Ft(readonly)150 3746 y Fu(builtins.)40 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(attribute)g
14397 (applies)g(to)g(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(an)h(arra)m(y)-8
14398 b(.)275 3884 y(Arra)m(ys)30 b(are)h(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(comp)s
14399 (ound)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(of)g(the)f(form)390 4022 y Fj(name)p
14400 Ft(=\()p Fj(value1)44 b(value2)j Ft(...)f(\))150 4159
14401 y Fu(where)38 b(eac)m(h)i Fr(v)-5 b(alue)44 b Fu(is)39
14402 b(of)g(the)g(form)f Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fr(string)p
14403 Fu(.)63 b(Indexed)37 b(arra)m(y)j(assignmen)m(ts)f(do)g(not)150
14404 4269 y(require)31 b(an)m(ything)g(but)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)43
14405 b(When)31 b(assigning)g(to)h(indexed)e(arra)m(ys,)i(if)f(the)g
14406 (optional)h(subscript)e(is)150 4379 y(supplied,)i(that)h(index)f(is)h
14407 (assigned)g(to;)h(otherwise)f(the)g(index)f(of)h(the)g(elemen)m(t)h
14408 (assigned)f(is)f(the)h(last)150 4488 y(index)d(assigned)h(to)g(b)m(y)f
14409 (the)g(statemen)m(t)j(plus)c(one.)41 b(Indexing)30 b(starts)h(at)g
14410 (zero.)275 4626 y(When)f(assigning)h(to)g(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j
14411 (arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(the)e(subscript)f(is)i(required.)275
14412 4764 y(This)f(syn)m(tax)j(is)e(also)i(accepted)g(b)m(y)f(the)f
14413 Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin.)44 b(Individual)31 b(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)h
14414 (ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)150 4873 y(assigned)e(to)g(using)f(the)g
14415 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fj(value)25 b
14416 Fu(syn)m(tax)31 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275
14417 5011 y(When)h(assigning)h(to)h(an)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)-8
14418 b(,)32 b(if)f Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)31 b(subscripted)e(b)m(y)i(a)g
14419 (negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)c(that)150 5121 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)43
14420 b(is)h(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)j(to)e(one)f(greater)i(than)e
14421 (the)g(maxim)m(um)g(index)g(of)h Fr(name)p Fu(,)j(so)150
14422 5230 y(negativ)m(e)30 b(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)g
14423 (end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h
14424 (references)g(the)f(last)150 5340 y(elemen)m(t.)p eop
14425 end
14426 %%Page: 90 96
14427 TeXDict begin 90 95 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14428 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(90)275 299 y(An)m(y)28
14429 b(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(referenced)g
14430 (using)g Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})p
14431 Fu(.)35 b(The)27 b(braces)i(are)150 408 y(required)f(to)j(a)m(v)m(oid)f
14432 (con\015icts)g(with)f(the)h(shell's)f(\014lename)h(expansion)f(op)s
14433 (erators.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i Fr(subscript)g Fu(is)150
14434 518 y(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f
14435 (expands)f(to)i(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(of)i(the)f(arra)m(y)h
14436 Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(These)29 b(subscripts)f(di\013er)h(only)150
14437 628 y(when)36 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(app)s(ears)g(within)g(double)g(quotes.)
14438 60 b(If)36 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(double-quoted,)j Ft(${)p
14439 Fj(name)p Ft([*]})150 737 y Fu(expands)25 b(to)h(a)g(single)h(w)m(ord)e
14440 (with)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h(arra)m(y)f(mem)m(b)s(er)f
14441 (separated)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(harac-)150 847
14442 y(ter)j(of)g(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(and)f
14443 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})d Fu(expands)i(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)h(of)e
14444 Fr(name)33 b Fu(to)c(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)150 956
14445 y(When)j(there)h(are)f(no)g(arra)m(y)h(mem)m(b)s(ers,)f
14446 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})e Fu(expands)h(to)i(nothing.)47
14447 b(If)31 b(the)i(double-quoted)150 1066 y(expansion)39
14448 b(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)i(the)d(expansion)h(of)g(the)f
14449 (\014rst)g(parameter)h(is)g(joined)f(with)h(the)150 1176
14450 y(b)s(eginning)29 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(original)i(w)m(ord,)e(and)g(the)h
14451 (expansion)f(of)h(the)f(last)i(parameter)e(is)h(joined)f(with)150
14452 1285 y(the)g(last)h(part)f(of)g(the)g(original)h(w)m(ord.)40
14453 b(This)28 b(is)h(analogous)h(to)f(the)h(expansion)e(of)h(the)g(sp)s
14454 (ecial)h(param-)150 1395 y(eters)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
14455 Ft(*)p Fu('.)41 b Ft(${#)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p
14456 Ft(]})24 b Fu(expands)k(to)i(the)g(length)g(of)f Ft(${)p
14457 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(If)150
14458 1504 y Fr(subscript)29 b Fu(is)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p
14459 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(expansion)f(is)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)g
14460 (elemen)m(ts)i(in)e(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(Referencing)29
14461 b(an)150 1614 y(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(without)f(a)h(subscript)
14462 e(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)f(referencing)f(with)g(a)h
14463 (subscript)e(of)h(0.)44 b(If)31 b(the)150 1724 y Fr(subscript)f
14464 Fu(used)e(to)i(reference)g(an)f(elemen)m(t)i(of)e(an)g(indexed)g(arra)m
14465 (y)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)30 b(to)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)h(than)150
14466 1833 y(zero,)37 b(it)f(is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)f
14467 (one)f(greater)i(than)d(the)i(maxim)m(um)e(index)h(of)g(the)g(arra)m(y)
14468 -8 b(,)38 b(so)150 1943 y(negativ)m(e)33 b(indices)e(coun)m(t)h(bac)m
14469 (k)f(from)g(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32
14470 b(and)e(an)h(index)f(of)h(-1)h(refers)e(to)i(the)f(last)150
14471 2052 y(elemen)m(t.)275 2186 y(An)k(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)37
14472 b(is)g(considered)f(set)h(if)f(a)h(subscript)e(has)h(b)s(een)g
14473 (assigned)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)59 b(The)36 b(n)m(ull)150
14474 2295 y(string)30 b(is)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(v)-5 b(alue.)275
14475 2429 y(It)29 b(is)h(p)s(ossible)f(to)h(obtain)g(the)f(k)m(eys)i
14476 (\(indices\))f(of)f(an)h(arra)m(y)g(as)f(w)m(ell)i(as)f(the)f(v)-5
14477 b(alues.)41 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([@])p
14478 Fi(})150 2538 y Fu(and)39 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5
14479 b Fu([*])p Fi(})43 b Fu(expand)c(to)i(the)f(indices)h(assigned)f(in)g
14480 (arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)70 b(The)39
14481 b(treatmen)m(t)150 2648 y(when)i(in)g(double)g(quotes)h(is)f(similar)h
14482 (to)h(the)e(expansion)h(of)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameters)g(`)p
14483 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')150 2757 y(within)30
14484 b(double)g(quotes.)275 2891 y(The)j Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)h(is)g(used)g
14485 (to)h(destro)m(y)g(arra)m(ys.)52 b Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p
14486 Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])h Fu(destro)m(ys)35 b(the)g(ar-)150
14487 3000 y(ra)m(y)j(elemen)m(t)h(at)g(index)e Fr(subscript)p
14488 Fu(.)61 b(Negativ)m(e)41 b(subscripts)36 b(to)i(indexed)g(arra)m(ys)g
14489 (are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)150 3110 y(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)67
14490 b(Care)38 b(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(tak)m(en)h(to)h(a)m(v)m(oid)g(un)m(w)m
14491 (an)m(ted)e(side)h(e\013ects)h(caused)e(b)m(y)h(\014lename)150
14492 3220 y(expansion.)50 b Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p Fu(,)34
14493 b(where)f Fr(name)39 b Fu(is)34 b(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)36
14494 b(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)f(en)m(tire)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)52
14495 b(A)33 b(subscript)g(of)150 3329 y(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')e(or)f(`)p
14496 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(also)i(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)g(en)m(tire)g(arra)m(y)-8
14497 b(.)275 3463 y(The)20 b Ft(declare)p Fu(,)h Ft(local)p
14498 Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtins)h(eac)m(h)i(accept)g(a)g
14499 Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(an)f(indexed)150
14500 3572 y(arra)m(y)28 b(and)f(a)h Ft(-A)e Fu(option)i(to)g(sp)s(ecify)f
14501 (an)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)40 b(If)27
14502 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)g(supplied,)f Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)150
14503 3682 y(precedence.)55 b(The)35 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)h(accepts)h(a)g
14504 Ft(-a)e Fu(option)i(to)g(assign)f(a)g(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(read)g
14505 (from)g(the)150 3791 y(standard)h(input)g(to)i(an)f(arra)m(y)-8
14506 b(,)40 b(and)c(can)h(read)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(from)e(the)h(standard)g
14507 (input)f(in)m(to)i(individual)150 3901 y(arra)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts.)62
14508 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g Fu(and)h Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(displa)m(y)g
14509 (arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(in)g(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)g(allo)m(ws)150
14510 4011 y(them)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)150
14511 4241 y Fs(6.8)68 b(The)45 b(Directory)g(Stac)l(k)150
14512 4400 y Fu(The)21 b(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(is)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(recen)m
14513 (tly-visited)j(directories.)39 b(The)20 b Ft(pushd)g
14514 Fu(builtin)h(adds)g(directories)150 4510 y(to)42 b(the)f(stac)m(k)i(as)
14515 e(it)h(c)m(hanges)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8 b(,)45
14516 b(and)40 b(the)i Ft(popd)e Fu(builtin)g(remo)m(v)m(es)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)
14517 150 4620 y(directories)29 b(from)f(the)h(stac)m(k)h(and)d(c)m(hanges)j
14518 (the)e(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(to)g(the)g(directory)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)
14519 41 b(The)150 4729 y Ft(dirs)29 b Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)h(the)f(con)m
14520 (ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k.)275 4863
14521 y(The)k(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)h(directory)f(stac)m(k)h(are)f(also)h
14522 (visible)g(as)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Ft(DIRSTACK)e
14523 Fu(shell)150 4972 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 5169 y Fk(6.8.1)63
14524 b(Directory)40 b(Stac)m(k)g(Builtins)150 5340 y Ft(dirs)p
14525 eop end
14526 %%Page: 91 97
14527 TeXDict begin 91 96 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14528 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(91)870 299 y Ft(dirs)47
14529 b([-clpv])e([+)p Fj(N)i Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 435
14530 y Fu(Displa)m(y)35 b(the)f(list)g(of)g(curren)m(tly)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)
14531 f(directories.)51 b(Directories)36 b(are)e(added)f(to)630
14532 545 y(the)28 b(list)h(with)f(the)g Ft(pushd)f Fu(command;)i(the)f
14533 Ft(popd)f Fu(command)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(directories)g(from)630
14534 654 y(the)i(list.)630 817 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clears)31
14535 b(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(b)m(y)e(deleting)h(all)h(of)e(the)h
14536 (elemen)m(ts.)630 980 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Pro)s(duces)31
14537 b(a)h(listing)h(using)e(full)h(pathnames;)h(the)f(default)g(listing)h
14538 (format)1110 1089 y(uses)d(a)h(tilde)g(to)g(denote)g(the)f(home)h
14539 (directory)-8 b(.)630 1252 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Causes)30
14540 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)
14541 g(en)m(try)h(p)s(er)e(line.)630 1415 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Causes)36
14542 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)g(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)
14543 h(en)m(try)f(p)s(er)f(line,)1110 1524 y(pre\014xing)30
14544 b(eac)m(h)h(en)m(try)g(with)f(its)h(index)e(in)i(the)f(stac)m(k.)630
14545 1687 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)23 b(the)f Fr(N)10
14546 b Fu(th)21 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)e(the)h(left)g(of)g(the)g
14547 (list)g(prin)m(ted)1110 1797 y(b)m(y)30 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(when)h(in)m(v)m
14548 (ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options\),)h(starting)g(with)g(zero.)630
14549 1959 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)47 b(the)g Fr(N)10
14550 b Fu(th)46 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)h(of)g
14551 (the)f(list)1110 2069 y(prin)m(ted)25 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)g
14552 Fu(when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(without)f(options\),)h(starting)g(with)e
14553 (zero.)150 2232 y Ft(popd)870 2368 y(popd)47 b([-n])f([+)p
14554 Fj(N)h Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 2504 y Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)26
14555 b(the)e(top)g(en)m(try)h(from)e(the)h(directory)h(stac)m(k,)i(and)c
14556 Ft(cd)h Fu(to)h(the)f(new)f(top)i(directory)-8 b(.)630
14557 2614 y(When)32 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(giv)m(en,)h
14558 Ft(popd)d Fu(remo)m(v)m(es)j(the)f(top)f(directory)h(from)f(the)g(stac)
14559 m(k)630 2723 y(and)f(p)s(erforms)e(a)j Ft(cd)f Fu(to)h(the)f(new)g(top)
14560 h(directory)-8 b(.)44 b(The)31 b(elemen)m(ts)i(are)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)
14561 f(from)630 2833 y(0)j(starting)g(at)g(the)f(\014rst)g(directory)g
14562 (listed)h(with)f Ft(dirs)p Fu(;)g(that)h(is,)g Ft(popd)e
14563 Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)630 2942 y Ft(popd)c(+0)p
14564 Fu(.)630 3105 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)27 b(the)j(normal)g(c)m
14565 (hange)g(of)g(directory)g(when)e(remo)m(ving)j(directo-)1110
14566 3215 y(ries)f(from)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h(stac)m
14567 (k)g(is)g(manipulated.)630 3377 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)22
14568 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)20 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)i(from)e(the)g
14569 (left)h(of)g(the)f(list)h(prin)m(ted)1110 3487 y(b)m(y)30
14570 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)630 3650
14571 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)46 b(the)g Fr(N)10
14572 b Fu(th)44 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g
14573 (the)g(list)1110 3759 y(prin)m(ted)30 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)p
14574 Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)150 3922 y Ft(pushd)870
14575 4058 y(pushd)46 b([-n])h([+)p Fj(N)g Ft(|)g Fj(-N)h Ft(|)f
14576 Fj(dir)p Ft(])630 4194 y Fu(Sa)m(v)m(e)30 b(the)e(curren)m(t)g
14577 (directory)h(on)f(the)h(top)f(of)h(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(and)e
14578 (then)g Ft(cd)f Fu(to)i Fr(dir)p Fu(.)630 4304 y(With)i(no)f(argumen)m
14579 (ts,)h Ft(pushd)e Fu(exc)m(hanges)j(the)e(top)h(t)m(w)m(o)h
14580 (directories.)630 4467 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)26
14581 b(the)i(normal)h(c)m(hange)g(of)f(directory)h(when)e(adding)h
14582 (directories)1110 4576 y(to)j(the)g(stac)m(k,)h(so)e(that)h(only)g(the)
14583 f(stac)m(k)i(is)f(manipulated.)630 4739 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384
14584 b Fu(Brings)29 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)29 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)h
14585 (from)e(the)g(left)i(of)e(the)h(list)g(prin)m(ted)1110
14586 4848 y(b)m(y)34 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)
14587 f(top)g(of)h(the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110
14588 4958 y(stac)m(k.)630 5121 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Brings)23
14589 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)23 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)e(the)i
14590 (righ)m(t)f(of)g(the)h(list)f(prin)m(ted)1110 5230 y(b)m(y)34
14591 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)f(top)g(of)h
14592 (the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110 5340 y(stac)m(k.)p
14593 eop end
14594 %%Page: 92 98
14595 TeXDict begin 92 97 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14596 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(92)630 299 y Fj(dir)336
14597 b Fu(Mak)m(es)31 b(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(orking)g(directory)g(b)s(e)g
14598 (the)g(top)g(of)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(mak-)1110 408 y(ing)39
14599 b(it)g(the)g(new)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(as)g(if)g(it)g(had)f(b)s
14600 (een)g(supplied)f(as)i(an)1110 518 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(to)g(the)f
14601 Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)150 752 y Fs(6.9)68 b(Con)l(trolling)47
14602 b(the)e(Prompt)150 911 y Fu(The)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)h(the)f(v)-5
14603 b(ariable)25 b Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)20 b Fu(is)25 b(examined)f(just)g(b)s
14604 (efore)f(Bash)i(prin)m(ts)e(eac)m(h)j(primary)150 1021
14605 y(prompt.)39 b(If)28 b Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)d Fu(is)j(set)h(and)f(has)g(a)
14606 h(non-n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue,)29 b(then)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29
14607 b(is)f(executed)i(just)150 1130 y(as)h(if)f(it)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(t)m
14608 (yp)s(ed)h(on)h(the)f(command)g(line.)275 1266 y(In)d(addition,)j(the)f
14609 (follo)m(wing)h(table)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(c)m
14610 (haracters)h(whic)m(h)f(can)f(app)s(ear)g(in)h(the)150
14611 1375 y(prompt)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b Ft(PS1)d Fu(to)i
14612 Ft(PS4)p Fu(:)150 1536 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(A)30 b(b)s(ell)h(c)m
14613 (haracter.)150 1696 y Ft(\\d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(date,)h(in)f
14614 Ft(")p Fu(W)-8 b(eekda)m(y)32 b(Mon)m(th)f(Date)p Ft(")h
14615 Fu(format)f(\(e.g.,)h Ft(")p Fu(T)-8 b(ue)30 b(Ma)m(y)h(26)p
14616 Ft(")p Fu(\).)150 1857 y Ft(\\D{)p Fj(format)p Ft(})630
14617 1966 y Fu(The)c Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(passed)e(to)i Ft(strftime)p
14618 Fu(\(3\))f(and)f(the)i(result)f(is)g(inserted)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(prompt)
14619 630 2076 y(string;)42 b(an)d(empt)m(y)f Fr(format)j Fu(results)d(in)g
14620 (a)h(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(time)f(represen)m(tation.)65
14621 b(The)630 2185 y(braces)31 b(are)f(required.)150 2346
14622 y Ft(\\e)384 b Fu(An)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)150
14623 2506 y Ft(\\h)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname,)h(up)e(to)i(the)g(\014rst)e
14624 (`.'.)150 2666 y Ft(\\H)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname.)150
14625 2826 y Ft(\\j)384 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(jobs)g(curren)m
14626 (tly)h(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell.)150 2987 y Ft(\\l)384
14627 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g
14628 (name.)150 3147 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(A)30 b(newline.)150
14629 3307 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(A)30 b(carriage)i(return.)150
14630 3467 y Ft(\\s)384 b Fu(The)22 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(shell,)i(the)f
14631 (basename)f(of)h Ft($0)f Fu(\(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
14632 (\014nal)e(slash\).)150 3628 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(The)30
14633 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)150 3788
14634 y Ft(\\T)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)
14635 150 3948 y Ft(\\@)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(am/pm)f
14636 (format.)150 4109 y Ft(\\A)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h
14637 (HH:MM)g(format.)150 4269 y Ft(\\u)384 b Fu(The)30 b(username)g(of)g
14638 (the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)150 4429 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(The)30
14639 b(v)m(ersion)h(of)f(Bash)h(\(e.g.,)h(2.00\))150 4589
14640 y Ft(\\V)384 b Fu(The)30 b(release)i(of)e(Bash,)h(v)m(ersion)g
14641 Ft(+)f Fu(patc)m(hlev)m(el)i(\(e.g.,)h(2.00.0\))150 4750
14642 y Ft(\\w)384 b Fu(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(w)m(orking)g(directory)-8
14643 b(,)37 b(with)e Ft($HOME)e Fu(abbreviated)j(with)e(a)h(tilde)h(\(uses)f
14644 (the)630 4859 y Ft($PROMPT_DIRTRIM)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable\).)150
14645 5019 y Ft(\\W)384 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f Ft($PWD)p
14646 Fu(,)g(with)g Ft($HOME)f Fu(abbreviated)h(with)g(a)h(tilde.)150
14647 5180 y Ft(\\!)384 b Fu(The)30 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(this)f
14648 (command.)150 5340 y Ft(\\#)384 b Fu(The)30 b(command)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
14649 (er)f(of)i(this)f(command.)p eop end
14650 %%Page: 93 99
14651 TeXDict begin 93 98 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14652 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(93)150 299 y Ft(\\$)384
14653 b Fu(If)30 b(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(uid)d(is)g(0,)h Ft(#)p
14654 Fu(,)g(otherwise)g Ft($)p Fu(.)150 479 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288
14655 b Fu(The)30 b(c)m(haracter)i(whose)e(ASCI)s(I)f(co)s(de)h(is)h(the)f(o)
14656 s(ctal)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)p Fu(.)150 659 y Ft(\\\\)384
14657 b Fu(A)30 b(bac)m(kslash.)150 839 y Ft(\\[)384 b Fu(Begin)38
14658 b(a)f(sequence)g(of)g(non-prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters.)61
14659 b(This)36 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)g(a)630
14660 948 y(terminal)31 b(con)m(trol)h(sequence)e(in)m(to)i(the)e(prompt.)150
14661 1128 y Ft(\\])384 b Fu(End)29 b(a)i(sequence)g(of)f(non-prin)m(ting)g
14662 (c)m(haracters.)275 1319 y(The)25 b(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)h
14663 (the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(are)i(usually)f(di\013eren)m(t:)39
14664 b(the)26 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 1428 y(of)h(a)f(command)h(is)f
14665 (its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f(list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)g
14666 (include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150 1538 y(the)39
14667 b(history)h(\014le)f(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)h([Bash)e(History)h(F)-8
14668 b(acilities],)45 b(page)40 b(133\),)j(while)d(the)f(command)150
14669 1647 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j(is)h(the)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)g(sequence)h
14670 (of)f(commands)g(executed)h(during)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(shell)150
14671 1757 y(session.)275 1912 y(After)35 b(the)g(string)g(is)g(deco)s(ded,)h
14672 (it)f(is)g(expanded)f(via)i(parameter)f(expansion,)i(command)d(substi-)
14673 150 2022 y(tution,)k(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)h(remo)m(v)
14674 -5 b(al,)39 b(sub)5 b(ject)35 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
14675 b(of)g(the)g Ft(promptvars)150 2131 y Fu(shell)31 b(option)f(\(see)i
14676 (Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)150
14677 2395 y Fs(6.10)68 b(The)45 b(Restricted)h(Shell)150 2554
14678 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)g(is)g(started)g(with)g(the)g(name)h
14679 Ft(rbash)p Fu(,)e(or)h(the)h Ft(--restricted)30 b Fu(or)k
14680 Ft(-r)g Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(at)150 2664 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)
14681 d(the)d(shell)g(b)s(ecomes)h(restricted.)40 b(A)27 b(restricted)h
14682 (shell)f(is)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(up)f(an)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)150
14683 2773 y(more)g(con)m(trolled)i(than)e(the)g(standard)g(shell.)40
14684 b(A)27 b(restricted)h(shell)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)h(iden)m(tically)h(to)f
14685 Ft(bash)e Fu(with)150 2883 y(the)31 b(exception)g(that)g(the)g(follo)m
14686 (wing)h(are)e(disallo)m(w)m(ed)i(or)e(not)h(p)s(erformed:)225
14687 3038 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Changing)30 b(directories)h(with)g(the)f
14688 Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)225 3183 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Setting)31
14689 b(or)f(unsetting)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(the)f
14690 Ft(SHELL)p Fu(,)g Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)f Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)h(or)g
14691 Ft(BASH_ENV)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)225 3328 y Fq(\017)60
14692 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(command)g(names)g(con)m(taining)i(slashes.)225
14693 3472 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(a)h(\014lename)f(con)m
14694 (taining)i(a)f(slash)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f
14695 Ft(.)h Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 3617 y Fq(\017)60 b
14696 Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)32 b(a)g(\014lename)h(con)m(taining)h(a)e(slash)g(as)h
14697 (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f
14698 Ft(hash)330 3727 y Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 3871 y Fq(\017)60
14699 b Fu(Imp)s(orting)30 b(function)g(de\014nitions)g(from)f(the)i(shell)g
14700 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225 4016 y Fq(\017)60
14701 b Fu(P)m(arsing)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)d
14702 Fu(from)h(the)i(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225
14703 4161 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Redirecting)31 b(output)f(using)g(the)h(`)p
14704 Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(',)h(`)p
14705 Ft(>&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(',)h(and)e(`)p Ft(>>)p
14706 Fu(')i(redirection)g(op)s(erators.)225 4306 y Fq(\017)60
14707 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f Ft(exec)f Fu(builtin)h(to)h(replace)h(the)e
14708 (shell)h(with)f(another)h(command.)225 4451 y Fq(\017)60
14709 b Fu(Adding)24 b(or)g(deleting)i(builtin)e(commands)g(with)h(the)f
14710 Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-d)g Fu(options)h(to)h(the)e Ft(enable)f
14711 Fu(builtin.)225 4595 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f
14712 Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g(to)h(enable)g(disabled)f(shell)g
14713 (builtins.)225 4740 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30
14714 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(command)d Fu(builtin.)225
14715 4885 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(T)-8 b(urning)29 b(o\013)i(restricted)g(mo)s(de)
14716 f(with)g(`)p Ft(set)g(+r)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(set)g(+o)g(restricted)p
14717 Fu('.)275 5075 y(These)g(restrictions)h(are)g(enforced)f(after)h(an)m
14718 (y)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)275 5230 y(When)j(a)i(command)e
14719 (that)i(is)f(found)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(executed)h
14720 (\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)150 5340 y(Scripts],)25
14721 b(page)e(39\),)j Ft(rbash)c Fu(turns)g(o\013)i(an)m(y)f(restrictions)h
14722 (in)f(the)g(shell)h(spa)m(wned)e(to)i(execute)g(the)g(script.)p
14723 eop end
14724 %%Page: 94 100
14725 TeXDict begin 94 99 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14726 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(94)150 299 y Fs(6.11)68
14727 b(Bash)45 b(POSIX)f(Mo)t(de)150 458 y Fu(Starting)39
14728 b(Bash)f(with)g(the)h Ft(--posix)d Fu(command-line)j(option)g(or)f
14729 (executing)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)g(posix)p Fu(')37 b(while)150
14730 568 y(Bash)26 b(is)g(running)e(will)j(cause)f(Bash)g(to)h(conform)f
14731 (more)g(closely)h(to)g(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)g(b)m(y)h(c)m
14732 (hanging)150 677 y(the)31 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)h(matc)m(h)g(that)g(sp)
14733 s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(in)g(areas)h(where)f(the)h(Bash)f
14734 (default)h(di\013ers.)275 811 y(When)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)g
14735 Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h
14736 (reading)g(the)f(startup)g(\014les.)275 944 y(The)f(follo)m(wing)j
14737 (list)f(is)g(what's)f(c)m(hanged)h(when)e(`)p Fm(posix)h
14738 Fu(mo)s(de')h(is)f(in)g(e\013ect:)199 1077 y(1.)61 b(When)28
14739 b(a)i(command)e(in)g(the)h(hash)f(table)i(no)e(longer)h(exists,)h(Bash)
14740 f(will)g(re-searc)m(h)h Ft($PATH)d Fu(to)i(\014nd)330
14741 1187 y(the)i(new)e(lo)s(cation.)43 b(This)29 b(is)i(also)g(a)m(v)-5
14742 b(ailable)33 b(with)d(`)p Ft(shopt)f(-s)h(checkhash)p
14743 Fu('.)199 1320 y(2.)61 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g
14744 (job)g(con)m(trol)i(co)s(de)e(and)f(builtins)h(when)f(a)h(job)g(exits)h
14745 (with)f(a)330 1430 y(non-zero)31 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)199
14746 1563 y(3.)61 b(The)40 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con)
14747 m(trol)h(co)s(de)g(and)f(builtins)f(when)h(a)g(job)g(is)h(stopp)s(ed)e
14748 (is)330 1673 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fr(signame)5 b Fu(\)',)31
14749 b(where)f Fr(signame)36 b Fu(is,)31 b(for)f(example,)h
14750 Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 1806 y(4.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g
14751 Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f(format)h(to)g(describ)s(e)f(eac)m
14752 (h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f(the)h(bac)m(kground,)330 1916
14753 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g(indication)h(of)f(whether)f
14754 (the)h(job)g(is)g(the)h(curren)m(t)e(or)h(previous)g(job.)199
14755 2049 y(5.)61 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(w)m(ords)g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(a)g(con)
14756 m(text)i(where)d(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords)f(are)i(recognized)g(do)f(not)
14757 330 2159 y(undergo)30 b(alias)h(expansion.)199 2292 y(6.)61
14758 b(The)38 b Fm(posix)h Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)g Ft(PS2)g Fu(expansions)g(of)i
14759 (`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(to)g(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)g(`)p
14760 Ft(!!)p Fu(')h(to)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(are)330 2401 y(enabled,)26
14761 b(and)f(parameter)g(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i(the)g(v)-5
14762 b(alues)25 b(of)g Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)h Ft(PS2)f Fu(regardless)330
14763 2511 y(of)31 b(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)h Ft(promptvars)c
14764 Fu(option.)199 2644 y(7.)61 b(The)30 b Fm(posix)g Fu(startup)f(\014les)
14765 i(are)g(executed)g(\()p Ft($ENV)p Fu(\))f(rather)g(than)g(the)h(normal)
14766 f(Bash)g(\014les.)199 2778 y(8.)61 b(Tilde)30 b(expansion)g(is)f(only)h
14767 (p)s(erformed)f(on)h(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)g(a)g(command)g(name,)g
14768 (rather)330 2887 y(than)g(on)g(all)i(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h
14769 (on)e(the)h(line.)199 3021 y(9.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e
14770 Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h(prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)
14771 h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 3130 y(gumen)m(ts)40
14772 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as)h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46
14773 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 3240
14774 y(assignmen)m(t)k(builtins)e(lose)h(their)g(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m
14775 (t)h(expansion)d(prop)s(erties)g(when)g(pre-)330 3349
14776 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p Fu(.)154 3483 y(10.)61
14777 b(The)30 b(default)g(history)h(\014le)f(is)h Ft(~/.sh_history)26
14778 b Fu(\(this)31 b(is)f(the)h(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)30
14779 b(of)h Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(\).)154 3616 y(11.)61 b(The)23
14780 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Ft(kill)29 b(-l)p Fu(')23 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g
14781 (signal)f(names)g(on)g(a)h(single)g(line,)h(separated)e(b)m(y)g
14782 (spaces,)330 3726 y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)
14783 154 3859 y(12.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h
14784 (accept)h(signal)f(names)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154
14785 3992 y(13.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g
14786 Fr(\014lename)k Fu(in)30 b Ft(.)g Fr(\014lename)36 b
14787 Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 4125 y(14.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41
14788 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g(syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h
14789 (expansion)f(results)f(in)h(an)330 4235 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31
14790 b(expression.)154 4368 y(15.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27
14791 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f(a)h(syn)m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h
14792 (script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330
14793 4478 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h(string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i
14794 (the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)154 4611 y(16.)61 b(Redirection)25
14795 b(op)s(erators)f(do)g(not)g(p)s(erform)f(\014lename)h(expansion)g(on)g
14796 (the)g(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)g(redirection)330 4721 y(unless)30
14797 b(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)154 4854 y(17.)61
14798 b(Redirection)31 b(op)s(erators)g(do)f(not)h(p)s(erform)e(w)m(ord)h
14799 (splitting)h(on)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)g(redirection.)154
14800 4987 y(18.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)35 b(names)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(v)-5
14801 b(alid)35 b(shell)f Ft(name)p Fu(s.)52 b(That)34 b(is,)i(they)f(ma)m(y)
14802 g(not)g(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)330 5097 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h
14803 (digits,)h(and)d(underscores,)h(and)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(start)h(with)e(a)h
14804 (digit.)49 b(Declaring)330 5207 y(a)31 b(function)f(with)g(an)g(in)m(v)
14805 -5 b(alid)31 b(name)g(causes)f(a)h(fatal)h(syn)m(tax)f(error)f(in)g
14806 (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 5340 y(19.)61 b(F)-8
14807 b(unction)31 b(names)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f
14808 (of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)p eop
14809 end
14810 %%Page: 95 101
14811 TeXDict begin 95 100 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14812 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(95)154 299 y(20.)61
14813 b Fm(posix)30 b Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h
14814 (shell)h(functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)154
14815 427 y(21.)61 b(The)29 b Ft(time)g Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(ma)m(y)g
14816 (b)s(e)g(used)f(b)m(y)h(itself)g(as)g(a)h(command.)40
14817 b(When)30 b(used)f(in)g(this)h(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)330 536
14818 y(it)33 b(displa)m(ys)g(timing)g(statistics)h(for)e(the)h(shell)g(and)f
14819 (its)g(completed)i(c)m(hildren.)47 b(The)32 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330
14820 646 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(con)m(trols)h(the)e(format)h(of)g(the)f
14821 (timing)h(information.)154 774 y(22.)61 b(When)33 b(parsing)g(and)f
14822 (expanding)h(a)h($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33
14823 b Fu(expansion)g(that)h(app)s(ears)f(within)f(double)h(quotes,)330
14824 883 y(single)42 b(quotes)g(are)g(no)g(longer)g(sp)s(ecial)g(and)f
14825 (cannot)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(quote)g(a)g(closing)h(brace)f(or)330
14826 993 y(other)31 b(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracter,)i(unless)c(the)i(op)s
14827 (erator)f(is)g(one)h(of)f(those)h(de\014ned)e(to)i(p)s(erform)e
14828 (pattern)330 1103 y(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)42 b(In)30 b(this)g(case,)i(they)
14829 e(do)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)f(app)s(ear)e(as)i(matc)m(hed)g(pairs.)154
14830 1230 y(23.)61 b(The)29 b(parser)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(recognize)h
14831 Ft(time)d Fu(as)i(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(if)h(the)f(next)h(tok)m
14832 (en)h(b)s(egins)d(with)i(a)330 1340 y(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)154
14833 1468 y(24.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f
14834 (returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e
14835 (exits.)39 b(The)24 b(fatal)330 1577 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f
14836 (listed)h(in)f(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g
14837 (lik)m(e)i(passing)e(incorrect)330 1687 y(options,)43
14838 b(redirection)d(errors,)i(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e
14839 (for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i(preceding)f(the)330 1797 y(command)30
14840 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154 1924 y(25.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m
14841 (e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5
14842 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330
14843 2034 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m(ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m
14844 (t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330
14845 2144 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g
14846 (assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5
14847 b(ariable.)154 2271 y(26.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d
14848 (exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32
14849 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 2381 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)
14850 i(statemen)m(t)g(preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g
14851 (with)h(an)m(y)f(other)h(simple)330 2491 y(command.)154
14852 2619 y(27.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f
14853 (an)f(error)h(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44
14854 b(in)f(a)g Ft(for)330 2728 y Fu(statemen)m(t)32 b(or)f(the)f(selection)
14855 i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g Ft(select)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f
14856 (readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 2856 y(28.)61 b(Pro)s(cess)30
14857 b(substitution)g(is)h(not)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)154 2984
14858 y(29.)61 b(While)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(indirection)f(is)g(a)m(v)-5
14859 b(ailable,)34 b(it)d(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(applied)g(to)g(the)h(`)p
14860 Ft(#)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)330
14861 3093 y(parameters.)154 3221 y(30.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23
14862 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s
14863 (ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 3331
14864 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 3459 y(31.)61
14865 b(Assignmen)m(t)35 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(shell)f(function)g
14866 (calls)i(p)s(ersist)e(in)g(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330
14867 3568 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h
14868 Fm(posix)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g
14869 (executed.)154 3696 y(32.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f Fu(and)g
14870 Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in)
14871 g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 3806 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p
14872 Fu(.)154 3934 y(33.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g
14873 (signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p
14874 Fu(.)154 4061 y(34.)61 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g
14875 (c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e
14876 (signal)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)330 4171 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e
14877 (signal)i(handling)e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g
14878 (is,)g(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 4281 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g
14879 (digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38
14880 b(If)28 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330
14881 4390 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s
14882 (osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014rst)
14883 f(argumen)m(t.)154 4518 y(35.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f
14884 Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f
14885 (directory)h(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330
14886 4628 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g
14887 Ft(PATH)p Fu(.)154 4756 y(36.)61 b(Subshells)24 b(spa)m(wned)h(to)h
14888 (execute)h(command)f(substitutions)f(inherit)g(the)h(v)-5
14889 b(alue)26 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)e Fu(option)330 4865 y(from)37
14890 b(the)h(paren)m(t)g(shell.)63 b(When)38 b(not)g(in)f
14891 Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)j(Bash)e(clears)g(the)g Ft(-e)g
14892 Fu(option)g(in)f(suc)m(h)330 4975 y(subshells.)154 5103
14893 y(37.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(enabled,)e(ev)m
14894 (en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 5230 y(38.)61
14895 b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias)g
14896 (de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330
14897 5340 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g
14898 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied.)p eop end
14899 %%Page: 96 102
14900 TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14901 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(96)154 299 y(39.)61
14902 b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
14903 (without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g
14904 (function)330 408 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154
14905 543 y(40.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
14906 (ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
14907 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 653 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i(con)
14908 m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)g
14909 (con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m(ting)330 762 y(c)m(haracters.)154
14910 897 y(41.)61 b(When)35 b(the)g Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
14911 (ed)i(in)d Fr(logical)41 b Fu(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g
14912 (constructed)g(from)330 1006 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f
14913 (name)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g
14914 (an)f(existing)330 1116 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d
14915 Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f(falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f
14916 Fr(ph)m(ysical)j Fu(mo)s(de.)154 1250 y(42.)61 b(The)36
14917 b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5
14918 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f
14919 (directory)-8 b(,)330 1360 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m
14920 (ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h
14921 Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 1494 y(43.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g
14922 (history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h
14923 (include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 1604
14924 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed.)154
14925 1738 y(44.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f(b)m(y)g
14926 Ft(fc)g Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 1873 y(45.)61 b(The)37
14927 b Ft(type)g Fu(and)g Ft(command)f Fu(builtins)i(will)g(not)g(rep)s(ort)
14928 f(a)i(non-executable)g(\014le)f(as)g(ha)m(ving)h(b)s(een)330
14929 1983 y(found,)26 b(though)h(the)g(shell)g(will)g(attempt)h(to)g
14930 (execute)g(suc)m(h)f(a)g(\014le)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(the)g(only)g(so-named)
14931 g(\014le)330 2092 y(found)i(in)h Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)154
14932 2227 y(46.)61 b(The)33 b Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m
14933 (ok)m(e)i(the)e Ft(vi)g Fu(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p
14934 Ft(v)p Fu(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 2336 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m
14935 (king)i Ft($VISUAL)d Fu(and)g Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(.)154 2471
14936 y(47.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j
14937 (Bash)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330
14938 2580 y(gumen)m(ts)35 b(to)g Ft(echo)e Fu(as)i(options.)54
14939 b(Eac)m(h)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(after)e(escap)s(e)
14940 g(c)m(haracters)h(are)330 2690 y(con)m(v)m(erted.)154
14941 2824 y(48.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(ulimit)f Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(a)h(blo)s(c)m
14942 (k)g(size)g(of)g(512)g(b)m(ytes)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-c)f
14943 Fu(and)g Ft(-f)f Fu(options.)154 2959 y(49.)61 b(The)39
14944 b(arriv)-5 b(al)41 b(of)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(when)h(a)h(trap)g(is)g(set)h
14945 (on)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(in)m(terrupt)g(the)g
14946 Ft(wait)330 3068 y Fu(builtin)c(and)h(cause)g(it)h(to)f(return)f
14947 (immediately)-8 b(.)62 b(The)37 b(trap)f(command)h(is)g(run)e(once)j
14948 (for)f(eac)m(h)330 3178 y(c)m(hild)31 b(that)g(exits.)154
14949 3313 y(50.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(in)m
14950 (terrupted)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(signal)f(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)h(trap)f(has)g(b)s
14951 (een)f(set.)40 b(If)27 b(Bash)330 3422 y(receiv)m(es)41
14952 b(a)f(trapp)s(ed)e(signal)i(while)f(executing)h Ft(read)p
14953 Fu(,)h(the)e(trap)h(handler)e(executes)i(and)f Ft(read)330
14954 3532 y Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)i(status)e(greater)i(than)e(128.)275
14955 3691 y(There)k(is)g(other)h Fm(posix)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(that)g(Bash)
14956 g(do)s(es)f(not)h(implemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default)f(ev)m(en)i(when)d(in)
14957 150 3801 y Fm(posix)d Fu(mo)s(de.)40 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally:)199
14958 3935 y(1.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(fc)f Fu(builtin)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)i
14959 Ft($EDITOR)c Fu(as)j(a)f(program)g(to)h(edit)g(history)f(en)m(tries)h
14960 (if)f Ft(FCEDIT)f Fu(is)h(unset,)330 4045 y(rather)g(than)g(defaulting)
14961 h(directly)g(to)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)40 b Ft(fc)30 b Fu(uses)g
14962 Ft(ed)g Fu(if)g Ft(EDITOR)f Fu(is)h(unset.)199 4179 y(2.)61
14963 b(As)29 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i(Bash)e(requires)g(the)g
14964 Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)j(to)g(b)s(e)e(enabled)h(for)g(the)g
14965 Ft(echo)f Fu(builtin)330 4289 y(to)j(b)s(e)f(fully)g(conforman)m(t.)275
14966 4448 y(Bash)c(can)g(b)s(e)f(con\014gured)h(to)g(b)s(e)g
14967 Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default,)h(b)m(y)f(sp)s
14968 (ecifying)g(the)g Ft(--enable-)150 4558 y(strict-posix-default)c
14969 Fu(to)27 b Ft(configure)e Fu(when)h(building)h(\(see)h(Section)g(10.8)g
14970 ([Optional)g(F)-8 b(eatures],)150 4667 y(page)31 b(140\).)p
14971 eop end
14972 %%Page: 97 103
14973 TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
14974 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2571 b(97)150 299 y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54
14975 b(Con)l(trol)150 521 y Fu(This)25 b(c)m(hapter)i(discusses)f(what)g
14976 (job)f(con)m(trol)j(is,)f(ho)m(w)f(it)h(w)m(orks,)g(and)f(ho)m(w)g
14977 (Bash)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(access)150 631 y(its)k(facilities.)
14978 150 858 y Fs(7.1)68 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(Basics)150
14979 1018 y Fu(Job)27 b(con)m(trol)i(refers)e(to)h(the)g(abilit)m(y)h(to)f
14980 (selectiv)m(ely)j(stop)c(\(susp)s(end\))f(the)i(execution)h(of)e(pro)s
14981 (cesses)h(and)150 1127 y(con)m(tin)m(ue)38 b(\(resume\))g(their)f
14982 (execution)h(at)g(a)g(later)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)61 b(A)37
14983 b(user)g(t)m(ypically)i(emplo)m(ys)f(this)f(facilit)m(y)150
14984 1237 y(via)27 b(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(in)m(terface)f(supplied)d
14985 (join)m(tly)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)g(k)m(ernel's)h
14986 (terminal)f(driv)m(er)150 1347 y(and)k(Bash.)275 1479
14987 y(The)23 b(shell)i(asso)s(ciates)h(a)f Fr(job)h Fu(with)e(eac)m(h)i
14988 (pip)s(eline.)38 b(It)25 b(k)m(eeps)f(a)h(table)h(of)e(curren)m(tly)h
14989 (executing)g(jobs,)150 1588 y(whic)m(h)33 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h
14990 (with)f(the)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(command.)50 b(When)33 b(Bash)h(starts)g(a)g
14991 (job)g(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)34 b(it)150 1698 y(prin)m(ts)c(a)h
14992 (line)f(that)h(lo)s(oks)g(lik)m(e:)390 1830 y Ft([1])47
14993 b(25647)150 1962 y Fu(indicating)34 b(that)g(this)f(job)g(is)g(job)g(n)
14994 m(um)m(b)s(er)f(1)i(and)f(that)g(the)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g
14995 Fu(of)g(the)h(last)g(pro)s(cess)f(in)g(the)150 2072 y(pip)s(eline)42
14996 b(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(this)g(job)g(is)h(25647.)78
14997 b(All)43 b(of)g(the)g(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(a)h(single)g(pip)s(eline)f
14998 (are)150 2181 y(mem)m(b)s(ers)30 b(of)g(the)h(same)f(job.)41
14999 b(Bash)30 b(uses)g(the)h Fr(job)h Fu(abstraction)f(as)g(the)g(basis)f
15000 (for)g(job)g(con)m(trol.)275 2313 y(T)-8 b(o)23 b(facilitate)j(the)d
15001 (implemen)m(tation)i(of)f(the)f(user)f(in)m(terface)j(to)f(job)f(con)m
15002 (trol,)j(the)d(op)s(erating)h(system)150 2423 y(main)m(tains)j(the)f
15003 (notion)h(of)f(a)g(curren)m(t)g(terminal)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
15004 Fm(id)p Fu(.)39 b(Mem)m(b)s(ers)26 b(of)g(this)g(pro)s(cess)f(group)150
15005 2533 y(\(pro)s(cesses)h(whose)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
15006 Fm(id)g Fu(is)h(equal)g(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(terminal)h(pro)s(cess)f
15007 (group)f Fm(id)p Fu(\))i(receiv)m(e)150 2642 y(k)m(eyb)s
15008 (oard-generated)22 b(signals)g(suc)m(h)e(as)h Ft(SIGINT)p
15009 Fu(.)36 b(These)21 b(pro)s(cesses)g(are)g(said)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(in)f(the)
15010 h(foreground.)150 2752 y(Bac)m(kground)38 b(pro)s(cesses)f(are)h(those)
15011 g(whose)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)h Fu(di\013ers)f(from)g(the)g
15012 (terminal's;)42 b(suc)m(h)150 2861 y(pro)s(cesses)24
15013 b(are)g(imm)m(une)g(to)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(signals.)40
15014 b(Only)23 b(foreground)g(pro)s(cesses)h(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)150
15015 2971 y(to)g(read)e(from)h(or,)h(if)f(the)g(user)f(so)i(sp)s(eci\014es)e
15016 (with)h Ft(stty)29 b(tostop)p Fu(,)23 b(write)g(to)g(the)h(terminal.)38
15017 b(Bac)m(kground)150 3081 y(pro)s(cesses)27 b(whic)m(h)g(attempt)h(to)f
15018 (read)g(from)g(\(write)g(to)h(when)e Ft(stty)j(tostop)d
15019 Fu(is)h(in)f(e\013ect\))j(the)e(terminal)150 3190 y(are)32
15020 b(sen)m(t)g(a)g Ft(SIGTTIN)e Fu(\()p Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(\))g(signal)i(b)m
15021 (y)g(the)g(k)m(ernel's)g(terminal)g(driv)m(er,)g(whic)m(h,)g(unless)f
15022 (caugh)m(t,)150 3300 y(susp)s(ends)d(the)i(pro)s(cess.)275
15023 3432 y(If)k(the)i(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)g(is)h
15024 (running)d(supp)s(orts)h(job)h(con)m(trol,)j(Bash)e(con)m(tains)150
15025 3541 y(facilities)30 b(to)f(use)f(it.)40 b(T)m(yping)28
15026 b(the)g Fr(susp)s(end)h Fu(c)m(haracter)h(\(t)m(ypically)g(`)p
15027 Ft(^Z)p Fu(',)f(Con)m(trol-Z\))g(while)f(a)g(pro)s(cess)150
15028 3651 y(is)42 b(running)f(causes)i(that)g(pro)s(cess)f(to)h(b)s(e)f
15029 (stopp)s(ed)f(and)h(returns)f(con)m(trol)j(to)f(Bash.)77
15030 b(T)m(yping)42 b(the)150 3761 y Fr(dela)m(y)m(ed)k(susp)s(end)f
15031 Fu(c)m(haracter)h(\(t)m(ypically)g(`)p Ft(^Y)p Fu(',)i(Con)m(trol-Y\))e
15032 (causes)e(the)h(pro)s(cess)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(stopp)s(ed)150
15033 3870 y(when)26 b(it)i(attempts)h(to)f(read)f(input)g(from)f(the)i
15034 (terminal,)h(and)e(con)m(trol)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(returned)f(to)j(Bash.)39
15035 b(The)150 3980 y(user)e(then)g(manipulates)h(the)g(state)h(of)f(this)f
15036 (job,)j(using)d(the)h Ft(bg)f Fu(command)g(to)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(it)f
15037 (in)g(the)150 4089 y(bac)m(kground,)g(the)f Ft(fg)g Fu(command)f(to)i
15038 (con)m(tin)m(ue)g(it)f(in)f(the)h(foreground,)h(or)f(the)g
15039 Ft(kill)f Fu(command)g(to)150 4199 y(kill)27 b(it.)40
15040 b(A)27 b(`)p Ft(^Z)p Fu(')g(tak)m(es)h(e\013ect)g(immediately)-8
15041 b(,)29 b(and)d(has)h(the)f(additional)i(side)e(e\013ect)j(of)d(causing)
15042 h(p)s(ending)150 4309 y(output)j(and)g(t)m(yp)s(eahead)h(to)g(b)s(e)e
15043 (discarded.)275 4441 y(There)j(are)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(w)m(a)m
15044 (ys)g(to)h(refer)e(to)h(a)g(job)f(in)g(the)h(shell.)47
15045 b(The)32 b(c)m(haracter)i(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')f(in)m(tro)s(duces)150
15046 4550 y(a)e(job)f(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(\()p Fr(jobsp)s(ec)6
15047 b Fu(\).)275 4682 y(Job)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f Ft(n)h
15048 Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(referred)g(to)h(as)g(`)p Ft(\045n)p
15049 Fu('.)44 b(The)31 b(sym)m(b)s(ols)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p
15050 Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(\045+)p Fu(')g(refer)h(to)g(the)g(shell's)150
15051 4792 y(notion)k(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(job,)h(whic)m(h)f(is)g(the)g
15052 (last)h(job)f(stopp)s(ed)f(while)h(it)h(w)m(as)g(in)e(the)i(foreground)
15053 e(or)150 4902 y(started)27 b(in)g(the)g(bac)m(kground.)40
15054 b(A)27 b(single)g(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(\(with)g(no)g(accompan)m(ying)i
15055 (job)d(sp)s(eci\014cation\))i(also)g(refers)150 5011
15056 y(to)k(the)e(curren)m(t)h(job.)42 b(The)30 b(previous)g(job)h(ma)m(y)g
15057 (b)s(e)f(referenced)h(using)f(`)p Ft(\045-)p Fu('.)42
15058 b(If)30 b(there)h(is)g(only)g(a)g(single)150 5121 y(job,)g(`)p
15059 Ft(\045+)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(\045-)p Fu(')h(can)h(b)s(oth)e(b)s(e)g
15060 (used)h(to)g(refer)g(to)h(that)g(job.)42 b(In)30 b(output)h(p)s
15061 (ertaining)g(to)g(jobs)g(\(e.g.,)150 5230 y(the)39 b(output)f(of)g(the)
15062 h Ft(jobs)e Fu(command\),)k(the)d(curren)m(t)h(job)f(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)
15063 i(\015agged)f(with)f(a)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(',)i(and)d(the)150
15064 5340 y(previous)30 b(job)g(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)p
15065 eop end
15066 %%Page: 98 104
15067 TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
15068 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2571 b(98)275 299 y(A)38 b(job)g(ma)m(y)h(also)g
15069 (b)s(e)f(referred)f(to)j(using)d(a)i(pre\014x)e(of)i(the)f(name)h(used)
15070 e(to)i(start)g(it,)i(or)e(using)f(a)150 408 y(substring)29
15071 b(that)i(app)s(ears)f(in)g(its)h(command)f(line.)41 b(F)-8
15072 b(or)31 b(example,)g(`)p Ft(\045ce)p Fu(')f(refers)g(to)h(a)g(stopp)s
15073 (ed)e Ft(ce)h Fu(job.)150 518 y(Using)d(`)p Ft(\045?ce)p
15074 Fu(',)g(on)f(the)h(other)g(hand,)g(refers)f(to)h(an)m(y)g(job)g(con)m
15075 (taining)h(the)f(string)f(`)p Ft(ce)p Fu(')h(in)f(its)h(command)150
15076 628 y(line.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(pre\014x)e(or)h(substring)f(matc)m(hes)j
15077 (more)e(than)h(one)f(job,)h(Bash)f(rep)s(orts)g(an)g(error.)275
15078 762 y(Simply)g(naming)h(a)g(job)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)g(bring)f(it)
15079 i(in)m(to)g(the)f(foreground:)41 b(`)p Ft(\0451)p Fu(')31
15080 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)e(for)150 871 y(`)p Ft(fg)g(\0451)p
15081 Fu(',)i(bringing)f(job)g(1)g(from)g(the)h(bac)m(kground)f(in)m(to)i
15082 (the)e(foreground.)44 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)32 b(`)p Ft(\0451)e(&)p
15083 Fu(')i(resumes)150 981 y(job)e(1)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(equiv)-5
15084 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(`)p Ft(bg)f(\0451)p Fu(')275 1115
15085 y(The)g(shell)i(learns)f(immediately)i(whenev)m(er)e(a)h(job)f(c)m
15086 (hanges)h(state.)45 b(Normally)-8 b(,)33 b(Bash)e(w)m(aits)i(un)m(til)
15087 150 1224 y(it)25 b(is)g(ab)s(out)f(to)i(prin)m(t)e(a)h(prompt)f(b)s
15088 (efore)g(rep)s(orting)h(c)m(hanges)g(in)g(a)g(job's)f(status)h(so)g(as)
15089 g(to)g(not)g(in)m(terrupt)150 1334 y(an)m(y)k(other)f(output.)40
15090 b(If)28 b(the)g Ft(-b)g Fu(option)g(to)h(the)g Ft(set)e
15091 Fu(builtin)h(is)g(enabled,)h(Bash)g(rep)s(orts)e(suc)m(h)h(c)m(hanges)
15092 150 1443 y(immediately)d(\(see)g(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g
15093 (Builtin],)i(page)f(58\).)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(trap)f(on)h
15094 Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(is)i(executed)150 1553 y(for)30 b(eac)m(h)i(c)m(hild)e
15095 (pro)s(cess)g(that)h(exits.)275 1687 y(If)25 b(an)h(attempt)h(to)g
15096 (exit)g(Bash)f(is)h(made)f(while)g(jobs)f(are)i(stopp)s(ed,)f(\(or)h
15097 (running,)e(if)h(the)g Ft(checkjobs)150 1796 y Fu(option)e(is)f
15098 (enabled)h({)g(see)g(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)j(page)
15099 e(62\),)i(the)e(shell)f(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(w)m(arning)150
15100 1906 y(message,)k(and)c(if)i(the)f Ft(checkjobs)e Fu(option)j(is)f
15101 (enabled,)i(lists)e(the)h(jobs)f(and)f(their)i(statuses.)39
15102 b(The)25 b Ft(jobs)150 2016 y Fu(command)36 b(ma)m(y)h(then)f(b)s(e)f
15103 (used)g(to)i(insp)s(ect)f(their)g(status.)59 b(If)36
15104 b(a)g(second)g(attempt)i(to)f(exit)g(is)f(made)150 2125
15105 y(without)e(an)f(in)m(terv)m(ening)i(command,)f(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h
15106 (prin)m(t)g(another)f(w)m(arning,)i(and)e(an)m(y)h(stopp)s(ed)150
15107 2235 y(jobs)c(are)h(terminated.)150 2466 y Fs(7.2)68
15108 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(Builtins)150 2650 y Ft(bg)870
15109 2784 y(bg)h([)p Fj(jobspec)f Ft(...)o(])630 2918 y Fu(Resume)24
15110 b(eac)m(h)h(susp)s(ended)d(job)i Fr(jobsp)s(ec)29 b Fu(in)24
15111 b(the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(as)g(if)f(it)h(had)e(b)s(een)g(started)630
15112 3027 y(with)32 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)37
15113 b Fu(is)32 b(not)g(supplied,)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(job)f(is)h(used.)45
15114 b(The)31 b(return)g(status)630 3137 y(is)i(zero)g(unless)f(it)h(is)g
15115 (run)e(when)h(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f(not)g(enabled,)h(or,)f(when)f
15116 (run)f(with)h(job)630 3246 y(con)m(trol)h(enabled,)g(an)m(y)f
15117 Fr(jobsp)s(ec)37 b Fu(w)m(as)32 b(not)g(found)f(or)g(sp)s(eci\014es)h
15118 (a)g(job)g(that)g(w)m(as)g(started)630 3356 y(without)e(job)g(con)m
15119 (trol.)150 3514 y Ft(fg)870 3648 y(fg)47 b([)p Fj(jobspec)p
15120 Ft(])630 3782 y Fu(Resume)c(the)g(job)g Fr(jobsp)s(ec)48
15121 b Fu(in)43 b(the)g(foreground)g(and)f(mak)m(e)j(it)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f
15122 (job.)78 b(If)630 3891 y Fr(jobsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)c(not)f(supplied,)h
15123 (the)f(curren)m(t)h(job)f(is)g(used.)58 b(The)36 b(return)f(status)h
15124 (is)h(that)g(of)630 4001 y(the)d(command)g(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)f
15125 (foreground,)g(or)g(non-zero)h(if)f(run)f(when)g(job)g(con)m(trol)630
15126 4111 y(is)i(disabled)g(or,)i(when)d(run)g(with)h(job)g(con)m(trol)h
15127 (enabled,)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(do)s(es)35 b(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)630
15128 4220 y(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(job)f(or)g Fr(jobsp)s(ec)35 b
15129 Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)30 b(a)h(job)f(that)h(w)m(as)g(started)g(without)f
15130 (job)g(con)m(trol.)150 4378 y Ft(jobs)870 4512 y(jobs)47
15131 b([-lnprs])e([)p Fj(jobspec)p Ft(])870 4622 y(jobs)i(-x)g
15132 Fj(command)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4756 y Fu(The)30
15133 b(\014rst)f(form)h(lists)h(the)g(activ)m(e)h(jobs.)41
15134 b(The)30 b(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(meanings:)630
15135 4914 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(List)31 b(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)p
15136 Fu(s)g(in)g(addition)h(to)g(the)f(normal)h(information.)630
15137 5072 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)26 b(information)f(only)h(ab)s(out)e
15138 (jobs)h(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(c)m(hanged)e(status)h(since)1110
15139 5182 y(the)31 b(user)e(w)m(as)i(last)g(noti\014ed)f(of)h(their)f
15140 (status.)630 5340 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(List)31 b(only)f(the)h(pro)s(cess)f
15141 Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)f(job's)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g(leader.)p
15142 eop end
15143 %%Page: 99 105
15144 TeXDict begin 99 104 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
15145 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2571 b(99)630 299 y Ft(-r)384 b
15146 Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(running)f(jobs.)630 461 y Ft(-s)384
15147 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(stopp)s(ed)f(jobs.)630 622
15148 y(If)23 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)28 b Fu(is)23 b(giv)m(en,)i(output)e(is)g
15149 (restricted)h(to)g(information)f(ab)s(out)g(that)h(job.)37
15150 b(If)23 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)630 732 y Fu(is)30 b(not)h(supplied,)e(the)i
15151 (status)g(of)f(all)h(jobs)f(is)h(listed.)630 868 y(If)k(the)g
15152 Ft(-x)f Fu(option)i(is)f(supplied,)g Ft(jobs)f Fu(replaces)i(an)m(y)f
15153 Fr(jobsp)s(ec)40 b Fu(found)34 b(in)h Fr(command)j Fu(or)630
15154 977 y Fr(argumen)m(ts)j Fu(with)c(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e(pro)s(cess)h
15155 (group)f Fm(id)p Fu(,)k(and)c(executes)j Fr(command)p
15156 Fu(,)630 1087 y(passing)30 b(it)h Fr(argumen)m(t)r Fu(s,)g(returning)f
15157 (its)g(exit)i(status.)150 1249 y Ft(kill)870 1384 y(kill)47
15158 b([-s)g Fj(sigspec)p Ft(])e([-n)i Fj(signum)p Ft(])f([-)p
15159 Fj(sigspec)p Ft(])f Fj(jobspec)h Ft(or)h Fj(pid)870 1494
15160 y Ft(kill)g(-l)g([)p Fj(exit_status)p Ft(])630 1630 y
15161 Fu(Send)22 b(a)i(signal)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)29
15162 b Fu(or)24 b Fr(sign)m(um)f Fu(to)h(the)g(pro)s(cess)f(named)g(b)m(y)g
15163 (job)g(sp)s(eci\014-)630 1739 y(cation)k Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j
15164 Fu(or)25 b(pro)s(cess)g Fm(id)h Fr(pid)p Fu(.)38 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)31
15165 b Fu(is)25 b(either)h(a)g(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(signal)e(name)630
15166 1849 y(suc)m(h)37 b(as)g Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(\(with)h(or)g(without)g(the)g
15167 Ft(SIG)g Fu(pre\014x\))f(or)h(a)h(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er;)h
15168 Fr(sign)m(um)630 1958 y Fu(is)g(a)f(signal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)63
15169 b(If)39 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)44 b Fu(and)38 b Fr(sign)m(um)g
15170 Fu(are)h(not)g(presen)m(t,)h Ft(SIGTERM)d Fu(is)h(used.)630
15171 2068 y(The)27 b Ft(-l)h Fu(option)g(lists)h(the)f(signal)h(names.)39
15172 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(supplied)f(when)g
15173 Ft(-l)g Fu(is)630 2178 y(giv)m(en,)32 b(the)g(names)e(of)i(the)f
15174 (signals)g(corresp)s(onding)f(to)i(the)f(argumen)m(ts)g(are)h(listed,)g
15175 (and)630 2287 y(the)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero.)41
15176 b Fr(exit)p 1796 2287 28 4 v 41 w(status)32 b Fu(is)c(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
15177 (er)f(sp)s(ecifying)g(a)i(signal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)630
15178 2397 y(the)35 b(exit)h(status)f(of)g(a)g(pro)s(cess)g(terminated)g(b)m
15179 (y)g(a)g(signal.)55 b(The)34 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(zero)630
15180 2506 y(if)c(at)h(least)g(one)g(signal)f(w)m(as)h(successfully)f(sen)m
15181 (t,)h(or)f(non-zero)h(if)f(an)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs)h(or)g(an)630
15182 2616 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f(encoun)m(tered.)150
15183 2778 y Ft(wait)870 2913 y(wait)47 b([-n])f([)p Fj(jobspec)g
15184 Ft(or)h Fj(pid)g Ft(...)o(])630 3049 y Fu(W)-8 b(ait)28
15185 b(un)m(til)f(the)f(c)m(hild)h(pro)s(cess)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g
15186 (eac)m(h)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)h Fr(pid)i Fu(or)d(job)g(sp)s
15187 (eci\014cation)630 3159 y Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(exits)c(and)f(return)g
15188 (the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)g(the)f(last)h(command)g(w)m(aited)g(for.)39
15189 b(If)23 b(a)i(job)630 3268 y(sp)s(ec)j(is)g(giv)m(en,)i(all)f(pro)s
15190 (cesses)f(in)g(the)g(job)g(are)h(w)m(aited)g(for.)40
15191 b(If)27 b(no)i(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(giv)m(en,)630 3378
15192 y(all)f(curren)m(tly)g(activ)m(e)i(c)m(hild)e(pro)s(cesses)f(are)h(w)m
15193 (aited)g(for,)g(and)f(the)h(return)e(status)i(is)g(zero.)630
15194 3487 y(If)f(the)g Ft(-n)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g
15195 Ft(wait)f Fu(w)m(aits)i(for)f(an)m(y)h(job)f(to)h(terminate)g(and)f
15196 (returns)f(its)630 3597 y(exit)37 b(status.)56 b(If)36
15197 b(neither)f Fr(jobsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(nor)35 b Fr(pid)j Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)d
15198 (an)h(activ)m(e)i(c)m(hild)e(pro)s(cess)f(of)h(the)630
15199 3707 y(shell,)31 b(the)f(return)g(status)g(is)h(127.)150
15200 3868 y Ft(disown)870 4004 y(disown)46 b([-ar])g([-h])h([)p
15201 Fj(jobspec)f Ft(...)o(])630 4140 y Fu(Without)33 b(options,)h(remo)m(v)
15202 m(e)g(eac)m(h)f Fr(jobsp)s(ec)38 b Fu(from)32 b(the)h(table)g(of)g
15203 (activ)m(e)h(jobs.)47 b(If)32 b(the)h Ft(-h)630 4249
15204 y Fu(option)j(is)f(giv)m(en,)i(the)f(job)f(is)g(not)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h
15205 (from)f(the)g(table,)j(but)c(is)i(mark)m(ed)f(so)g(that)630
15206 4359 y Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(is)j(not)f(sen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f(job)g(if)g(the)g
15207 (shell)h(receiv)m(es)h(a)e Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)54 b(If)34
15208 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)40 b Fu(is)c(not)630 4468 y(presen)m(t,)41
15209 b(and)d(neither)h(the)g Ft(-a)f Fu(nor)g(the)h Ft(-r)f
15210 Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(job)f(is)630
15211 4578 y(used.)g(If)25 b(no)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)k Fu(is)c(supplied,)f(the)h
15212 Ft(-a)f Fu(option)h(means)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(or)e(mark)h(all)g
15213 (jobs;)630 4688 y(the)31 b Ft(-r)e Fu(option)i(without)g(a)f
15214 Fr(jobsp)s(ec)36 b Fu(argumen)m(t)30 b(restricts)h(op)s(eration)g(to)g
15215 (running)e(jobs.)150 4849 y Ft(suspend)870 4985 y(suspend)46
15216 b([-f])630 5121 y Fu(Susp)s(end)31 b(the)i(execution)h(of)g(this)f
15217 (shell)g(un)m(til)h(it)g(receiv)m(es)h(a)e Ft(SIGCONT)f
15218 Fu(signal.)50 b(A)33 b(login)630 5230 y(shell)28 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)f
15219 (susp)s(ended;)g(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)i(can)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(o)
15220 m(v)m(erride)h(this)e(and)g(force)630 5340 y(the)k(susp)s(ension.)p
15221 eop end
15222 %%Page: 100 106
15223 TeXDict begin 100 105 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
15224 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2526 b(100)275 299 y(When)30 b(job)f(con)m(trol)j
15225 (is)e(not)h(activ)m(e,)i(the)d Ft(kill)f Fu(and)h Ft(wait)f
15226 Fu(builtins)g(do)h(not)h(accept)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(argu-)150
15227 408 y(men)m(ts.)41 b(They)30 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f(pro)s(cess)
15228 h Fm(id)p Fu(s.)150 641 y Fs(7.3)68 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(V)-11
15229 b(ariables)150 825 y Ft(auto_resume)630 935 y Fu(This)31
15230 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(con)m(trols)g(ho)m(w)g(the)f(shell)h(in)m
15231 (teracts)h(with)e(the)h(user)e(and)h(job)g(con)m(trol.)45
15232 b(If)630 1044 y(this)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(exists)f(then)f(single)h
15233 (w)m(ord)f(simple)h(commands)f(without)g(redirections)i(are)630
15234 1154 y(treated)h(as)g(candidates)f(for)g(resumption)g(of)g(an)g
15235 (existing)h(job.)41 b(There)29 b(is)h(no)h(am)m(biguit)m(y)630
15236 1264 y(allo)m(w)m(ed;)f(if)d(there)g(is)g(more)g(than)f(one)h(job)g(b)s
15237 (eginning)f(with)g(the)h(string)g(t)m(yp)s(ed,)g(then)g(the)630
15238 1373 y(most)j(recen)m(tly)h(accessed)f(job)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(selected.)
15239 42 b(The)29 b(name)g(of)h(a)g(stopp)s(ed)e(job,)i(in)f(this)630
15240 1483 y(con)m(text,)h(is)e(the)g(command)g(line)g(used)f(to)h(start)g
15241 (it.)41 b(If)27 b(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)e(v)-5
15242 b(alue)630 1592 y(`)p Ft(exact)p Fu(',)33 b(the)g(string)g(supplied)f
15243 (m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)g(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)g(stopp)s(ed)f(job)h
15244 (exactly;)j(if)630 1702 y(set)29 b(to)h(`)p Ft(substring)p
15245 Fu(',)d(the)i(string)g(supplied)e(needs)i(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)f
15246 (substring)f(of)h(the)g(name)630 1812 y(of)38 b(a)f(stopp)s(ed)g(job.)
15247 62 b(The)37 b(`)p Ft(substring)p Fu(')e(v)-5 b(alue)38
15248 b(pro)m(vides)f(functionalit)m(y)i(analogous)g(to)630
15249 1921 y(the)f(`)p Ft(\045?)p Fu(')f(job)h Fm(id)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)f
15250 (7.1)h([Job)f(Con)m(trol)g(Basics],)j(page)d(97\).)64
15251 b(If)37 b(set)h(to)h(an)m(y)630 2031 y(other)32 b(v)-5
15252 b(alue,)32 b(the)g(supplied)e(string)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(a)h(pre\014x)f
15253 (of)h(a)g(stopp)s(ed)e(job's)i(name;)g(this)630 2140
15254 y(pro)m(vides)e(functionalit)m(y)i(analogous)g(to)f(the)g(`)p
15255 Ft(\045)p Fu(')f(job)g Fm(id)p Fu(.)p eop end
15256 %%Page: 101 107
15257 TeXDict begin 101 106 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15258 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(101)150 299 y Fp(8)80
15259 b(Command)54 b(Line)f(Editing)150 640 y Fu(This)28 b(c)m(hapter)i
15260 (describ)s(es)e(the)h(basic)g(features)h(of)f(the)g Fm(gnu)f
15261 Fu(command)h(line)g(editing)h(in)m(terface.)42 b(Com-)150
15262 749 y(mand)c(line)i(editing)f(is)g(pro)m(vided)g(b)m(y)g(the)g
15263 (Readline)h(library)-8 b(,)41 b(whic)m(h)e(is)g(used)f(b)m(y)h(sev)m
15264 (eral)h(di\013eren)m(t)150 859 y(programs,)34 b(including)e(Bash.)49
15265 b(Command)32 b(line)i(editing)f(is)g(enabled)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(when)f
15266 (using)h(an)g(in-)150 969 y(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)d(unless)g(the)g
15267 Ft(--noediting)d Fu(option)k(is)f(supplied)e(at)j(shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s
15268 (cation.)45 b(Line)31 b(editing)150 1078 y(is)g(also)h(used)f(when)f
15269 (using)h(the)g Ft(-e)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(read)f
15270 Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)150
15271 1188 y(Builtins],)j(page)f(48\).)52 b(By)35 b(default,)g(the)f(line)h
15272 (editing)f(commands)g(are)h(similar)f(to)h(those)f(of)g(Emacs.)150
15273 1297 y(A)h(vi-st)m(yle)h(line)f(editing)g(in)m(terface)h(is)e(also)i(a)
15274 m(v)-5 b(ailable.)55 b(Line)34 b(editing)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(enabled)g(at)h
15275 (an)m(y)g(time)150 1407 y(using)h(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(emacs)35
15276 b Fu(or)h Ft(-o)30 b(vi)35 b Fu(options)i(to)g(the)f
15277 Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.1)h([The)150
15278 1517 y(Set)31 b(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\),)h(or)e(disabled)g(using)g(the)
15279 h Ft(+o)e(emacs)g Fu(or)i Ft(+o)e(vi)h Fu(options)h(to)g
15280 Ft(set)p Fu(.)150 1802 y Fs(8.1)68 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)45
15281 b(to)g(Line)h(Editing)150 1962 y Fu(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)i(paragraphs)
15282 d(describ)s(e)h(the)h(notation)g(used)f(to)h(represen)m(t)f(k)m
15283 (eystrok)m(es.)275 2132 y(The)35 b(text)i Fj(C-k)f Fu(is)g(read)g(as)h
15284 (`Con)m(trol-K')g(and)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(c)m(haracter)i(pro)s
15285 (duced)d(when)g(the)h Ft(k)150 2242 y Fu(k)m(ey)31 b(is)g(pressed)e
15286 (while)h(the)h(Con)m(trol)g(k)m(ey)g(is)g(depressed.)275
15287 2412 y(The)g(text)i Fj(M-k)e Fu(is)h(read)f(as)i(`Meta-K')g(and)f
15288 (describ)s(es)f(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(pro)s(duced)e(when)f(the)i(Meta)
15289 150 2521 y(k)m(ey)i(\(if)f(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(one\))g(is)f
15290 (depressed,)g(and)f(the)h Ft(k)g Fu(k)m(ey)h(is)f(pressed.)48
15291 b(The)32 b(Meta)j(k)m(ey)e(is)h(lab)s(eled)f Ft(ALT)150
15292 2631 y Fu(on)c(man)m(y)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)40 b(On)29
15293 b(k)m(eyb)s(oards)g(with)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(k)m(eys)f(lab)s(eled)g
15294 Ft(ALT)e Fu(\(usually)i(to)g(either)g(side)g(of)g(the)150
15295 2740 y(space)h(bar\),)f(the)g Ft(ALT)f Fu(on)h(the)g(left)h(side)f(is)g
15296 (generally)h(set)f(to)h(w)m(ork)f(as)g(a)h(Meta)g(k)m(ey)-8
15297 b(.)42 b(The)29 b Ft(ALT)g Fu(k)m(ey)i(on)150 2850 y(the)c(righ)m(t)h
15298 (ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(con\014gured)f(to)i(w)m(ork)f(as)h(a)f(Meta)i
15299 (k)m(ey)f(or)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(con\014gured)h(as)g(some)h(other)150
15300 2960 y(mo)s(di\014er,)i(suc)m(h)g(as)g(a)h(Comp)s(ose)f(k)m(ey)h(for)f
15301 (t)m(yping)h(accen)m(ted)h(c)m(haracters.)275 3130 y(If)23
15302 b(y)m(ou)i(do)f(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(Meta)g(or)g Ft(ALT)e
15303 Fu(k)m(ey)-8 b(,)27 b(or)e(another)f(k)m(ey)i(w)m(orking)e(as)h(a)g
15304 (Meta)h(k)m(ey)-8 b(,)27 b(the)d(iden)m(tical)150 3239
15305 y(k)m(eystrok)m(e)30 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(generated)h(b)m(y)g(t)m(yping)g
15306 Ft(ESC)e Fl(\014rst)p Fu(,)j(and)e(then)g(t)m(yping)h
15307 Ft(k)p Fu(.)40 b(Either)28 b(pro)s(cess)g(is)g(kno)m(wn)150
15308 3349 y(as)j Fr(metafying)39 b Fu(the)30 b Ft(k)g Fu(k)m(ey)-8
15309 b(.)275 3519 y(The)39 b(text)j Fj(M-C-k)d Fu(is)h(read)g(as)h
15310 (`Meta-Con)m(trol-k')j(and)39 b(describ)s(es)h(the)g(c)m(haracter)i
15311 (pro)s(duced)d(b)m(y)150 3629 y Fr(metafying)g Fj(C-k)p
15312 Fu(.)275 3799 y(In)c(addition,)j(sev)m(eral)f(k)m(eys)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g
15313 (their)f(o)m(wn)g(names.)58 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally)-8 b(,)38
15314 b Ft(DEL)p Fu(,)f Ft(ESC)p Fu(,)g Ft(LFD)p Fu(,)g Ft(SPC)p
15315 Fu(,)g Ft(RET)p Fu(,)150 3908 y(and)d Ft(TAB)f Fu(all)j(stand)e(for)g
15316 (themselv)m(es)i(when)d(seen)i(in)f(this)g(text,)j(or)d(in)h(an)f(init)
15317 h(\014le)f(\(see)i(Section)f(8.3)150 4018 y([Readline)f(Init)g(File],)i
15318 (page)e(104\).)52 b(If)33 b(y)m(our)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard)h(lac)m(ks)g(a)g
15319 Ft(LFD)f Fu(k)m(ey)-8 b(,)36 b(t)m(yping)e Ft(C-j)e Fu(will)i(pro)s
15320 (duce)150 4128 y(the)d(desired)e(c)m(haracter.)43 b(The)30
15321 b Ft(RET)f Fu(k)m(ey)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(lab)s(eled)h
15322 Ft(Return)d Fu(or)j Ft(Enter)d Fu(on)j(some)g(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150
15323 4413 y Fs(8.2)68 b(Readline)47 b(In)l(teraction)150 4573
15324 y Fu(Often)32 b(during)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(session)e(y)m(ou)g(t)
15325 m(yp)s(e)g(in)f(a)h(long)g(line)g(of)f(text,)j(only)d(to)i(notice)g
15326 (that)f(the)150 4682 y(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)g(on)g(the)g(line)h(is)g
15327 (missp)s(elled.)46 b(The)32 b(Readline)h(library)f(giv)m(es)h(y)m(ou)g
15328 (a)g(set)g(of)f(commands)g(for)150 4792 y(manipulating)e(the)g(text)h
15329 (as)f(y)m(ou)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(it)g(in,)g(allo)m(wing)h(y)m(ou)f(to)h
15330 (just)e(\014x)g(y)m(our)h(t)m(yp)s(o,)g(and)g(not)g(forcing)150
15331 4902 y(y)m(ou)e(to)h(ret)m(yp)s(e)g(the)f(ma)5 b(jorit)m(y)29
15332 b(of)f(the)h(line.)40 b(Using)28 b(these)h(editing)g(commands,)f(y)m
15333 (ou)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(cursor)150 5011 y(to)35 b(the)f(place)i(that)e
15334 (needs)g(correction,)j(and)d(delete)h(or)f(insert)h(the)f(text)h(of)g
15335 (the)f(corrections.)54 b(Then,)150 5121 y(when)24 b(y)m(ou)h(are)g
15336 (satis\014ed)g(with)g(the)g(line,)i(y)m(ou)e(simply)f(press)g
15337 Ft(RET)p Fu(.)39 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(do)g(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)g(b)s(e)e
15338 (at)h(the)h(end)150 5230 y(of)33 b(the)h(line)g(to)g(press)e
15339 Ft(RET)p Fu(;)i(the)g(en)m(tire)g(line)f(is)h(accepted)g(regardless)g
15340 (of)f(the)h(lo)s(cation)h(of)e(the)h(cursor)150 5340
15341 y(within)c(the)g(line.)p eop end
15342 %%Page: 102 108
15343 TeXDict begin 102 107 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15344 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(102)150 299 y Fk(8.2.1)63
15345 b(Readline)40 b(Bare)h(Essen)m(tials)150 446 y Fu(In)31
15346 b(order)h(to)h(en)m(ter)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(line,)g
15347 (simply)e(t)m(yp)s(e)i(them.)46 b(The)31 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(c)m(haracter)i
15348 (app)s(ears)150 555 y(where)e(the)h(cursor)e(w)m(as,)j(and)e(then)g
15349 (the)h(cursor)e(mo)m(v)m(es)j(one)f(space)g(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t.)47
15350 b(If)32 b(y)m(ou)h(mist)m(yp)s(e)g(a)150 665 y(c)m(haracter,)f(y)m(ou)f
15351 (can)g(use)f(y)m(our)g(erase)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(bac)m(k)g(up)f(and)f
15352 (delete)j(the)f(mist)m(yp)s(ed)e(c)m(haracter.)275 806
15353 y(Sometimes)i(y)m(ou)g(ma)m(y)h(mist)m(yp)s(e)e(a)i(c)m(haracter,)g
15354 (and)e(not)i(notice)g(the)f(error)f(un)m(til)h(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(t)
15355 m(yp)s(ed)150 916 y(sev)m(eral)e(other)f(c)m(haracters.)42
15356 b(In)28 b(that)i(case,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h
15357 Fj(C-b)d Fu(to)j(mo)m(v)m(e)g(the)f(cursor)g(to)g(the)g(left,)i(and)150
15358 1026 y(then)f(correct)i(y)m(our)e(mistak)m(e.)42 b(Afterw)m(ards,)31
15359 b(y)m(ou)f(can)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(cursor)g(to)h(the)g(righ)m(t)g
15360 (with)f Fj(C-f)p Fu(.)275 1167 y(When)i(y)m(ou)h(add)f(text)h(in)f(the)
15361 h(middle)f(of)h(a)g(line,)h(y)m(ou)e(will)h(notice)h(that)f(c)m
15362 (haracters)h(to)g(the)e(righ)m(t)150 1277 y(of)d(the)g(cursor)f(are)h
15363 (`pushed)e(o)m(v)m(er')j(to)g(mak)m(e)f(ro)s(om)g(for)f(the)h(text)h
15364 (that)f(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(inserted.)40 b(Lik)m(ewise,)150
15365 1386 y(when)d(y)m(ou)g(delete)i(text)g(b)s(ehind)c(the)j(cursor,)h(c)m
15366 (haracters)g(to)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(cursor)e(are)i(`pulled)
15367 150 1496 y(bac)m(k')24 b(to)f(\014ll)g(in)f(the)h(blank)f(space)i
15368 (created)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)24 b(of)f(the)g(text.)39
15369 b(A)23 b(list)g(of)g(the)g(bare)f(essen)m(tials)150 1605
15370 y(for)30 b(editing)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(an)f(input)f(line)i(follo)m(ws.)
15371 150 1775 y Fj(C-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(one)e(c)m
15372 (haracter.)150 1941 y Fj(C-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(one)
15373 h(c)m(haracter.)150 2108 y Ft(DEL)e Fu(or)i Ft(Backspace)630
15374 2217 y Fu(Delete)i(the)d(c)m(haracter)i(to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h
15375 (cursor.)150 2384 y Fj(C-d)336 b Fu(Delete)33 b(the)d(c)m(haracter)i
15376 (underneath)d(the)i(cursor.)150 2550 y(Prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters)630
15377 2660 y(Insert)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)m(to)g(the)e(line)h(at)g(the)g
15378 (cursor.)150 2826 y Fj(C-_)e Fu(or)i Fj(C-x)e(C-u)630
15379 2936 y Fu(Undo)k(the)h(last)g(editing)g(command.)50 b(Y)-8
15380 b(ou)34 b(can)f(undo)g(all)h(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(bac)m(k)f(to)g(an)g
15381 (empt)m(y)630 3045 y(line.)150 3215 y(\(Dep)s(ending)29
15382 b(on)h(y)m(our)f(con\014guration,)i(the)e Ft(Backspace)e
15383 Fu(k)m(ey)k(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(to)g(the)
15384 150 3324 y(left)37 b(of)f(the)h(cursor)e(and)h(the)g
15385 Ft(DEL)g Fu(k)m(ey)h(set)f(to)h(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i
15386 (underneath)d(the)h(cursor,)i(lik)m(e)150 3434 y Fj(C-d)p
15387 Fu(,)30 b(rather)g(than)g(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)f(left)h(of)g
15388 (the)f(cursor.\))150 3640 y Fk(8.2.2)63 b(Readline)40
15389 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)h(Commands)150 3787 y Fu(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
15390 (table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)g(most)i(basic)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(that)f
15391 (y)m(ou)g(need)g(in)f(order)g(to)i(do)e(editing)i(of)150
15392 3897 y(the)k(input)f(line.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(y)m(our)f(con)m(v)m
15393 (enience,)j(man)m(y)d(other)g(commands)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)d(added)g
15394 (in)h(addition)150 4006 y(to)j Fj(C-b)p Fu(,)f Fj(C-f)p
15395 Fu(,)g Fj(C-d)p Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(DEL)p Fu(.)54 b(Here)35
15396 b(are)g(some)h(commands)e(for)h(mo)m(ving)h(more)f(rapidly)f(ab)s(out)h
15397 (the)150 4116 y(line.)150 4286 y Fj(C-a)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
15398 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 4452 y Fj(C-e)336
15399 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
15400 4618 y Fj(M-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord,)f
15401 (where)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)h(letters)h(and)d(digits.)
15402 150 4785 y Fj(M-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a)g(w)m
15403 (ord.)150 4951 y Fj(C-l)336 b Fu(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h(reprin)m
15404 (ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275
15405 5121 y(Notice)c(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m
15406 (haracter,)j(while)d Fj(M-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m
15407 (ord.)39 b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 5230 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32
15408 b(that)f(con)m(trol)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)g(c)m
15409 (haracters)h(while)f(meta)h(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)150
15410 5340 y(w)m(ords.)p eop end
15411 %%Page: 103 109
15412 TeXDict begin 103 108 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15413 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(103)150 299 y Fk(8.2.3)63
15414 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i(Commands)150 446 y Fr(Killing)35
15415 b Fu(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h(the)f(text)g(from)g(the)f(line,)i
15416 (but)e(to)h(sa)m(v)m(e)h(it)g(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)g(for)e(later)i(use,)f
15417 (usually)150 555 y(b)m(y)g Fr(y)m(anking)35 b Fu(\(re-inserting\))28
15418 b(it)g(bac)m(k)f(in)m(to)h(the)f(line.)40 b(\(`Cut')27
15419 b(and)g(`paste')h(are)f(more)g(recen)m(t)h(jargon)f(for)150
15420 665 y(`kill')32 b(and)d(`y)m(ank'.\))275 801 y(If)g(the)i(description)f
15421 (for)g(a)h(command)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)h(it)g(`kills')g(text,)h(then)e(y)m
15422 (ou)g(can)h(b)s(e)e(sure)h(that)h(y)m(ou)150 911 y(can)g(get)g(the)g
15423 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(\(or)g(the)f(same\))h
15424 (place)h(later.)275 1047 y(When)23 b(y)m(ou)g(use)g(a)h(kill)g
15425 (command,)g(the)g(text)g(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(in)e(a)g
15426 Fr(kill-ring)p Fu(.)39 b(An)m(y)24 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(consecutiv)
15427 m(e)150 1157 y(kills)31 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(all)f(of)f(the)g(killed)h(text)g
15428 (together,)g(so)g(that)f(when)f(y)m(ou)h(y)m(ank)h(it)f(bac)m(k,)h(y)m
15429 (ou)g(get)g(it)f(all.)43 b(The)150 1267 y(kill)33 b(ring)f(is)g(not)h
15430 (line)g(sp)s(eci\014c;)g(the)g(text)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g(killed)f(on)h(a)f
15431 (previously)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(line)f(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150
15432 1376 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)h(bac)m(k)g(later,)h(when)d(y)m(ou)
15433 i(are)g(t)m(yping)f(another)h(line.)275 1513 y(Here)f(is)h(the)f(list)h
15434 (of)g(commands)f(for)g(killing)h(text.)150 1675 y Fj(C-k)336
15435 b Fu(Kill)31 b(the)f(text)i(from)e(the)g(curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s
15436 (osition)h(to)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 1836
15437 y Fj(M-d)336 b Fu(Kill)27 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h
15438 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m(ord,)h(or,)h(if)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(w)m(ords,)
15439 g(to)g(the)630 1946 y(end)j(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
15440 b(W)-8 b(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)i(the)g(same)f(as)h(those)g(used)
15441 f(b)m(y)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2107 y Fj(M-DEL)240 b Fu(Kill)31
15442 b(from)f(the)h(cursor)f(the)g(start)h(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(ord,)
15443 h(or,)f(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)i(the)630
15444 2217 y(start)39 b(of)f(the)h(previous)f(w)m(ord.)64 b(W)-8
15445 b(ord)39 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)i(the)f(same)h(as)g(those)f(used)g(b)m
15446 (y)630 2326 y Fj(M-b)p Fu(.)150 2487 y Fj(C-w)336 b Fu(Kill)35
15447 b(from)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)i(the)f(previous)g(whitespace.)55
15448 b(This)34 b(is)h(di\013eren)m(t)h(than)e Fj(M-DEL)630
15449 2597 y Fu(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275
15450 2759 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fr(y)m(ank)47 b Fu(the)42
15451 b(text)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)f(the)g(line.)74 b(Y)-8 b(anking)43
15452 b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 2869 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33
15453 b(text)e(from)f(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er.)150 3031 y Fj(C-y)336
15454 b Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(most)h(recen)m(tly)h(killed)f(text)g(bac)m
15455 (k)g(in)m(to)h(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(the)f(cursor.)150
15456 3192 y Fj(M-y)336 b Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h
15457 (the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h
15458 (the)g(prior)630 3302 y(command)30 b(is)h Fj(C-y)e Fu(or)h
15459 Fj(M-y)p Fu(.)150 3503 y Fk(8.2.4)63 b(Readline)40 b(Argumen)m(ts)150
15460 3650 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f
15461 (Readline)h(commands.)67 b(Sometimes)39 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(acts)150
15462 3760 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g
15463 Fl(sign)47 b Fu(of)41 b(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(that)h(is)f(signi\014can)m
15464 (t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 3869 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)
15465 m(t)e(to)g(a)g(command)f(whic)m(h)g(normally)h(acts)g(in)f(a)h(forw)m
15466 (ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 3979 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h
15467 (bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(direction.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(to)f(kill)g
15468 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4088 y(the)31
15469 b(line,)g(y)m(ou)f(migh)m(t)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(M--)f(C-k)p
15470 Fu('.)275 4225 y(The)d(general)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)e(pass)g(n)m(umeric)g
15471 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)f(command)g(is)g(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(meta)i
15472 (digits)e(b)s(efore)150 4334 y(the)j(command.)42 b(If)30
15473 b(the)h(\014rst)f(`digit')i(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(is)g(a)g(min)m(us)f(sign)h
15474 (\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\),)h(then)f(the)g(sign)f(of)h(the)g(argumen)m(t)150
15475 4444 y(will)39 b(b)s(e)e(negativ)m(e.)66 b(Once)38 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m
15476 (e)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(one)h(meta)g(digit)g(to)f(get)i(the)e(argumen)m(t)h
15477 (started,)i(y)m(ou)150 4554 y(can)29 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(the)g(remainder)f
15478 (of)h(the)g(digits,)h(and)f(then)f(the)h(command.)40
15479 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)g(to)f(giv)m(e)i(the)e Fj(C-d)150
15480 4663 y Fu(command)37 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(of)g(10,)i(y)m(ou)e(could)f
15481 (t)m(yp)s(e)h(`)p Ft(M-1)29 b(0)h(C-d)p Fu(',)39 b(whic)m(h)e(will)h
15482 (delete)h(the)e(next)h(ten)150 4773 y(c)m(haracters)32
15483 b(on)e(the)h(input)e(line.)150 4974 y Fk(8.2.5)63 b(Searc)m(hing)40
15484 b(for)i(Commands)g(in)f(the)g(History)150 5121 y Fu(Readline)35
15485 b(pro)m(vides)f(commands)g(for)g(searc)m(hing)h(through)e(the)i
15486 (command)f(history)g(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)150 5230 y([Bash)i(History)h
15487 (F)-8 b(acilities],)42 b(page)37 b(133\))i(for)d(lines)h(con)m(taining)
15488 i(a)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(string.)60 b(There)36 b(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)150
15489 5340 y(searc)m(h)31 b(mo)s(des:)40 b Fr(incremen)m(tal)35
15490 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(non-incremen)m(tal)p Fu(.)p eop end
15491 %%Page: 104 110
15492 TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15493 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(104)275 299 y(Incremen)m(tal)26
15494 b(searc)m(hes)h(b)s(egin)e(b)s(efore)g(the)h(user)f(has)h(\014nished)e
15495 (t)m(yping)i(the)g(searc)m(h)g(string.)39 b(As)26 b(eac)m(h)150
15496 408 y(c)m(haracter)37 b(of)e(the)h(searc)m(h)g(string)f(is)h(t)m(yp)s
15497 (ed,)g(Readline)g(displa)m(ys)g(the)f(next)h(en)m(try)g(from)e(the)i
15498 (history)150 518 y(matc)m(hing)25 b(the)f(string)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(so)g
15499 (far.)39 b(An)23 b(incremen)m(tal)j(searc)m(h)e(requires)g(only)g(as)g
15500 (man)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i(as)150 628 y(needed)i(to)i(\014nd)d(the)i
15501 (desired)f(history)h(en)m(try)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)29
15502 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(in)f(the)h(history)g(for)f(a)i
15503 (particular)150 737 y(string,)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f Fj(C-r)p
15504 Fu(.)40 b(T)m(yping)29 b Fj(C-s)g Fu(searc)m(hes)h(forw)m(ard)f
15505 (through)g(the)g(history)-8 b(.)41 b(The)29 b(c)m(haracters)i(presen)m
15506 (t)150 847 y(in)38 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)g
15507 Ft(isearch-terminators)33 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(are)f(used)f(to)i
15508 (terminate)g(an)f(incremen)m(tal)150 956 y(searc)m(h.)71
15509 b(If)40 b(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)f(not)h(b)s(een)e(assigned)i
15510 (a)f(v)-5 b(alue,)44 b(the)c Ft(ESC)g Fu(and)f Fj(C-J)h
15511 Fu(c)m(haracters)i(will)150 1066 y(terminate)h(an)g(incremen)m(tal)g
15512 (searc)m(h.)78 b Fj(C-g)41 b Fu(will)i(ab)s(ort)f(an)g(incremen)m(tal)i
15513 (searc)m(h)f(and)f(restore)h(the)150 1176 y(original)30
15514 b(line.)41 b(When)28 b(the)h(searc)m(h)h(is)f(terminated,)h(the)f
15515 (history)g(en)m(try)g(con)m(taining)h(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150
15516 1285 y(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)275 1428
15517 y(T)-8 b(o)31 b(\014nd)e(other)j(matc)m(hing)g(en)m(tries)g(in)e(the)h
15518 (history)g(list,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fj(C-r)e Fu(or)h Fj(C-s)f
15519 Fu(as)h(appropriate.)43 b(This)150 1537 y(will)26 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m
15520 (kw)m(ard)g(or)f(forw)m(ard)g(in)f(the)i(history)f(for)g(the)g(next)g
15521 (en)m(try)h(matc)m(hing)g(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150
15522 1647 y(t)m(yp)s(ed)37 b(so)h(far.)63 b(An)m(y)38 b(other)f(k)m(ey)i
15523 (sequence)f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(a)g(Readline)h(command)e(will)h(terminate)h
15524 (the)150 1757 y(searc)m(h)26 b(and)f(execute)i(that)f(command.)39
15525 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(instance,)h(a)f Ft(RET)f Fu(will)g(terminate)i(the)f
15526 (searc)m(h)g(and)e(accept)150 1866 y(the)30 b(line,)g(thereb)m(y)f
15527 (executing)i(the)e(command)g(from)g(the)h(history)f(list.)41
15528 b(A)29 b(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(command)d(will)150 1976
15529 y(terminate)i(the)g(searc)m(h,)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(last)h(line)g(found)e
15530 (the)i(curren)m(t)f(line,)h(and)f(b)s(egin)g(editing.)275
15531 2119 y(Readline)35 b(remem)m(b)s(ers)f(the)h(last)h(incremen)m(tal)g
15532 (searc)m(h)f(string.)54 b(If)34 b(t)m(w)m(o)j Fj(C-r)p
15533 Fu(s)c(are)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(without)150 2228 y(an)m(y)i(in)m(terv)m
15534 (ening)g(c)m(haracters)h(de\014ning)e(a)h(new)f(searc)m(h)h(string,)h
15535 (an)m(y)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(searc)m(h)i(string)g(is)150
15536 2338 y(used.)275 2480 y(Non-incremen)m(tal)48 b(searc)m(hes)g(read)e
15537 (the)h(en)m(tire)h(searc)m(h)f(string)g(b)s(efore)f(starting)h(to)h
15538 (searc)m(h)f(for)150 2590 y(matc)m(hing)d(history)e(lines.)78
15539 b(The)42 b(searc)m(h)h(string)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(b)m(y)g
15540 (the)h(user)f(or)h(b)s(e)f(part)g(of)h(the)150 2700 y(con)m(ten)m(ts)32
15541 b(of)f(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2944 y Fs(8.3)68
15542 b(Readline)47 b(Init)e(File)150 3104 y Fu(Although)f(the)g(Readline)g
15543 (library)f(comes)i(with)e(a)h(set)h(of)f(Emacs-lik)m(e)h(k)m
15544 (eybindings)f(installed)g(b)m(y)150 3213 y(default,)26
15545 b(it)g(is)e(p)s(ossible)h(to)g(use)f(a)i(di\013eren)m(t)f(set)g(of)g(k)
15546 m(eybindings.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(user)f(can)h(customize)h(programs)150
15547 3323 y(that)45 b(use)f(Readline)h(b)m(y)f(putting)g(commands)g(in)g(an)
15548 g Fr(inputrc)49 b Fu(\014le,)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tionally)e(in)d(his)g
15549 (home)150 3433 y(directory)-8 b(.)59 b(The)35 b(name)i(of)f(this)g
15550 (\014le)g(is)g(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37
15551 b(of)f(the)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(INPUTRC)p
15552 Fu(.)56 b(If)150 3542 y(that)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(unset,)h
15553 (the)f(default)h(is)f Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)52 b(If)35
15554 b(that)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)e(not)i(exist)g(or)f(cannot)h(b)s(e)150
15555 3652 y(read,)31 b(the)f(ultimate)i(default)e(is)h Ft(/etc/inputrc)p
15556 Fu(.)275 3794 y(When)e(a)h(program)f(whic)m(h)h(uses)f(the)h(Readline)g
15557 (library)f(starts)h(up,)f(the)h(init)g(\014le)f(is)h(read,)g(and)f(the)
15558 150 3904 y(k)m(ey)i(bindings)e(are)i(set.)275 4047 y(In)26
15559 b(addition,)i(the)f Ft(C-x)i(C-r)d Fu(command)h(re-reads)g(this)f(init)
15560 h(\014le,)h(th)m(us)f(incorp)s(orating)g(an)m(y)g(c)m(hanges)150
15561 4156 y(that)k(y)m(ou)g(migh)m(t)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(made)g(to)g(it.)150
15562 4364 y Fk(8.3.1)63 b(Readline)40 b(Init)h(File)g(Syn)m(tax)150
15563 4511 y Fu(There)f(are)i(only)f(a)g(few)g(basic)g(constructs)h(allo)m(w)
15564 m(ed)h(in)d(the)h(Readline)h(init)f(\014le.)73 b(Blank)41
15565 b(lines)h(are)150 4620 y(ignored.)72 b(Lines)41 b(b)s(eginning)f(with)h
15566 (a)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(are)h(commen)m(ts.)73 b(Lines)41
15567 b(b)s(eginning)f(with)g(a)i(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(indicate)150
15568 4730 y(conditional)e(constructs)f(\(see)g(Section)h(8.3.2)g
15569 ([Conditional)g(Init)e(Constructs],)j(page)e(111\).)64
15570 b(Other)150 4839 y(lines)31 b(denote)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31
15571 b(settings)g(and)f(k)m(ey)h(bindings.)150 5011 y(V)-8
15572 b(ariable)32 b(Settings)630 5121 y(Y)-8 b(ou)41 b(can)g(mo)s(dify)e
15573 (the)i(run-time)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h(Readline)g(b)m(y)f(altering)h
15574 (the)g(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(of)630 5230 y(v)-5 b(ariables)34
15575 b(in)f(Readline)i(using)e(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(command)g(within)g(the)h
15576 (init)g(\014le.)50 b(The)33 b(syn)m(tax)630 5340 y(is)d(simple:)p
15577 eop end
15578 %%Page: 105 111
15579 TeXDict begin 105 110 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15580 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(105)870 299 y Ft(set)47
15581 b Fj(variable)e(value)630 436 y Fu(Here,)29 b(for)e(example,)h(is)g(ho)
15582 m(w)f(to)h(c)m(hange)g(from)f(the)g(default)h(Emacs-lik)m(e)h(k)m(ey)f
15583 (binding)e(to)630 545 y(use)k Ft(vi)g Fu(line)h(editing)g(commands:)870
15584 682 y Ft(set)47 b(editing-mode)d(vi)630 819 y Fu(V)-8
15585 b(ariable)36 b(names)f(and)g(v)-5 b(alues,)36 b(where)f(appropriate,)h
15586 (are)g(recognized)g(without)f(regard)630 929 y(to)c(case.)42
15587 b(Unrecognized)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(names)g(are)f(ignored.)630
15588 1066 y(Bo)s(olean)c(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(\(those)g(that)g(can)f(b)s(e)f
15589 (set)i(to)g(on)f(or)g(o\013)7 b(\))25 b(are)h(set)f(to)h(on)f(if)g(the)
15590 g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)630 1176 y(n)m(ull)e(or)g(empt)m(y)-8
15591 b(,)27 b Fr(on)d Fu(\(case-insensitiv)m(e\),)29 b(or)24
15592 b(1.)39 b(An)m(y)25 b(other)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(results)f(in)g(the)g(v)
15593 -5 b(ariable)630 1285 y(b)s(eing)30 b(set)h(to)g(o\013.)630
15594 1422 y(The)37 b Ft(bind)30 b(-V)37 b Fu(command)g(lists)i(the)f(curren)
15595 m(t)f(Readline)i(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(names)g(and)f(v)-5
15596 b(alues.)630 1532 y(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)
15597 g(48.)630 1669 y(A)f(great)i(deal)f(of)g(run-time)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)g
15598 (is)g(c)m(hangeable)j(with)d(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(v)-5
15599 b(ariables.)630 1833 y Ft(bell-style)1110 1943 y Fu(Con)m(trols)44
15600 b(what)g(happ)s(ens)e(when)h(Readline)i(w)m(an)m(ts)f(to)h(ring)e(the)h
15601 (termi-)1110 2052 y(nal)37 b(b)s(ell.)61 b(If)37 b(set)h(to)g(`)p
15602 Ft(none)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(nev)m(er)g(rings)e(the)i(b)s(ell.)61
15603 b(If)36 b(set)i(to)1110 2162 y(`)p Ft(visible)p Fu(',)32
15604 b(Readline)i(uses)f(a)g(visible)g(b)s(ell)g(if)g(one)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
15605 b(ailable.)51 b(If)33 b(set)g(to)1110 2271 y(`)p Ft(audible)p
15606 Fu(')j(\(the)i(default\),)i(Readline)e(attempts)g(to)h(ring)e(the)g
15607 (terminal's)1110 2381 y(b)s(ell.)630 2545 y Ft(bind-tty-special-chars)
15608 1110 2655 y Fu(If)45 b(set)h(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)50
15609 b(Readline)45 b(attempts)i(to)f(bind)d(the)j(con)m(trol)g(c)m
15610 (haracters)1110 2765 y(treated)36 b(sp)s(ecially)h(b)m(y)e(the)h(k)m
15611 (ernel's)g(terminal)g(driv)m(er)f(to)h(their)f(Readline)1110
15612 2874 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(ts.)630 3039 y Ft(colored-stats)1110
15613 3148 y Fu(If)26 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(displa)m
15614 (ys)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(using)f(di\013eren)m(t)1110
15615 3258 y(colors)40 b(to)g(indicate)g(their)f(\014le)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)67
15616 b(The)38 b(color)j(de\014nitions)d(are)i(tak)m(en)1110
15617 3367 y(from)24 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)d
15618 Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)24 b(default)1110
15619 3477 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3641 y Ft(comment-begin)1110
15620 3751 y Fu(The)62 b(string)g(to)h(insert)f(at)h(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)
15621 h(the)h(line)f(when)g(the)1110 3861 y Ft(insert-comment)26
15622 b Fu(command)31 b(is)f(executed.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5
15623 b(alue)31 b(is)f Ft("#")p Fu(.)630 4025 y Ft(completion-display-width)
15624 1110 4134 y Fu(The)41 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(screen)g(columns)f(used)
15625 g(to)h(displa)m(y)g(p)s(ossible)f(matc)m(hes)1110 4244
15626 y(when)28 b(p)s(erforming)g(completion.)41 b(The)29 b(v)-5
15627 b(alue)29 b(is)g(ignored)g(if)g(it)h(is)f(less)g(than)1110
15628 4354 y(0)e(or)f(greater)h(than)f(the)g(terminal)h(screen)f(width.)39
15629 b(A)26 b(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)f(0)h(will)f(cause)1110
15630 4463 y(matc)m(hes)32 b(to)f(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)i(one)g(p)s(er)e
15631 (line.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(-1.)630
15632 4628 y Ft(completion-ignore-case)1110 4737 y Fu(If)d(set)h(to)g(`)p
15633 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)h(matc)m(hing)i
15634 (and)e(completion)1110 4847 y(in)j(a)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion.)
15635 40 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p
15636 Fu('.)630 5011 y Ft(completion-map-case)1110 5121 y Fu(If)22
15637 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(and)e Fr(completion-ignore-case)31
15638 b Fu(is)22 b(enabled,)i(Readline)f(treats)1110 5230 y(h)m(yphens)29
15639 b(\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\))j(and)e(underscores)g(\(`)p Ft(_)p
15640 Fu('\))i(as)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(when)e(p)s(erforming)1110
15641 5340 y(case-insensitiv)m(e)j(\014lename)d(matc)m(hing)i(and)e
15642 (completion.)p eop end
15643 %%Page: 106 112
15644 TeXDict begin 106 111 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15645 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(106)630 299 y Ft
15646 (completion-prefix-displa)o(y-le)o(ngth)1110 408 y Fu(The)31
15647 b(length)g(in)g(c)m(haracters)i(of)f(the)f(common)h(pre\014x)e(of)h(a)h
15648 (list)g(of)f(p)s(ossible)1110 518 y(completions)g(that)f(is)g(displa)m
15649 (y)m(ed)g(without)g(mo)s(di\014cation.)41 b(When)29 b(set)h(to)h(a)1110
15650 628 y(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(greater)h(than)e(zero,)j(common)e(pre\014xes)e
15651 (longer)j(than)e(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(are)1110 737
15652 y(replaced)k(with)f(an)g(ellipsis)h(when)e(displa)m(ying)i(p)s(ossible)
15653 f(completions.)630 902 y Ft(completion-query-items)1110
15654 1011 y Fu(The)c(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h
15655 (that)g(determines)f(when)f(the)i(user)1110 1121 y(is)i(ask)m(ed)h
15656 (whether)f(the)h(list)g(of)f(p)s(ossibilities)h(should)e(b)s(e)h
15657 (displa)m(y)m(ed.)41 b(If)29 b(the)1110 1230 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)h
15658 (p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(is)f(greater)h(than)e(this)h(v)-5
15659 b(alue,)28 b(Readline)1110 1340 y(will)f(ask)g(the)f(user)g(whether)g
15660 (or)g(not)h(he)f(wishes)g(to)i(view)e(them;)i(otherwise,)1110
15661 1450 y(they)d(are)f(simply)g(listed.)40 b(This)23 b(v)-5
15662 b(ariable)25 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)e(set)i(to)g(an)g(in)m(teger)g(v)-5
15663 b(alue)1110 1559 y(greater)26 b(than)f(or)f(equal)i(to)f(0.)40
15664 b(A)24 b(negativ)m(e)j(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(means)e(Readline)i(should)1110
15665 1669 y(nev)m(er)31 b(ask.)41 b(The)29 b(default)i(limit)g(is)g
15666 Ft(100)p Fu(.)630 1833 y Ft(convert-meta)1110 1943 y
15667 Fu(If)22 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)f(con)m(v)m
15668 (ert)i(c)m(haracters)f(with)f(the)g(eigh)m(th)h(bit)f(set)1110
15669 2052 y(to)33 b(an)e Fm(asci)r(i)h Fu(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(b)m(y)g
15670 (stripping)f(the)h(eigh)m(th)h(bit)f(and)f(pre\014xing)1110
15671 2162 y(an)24 b Ft(ESC)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(con)m(v)m(erting)f(them)f
15672 (to)g(a)g(meta-pre\014xed)f(k)m(ey)h(sequence.)1110 2271
15673 y(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Ft(on)p
15674 Fu('.)630 2436 y Ft(disable-completion)1110 2545 y Fu(If)36
15675 b(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(On)p Fu(',)g(Readline)f(will)g(inhibit)f(w)m(ord)h
15676 (completion.)60 b(Completion)1110 2655 y(c)m(haracters)28
15677 b(will)e(b)s(e)f(inserted)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(line)f(as)g(if)g(they)h
15678 (had)e(b)s(een)g(mapp)s(ed)1110 2765 y(to)31 b Ft(self-insert)p
15679 Fu(.)38 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
15680 2929 y Ft(editing-mode)1110 3039 y Fu(The)d Ft(editing-mode)e
15681 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(con)m(trols)h(whic)m(h)e(default)h(set)h(of)e(k)
15682 m(ey)i(bind-)1110 3148 y(ings)25 b(is)g(used.)38 b(By)26
15683 b(default,)g(Readline)g(starts)f(up)f(in)h(Emacs)g(editing)h(mo)s(de,)
15684 1110 3258 y(where)j(the)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)i(are)e(most)h(similar)f(to)
15685 h(Emacs.)40 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(can)1110
15686 3367 y(b)s(e)g(set)h(to)g(either)g(`)p Ft(emacs)p Fu(')e(or)h(`)p
15687 Ft(vi)p Fu('.)630 3532 y Ft(echo-control-characters)1110
15688 3641 y Fu(When)g(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(on)g(op)s(erating)h
15689 (systems)f(that)h(indicate)g(they)g(supp)s(ort)1110 3751
15690 y(it,)i(readline)e(ec)m(ho)s(es)i(a)f(c)m(haracter)h(corresp)s(onding)d
15691 (to)j(a)f(signal)g(generated)1110 3861 y(from)e(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)
15692 41 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 4025
15693 y Ft(enable-keypad)1110 4134 y Fu(When)23 b(set)h(to)g(`)p
15694 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)g(try)f(to)h(enable)g(the)f
15695 (application)i(k)m(eypad)1110 4244 y(when)h(it)h(is)f(called.)41
15696 b(Some)27 b(systems)f(need)h(this)f(to)h(enable)g(the)g(arro)m(w)g(k)m
15697 (eys.)1110 4354 y(The)j(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
15698 4518 y Ft(enable-meta-key)1110 4628 y Fu(When)40 b(set)g(to)g(`)p
15699 Ft(on)p Fu(',)j(Readline)d(will)g(try)g(to)g(enable)g(an)m(y)g(meta)h
15700 (mo)s(di\014er)1110 4737 y(k)m(ey)i(the)e(terminal)i(claims)f(to)h
15701 (supp)s(ort)d(when)h(it)h(is)g(called.)76 b(On)41 b(man)m(y)1110
15702 4847 y(terminals,)c(the)e(meta)h(k)m(ey)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(send)e(eigh)
15703 m(t-bit)j(c)m(haracters.)56 b(The)1110 4956 y(default)31
15704 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 5121 y Ft(expand-tilde)1110
15705 5230 y Fu(If)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(tilde)g(expansion)g(is)f
15706 (p)s(erformed)f(when)h(Readline)h(attempts)1110 5340
15707 y(w)m(ord)i(completion.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
15708 Ft(off)p Fu('.)p eop end
15709 %%Page: 107 113
15710 TeXDict begin 107 112 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15711 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(107)630 299 y Ft
15712 (history-preserve-point)1110 408 y Fu(If)41 b(set)h(to)h(`)p
15713 Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(the)c(history)h(co)s(de)g(attempts)h(to)f(place)h(the)f
15714 (p)s(oin)m(t)f(\(the)1110 518 y(curren)m(t)35 b(cursor)g(p)s(osition\))
15715 g(at)h(the)g(same)f(lo)s(cation)i(on)e(eac)m(h)h(history)g(line)1110
15716 628 y(retriev)m(ed)h(with)f Ft(previous-history)c Fu(or)37
15717 b Ft(next-history)p Fu(.)55 b(The)36 b(default)1110 737
15718 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 902 y Ft(history-size)1110
15719 1011 y Fu(Set)39 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)g
15720 (en)m(tries)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)f(the)g(history)1110 1121
15721 y(list.)51 b(If)34 b(set)g(to)h(zero,)g(an)m(y)f(existing)h(history)f
15722 (en)m(tries)g(are)g(deleted)h(and)e(no)1110 1230 y(new)e(en)m(tries)i
15723 (are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)46 b(If)31 b(set)h(to)h(a)f(v)-5
15724 b(alue)32 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)1110
15725 1340 y(of)f(history)f(en)m(tries)h(is)g(not)g(limited.)42
15726 b(By)30 b(default,)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(history)1110
15727 1450 y(en)m(tries)g(is)g(not)f(limited.)630 1614 y Ft
15728 (horizontal-scroll-mode)1110 1724 y Fu(This)35 b(v)-5
15729 b(ariable)37 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)h(either)f(`)p
15730 Ft(on)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)57 b(Setting)36
15731 b(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')1110 1833 y(means)26 b(that)h(the)f(text)h
15732 (of)g(the)f(lines)g(b)s(eing)g(edited)h(will)f(scroll)h(horizon)m
15733 (tally)1110 1943 y(on)32 b(a)g(single)g(screen)g(line)g(when)e(they)i
15734 (are)g(longer)h(than)e(the)h(width)f(of)h(the)1110 2052
15735 y(screen,)27 b(instead)g(of)f(wrapping)f(on)m(to)i(a)f(new)g(screen)g
15736 (line.)39 b(By)27 b(default,)g(this)1110 2162 y(v)-5
15737 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
15738 2326 y Ft(input-meta)1110 2436 y Fu(If)f(set)g(to)h(`)p
15739 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)f(enable)h(eigh)m(t-bit)h(input)d(\(it)
15740 i(will)f(not)h(clear)1110 2545 y(the)40 b(eigh)m(th)g(bit)g(in)f(the)h
15741 (c)m(haracters)h(it)f(reads\),)j(regardless)c(of)h(what)g(the)1110
15742 2655 y(terminal)g(claims)h(it)g(can)f(supp)s(ort.)68
15743 b(The)39 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p
15744 Fu('.)69 b(The)1110 2765 y(name)30 b Ft(meta-flag)e Fu(is)j(a)f(synon)m
15745 (ym)g(for)g(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 2929 y Ft(isearch-terminators)
15746 1110 3039 y Fu(The)51 b(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(that)f(should)e
15747 (terminate)j(an)f(incremen)m(tal)1110 3148 y(searc)m(h)25
15748 b(without)g(subsequen)m(tly)g(executing)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(as)f(a)g
15749 (command)1110 3258 y(\(see)38 b(Section)g(8.2.5)h([Searc)m(hing],)h
15750 (page)e(103\).)62 b(If)37 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)38
15751 b(has)f(not)1110 3367 y(b)s(een)e(giv)m(en)h(a)g(v)-5
15752 b(alue,)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)h Ft(ESC)d Fu(and)h
15753 Fj(C-J)g Fu(will)h(terminate)g(an)1110 3477 y(incremen)m(tal)c(searc)m
15754 (h.)630 3641 y Ft(keymap)192 b Fu(Sets)39 b(Readline's)g(idea)h(of)f
15755 (the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eymap)h(for)g(k)m(ey)g(binding)f(com-)1110
15756 3751 y(mands.)81 b(Acceptable)47 b Ft(keymap)42 b Fu(names)i(are)h
15757 Ft(emacs)p Fu(,)i Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(,)1110 3861
15758 y Ft(emacs-meta)p Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p
15759 Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p Fu(,)f(and)1110
15760 3970 y Ft(vi-insert)p Fu(.)64 b Ft(vi)38 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5
15761 b(alen)m(t)41 b(to)e Ft(vi-command)p Fu(;)i Ft(emacs)c
15762 Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)1110 4080 y(to)33 b Ft(emacs-standard)p
15763 Fu(.)41 b(The)31 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)g Ft(emacs)p
15764 Fu(.)44 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)f(the)1110 4189
15765 y Ft(editing-mode)27 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(also)h(a\013ects)f(the)g
15766 (default)f(k)m(eymap.)630 4354 y Ft(keyseq-timeout)1110
15767 4463 y Fu(Sp)s(eci\014es)25 b(the)g(duration)g(Readline)h(will)g(w)m
15768 (ait)g(for)g(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(when)e(read-)1110 4573
15769 y(ing)30 b(an)g(am)m(biguous)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(\(one)g(that)h(can)f
15770 (form)g(a)g(complete)h(k)m(ey)1110 4682 y(sequence)j(using)e(the)i
15771 (input)e(read)h(so)g(far,)h(or)g(can)f(tak)m(e)i(additional)f(input)
15772 1110 4792 y(to)g(complete)g(a)f(longer)h(k)m(ey)f(sequence\).)49
15773 b(If)33 b(no)f(input)g(is)h(receiv)m(ed)h(within)1110
15774 4902 y(the)43 b(timeout,)48 b(Readline)43 b(will)g(use)g(the)g(shorter)
15775 g(but)f(complete)j(k)m(ey)e(se-)1110 5011 y(quence.)c(Readline)26
15776 b(uses)f(this)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(to)g(determine)g(whether)f(or)g(not)h
15777 (input)1110 5121 y(is)31 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(on)d(the)h(curren)m
15778 (t)f(input)g(source)h(\()p Ft(rl_instream)d Fu(b)m(y)i(default\).)1110
15779 5230 y(The)25 b(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)h
15780 (milliseconds,)j(so)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(1000)i(means)e(that)
15781 1110 5340 y(Readline)e(will)g(w)m(ait)g(one)g(second)f(for)g
15782 (additional)i(input.)37 b(If)22 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)23
15783 b(is)p eop end
15784 %%Page: 108 114
15785 TeXDict begin 108 113 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15786 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(108)1110 299 y(set)28
15787 b(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(less)f(than)g(or)f(equal)i(to)f(zero,)i(or)
15788 e(to)g(a)h(non-n)m(umeric)e(v)-5 b(alue,)1110 408 y(Readline)30
15789 b(will)f(w)m(ait)i(un)m(til)e(another)h(k)m(ey)g(is)f(pressed)g(to)h
15790 (decide)f(whic)m(h)g(k)m(ey)1110 518 y(sequence)i(to)g(complete.)42
15791 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g Ft(500)p Fu(.)630
15792 701 y Ft(mark-directories)1110 810 y Fu(If)38 b(set)g(to)h(`)p
15793 Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(completed)e(directory)f(names)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e(slash)
15794 g(app)s(ended.)1110 920 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
15795 Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 1103 y Ft(mark-modified-lines)1110
15796 1212 y Fu(This)k(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(when)d(set)h(to)h(`)p
15797 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(causes)g(Readline)f(to)h(displa)m(y)f(an)f(as-)1110
15798 1322 y(terisk)f(\(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('\))h(at)f(the)g(start)g(of)g(history)g
15799 (lines)g(whic)m(h)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)1110
15800 1431 y(This)d(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)g
15801 (default.)630 1614 y Ft(mark-symlinked-directori)o(es)1110
15802 1724 y Fu(If)59 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)67 b(completed)60
15803 b(names)f(whic)m(h)g(are)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(links)f(to)1110
15804 1833 y(directories)71 b(ha)m(v)m(e)f(a)g(slash)f(app)s(ended)f(\(sub)5
15805 b(ject)70 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)70 b(of)1110 1943
15806 y Ft(mark-directories)p Fu(\).)37 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)g(`)p
15807 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 2125 y Ft(match-hidden-files)1110
15808 2235 y Fu(This)21 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)25 b(when)d(set)g(to)h(`)p
15809 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(causes)f(Readline)g(to)g(matc)m(h)g(\014les)f(whose)
15810 1110 2345 y(names)44 b(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p
15811 Fu(')g(\(hidden)f(\014les\))i(when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)1110
15812 2454 y(completion.)75 b(If)41 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(off)p
15813 Fu(',)i(the)e(leading)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f
15814 (b)m(y)1110 2564 y(the)34 b(user)g(in)g(the)g(\014lename)g(to)h(b)s(e)f
15815 (completed.)53 b(This)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)f(`)p
15816 Ft(on)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)1110 2673 y(default.)630 2856 y
15817 Ft(menu-complete-display-pr)o(efix)1110 2966 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)g(`)p
15818 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(men)m(u)e(completion)i(displa)m(ys)e(the)h(common)g
15819 (pre\014x)e(of)i(the)1110 3075 y(list)k(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)
15820 i(\(whic)m(h)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(empt)m(y\))i(b)s(efore)e(cycling)1110
15821 3185 y(through)30 b(the)g(list.)42 b(The)29 b(default)i(is)f(`)p
15822 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3367 y Ft(output-meta)1110 3477 y
15823 Fu(If)35 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)g(displa)m(y)
15824 f(c)m(haracters)i(with)e(the)h(eigh)m(th)g(bit)1110 3587
15825 y(set)h(directly)g(rather)f(than)g(as)h(a)g(meta-pre\014xed)f(escap)s
15826 (e)h(sequence.)59 b(The)1110 3696 y(default)31 b(is)f(`)p
15827 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3879 y Ft(page-completions)1110 3988
15828 y Fu(If)j(set)i(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)g(uses)e(an)h(in)m
15829 (ternal)h Ft(more)p Fu(-lik)m(e)f(pager)g(to)h(displa)m(y)1110
15830 4098 y(a)e(screenful)f(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(at)f(a)g(time.)
15831 47 b(This)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)e(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')1110
15832 4208 y(b)m(y)e(default.)630 4390 y Ft(print-completions-horizo)o(ntal)o
15833 (ly)1110 4500 y Fu(If)23 b(set)i(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g
15834 (will)f(displa)m(y)g(completions)h(with)f(matc)m(hes)h(sorted)1110
15835 4609 y(horizon)m(tally)45 b(in)e(alphab)s(etical)i(order,)i(rather)c
15836 (than)g(do)m(wn)g(the)h(screen.)1110 4719 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
15837 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 4902 y Ft(revert-all-at-newline)1110
15838 5011 y Fu(If)e(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)g(undo)f
15839 (all)h(c)m(hanges)h(to)f(history)g(lines)f(b)s(efore)1110
15840 5121 y(returning)f(when)f Ft(accept-line)f Fu(is)j(executed.)41
15841 b(By)29 b(default,)g(history)g(lines)1110 5230 y(ma)m(y)42
15842 b(b)s(e)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(and)h(retain)i(individual)e(undo)g(lists)h
15843 (across)g(calls)h(to)1110 5340 y Ft(readline)p Fu(.)38
15844 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)p eop end
15845 %%Page: 109 115
15846 TeXDict begin 109 114 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15847 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(109)630 299 y Ft
15848 (show-all-if-ambiguous)1110 408 y Fu(This)29 b(alters)i(the)f(default)g
15849 (b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)g(the)h(completion)g(functions.)40
15850 b(If)29 b(set)1110 518 y(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(w)m(ords)f(whic)m(h)g
15851 (ha)m(v)m(e)i(more)f(than)f(one)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion)h(cause)1110
15852 628 y(the)39 b(matc)m(hes)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(listed)h(immediately)i
15853 (instead)e(of)g(ringing)g(the)g(b)s(ell.)1110 737 y(The)30
15854 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
15855 920 y Ft(show-all-if-unmodified)1110 1029 y Fu(This)38
15856 b(alters)h(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)f(the)h(completion)h
15857 (functions)e(in)h(a)1110 1139 y(fashion)25 b(similar)h(to)g
15858 Fr(sho)m(w-all-if-am)m(biguous)p Fu(.)41 b(If)25 b(set)h(to)h(`)p
15859 Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(w)m(ords)f(whic)m(h)1110 1249 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32
15860 b(more)f(than)f(one)i(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(without)f(an)m(y)g(p)s
15861 (ossible)f(par-)1110 1358 y(tial)43 b(completion)h(\(the)f(p)s(ossible)
15862 f(completions)h(don't)f(share)g(a)h(common)1110 1468
15863 y(pre\014x\))30 b(cause)g(the)h(matc)m(hes)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(listed)g
15864 (immediately)i(instead)e(of)h(ring-)1110 1577 y(ing)g(the)f(b)s(ell.)41
15865 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p
15866 Fu('.)630 1760 y Ft(show-mode-in-prompt)1110 1870 y Fu(If)35
15867 b(set)i(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(add)e(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(to)e(the)g(b)
15868 s(eginning)f(of)h(the)g(prompt)f(in-)1110 1979 y(dicating)43
15869 b(the)f(editing)h(mo)s(de:)63 b(emacs)43 b(\(`)p Ft(@)p
15870 Fu('\),)i(vi)d(command)g(\(`)p Ft(:)p Fu('\),)k(or)c(vi)1110
15871 2089 y(insertion)30 b(\(`)p Ft(+)p Fu('\).)42 b(The)30
15872 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
15873 2271 y Ft(skip-completed-text)1110 2381 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f(`)p
15874 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(this)f(alters)g(the)g(default)g(completion)h(b)s(eha)m
15875 (vior)f(when)f(in-)1110 2491 y(serting)d(a)h(single)g(matc)m(h)f(in)m
15876 (to)h(the)g(line.)40 b(It's)30 b(only)f(activ)m(e)i(when)d(p)s(erform-)
15877 1110 2600 y(ing)35 b(completion)h(in)e(the)h(middle)f(of)h(a)f(w)m
15878 (ord.)53 b(If)35 b(enabled,)g(readline)g(do)s(es)1110
15879 2710 y(not)41 b(insert)f(c)m(haracters)i(from)e(the)h(completion)h
15880 (that)f(matc)m(h)g(c)m(haracters)1110 2819 y(after)c(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g
15881 (the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed,)k(so)d(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g
15882 (w)m(ord)1110 2929 y(follo)m(wing)c(the)f(cursor)f(are)h(not)g
15883 (duplicated.)45 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(instance,)h(if)f(this)f(is)h(en-)1110
15884 3039 y(abled,)43 b(attempting)f(completion)g(when)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g
15885 (after)h(the)g(`)p Ft(e)p Fu(')f(in)1110 3148 y(`)p Ft(Makefile)p
15886 Fu(')c(will)i(result)f(in)g(`)p Ft(Makefile)p Fu(')f(rather)h(than)h(`)
15887 p Ft(Makefilefile)p Fu(',)1110 3258 y(assuming)d(there)g(is)h(a)f
15888 (single)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion.)56 b(The)35 b(default)g(v)-5
15889 b(alue)1110 3367 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3550
15890 y Ft(visible-stats)1110 3660 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f(`)p
15891 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(denoting)e(a)g(\014le's)g(t)m(yp)s
15892 (e)g(is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)1110 3769 y(\014lename)e(when)e
15893 (listing)i(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
15894 Ft(off)p Fu('.)150 3952 y(Key)f(Bindings)630 4061 y(The)41
15895 b(syn)m(tax)i(for)f(con)m(trolling)h(k)m(ey)g(bindings)e(in)h(the)g
15896 (init)g(\014le)g(is)g(simple.)75 b(First)43 b(y)m(ou)630
15897 4171 y(need)27 b(to)i(\014nd)d(the)i(name)f(of)h(the)g(command)f(that)i
15898 (y)m(ou)f(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(c)m(hange.)41 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)630
15899 4281 y(sections)37 b(con)m(tain)g(tables)g(of)f(the)g(command)f(name,)j
15900 (the)e(default)g(k)m(eybinding,)h(if)f(an)m(y)-8 b(,)630
15901 4390 y(and)30 b(a)h(short)f(description)g(of)h(what)f(the)g(command)h
15902 (do)s(es.)630 4536 y(Once)36 b(y)m(ou)g(kno)m(w)g(the)g(name)g(of)g
15903 (the)g(command,)h(simply)f(place)h(on)e(a)i(line)f(in)g(the)g(init)630
15904 4646 y(\014le)e(the)g(name)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(ey)g(y)m(ou)g(wish)f(to)h
15905 (bind)f(the)h(command)f(to,)i(a)f(colon,)i(and)d(then)630
15906 4756 y(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)g(command.)46 b(There)32
15907 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(no)g(space)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f(k)m(ey)h(name)g
15908 (and)630 4865 y(the)41 b(colon)h({)f(that)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(in)m
15909 (terpreted)g(as)g(part)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(ey)h(name.)72
15910 b(The)40 b(name)h(of)630 4975 y(the)35 b(k)m(ey)g(can)g(b)s(e)f
15911 (expressed)f(in)i(di\013eren)m(t)g(w)m(a)m(ys,)h(dep)s(ending)d(on)h
15912 (what)h(y)m(ou)g(\014nd)e(most)630 5084 y(comfortable.)630
15913 5230 y(In)i(addition)h(to)h(command)f(names,)i(readline)e(allo)m(ws)h
15914 (k)m(eys)g(to)g(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)f(to)j(a)f(string)630
15915 5340 y(that)31 b(is)f(inserted)h(when)e(the)i(k)m(ey)g(is)f(pressed)g
15916 (\(a)h Fr(macro)5 b Fu(\).)p eop end
15917 %%Page: 110 116
15918 TeXDict begin 110 115 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15919 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(110)630 299 y(The)42
15920 b Ft(bind)30 b(-p)42 b Fu(command)h(displa)m(ys)g(Readline)g(function)g
15921 (names)g(and)f(bindings)g(in)h(a)630 408 y(format)37
15922 b(that)h(can)f(put)f(directly)i(in)m(to)g(an)f(initialization)j
15923 (\014le.)60 b(See)38 b(Section)f(4.2)i([Bash)630 518
15924 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(48.)630 673 y Fr(k)m(eyname)5
15925 b Fu(:)42 b Fr(function-name)35 b Fu(or)c Fr(macro)1110
15926 783 y(k)m(eyname)k Fu(is)29 b(the)f(name)h(of)g(a)g(k)m(ey)h(sp)s
15927 (elled)e(out)h(in)g(English.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)1350
15928 915 y Ft(Control-u:)45 b(universal-argument)1350 1024
15929 y(Meta-Rubout:)f(backward-kill-word)1350 1134 y(Control-o:)h(">)i
15930 (output")1110 1266 y Fu(In)94 b(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(example,)111
15931 b Fj(C-u)94 b Fu(is)g(b)s(ound)f(to)i(the)f(function)1110
15932 1376 y Ft(universal-argument)p Fu(,)124 b Fj(M-DEL)107
15933 b Fu(is)i(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)f(function)1110 1485 y
15934 Ft(backward-kill-word)p Fu(,)75 b(and)69 b Fj(C-o)g Fu(is)h(b)s(ound)e
15935 (to)j(run)d(the)i(macro)1110 1595 y(expressed)45 b(on)h(the)g(righ)m(t)
15936 g(hand)e(side)i(\(that)h(is,)i(to)e(insert)e(the)h(text)h(`)p
15937 Ft(>)1110 1705 y(output)p Fu(')29 b(in)m(to)i(the)g(line\).)1110
15938 1837 y(A)62 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(c)m(haracter)g
15939 (names)f(are)g(recognized)h(while)1110 1946 y(pro)s(cessing)40
15940 b(this)f(k)m(ey)i(binding)e(syn)m(tax:)60 b Fr(DEL)p
15941 Fu(,)42 b Fr(ESC)p Fu(,)g Fr(ESCAPE)p Fu(,)f Fr(LFD)p
15942 Fu(,)1110 2056 y Fr(NEWLINE)p Fu(,)31 b Fr(RET)p Fu(,)f
15943 Fr(RETURN)p Fu(,)g Fr(R)m(UBOUT)p Fu(,)h Fr(SP)-8 b(A)m(CE)p
15944 Fu(,)31 b Fr(SPC)p Fu(,)e(and)h Fr(T)-8 b(AB)p Fu(.)630
15945 2211 y Ft(")p Fr(k)m(eyseq)r Ft(")p Fu(:)41 b Fr(function-name)36
15946 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(macro)1110 2321 y(k)m(eyseq)k Fu(di\013ers)d(from)f
15947 Fr(k)m(eyname)37 b Fu(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)32 b(in)f(that)h(strings)f
15948 (denoting)g(an)g(en-)1110 2430 y(tire)j(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(can)g(b)s
15949 (e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)h(b)m(y)f(placing)i(the)f(k)m(ey)g(sequence)g(in)
15950 1110 2540 y(double)29 b(quotes.)41 b(Some)29 b Fm(gnu)h
15951 Fu(Emacs)f(st)m(yle)i(k)m(ey)f(escap)s(es)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used,)g(as)
15952 1110 2649 y(in)k(the)h(follo)m(wing)i(example,)f(but)e(the)h(sp)s
15953 (ecial)h(c)m(haracter)g(names)f(are)g(not)1110 2759 y(recognized.)1350
15954 2891 y Ft("\\C-u":)46 b(universal-argument)1350 3001
15955 y("\\C-x\\C-r":)f(re-read-init-file)1350 3110 y("\\e[11~":)g("Function)
15956 h(Key)g(1")1110 3243 y Fu(In)64 b(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(example,)74
15957 b Fj(C-u)64 b Fu(is)g(again)i(b)s(ound)c(to)k(the)e(function)1110
15958 3352 y Ft(universal-argument)39 b Fu(\(just)k(as)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(in)g
15959 (the)f(\014rst)g(example\),)49 b(`)p Fj(C-x)1110 3462
15960 y(C-r)p Fu(')30 b(is)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(function)f
15961 Ft(re-read-init-file)p Fu(,)c(and)j(`)p Ft(ESC)h([)g(1)g(1)1110
15962 3571 y(~)p Fu(')g(is)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(insert)f(the)h(text)g(`)p
15963 Ft(Function)e(Key)g(1)p Fu('.)630 3726 y(The)g(follo)m(wing)i
15964 Fm(gnu)f Fu(Emacs)g(st)m(yle)h(escap)s(e)f(sequences)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5
15965 b(ailable)32 b(when)d(sp)s(ecifying)630 3836 y(k)m(ey)i(sequences:)630
15966 3991 y Fj(\\C-)336 b Fu(con)m(trol)32 b(pre\014x)630
15967 4146 y Fj(\\M-)336 b Fu(meta)31 b(pre\014x)630 4301 y
15968 Fj(\\e)384 b Fu(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)630
15969 4456 y Fj(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)630 4611 y Fj(\\)p
15970 Ft(")g(")p Fu(,)30 b(a)h(double)f(quotation)i(mark)630
15971 4766 y Fj(\\')384 b Ft(')p Fu(,)30 b(a)h(single)g(quote)g(or)f(ap)s
15972 (ostrophe)630 4921 y(In)d(addition)h(to)g(the)g Fm(gnu)f
15973 Fu(Emacs)h(st)m(yle)h(escap)s(e)f(sequences,)h(a)f(second)f(set)h(of)g
15974 (bac)m(kslash)630 5030 y(escap)s(es)j(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)630
15975 5185 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630 5340
15976 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)p eop end
15977 %%Page: 111 117
15978 TeXDict begin 111 116 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15979 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(111)630 299 y Ft(\\d)384
15980 b Fu(delete)630 451 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30 b(feed)630
15981 604 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(newline)630 757 y Ft(\\r)g Fu(carriage)32
15982 b(return)630 909 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630
15983 1062 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)630 1214
15984 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)35 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g(whose)
15985 e(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(is)g(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5 b(alue)35
15986 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)1110 1324 y(three)c(digits\))630
15987 1477 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)38 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g
15988 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(the)h(hexadecimal)g(v)-5
15989 b(alue)39 b Fr(HH)1110 1586 y Fu(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e
15990 (digits\))630 1739 y(When)37 b(en)m(tering)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(a)g
15991 (macro,)i(single)e(or)f(double)g(quotes)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)
15992 630 1848 y(indicate)23 b(a)e(macro)h(de\014nition.)38
15993 b(Unquoted)21 b(text)i(is)e(assumed)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(function)f
15994 (name.)38 b(In)630 1958 y(the)22 b(macro)f(b)s(o)s(dy)-8
15995 b(,)23 b(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(es)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m
15996 (e)j(are)e(expanded.)37 b(Bac)m(kslash)630 2067 y(will)j(quote)h(an)m
15997 (y)f(other)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)d(the)i(macro)f(text,)k(including)39
15998 b(`)p Ft(")p Fu(')h(and)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu('.)69 b(F)-8
15999 b(or)630 2177 y(example,)28 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(binding)d(will)i
16000 (mak)m(e)h(`)p Fj(C-x)j Ft(\\)p Fu(')c(insert)f(a)h(single)h(`)p
16001 Ft(\\)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)g(the)g(line:)870 2308 y Ft("\\C-x\\\\":)45
16002 b("\\\\")150 2501 y Fk(8.3.2)63 b(Conditional)41 b(Init)g(Constructs)
16003 150 2647 y Fu(Readline)c(implemen)m(ts)g(a)h(facilit)m(y)g(similar)f
16004 (in)g(spirit)f(to)i(the)f(conditional)h(compilation)g(features)f(of)150
16005 2757 y(the)31 b(C)f(prepro)s(cessor)g(whic)m(h)g(allo)m(ws)i(k)m(ey)g
16006 (bindings)d(and)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(settings)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(p)s
16007 (erformed)f(as)i(the)150 2867 y(result)f(of)h(tests.)41
16008 b(There)30 b(are)h(four)f(parser)f(directiv)m(es)j(used.)150
16009 3019 y Ft($if)336 b Fu(The)31 b Ft($if)f Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h
16010 (bindings)d(to)i(b)s(e)e(made)i(based)f(on)g(the)g(editing)h(mo)s(de,)g
16011 (the)630 3129 y(terminal)39 b(b)s(eing)e(used,)j(or)e(the)g
16012 (application)h(using)f(Readline.)64 b(The)38 b(text)h(of)f(the)g(test)
16013 630 3238 y(extends)30 b(to)h(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h(line;)g(no)f(c)m
16014 (haracters)i(are)f(required)e(to)i(isolate)i(it.)630
16015 3391 y Ft(mode)288 b Fu(The)30 b Ft(mode=)e Fu(form)i(of)g(the)h
16016 Ft($if)e Fu(directiv)m(e)j(is)e(used)f(to)i(test)g(whether)e(Read-)1110
16017 3501 y(line)44 b(is)f(in)g Ft(emacs)f Fu(or)h Ft(vi)g
16018 Fu(mo)s(de.)79 b(This)42 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)g(conjunction)
16019 1110 3610 y(with)c(the)h(`)p Ft(set)29 b(keymap)p Fu(')38
16020 b(command,)k(for)d(instance,)j(to)e(set)g(bindings)e(in)1110
16021 3720 y(the)32 b Ft(emacs-standard)c Fu(and)j Ft(emacs-ctlx)d
16022 Fu(k)m(eymaps)k(only)g(if)g(Readline)g(is)1110 3829 y(starting)f(out)g
16023 (in)f Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)630 3982 y Ft(term)288 b
16024 Fu(The)26 b Ft(term=)g Fu(form)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(include)f
16025 (terminal-sp)s(eci\014c)g(k)m(ey)h(bind-)1110 4092 y(ings,)38
16026 b(p)s(erhaps)c(to)j(bind)e(the)h(k)m(ey)h(sequences)f(output)g(b)m(y)g
16027 (the)g(terminal's)1110 4201 y(function)24 b(k)m(eys.)39
16028 b(The)23 b(w)m(ord)h(on)f(the)i(righ)m(t)f(side)g(of)g(the)g(`)p
16029 Ft(=)p Fu(')g(is)g(tested)h(against)1110 4311 y(b)s(oth)k(the)h(full)g
16030 (name)g(of)g(the)g(terminal)h(and)e(the)i(p)s(ortion)e(of)h(the)g
16031 (terminal)1110 4420 y(name)k(b)s(efore)f(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p
16032 Ft(-)p Fu('.)50 b(This)33 b(allo)m(ws)i Ft(sun)e Fu(to)h(matc)m(h)g(b)s
16033 (oth)f Ft(sun)g Fu(and)1110 4530 y Ft(sun-cmd)p Fu(,)c(for)h(instance.)
16034 630 4682 y Ft(application)1110 4792 y Fu(The)21 b Fr(application)j
16035 Fu(construct)e(is)g(used)f(to)i(include)f(application-sp)s(eci\014c)h
16036 (set-)1110 4902 y(tings.)39 b(Eac)m(h)26 b(program)e(using)g(the)h
16037 (Readline)g(library)g(sets)g(the)g Fr(application)1110
16038 5011 y(name)p Fu(,)g(and)e(y)m(ou)g(can)h(test)g(for)f(a)g(particular)h
16039 (v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(This)22 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)1110
16040 5121 y(bind)32 b(k)m(ey)h(sequences)g(to)h(functions)e(useful)g(for)h
16041 (a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(program.)48 b(F)-8 b(or)1110 5230
16042 y(instance,)35 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(command)f(adds)f(a)i(k)m(ey)f
16043 (sequence)h(that)f(quotes)1110 5340 y(the)e(curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)
16044 g(w)m(ord)g(in)g(Bash:)p eop end
16045 %%Page: 112 118
16046 TeXDict begin 112 117 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16047 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(112)1350 299 y Ft($if)47
16048 b(Bash)1350 408 y(#)g(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)1350
16049 518 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")1350 628 y($endif)150
16050 787 y($endif)192 b Fu(This)29 b(command,)i(as)f(seen)h(in)f(the)g
16051 (previous)g(example,)h(terminates)g(an)g Ft($if)e Fu(command.)150
16052 946 y Ft($else)240 b Fu(Commands)29 b(in)h(this)h(branc)m(h)e(of)i(the)
16053 f Ft($if)g Fu(directiv)m(e)i(are)f(executed)g(if)f(the)h(test)g(fails.)
16054 150 1106 y Ft($include)96 b Fu(This)43 b(directiv)m(e)i(tak)m(es)g(a)e
16055 (single)i(\014lename)e(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(and)f(reads)g(commands)
16056 630 1215 y(and)38 b(bindings)f(from)h(that)i(\014le.)65
16057 b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(example,)j(the)d(follo)m(wing)h(directiv)m(e)g(reads)e
16058 (from)630 1325 y Ft(/etc/inputrc)p Fu(:)870 1460 y Ft($include)46
16059 b(/etc/inputrc)150 1659 y Fk(8.3.3)63 b(Sample)41 b(Init)g(File)150
16060 1806 y Fu(Here)27 b(is)f(an)h(example)g(of)f(an)h Fr(inputrc)k
16061 Fu(\014le.)39 b(This)26 b(illustrates)h(k)m(ey)h(binding,)e(v)-5
16062 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(t,)i(and)150 1915 y(conditional)j(syn)m
16063 (tax.)p eop end
16064 %%Page: 113 119
16065 TeXDict begin 113 118 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16066 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(113)390 408 y Ft(#)47
16067 b(This)g(file)g(controls)e(the)i(behaviour)e(of)j(line)e(input)h
16068 (editing)e(for)390 518 y(#)i(programs)f(that)h(use)g(the)f(GNU)h
16069 (Readline)f(library.)93 b(Existing)390 628 y(#)47 b(programs)f(include)
16070 g(FTP,)g(Bash,)h(and)g(GDB.)390 737 y(#)390 847 y(#)g(You)g(can)g
16071 (re-read)f(the)h(inputrc)f(file)g(with)h(C-x)g(C-r.)390
16072 956 y(#)g(Lines)g(beginning)e(with)i('#')g(are)g(comments.)390
16073 1066 y(#)390 1176 y(#)g(First,)g(include)e(any)i(system-wide)e
16074 (bindings)h(and)g(variable)390 1285 y(#)h(assignments)e(from)i
16075 (/etc/Inputrc)390 1395 y($include)f(/etc/Inputrc)390
16076 1614 y(#)390 1724 y(#)h(Set)g(various)f(bindings)g(for)h(emacs)f(mode.)
16077 390 1943 y(set)h(editing-mode)d(emacs)390 2162 y($if)j(mode=emacs)390
16078 2381 y(Meta-Control-h:)91 b(backward-kill-word)43 b(Text)k(after)f(the)
16079 h(function)f(name)g(is)h(ignored)390 2600 y(#)390 2710
16080 y(#)g(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(keypad)e(mode)390 2819 y(#)390
16081 2929 y(#"\\M-OD":)379 b(backward-char)390 3039 y(#"\\M-OC":)g
16082 (forward-char)390 3148 y(#"\\M-OA":)g(previous-history)390
16083 3258 y(#"\\M-OB":)g(next-history)390 3367 y(#)390 3477
16084 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(ANSI)e(mode)390 3587 y(#)390
16085 3696 y("\\M-[D":)380 b(backward-char)390 3806 y("\\M-[C":)g
16086 (forward-char)390 3915 y("\\M-[A":)g(previous-history)390
16087 4025 y("\\M-[B":)g(next-history)390 4134 y(#)390 4244
16088 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(keypad)f(mode)390
16089 4354 y(#)390 4463 y(#"\\M-\\C-OD":)331 b(backward-char)390
16090 4573 y(#"\\M-\\C-OC":)g(forward-char)390 4682 y(#"\\M-\\C-OA":)g
16091 (previous-history)390 4792 y(#"\\M-\\C-OB":)g(next-history)390
16092 4902 y(#)390 5011 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(ANSI)g(mode)
16093 390 5121 y(#)390 5230 y(#"\\M-\\C-[D":)331 b(backward-char)390
16094 5340 y(#"\\M-\\C-[C":)g(forward-char)p eop end
16095 %%Page: 114 120
16096 TeXDict begin 114 119 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16097 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(114)390 299 y Ft(#"\\M-\\C-[A":)
16098 331 b(previous-history)390 408 y(#"\\M-\\C-[B":)g(next-history)390
16099 628 y(C-q:)47 b(quoted-insert)390 847 y($endif)390 1066
16100 y(#)g(An)h(old-style)d(binding.)93 b(This)47 b(happens)f(to)h(be)g(the)
16101 g(default.)390 1176 y(TAB:)g(complete)390 1395 y(#)g(Macros)g(that)f
16102 (are)h(convenient)e(for)i(shell)f(interaction)390 1504
16103 y($if)h(Bash)390 1614 y(#)g(edit)g(the)g(path)390 1724
16104 y("\\C-xp":)f("PATH=${PATH}\\e\\C-e\\C-a)o(\\ef)o(\\C-f)o(")390
16105 1833 y(#)h(prepare)f(to)h(type)g(a)h(quoted)e(word)g(--)390
16106 1943 y(#)h(insert)g(open)f(and)h(close)f(double)h(quotes)390
16107 2052 y(#)g(and)g(move)g(to)g(just)g(after)f(the)h(open)g(quote)390
16108 2162 y("\\C-x\\"":)e("\\"\\"\\C-b")390 2271 y(#)i(insert)g(a)g
16109 (backslash)e(\(testing)h(backslash)f(escapes)390 2381
16110 y(#)i(in)h(sequences)d(and)i(macros\))390 2491 y("\\C-x\\\\":)e("\\\\")
16111 390 2600 y(#)i(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)390
16112 2710 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")390 2819 y(#)h(Add)g(a)h(binding)e
16113 (to)h(refresh)f(the)h(line,)f(which)g(is)h(unbound)390
16114 2929 y("\\C-xr":)f(redraw-current-line)390 3039 y(#)h(Edit)g(variable)f
16115 (on)h(current)f(line.)390 3148 y("\\M-\\C-v":)f
16116 ("\\C-a\\C-k$\\C-y\\M-\\C-e\\C-)o(a\\C-)o(y=")390 3258
16117 y($endif)390 3477 y(#)i(use)g(a)h(visible)e(bell)g(if)h(one)g(is)h
16118 (available)390 3587 y(set)f(bell-style)e(visible)390
16119 3806 y(#)i(don't)g(strip)f(characters)f(to)i(7)h(bits)e(when)h(reading)
16120 390 3915 y(set)g(input-meta)e(on)390 4134 y(#)i(allow)g(iso-latin1)e
16121 (characters)g(to)i(be)g(inserted)f(rather)390 4244 y(#)h(than)g
16122 (converted)e(to)j(prefix-meta)c(sequences)390 4354 y(set)j
16123 (convert-meta)d(off)390 4573 y(#)j(display)f(characters)f(with)i(the)g
16124 (eighth)f(bit)h(set)g(directly)390 4682 y(#)g(rather)g(than)f(as)h
16125 (meta-prefixed)e(characters)390 4792 y(set)i(output-meta)e(on)390
16126 5011 y(#)i(if)h(there)e(are)h(more)g(than)f(150)h(possible)f
16127 (completions)e(for)390 5121 y(#)j(a)h(word,)e(ask)h(the)g(user)g(if)g
16128 (he)g(wants)f(to)i(see)f(all)f(of)i(them)390 5230 y(set)f
16129 (completion-query-items)42 b(150)p eop end
16130 %%Page: 115 121
16131 TeXDict begin 115 120 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16132 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(115)390 299 y Ft(#)47
16133 b(For)g(FTP)390 408 y($if)g(Ftp)390 518 y("\\C-xg":)f("get)g(\\M-?")390
16134 628 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")390 737 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)390
16135 847 y($endif)150 1075 y Fs(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands)
16136 150 1235 y Fu(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f
16137 (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(b)s(ound)g(to)i(k)m(ey)g(sequences.)48
16138 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1344 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d
16139 (b)m(y)h(executing)i Ft(bind)29 b(-P)39 b Fu(or,)j(for)d(a)h(more)g
16140 (terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1454 y Fr(inputrc)34
16141 b Fu(\014le,)29 b Ft(bind)g(-p)p Fu(.)40 b(\(See)30 b(Section)f(4.2)h
16142 ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(48.\))41 b(Command)28 b(names)h(without)
16143 150 1563 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s
16144 (ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1696 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i
16145 (descriptions,)f Fr(p)s(oin)m(t)h Fu(refers)e(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g
16146 (cursor)g(p)s(osition,)h(and)f Fr(mark)31 b Fu(refers)150
16147 1805 y(to)40 b(a)f(cursor)f(p)s(osition)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g
16148 Ft(set-mark)d Fu(command.)66 b(The)38 b(text)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f
16149 (p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)150 1915 y(mark)30 b(is)h(referred)e(to)i(as)g(the)f
16150 Fr(region)p Fu(.)150 2110 y Fk(8.4.1)63 b(Commands)42
16151 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2280 y Ft(beginning-of-line)26
16152 b(\(C-a\))630 2390 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f
16153 (curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2545 y Ft(end-of-line)d(\(C-e\))630
16154 2655 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
16155 2810 y Ft(forward-char)c(\(C-f\))630 2920 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
16156 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.)150 3075 y Ft(backward-char)c(\(C-b\))
16157 630 3185 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150
16158 3340 y Ft(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 3450 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
16159 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
16160 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)h(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(letters)i(and)630
16161 3559 y(digits.)150 3715 y Ft(backward-word)27 b(\(M-b\))630
16162 3824 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(the)g
16163 (curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)g(w)m(ord.)50 b(W)-8 b(ords)34
16164 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 3934 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f(digits.)150
16165 4089 y Ft(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(\))630 4199 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)30
16166 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)40
16167 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(are)g(delimited)h(b)m(y)f(non-quoted)630
16168 4308 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 4464 y Ft(shell-backward-word)25
16169 b(\(\))630 4573 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)37 b(bac)m(k)e(to)h(the)f(start)g(of)g
16170 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(or)f(previous)h(w)m(ord.)53 b(W)-8
16171 b(ords)35 b(are)g(delimited)630 4683 y(b)m(y)30 b(non-quoted)h(shell)f
16172 (metac)m(haracters.)150 4838 y Ft(clear-screen)d(\(C-l\))630
16173 4948 y Fu(Clear)g(the)g(screen)f(and)h(redra)m(w)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f
16174 (line,)i(lea)m(ving)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(at)g(the)g(top)630
16175 5057 y(of)k(the)f(screen.)150 5213 y Ft(redraw-current-line)25
16176 b(\(\))630 5322 y Fu(Refresh)30 b(the)g(curren)m(t)h(line.)41
16177 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)p eop
16178 end
16179 %%Page: 116 122
16180 TeXDict begin 116 121 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16181 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(116)150 299 y Fk(8.4.2)63
16182 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Manipulating)h(The)f(History)150
16183 473 y Ft(accept-line)27 b(\(Newline)h(or)i(Return\))630
16184 582 y Fu(Accept)25 b(the)e(line)h(regardless)g(of)f(where)g(the)h
16185 (cursor)e(is.)39 b(If)23 b(this)g(line)h(is)f(non-empt)m(y)-8
16186 b(,)26 b(add)c(it)630 692 y(to)27 b(the)f(history)g(list)h(according)g
16187 (to)g(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)g Ft(HISTCONTROL)d Fu(and)j
16188 Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 802 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)42 b(If)30
16189 b(this)h(line)g(is)g(a)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(history)i(line,)g(then)f
16190 (restore)i(the)f(history)f(line)h(to)630 911 y(its)g(original)g(state.)
16191 150 1075 y Ft(previous-history)26 b(\(C-p\))630 1184
16192 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`bac)m(k')g(through)e(the)g(history)h(list,)g
16193 (fetc)m(hing)g(the)g(previous)f(command.)150 1348 y Ft(next-history)d
16194 (\(C-n\))630 1457 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`forw)m(ard')f(through)e(the)i
16195 (history)f(list,)i(fetc)m(hing)f(the)g(next)f(command.)150
16196 1621 y Ft(beginning-of-history)25 b(\(M-<\))630 1730
16197 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(\014rst)g(line)g(in)h(the)f(history)-8
16198 b(.)150 1894 y Ft(end-of-history)26 b(\(M->\))630 2004
16199 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(input)e(history)-8
16200 b(,)31 b(i.e.,)h(the)f(line)f(curren)m(tly)h(b)s(eing)f(en)m(tered.)150
16201 2167 y Ft(reverse-search-history)24 b(\(C-r\))630 2277
16202 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g
16203 (line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g(his-)630
16204 2386 y(tory)g(as)f(necessary)-8 b(.)42 b(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(incremen)m
16205 (tal)i(searc)m(h.)150 2550 y Ft(forward-search-history)24
16206 b(\(C-s\))630 2659 y Fu(Searc)m(h)30 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)g
16207 (the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)h(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')f(through)g(the)
16208 h(the)630 2769 y(history)g(as)h(necessary)-8 b(.)41 b(This)30
16209 b(is)g(an)h(incremen)m(tal)g(searc)m(h.)150 2932 y Ft
16210 (non-incremental-reverse-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24
16211 b(\(M-p\))630 3042 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g
16212 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g
16213 (his-)630 3152 y(tory)36 b(as)g(necessary)h(using)e(a)i(non-incremen)m
16214 (tal)g(searc)m(h)f(for)g(a)g(string)g(supplied)f(b)m(y)h(the)630
16215 3261 y(user.)150 3425 y Ft(non-incremental-forward-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o
16216 (ist)o(ory)24 b(\(M-n\))630 3534 y Fu(Searc)m(h)30 b(forw)m(ard)f
16217 (starting)h(at)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)h(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')
16218 f(through)g(the)h(the)630 3644 y(history)d(as)f(necessary)i(using)e(a)h
16219 (non-incremen)m(tal)g(searc)m(h)h(for)e(a)h(string)g(supplied)e(b)m(y)i
16220 (the)630 3754 y(user.)150 3917 y Ft(history-search-forward)d(\(\))630
16221 4027 y Fu(Searc)m(h)42 b(forw)m(ard)f(through)f(the)i(history)f(for)g
16222 (the)h(string)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)630
16223 4136 y(start)36 b(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)i(and)e(the)h(p)s(oin)m
16224 (t.)58 b(The)35 b(searc)m(h)i(string)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)
16225 630 4246 y(b)s(eginning)32 b(of)g(a)h(history)g(line.)47
16226 b(This)32 b(is)h(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)i(searc)m(h.)48
16227 b(By)33 b(default,)g(this)630 4355 y(command)d(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16228 4519 y Ft(history-search-backward)24 b(\(\))630 4629
16229 y Fu(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f(the)h(history)g(for)g
16230 (the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)630
16231 4738 y(start)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)i(and)e(the)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)
16232 58 b(The)35 b(searc)m(h)i(string)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)630
16233 4848 y(b)s(eginning)32 b(of)g(a)h(history)g(line.)47
16234 b(This)32 b(is)h(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)i(searc)m(h.)48
16235 b(By)33 b(default,)g(this)630 4957 y(command)d(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16236 5121 y Ft(history-substr-search-fo)o(rwar)o(d)24 b(\(\))630
16237 5230 y Fu(Searc)m(h)42 b(forw)m(ard)f(through)f(the)i(history)f(for)g
16238 (the)h(string)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)630
16239 5340 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(oin)m
16240 (t.)40 b(The)29 b(searc)m(h)g(string)g(ma)m(y)g(matc)m(h)h(an)m(ywhere)
16241 p eop end
16242 %%Page: 117 123
16243 TeXDict begin 117 122 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16244 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(117)630 299 y(in)32
16245 b(a)h(history)g(line.)47 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)h(non-incremen)m(tal)h
16246 (searc)m(h.)47 b(By)33 b(default,)h(this)e(command)630
16247 408 y(is)e(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 573 y Ft(history-substr-search-ba)o(ckwa)
16248 o(rd)24 b(\(\))630 683 y Fu(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f
16249 (the)h(history)g(for)g(the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m
16250 (een)g(the)630 793 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f
16251 (the)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(The)29 b(searc)m(h)g(string)g(ma)m(y)g(matc)m
16252 (h)h(an)m(ywhere)630 902 y(in)i(a)h(history)g(line.)47
16253 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)h(non-incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)47
16254 b(By)33 b(default,)h(this)e(command)630 1012 y(is)e(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16255 1177 y Ft(yank-nth-arg)d(\(M-C-y\))630 1286 y Fu(Insert)37
16256 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)i(to)f(the)h(previous)e(command)h
16257 (\(usually)g(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)630 1396 y(on)32
16258 b(the)g(previous)f(line\))i(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)46 b(With)32
16259 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(insert)g(the)g Fr(n)p
16260 Fu(th)f(w)m(ord)g(from)630 1506 y(the)k(previous)f(command)h(\(the)g(w)
16261 m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(previous)g(command)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f(w)m(ord)630
16262 1615 y(0\).)69 b(A)40 b(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)f(inserts)g(the)f
16263 Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord)g(from)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f(previous)630
16264 1725 y(command.)48 b(Once)33 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h Fr(n)e
16265 Fu(is)h(computed,)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(extracted)i(as)e(if)630
16266 1834 y(the)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fj(n)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)g(had)g(b)s
16267 (een)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 1999 y Ft(yank-last-arg)d(\(M-.)i(or)h
16268 (M-_\))630 2109 y Fu(Insert)k(last)i(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f(previous)
16269 f(command)h(\(the)h(last)f(w)m(ord)g(of)g(the)g(previous)630
16270 2218 y(history)e(en)m(try\).)51 b(With)34 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
16271 (t,)h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)f(exactly)h(lik)m(e)g Ft(yank-nth-arg)p
16272 Fu(.)630 2328 y(Successiv)m(e)26 b(calls)g(to)f Ft(yank-last-arg)c
16273 Fu(mo)m(v)m(e)27 b(bac)m(k)e(through)f(the)h(history)g(list,)i
16274 (inserting)630 2438 y(the)c(last)g(w)m(ord)f(\(or)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(sp)
16275 s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(\014rst)f(call\))i
16276 (of)f(eac)m(h)h(line)630 2547 y(in)36 b(turn.)58 b(An)m(y)36
16277 b(n)m(umeric)h(argumen)m(t)f(supplied)g(to)h(these)g(successiv)m(e)g
16278 (calls)h(determines)630 2657 y(the)d(direction)g(to)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g
16279 (through)e(the)h(history)-8 b(.)54 b(A)35 b(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e
16280 (switc)m(hes)h(the)630 2766 y(direction)23 b(through)g(the)g(history)f
16281 (\(bac)m(k)i(or)f(forw)m(ard\).)38 b(The)22 b(history)h(expansion)g
16282 (facilities)630 2876 y(are)28 b(used)f(to)h(extract)h(the)f(last)g
16283 (argumen)m(t,)h(as)e(if)h(the)g(`)p Ft(!$)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)
16284 h(had)f(b)s(een)630 2986 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 3190 y
16285 Fk(8.4.3)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Changing)g(T)-10
16286 b(ext)150 3365 y Fj(end-of-file)27 b Ft(\(usually)h(C-d\))630
16287 3475 y Fu(The)e(c)m(haracter)h(indicating)h(end-of-\014le)e(as)h(set,)g
16288 (for)f(example,)i(b)m(y)e Ft(stty)p Fu(.)39 b(If)25 b(this)h(c)m
16289 (harac-)630 3584 y(ter)c(is)g(read)g(when)e(there)i(are)h(no)e(c)m
16290 (haracters)j(on)d(the)h(line,)i(and)d(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(at)h(the)f(b)s
16291 (eginning)630 3694 y(of)31 b(the)f(line,)h(Readline)g(in)m(terprets)g
16292 (it)g(as)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(input)f(and)h(returns)f Fm(eof)p
16293 Fu(.)150 3859 y Ft(delete-char)e(\(C-d\))630 3968 y Fu(Delete)35
16294 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)49 b(If)33 b(this)g(function)g
16295 (is)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(same)f(c)m(haracter)630 4078
16296 y(as)e(the)f(tt)m(y)i Fm(eof)d Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(as)f
16297 Fj(C-d)e Fu(commonly)i(is,)g(see)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(for)e(the)g
16298 (e\013ects.)150 4243 y Ft(backward-delete-char)25 b(\(Rubout\))630
16299 4353 y Fu(Delete)32 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)g(b)s(ehind)e(the)h(cursor.)40
16300 b(A)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)h(means)f(to)h(kill)g(the)630
16301 4462 y(c)m(haracters)h(instead)e(of)h(deleting)g(them.)150
16302 4627 y Ft(forward-backward-delete-)o(char)24 b(\(\))630
16303 4737 y Fu(Delete)40 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(under)c(the)j(cursor,)h
16304 (unless)d(the)i(cursor)e(is)h(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)630
16305 4846 y(line,)33 b(in)e(whic)m(h)g(case)i(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s
16306 (ehind)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g(deleted.)46 b(By)32 b(default,)g(this)630
16307 4956 y(is)e(not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150
16308 5121 y Ft(quoted-insert)27 b(\(C-q)i(or)h(C-v\))630 5230
16309 y Fu(Add)j(the)i(next)f(c)m(haracter)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(to)h(the)f(line)h
16310 (v)m(erbatim.)53 b(This)33 b(is)i(ho)m(w)f(to)h(insert)f(k)m(ey)630
16311 5340 y(sequences)d(lik)m(e)g Fj(C-q)p Fu(,)f(for)g(example.)p
16312 eop end
16313 %%Page: 118 124
16314 TeXDict begin 118 123 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16315 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(118)150 299 y Ft(self-insert)27
16316 b(\(a,)j(b,)g(A,)f(1,)h(!,)g(...)o(\))630 408 y Fu(Insert)g(y)m
16317 (ourself.)150 556 y Ft(transpose-chars)c(\(C-t\))630
16318 665 y Fu(Drag)33 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(cursor)f
16319 (forw)m(ard)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(at)e(the)g(cursor,)630
16320 775 y(mo)m(ving)k(the)g(cursor)f(forw)m(ard)g(as)g(w)m(ell.)57
16321 b(If)35 b(the)h(insertion)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(is)g(at)i(the)e(end)g(of)h
16322 (the)630 884 y(line,)24 b(then)e(this)g(transp)s(oses)f(the)h(last)h(t)
16323 m(w)m(o)g(c)m(haracters)g(of)f(the)h(line.)38 b(Negativ)m(e)25
16324 b(argumen)m(ts)630 994 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(no)e(e\013ect.)150
16325 1141 y Ft(transpose-words)c(\(M-t\))630 1251 y Fu(Drag)33
16326 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(past)g(the)h(w)m(ord)f
16327 (after)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(mo)m(ving)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(past)g(that)630
16328 1360 y(w)m(ord)c(as)h(w)m(ell.)41 b(If)27 b(the)i(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m
16329 (t)h(is)f(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line,)i(this)e(transp)s(oses)g
16330 (the)630 1470 y(last)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(ords)e(on)g(the)h(line.)150
16331 1617 y Ft(upcase-word)c(\(M-u\))630 1727 y Fu(Upp)s(ercase)32
16332 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(\(or)g(follo)m(wing\))i(w)m(ord.)45
16333 b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m(t,)e(upp)s(er-)630
16334 1837 y(case)e(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord,)g(but)g(do)g(not)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h
16335 (the)e(cursor.)150 1984 y Ft(downcase-word)d(\(M-l\))630
16336 2093 y Fu(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)c(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)h(follo)m(wing\))i
16337 (w)m(ord.)37 b(With)22 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t,)g(lo)m(w)m
16338 (ercase)630 2203 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f(mo)m
16339 (v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 2350 y Ft(capitalize-word)26
16340 b(\(M-c\))630 2460 y Fu(Capitalize)d(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(follo)m
16341 (wing\))i(w)m(ord.)38 b(With)21 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t,)h
16342 (capitalize)630 2569 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f
16343 (mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 2717 y Ft(overwrite-mode)26
16344 b(\(\))630 2826 y Fu(T)-8 b(oggle)35 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(mo)s(de.)48
16345 b(With)33 b(an)g(explicit)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)
16346 h(switc)m(hes)630 2936 y(to)22 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)i(mo)s(de.)37
16347 b(With)22 b(an)g(explicit)h(non-p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
16348 (t,)i(switc)m(hes)e(to)630 3045 y(insert)30 b(mo)s(de.)41
16349 b(This)30 b(command)h(a\013ects)h(only)e Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de;)i
16350 Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de)g(do)s(es)g(o)m(v)m(erwrite)630 3155
16351 y(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(call)h(to)f
16352 Ft(readline\(\))c Fu(starts)k(in)f(insert)g(mo)s(de.)630
16353 3283 y(In)52 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)h(mo)s(de,)58 b(c)m(haracters)c(b)s
16354 (ound)c(to)j Ft(self-insert)c Fu(replace)k(the)g(text)g(at)630
16355 3393 y(p)s(oin)m(t)59 b(rather)f(than)h(pushing)e(the)i(text)g(to)h
16356 (the)f(righ)m(t.)126 b(Characters)59 b(b)s(ound)d(to)630
16357 3503 y Ft(backward-delete-char)25 b Fu(replace)31 b(the)g(c)m(haracter)
16358 h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(a)h(space.)630 3631
16359 y(By)g(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16360 3818 y Fk(8.4.4)63 b(Killing)42 b(And)e(Y)-10 b(anking)150
16361 3984 y Ft(kill-line)28 b(\(C-k\))630 4093 y Fu(Kill)j(the)f(text)i
16362 (from)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line.)150
16363 4241 y Ft(backward-kill-line)25 b(\(C-x)30 b(Rubout\))630
16364 4350 y Fu(Kill)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(to)g(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h
16365 (line.)150 4498 y Ft(unix-line-discard)26 b(\(C-u\))630
16366 4607 y Fu(Kill)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(from)e(the)i(cursor)f(to)h(the)f
16367 (b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 4754
16368 y Ft(kill-whole-line)c(\(\))630 4864 y Fu(Kill)37 b(all)g(c)m
16369 (haracters)h(on)f(the)f(curren)m(t)h(line,)h(no)f(matter)g(where)f(p)s
16370 (oin)m(t)h(is.)59 b(By)36 b(default,)630 4974 y(this)30
16371 b(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 5121 y Ft(kill-word)d(\(M-d\))630
16372 5230 y Fu(Kill)i(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f
16373 (curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h
16374 (the)g(end)630 5340 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8
16375 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Ft(forward-word)p
16376 Fu(.)p eop end
16377 %%Page: 119 125
16378 TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16379 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(119)150 299 y Ft
16380 (backward-kill-word)25 b(\(M-DEL\))630 408 y Fu(Kill)k(the)g(w)m(ord)g
16381 (b)s(ehind)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)29 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h
16382 (the)g(same)g(as)g Ft(backward-word)p Fu(.)150 569 y
16383 Ft(shell-kill-word)d(\(\))630 679 y Fu(Kill)k(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h
16384 (the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m
16385 (een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h(the)g(end)630 788 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)
16386 40 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f
16387 Ft(shell-forward-word)p Fu(.)150 949 y Ft(shell-backward-kill-word)24
16388 b(\(\))630 1059 y Fu(Kill)e(the)h(w)m(ord)e(b)s(ehind)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)38
16389 b(W)-8 b(ord)22 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)h(as)f
16390 Ft(shell-backward-)630 1168 y(word)p Fu(.)150 1329 y
16391 Ft(unix-word-rubout)k(\(C-w\))630 1438 y Fu(Kill)32 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f
16392 (b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(using)f(white)h(space)g(as)g(a)g(w)m(ord)f
16393 (b)s(oundary)-8 b(.)43 b(The)31 b(killed)630 1548 y(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)
16394 m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150 1709 y Ft(unix-filename-rubout)25
16395 b(\(\))630 1818 y Fu(Kill)37 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m
16396 (t,)j(using)e(white)g(space)h(and)f(the)g(slash)g(c)m(haracter)i(as)f
16397 (the)630 1928 y(w)m(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries.)39 b(The)30
16398 b(killed)h(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150
16399 2089 y Ft(delete-horizontal-space)24 b(\(\))630 2198
16400 y Fu(Delete)33 b(all)e(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)i(around)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)41
16401 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(is)f(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2359
16402 y Ft(kill-region)d(\(\))630 2469 y Fu(Kill)k(the)f(text)i(in)e(the)g
16403 (curren)m(t)h(region.)41 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un)
16404 m(b)s(ound.)150 2629 y Ft(copy-region-as-kill)25 b(\(\))630
16405 2739 y Fu(Cop)m(y)34 b(the)g(text)h(in)f(the)g(region)g(to)h(the)f
16406 (kill)h(bu\013er,)f(so)g(it)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)i(righ)m(t)f
16407 (a)m(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)630 2848 y(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f
16408 (is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 3009 y Ft(copy-backward-word)25
16409 b(\(\))630 3119 y Fu(Cop)m(y)38 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m
16410 (t)g(to)i(the)e(kill)h(bu\013er.)64 b(The)38 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(oundaries)
16411 f(are)i(the)630 3228 y(same)31 b(as)f Ft(backward-word)p
16412 Fu(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16413 3389 y Ft(copy-forward-word)26 b(\(\))630 3499 y Fu(Cop)m(y)31
16414 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(follo)m(wing)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to)h(the)f(kill)h
16415 (bu\013er.)42 b(The)30 b(w)m(ord)h(b)s(oundaries)e(are)j(the)630
16416 3608 y(same)f(as)f Ft(forward-word)p Fu(.)38 b(By)30
16417 b(default,)h(this)g(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16418 3769 y Ft(yank)f(\(C-y\))630 3878 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31
16419 b(the)f(top)h(of)g(the)f(kill)h(ring)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h
16420 (p)s(oin)m(t.)150 4039 y Ft(yank-pop)d(\(M-y\))630 4149
16421 y Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h(the)f(new)g(top.)54
16422 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h(the)g(prior)630
16423 4258 y(command)30 b(is)h Ft(yank)e Fu(or)h Ft(yank-pop)p
16424 Fu(.)150 4459 y Fk(8.4.5)63 b(Sp)s(ecifying)42 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)m
16425 (ts)150 4631 y Ft(digit-argument)26 b(\()p Fj(M-0)p Ft(,)j
16426 Fj(M-1)p Ft(,)h(...)f Fj(M--)p Ft(\))630 4741 y Fu(Add)d(this)h(digit)g
16427 (to)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(already)h(accum)m(ulating,)h(or)e(start)h(a)f
16428 (new)f(argumen)m(t.)630 4851 y Fj(M--)j Fu(starts)i(a)g(negativ)m(e)i
16429 (argumen)m(t.)150 5011 y Ft(universal-argument)25 b(\(\))630
16430 5121 y Fu(This)g(is)g(another)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)g
16431 (argumen)m(t.)40 b(If)25 b(this)g(command)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m
16432 (y)f(one)630 5230 y(or)k(more)f(digits,)i(optionally)g(with)e(a)h
16433 (leading)h(min)m(us)e(sign,)h(those)g(digits)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(ar-)630
16434 5340 y(gumen)m(t.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i(command)f(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)
16435 m(y)f(digits,)i(executing)f Ft(universal-argument)p eop
16436 end
16437 %%Page: 120 126
16438 TeXDict begin 120 125 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16439 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(120)630 299 y(again)33
16440 b(ends)e(the)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(but)e(is)h(otherwise)g
16441 (ignored.)45 b(As)32 b(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)630 408
16442 y(if)g(this)g(command)f(is)h(immediately)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)d(a)h
16443 (c)m(haracter)i(that)e(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)630 518
16444 y(or)28 b(min)m(us)f(sign,)i(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(for)e(the)i
16445 (next)f(command)f(is)h(m)m(ultiplied)h(b)m(y)e(four.)630
16446 628 y(The)37 b(argumen)m(t)h(coun)m(t)f(is)h(initially)h(one,)g(so)f
16447 (executing)g(this)f(function)g(the)h(\014rst)e(time)630
16448 737 y(mak)m(es)d(the)e(argumen)m(t)i(coun)m(t)f(four,)f(a)i(second)e
16449 (time)i(mak)m(es)f(the)g(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(six-)630
16450 847 y(teen,)e(and)f(so)h(on.)40 b(By)31 b(default,)g(this)f(is)g(not)h
16451 (b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150 1052 y Fk(8.4.6)63
16452 b(Letting)40 b(Readline)h(T)m(yp)s(e)g(F)-10 b(or)42
16453 b(Y)-10 b(ou)150 1226 y Ft(complete)28 b(\(TAB\))630
16454 1336 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)c(to)f(p)s(erform)e(completion)j(on)f(the)g(text)g
16455 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)39 b(The)22 b(actual)i(completion)630
16456 1445 y(p)s(erformed)33 b(is)h(application-sp)s(eci\014c.)53
16457 b(Bash)35 b(attempts)g(completion)g(treating)h(the)e(text)630
16458 1555 y(as)39 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(\(if)h(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
16459 (with)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu('\),)j(username)c(\(if)i(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
16460 (with)630 1665 y(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)31 b(hostname)f(\(if)g(the)g(text)h
16461 (b)s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('\),)h(or)f(command)f(\(including)h
16462 (aliases)i(and)630 1774 y(functions\))j(in)f(turn.)53
16463 b(If)34 b(none)g(of)h(these)h(pro)s(duces)d(a)i(matc)m(h,)i(\014lename)
16464 e(completion)h(is)630 1884 y(attempted.)150 2049 y Ft
16465 (possible-completions)25 b(\(M-?\))630 2158 y Fu(List)35
16466 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(of)e(the)h(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s
16467 (oin)m(t.)54 b(When)34 b(displa)m(ying)h(com-)630 2268
16468 y(pletions,)f(Readline)f(sets)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(columns)f
16469 (used)f(for)i(displa)m(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33
16470 b(of)630 2378 y Ft(completion-display-width)o Fu(,)g(the)j(v)-5
16471 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38
16472 b Ft(COLUMNS)p Fu(,)630 2487 y(or)30 b(the)h(screen)f(width,)g(in)g
16473 (that)h(order.)150 2652 y Ft(insert-completions)25 b(\(M-*\))630
16474 2762 y Fu(Insert)30 b(all)h(completions)h(of)f(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)f
16475 (p)s(oin)m(t)h(that)g(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(generated)630
16476 2871 y(b)m(y)g Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)150 3036
16477 y Ft(menu-complete)d(\(\))630 3146 y Fu(Similar)d(to)g
16478 Ft(complete)p Fu(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f
16479 (completed)i(with)e(a)i(single)f(matc)m(h)630 3255 y(from)37
16480 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)64 b(Rep)s(eated)39
16481 b(execution)g(of)f Ft(menu-complete)630 3365 y Fu(steps)i(through)g
16482 (the)g(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions,)k(inserting)c(eac)m(h)i
16483 (matc)m(h)f(in)f(turn.)630 3475 y(A)m(t)e(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)g(list)g
16484 (of)g(completions,)i(the)e(b)s(ell)g(is)g(rung)f(\(sub)5
16485 b(ject)36 b(to)i(the)f(setting)630 3584 y(of)f Ft(bell-style)p
16486 Fu(\))e(and)h(the)h(original)i(text)f(is)f(restored.)57
16487 b(An)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)f Fr(n)f Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i
16488 Fr(n)630 3694 y Fu(p)s(ositions)e(forw)m(ard)f(in)g(the)h(list)h(of)e
16489 (matc)m(hes;)39 b(a)c(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
16490 (used)g(to)630 3803 y(mo)m(v)m(e)40 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)g(the)g
16491 (list.)65 b(This)38 b(command)g(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(b)s
16492 (ound)e(to)630 3913 y Ft(TAB)p Fu(,)30 b(but)f(is)i(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
16493 (y)i(default.)150 4078 y Ft(menu-complete-backward)24
16494 b(\(\))630 4188 y Fu(Iden)m(tical)36 b(to)g Ft(menu-complete)p
16495 Fu(,)d(but)h(mo)m(v)m(es)j(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)f(the)i(list)f(of)g
16496 (p)s(ossible)630 4297 y(completions,)d(as)e(if)h Ft(menu-complete)26
16497 b Fu(had)k(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t.)150
16498 4462 y Ft(delete-char-or-list)25 b(\(\))630 4572 y Fu(Deletes)41
16499 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)h(under)e(the)h(cursor)f(if)h(not)g(at)g(the)h(b)s
16500 (eginning)e(or)h(end)f(of)h(the)630 4681 y(line)50 b(\(lik)m(e)h
16501 Ft(delete-char)p Fu(\).)96 b(If)49 b(at)h(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)f(line,)
16502 55 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)c(iden)m(tically)g(to)630 4791
16503 y Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)35 b(This)30 b(command)g(is)g(un)m(b)s
16504 (ound)e(b)m(y)i(default.)150 4956 y Ft(complete-filename)c(\(M-/\))630
16505 5065 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(\014lename)e(completion)i(on)e(the)h(text)g
16506 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 5230 y Ft(possible-filename-comple)o
16507 (tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(/\))630 5340 y Fu(List)f(the)g(p)s(ossible)f
16508 (completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)h
16509 (it)f(as)g(a)f(\014lename.)p eop end
16510 %%Page: 121 127
16511 TeXDict begin 121 126 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16512 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(121)150 299 y Ft
16513 (complete-username)26 b(\(M-~\))630 408 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32
16514 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i
16515 (it)f(as)f(a)h(username.)150 569 y Ft(possible-username-comple)o(tion)o
16516 (s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(~\))630 679 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g
16517 (completions)h(of)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g
16518 (it)g(as)f(a)g(username.)150 839 y Ft(complete-variable)h(\(M-$\))630
16519 949 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p)s
16520 (oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
16521 1110 y Ft(possible-variable-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
16522 b($\))630 1219 y Fu(List)42 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
16523 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)46 b(treating)d(it)f(as)g(a)h
16524 (shell)630 1329 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 1490 y Ft(complete-hostname)26
16525 b(\(M-@\))630 1599 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i
16526 (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)150
16527 1760 y Ft(possible-hostname-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
16528 b(@\))630 1869 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)g
16529 (the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)f(as)f(a)h
16530 (hostname.)150 2030 y Ft(complete-command)h(\(M-!\))630
16531 2140 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)g(on)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)
16532 s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)h(it)g(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)630
16533 2249 y(Command)46 b(completion)i(attempts)g(to)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(text)
16534 h(against)g(aliases,)53 b(reserv)m(ed)630 2359 y(w)m(ords,)36
16535 b(shell)g(functions,)h(shell)e(builtins,)i(and)e(\014nally)g
16536 (executable)i(\014lenames,)g(in)e(that)630 2469 y(order.)150
16537 2629 y Ft(possible-command-complet)o(ions)24 b(\(C-x)29
16538 b(!\))630 2739 y Fu(List)d(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)f(the)h
16539 (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)g(a)f(command)630
16540 2848 y(name.)150 3009 y Ft(dynamic-complete-history)e(\(M-TAB\))630
16541 3119 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)31 b(completion)h(on)e(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)
16542 s(oin)m(t,)g(comparing)h(the)f(text)h(against)h(lines)630
16543 3228 y(from)e(the)g(history)h(list)g(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completion)i
16544 (matc)m(hes.)150 3389 y Ft(dabbrev-expand)26 b(\(\))630
16545 3499 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)i(men)m(u)e(completion)i(on)f(the)g(text)g(b)s
16546 (efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(comparing)f(the)g(text)h(against)630
16547 3608 y(lines)j(from)e(the)i(history)f(list)h(for)g(p)s(ossible)e
16548 (completion)j(matc)m(hes.)150 3769 y Ft(complete-into-braces)25
16549 b(\(M-{\))630 3878 y Fu(P)m(erform)f(\014lename)f(completion)i(and)f
16550 (insert)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(enclosed)630
16551 3988 y(within)34 b(braces)h(so)f(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
16552 b(ailable)37 b(to)e(the)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.1)g([Brace)g
16553 (Ex-)630 4098 y(pansion],)30 b(page)h(21\).)150 4298
16554 y Fk(8.4.7)63 b(Keyb)s(oard)41 b(Macros)150 4471 y Ft(start-kbd-macro)
16555 26 b(\(C-x)j(\(\))630 4580 y Fu(Begin)i(sa)m(ving)h(the)e(c)m
16556 (haracters)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eyb)s(oard)
16557 g(macro.)150 4741 y Ft(end-kbd-macro)d(\(C-x)i(\)\))630
16558 4851 y Fu(Stop)e(sa)m(ving)h(the)g(c)m(haracters)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(in)m
16559 (to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard)g(macro)h(and)f(sa)m(v)m(e)i
16560 (the)630 4960 y(de\014nition.)150 5121 y Ft(call-last-kbd-macro)c
16561 (\(C-x)k(e\))630 5230 y Fu(Re-execute)37 b(the)e(last)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard)
16562 f(macro)h(de\014ned,)f(b)m(y)h(making)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)
16563 630 5340 y(macro)c(app)s(ear)f(as)g(if)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(at)h(the)f(k)m
16564 (eyb)s(oard.)p eop end
16565 %%Page: 122 128
16566 TeXDict begin 122 127 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16567 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(122)150 299 y Ft
16568 (print-last-kbd-macro)25 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(Prin)m(t)30
16569 b(the)h(last)g(k)m(eb)s(oard)f(macro)h(de\014ned)e(in)i(a)f(format)h
16570 (suitable)g(for)f(the)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)150 604
16571 y Fk(8.4.8)63 b(Some)41 b(Miscellaneous)i(Commands)150
16572 774 y Ft(re-read-init-file)26 b(\(C-x)j(C-r\))630 884
16573 y Fu(Read)22 b(in)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g
16574 Fr(inputrc)27 b Fu(\014le,)d(and)d(incorp)s(orate)h(an)m(y)h(bindings)d
16575 (or)i(v)-5 b(ariable)630 994 y(assignmen)m(ts)31 b(found)e(there.)150
16576 1150 y Ft(abort)g(\(C-g\))630 1259 y Fu(Ab)s(ort)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f
16577 (editing)h(command)f(and)g(ring)h(the)f(terminal's)h(b)s(ell)g(\(sub)5
16578 b(ject)26 b(to)i(the)630 1369 y(setting)j(of)g Ft(bell-style)p
16579 Fu(\).)150 1525 y Ft(do-uppercase-version)25 b(\(M-a,)k(M-b,)g(M-)p
16580 Fj(x)p Ft(,)g(...)o(\))630 1634 y Fu(If)e(the)h(meta\014ed)g(c)m
16581 (haracter)h Fr(x)34 b Fu(is)28 b(lo)m(w)m(ercase,)i(run)d(the)g
16582 (command)h(that)g(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k(the)630 1744 y(corresp)s(onding)
16583 g(upp)s(ercase)h(c)m(haracter.)150 1900 y Ft(prefix-meta)d(\(ESC\))630
16584 2010 y Fu(Metafy)39 b(the)e(next)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)62
16585 b(This)37 b(is)g(for)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards)f(without)g(a)h(meta)g(k)m(ey)-8
16586 b(.)630 2119 y(T)m(yping)30 b(`)p Ft(ESC)g(f)p Fu(')g(is)h(equiv)-5
16587 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g(t)m(yping)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2275
16588 y Ft(undo)e(\(C-_)g(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))630 2385 y Fu(Incremen)m(tal)h
16589 (undo,)f(separately)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(line.)150
16590 2541 y Ft(revert-line)27 b(\(M-r\))630 2650 y Fu(Undo)33
16591 b(all)h(c)m(hanges)g(made)f(to)h(this)f(line.)49 b(This)32
16592 b(is)h(lik)m(e)i(executing)f(the)f Ft(undo)f Fu(command)630
16593 2760 y(enough)e(times)h(to)g(get)h(bac)m(k)f(to)g(the)f(b)s(eginning.)
16594 150 2916 y Ft(tilde-expand)d(\(M-&\))630 3026 y Fu(P)m(erform)j(tilde)h
16595 (expansion)g(on)f(the)g(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord.)150 3182
16596 y Ft(set-mark)d(\(C-@\))630 3291 y Fu(Set)33 b(the)g(mark)f(to)i(the)f
16597 (p)s(oin)m(t.)48 b(If)32 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g
16598 (supplied,)f(the)h(mark)g(is)f(set)630 3401 y(to)f(that)g(p)s(osition.)
16599 150 3557 y Ft(exchange-point-and-mark)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-x\))630
16600 3666 y Fu(Sw)m(ap)i(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(the)g(mark.)43
16601 b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)i(is)f(set)h(to)f(the)h
16602 (sa)m(v)m(ed)630 3776 y(p)s(osition,)f(and)e(the)i(old)g(cursor)e(p)s
16603 (osition)i(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(as)e(the)h(mark.)150 3932
16604 y Ft(character-search)26 b(\(C-]\))630 4042 y Fu(A)f(c)m(haracter)h(is)
16605 f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(next)g(o)s
16606 (ccurrence)g(of)g(that)g(c)m(haracter.)630 4151 y(A)30
16607 b(negativ)m(e)j(coun)m(t)e(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(previous)g(o)s
16608 (ccurrences.)150 4307 y Ft(character-search-backwar)o(d)24
16609 b(\(M-C-]\))630 4417 y Fu(A)45 b(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s
16610 (oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)f(the)g(previous)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)
16611 g(that)630 4526 y(c)m(haracter.)d(A)31 b(negativ)m(e)h(coun)m(t)f
16612 (searc)m(hes)h(for)e(subsequen)m(t)f(o)s(ccurrences.)150
16613 4682 y Ft(skip-csi-sequence)d(\(\))630 4792 y Fu(Read)i(enough)f(c)m
16614 (haracters)h(to)g(consume)f(a)h(m)m(ulti-k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(suc)m(h)f
16615 (as)g(those)h(de\014ned)630 4902 y(for)37 b(k)m(eys)h(lik)m(e)g(Home)g
16616 (and)f(End.)60 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(sequences)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(Con)m
16617 (trol)g(Sequence)630 5011 y(Indicator)f(\(CSI\),)f(usually)h(ESC-[.)59
16618 b(If)36 b(this)g(sequence)h(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k Ft("\\)p
16619 Fu(e[)p Ft(")p Fu(,)g(k)m(eys)f(pro-)630 5121 y(ducing)31
16620 b(suc)m(h)h(sequences)g(will)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(no)f(e\013ect)h(unless)e
16621 (explicitly)j(b)s(ound)c(to)i(a)h(readline)630 5230 y(command,)f
16622 (instead)g(of)g(inserting)g(stra)m(y)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)f
16623 (editing)h(bu\013er.)44 b(This)31 b(is)630 5340 y(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
16624 (y)i(default,)h(but)f(usually)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(ESC-[.)p
16625 eop end
16626 %%Page: 123 129
16627 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16628 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(123)150 299 y Ft(insert-comment)26
16629 b(\(M-#\))630 408 y Fu(Without)36 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t,)h
16630 (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Ft(comment-begin)c
16631 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)g(in-)630 518 y(serted)c(at)g(the)g(b)s
16632 (eginning)f(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(line.)45 b(If)31
16633 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(supplied,)630 628
16634 y(this)k(command)h(acts)g(as)g(a)g(toggle:)55 b(if)37
16635 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)i(at)g(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)g(line)630
16636 737 y(do)30 b(not)h(matc)m(h)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f
16637 Ft(comment-begin)p Fu(,)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(inserted,)g
16638 (otherwise)g(the)630 847 y(c)m(haracters)42 b(in)d Ft(comment-begin)e
16639 Fu(are)j(deleted)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)g(line.)71
16640 b(In)630 956 y(either)37 b(case,)j(the)e(line)f(is)g(accepted)i(as)e
16641 (if)g(a)g(newline)g(had)g(b)s(een)f(t)m(yp)s(ed.)60 b(The)37
16642 b(default)630 1066 y(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g Ft(comment-begin)c
16643 Fu(causes)k(this)f(command)h(to)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g
16644 (a)g(shell)630 1176 y(commen)m(t.)40 b(If)26 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f
16645 (argumen)m(t)h(causes)g(the)f(commen)m(t)i(c)m(haracter)g(to)f(b)s(e)f
16646 (remo)m(v)m(ed,)630 1285 y(the)31 b(line)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(executed)h(b)
16647 m(y)f(the)h(shell.)150 1443 y Ft(dump-functions)26 b(\(\))630
16648 1553 y Fu(Prin)m(t)g(all)i(of)e(the)h(functions)f(and)g(their)g(k)m(ey)
16649 h(bindings)e(to)j(the)e(Readline)h(output)f(stream.)630
16650 1663 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h
16651 (output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)630
16652 1772 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h Fr(inputrc)k
16653 Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(b)m(y)k
16654 (default.)150 1931 y Ft(dump-variables)26 b(\(\))630
16655 2040 y Fu(Prin)m(t)21 b(all)h(of)g(the)f(settable)i(v)-5
16656 b(ariables)22 b(and)f(their)g(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(to)g(the)f(Readline)h
16657 (output)f(stream.)630 2150 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)
16658 g(supplied,)f(the)h(output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)
16659 m(y)g(that)630 2259 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h
16660 Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c
16661 (b)m(y)k(default.)150 2418 y Ft(dump-macros)c(\(\))630
16662 2527 y Fu(Prin)m(t)34 b(all)g(of)g(the)g(Readline)g(k)m(ey)h(sequences)
16663 f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)h(strings)g(they)630
16664 2637 y(output.)53 b(If)35 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e
16665 (supplied,)h(the)g(output)g(is)f(formatted)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(a)630
16666 2746 y(w)m(a)m(y)c(that)g(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(made)g(part)f(of)i(an)e
16667 Fr(inputrc)35 b Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound)
16668 d(b)m(y)630 2856 y(default.)150 3014 y Ft(glob-complete-word)e(\(M-g\))
16669 630 3124 y Fu(The)i(w)m(ord)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)h
16670 (as)f(a)h(pattern)f(for)f(pathname)h(expansion,)g(with)g(an)630
16671 3233 y(asterisk)d(implicitly)h(app)s(ended.)37 b(This)23
16672 b(pattern)i(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hing)630
16673 3343 y(\014le)30 b(names)h(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)150
16674 3501 y Ft(glob-expand-word)c(\(C-x)j(*\))630 3611 y Fu(The)40
16675 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)g(as)g(a)g(pattern)g
16676 (for)f(pathname)g(expansion,)k(and)630 3720 y(the)c(list)g(of)f(matc)m
16677 (hing)i(\014le)e(names)g(is)h(inserted,)h(replacing)g(the)e(w)m(ord.)67
16678 b(If)39 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)630 3830 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)f(supplied,)g
16679 (a)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)f(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
16680 (expansion.)150 3988 y Ft(glob-list-expansions)25 b(\(C-x)k(g\))630
16681 4098 y Fu(The)k(list)h(of)f(expansions)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h
16682 (b)s(een)f(generated)h(b)m(y)f Ft(glob-expand-word)630
16683 4208 y Fu(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(and)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(redra)m(wn.)
16684 50 b(If)33 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(supplied,)h(a)g(`)p
16685 Ft(*)p Fu(')630 4317 y(is)c(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
16686 (expansion.)150 4475 y Ft(display-shell-version)25 b(\(C-x)k(C-v\))630
16687 4585 y Fu(Displa)m(y)j(v)m(ersion)e(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)h
16688 (curren)m(t)f(instance)h(of)f(Bash.)150 4743 y Ft(shell-expand-line)c
16689 (\(M-C-e\))630 4853 y Fu(Expand)34 b(the)h(line)h(as)g(the)f(shell)h
16690 (do)s(es.)55 b(This)34 b(p)s(erforms)g(alias)i(and)f(history)g
16691 (expansion)630 4963 y(as)f(w)m(ell)g(as)g(all)h(of)e(the)h(shell)g(w)m
16692 (ord)f(expansions)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5)h([Shell)e(Expansions],)630
16693 5072 y(page)e(21\).)150 5230 y Ft(history-expand-line)25
16694 b(\(M-^\))630 5340 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(expansion)f(on)g(the)
16695 h(curren)m(t)f(line.)p eop end
16696 %%Page: 124 130
16697 TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16698 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(124)150 299 y Ft(magic-space)27
16699 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(P)m(erform)c(history)g(expansion)g(on)g(the)g
16700 (curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(insert)g(a)g(space)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.3)
16701 630 518 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(135\).)150
16702 686 y Ft(alias-expand-line)26 b(\(\))630 796 y Fu(P)m(erform)i(alias)i
16703 (expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)h
16704 ([Aliases],)g(page)f(88\).)150 964 y Ft(history-and-alias-expand)o
16705 (-lin)o(e)24 b(\(\))630 1074 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(and)e
16706 (alias)j(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150
16707 1242 y Ft(insert-last-argument)25 b(\(M-.)k(or)h(M-_\))630
16708 1352 y Fu(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(yank-last-arg)p Fu(.)150
16709 1520 y Ft(operate-and-get-next)25 b(\(C-o\))630 1630
16710 y Fu(Accept)42 b(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)f(for)h(execution)g(and)f
16711 (fetc)m(h)i(the)e(next)h(line)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e(the)630
16712 1739 y(curren)m(t)30 b(line)h(from)f(the)g(history)h(for)f(editing.)41
16713 b(An)m(y)31 b(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(ignored.)150 1908 y
16714 Ft(edit-and-execute-command)24 b(\(C-xC-e\))630 2017
16715 y Fu(In)m(v)m(ok)m(e)34 b(an)f(editor)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f
16716 (command)h(line,)h(and)e(execute)i(the)f(result)g(as)g(shell)630
16717 2127 y(commands.)81 b(Bash)44 b(attempts)h(to)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h
16718 Ft($VISUAL)p Fu(,)f Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(,)h(and)d Ft(emacs)g
16719 Fu(as)h(the)630 2236 y(editor,)31 b(in)f(that)h(order.)150
16720 2482 y Fs(8.5)68 b(Readline)47 b(vi)e(Mo)t(de)150 2642
16721 y Fu(While)32 b(the)g(Readline)g(library)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h
16722 (a)f(full)f(set)h(of)g Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)h(functions,)f(it)h(do)s(es)g
16723 (con)m(tain)150 2751 y(enough)i(to)h(allo)m(w)g(simple)f(editing)h(of)f
16724 (the)g(line.)52 b(The)34 b(Readline)g Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de)f(b)s(eha)m(v)
16725 m(es)i(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)150 2861 y(the)e Fm(posix)e
16726 Fu(standard.)275 3004 y(In)35 b(order)g(to)i(switc)m(h)f(in)m(teractiv)
16727 m(ely)j(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)d Ft(emacs)f Fu(and)g Ft(vi)g
16728 Fu(editing)h(mo)s(des,)h(use)f(the)g(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)150
16729 3114 y(emacs)p Fu(')43 b(and)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)f(vi)p
16730 Fu(')44 b(commands)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)j
16731 (page)e(58\).)83 b(The)150 3223 y(Readline)31 b(default)g(is)f
16732 Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)275 3367 y(When)g(y)m(ou)i(en)m(ter)f(a)h(line)f
16733 (in)g Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de,)h(y)m(ou)h(are)f(already)h(placed)f(in)g
16734 (`insertion')g(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(if)f(y)m(ou)150 3476 y(had)f(t)m(yp)s
16735 (ed)g(an)g(`)p Ft(i)p Fu('.)41 b(Pressing)29 b Ft(ESC)f
16736 Fu(switc)m(hes)i(y)m(ou)g(in)m(to)h(`command')e(mo)s(de,)h(where)e(y)m
16737 (ou)i(can)g(edit)g(the)150 3586 y(text)35 b(of)f(the)g(line)g(with)f
16738 (the)h(standard)f Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(k)m(eys,)g(mo)m(v)m(e)
16739 f(to)f(previous)g(history)f(lines)h(with)150 3695 y(`)p
16740 Ft(k)p Fu(')d(and)e(subsequen)m(t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p
16741 Ft(j)p Fu(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)150 3941 y Fs(8.6)68
16742 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 4101 y Fu(When)25
16743 b(w)m(ord)g(completion)i(is)f(attempted)g(for)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g
16744 (a)g(command)f(for)h(whic)m(h)f(a)h(completion)150 4210
16745 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)40 b(\(a)h Fr(compsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))39
16746 b(has)h(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)f(using)h(the)h Ft(complete)d
16747 Fu(builtin)j(\(see)g(Section)h(8.7)150 4320 y([Programmable)h
16748 (Completion)f(Builtins],)k(page)d(126\),)j(the)c(programmable)g
16749 (completion)i(facilities)150 4429 y(are)31 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)275
16750 4573 y(First,)23 b(the)e(command)g(name)g(is)h(iden)m(ti\014ed.)37
16751 b(If)21 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)g(for)h(that)h
16752 (command,)150 4682 y(the)44 b(compsp)s(ec)g(is)g(used)f(to)h(generate)i
16753 (the)e(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(for)e(the)h(w)m(ord.)81
16754 b(If)44 b(the)150 4792 y(command)36 b(w)m(ord)g(is)g(the)g(empt)m(y)h
16755 (string)f(\(completion)i(attempted)f(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)h(an)
16756 h(empt)m(y)150 4902 y(line\),)30 b(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f
16757 (with)h(the)h Ft(-E)e Fu(option)i(to)g Ft(complete)d
16758 Fu(is)i(used.)40 b(If)29 b(the)g(command)g(w)m(ord)150
16759 5011 y(is)e(a)h(full)e(pathname,)i(a)g(compsp)s(ec)e(for)h(the)g(full)g
16760 (pathname)g(is)g(searc)m(hed)h(for)f(\014rst.)39 b(If)26
16761 b(no)h(compsp)s(ec)g(is)150 5121 y(found)22 b(for)g(the)h(full)g
16762 (pathname,)h(an)f(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)g(\014nd)f(a)h(compsp)s(ec)f
16763 (for)h(the)g(p)s(ortion)f(follo)m(wing)150 5230 y(the)34
16764 b(\014nal)g(slash.)53 b(If)34 b(those)g(searc)m(hes)i(do)e(not)g
16765 (result)h(in)f(a)g(compsp)s(ec,)h(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f
16766 (with)150 5340 y(the)e Ft(-D)e Fu(option)i(to)g Ft(complete)d
16767 Fu(is)j(used)e(as)i(the)g(default.)p eop end
16768 %%Page: 125 131
16769 TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16770 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(125)275 299 y(Once)34
16771 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(found,)h(it)h(is)f(used)f(to)i
16772 (generate)h(the)e(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hing)h(w)m(ords.)51
16773 b(If)150 408 y(a)37 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h(found,)f(the)h(default)f
16774 (Bash)h(completion)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g
16775 (8.4.6)150 518 y([Commands)30 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(Completion],)g(page)g
16776 (120\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed.)275 655 y(First,)g(the)g(actions)g(sp)s
16777 (eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)h(are)g(used.)40
16778 b(Only)30 b(matc)m(hes)i(whic)m(h)e(are)h(pre\014xed)150
16779 765 y(b)m(y)h(the)f(w)m(ord)h(b)s(eing)f(completed)h(are)g(returned.)44
16780 b(When)31 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(or)h Ft(-d)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used)g(for)h
16781 (\014lename)150 874 y(or)e(directory)h(name)f(completion,)i(the)e
16782 (shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(FIGNORE)d Fu(is)i(used)f(to)i(\014lter)
16783 g(the)f(matc)m(hes.)42 b(See)150 984 y(Section)31 b(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8
16784 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(69,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f
16785 Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)275 1121 y(An)m(y)22 b(completions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
16786 (b)m(y)g(a)h(\014lename)f(expansion)h(pattern)f(to)h(the)g
16787 Ft(-G)e Fu(option)i(are)g(generated)150 1230 y(next.)41
16788 b(The)29 b(w)m(ords)g(generated)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(pattern)f(need)h(not)f
16789 (matc)m(h)i(the)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)41
16790 b(The)150 1340 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)29 b Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32
16791 b(is)g(not)g(used)e(to)i(\014lter)g(the)g(matc)m(hes,)h(but)d(the)i
16792 Ft(FIGNORE)e Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)150 1450 y(is)30
16793 b(used.)275 1587 y(Next,)39 b(the)f(string)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(the)
16794 g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-W)f Fu(option)i(is)f(considered.)60
16795 b(The)37 b(string)150 1696 y(is)c(\014rst)e(split)i(using)f(the)h(c)m
16796 (haracters)h(in)e(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)j(v)-5
16797 b(ariable)33 b(as)g(delimiters.)48 b(Shell)32 b(quoting)h(is)150
16798 1806 y(honored.)56 b(Eac)m(h)37 b(w)m(ord)e(is)h(then)f(expanded)g
16799 (using)h(brace)g(expansion,)h(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)150
16800 1915 y(and)44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)46 b(expansion,)j(command)44
16801 b(substitution,)49 b(and)44 b(arithmetic)i(expansion,)j(as)c(describ)s
16802 (ed)150 2025 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)38 b(\(see)f(Section)h(3.5)g([Shell)e
16803 (Expansions],)i(page)f(21\).)61 b(The)36 b(results)h(are)g(split)f
16804 (using)h(the)f(rules)150 2134 y(describ)s(ed)29 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
16805 (\(see)f(Section)h(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)30 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(29\).)
16806 42 b(The)30 b(results)f(of)h(the)g(expansion)150 2244
16807 y(are)f(pre\014x-matc)m(hed)h(against)g(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)f
16808 (completed,)j(and)d(the)i(matc)m(hing)g(w)m(ords)e(b)s(ecome)i(the)150
16809 2354 y(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)275 2491 y(After)f(these)g(matc)m
16810 (hes)i(ha)m(v)m(e)f(b)s(een)f(generated,)h(an)m(y)g(shell)f(function)g
16811 (or)g(command)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)150 2600 y(the)36
16812 b Ft(-F)f Fu(and)g Ft(-C)g Fu(options)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)59
16813 b(When)35 b(the)h(command)g(or)f(function)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)i
16814 (the)e Ft(COMP_)150 2710 y(LINE)p Fu(,)42 b Ft(COMP_POINT)p
16815 Fu(,)d Ft(COMP_KEY)p Fu(,)i(and)e Ft(COMP_TYPE)f Fu(v)-5
16816 b(ariables)41 b(are)f(assigned)g(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(as)f(describ)s(ed)
16817 150 2819 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)34 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)g([Bash)f(V)-8
16818 b(ariables],)36 b(page)d(69\).)50 b(If)33 b(a)g(shell)g(function)g(is)g
16819 (b)s(eing)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k(the)150 2929 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)j
16820 Fu(and)i Ft(COMP_CWORD)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)42 b(are)g(also)h(set.)74
16821 b(When)41 b(the)h(function)f(or)h(command)f(is)150 3039
16822 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)c(the)e(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(\($1\))h(is)e(the)h
16823 (name)g(of)f(the)h(command)f(whose)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(b)s(eing)150
16824 3148 y(completed,)30 b(the)f(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(\($2\))h(is)f(the)g
16825 (w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed,)i(and)e(the)h(third)e(argumen)m(t)150
16826 3258 y(\($3\))40 b(is)f(the)f(w)m(ord)h(preceding)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s
16827 (eing)g(completed)i(on)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(command)h(line.)65
16828 b(No)150 3367 y(\014ltering)33 b(of)h(the)f(generated)h(completions)g
16829 (against)h(the)e(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)f(completed)i(is)g(p)s(erformed;)f
16830 (the)150 3477 y(function)d(or)g(command)h(has)f(complete)i(freedom)e
16831 (in)g(generating)h(the)g(matc)m(hes.)275 3614 y(An)m(y)j(function)h(sp)
16832 s(eci\014ed)f(with)g Ft(-F)g Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(\014rst.)53
16833 b(The)35 b(function)f(ma)m(y)h(use)g(an)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(shell)150
16834 3724 y(facilities,)50 b(including)44 b(the)h Ft(compgen)d
16835 Fu(and)i Ft(compopt)e Fu(builtins)i(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)
16836 i(Section)f(8.7)150 3833 y([Programmable)31 b(Completion)h(Builtins],)f
16837 (page)h(126\),)g(to)g(generate)g(the)f(matc)m(hes.)42
16838 b(It)31 b(m)m(ust)g(put)f(the)150 3943 y(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h
16839 (in)f(the)h Ft(COMPREPLY)d Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable,)31
16840 b(one)g(p)s(er)e(arra)m(y)i(elemen)m(t.)275 4080 y(Next,)26
16841 b(an)m(y)f(command)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)g(the)h Ft(-C)f
16842 Fu(option)h(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)e(an)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h
16843 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 4189 y(to)26 b(command)e(substitution.)39
16844 b(It)25 b(should)f(prin)m(t)h(a)g(list)h(of)f(completions,)i(one)e(p)s
16845 (er)f(line,)j(to)f(the)f(standard)150 4299 y(output.)40
16846 b(Bac)m(kslash)32 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(escap)s(e)g(a)f
16847 (newline,)h(if)f(necessary)-8 b(.)275 4436 y(After)24
16848 b(all)i(of)f(the)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(are)f(generated,)i(an)m
16849 (y)e(\014lter)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(with)i(the)g Ft(-X)e
16850 Fu(option)150 4545 y(is)34 b(applied)g(to)g(the)h(list.)52
16851 b(The)33 b(\014lter)h(is)g(a)h(pattern)f(as)g(used)f(for)h(pathname)g
16852 (expansion;)i(a)e(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')g(in)g(the)150 4655
16853 y(pattern)28 b(is)f(replaced)h(with)g(the)f(text)i(of)f(the)f(w)m(ord)h
16854 (b)s(eing)f(completed.)40 b(A)28 b(literal)h(`)p Ft(&)p
16855 Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(escap)s(ed)150 4765 y(with)38
16856 b(a)h(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)38 b(bac)m(kslash)h(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(b)s
16857 (efore)f(attempting)h(a)g(matc)m(h.)65 b(An)m(y)39 b(completion)150
16858 4874 y(that)32 b(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern)g(will)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m
16859 (ed)h(from)f(the)h(list.)44 b(A)32 b(leading)g(`)p Ft(!)p
16860 Fu(')f(negates)i(the)f(pattern;)150 4984 y(in)e(this)g(case)i(an)m(y)e
16861 (completion)i(not)f(matc)m(hing)g(the)g(pattern)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(remo)m
16862 (v)m(ed.)275 5121 y(Finally)-8 b(,)42 b(an)m(y)c(pre\014x)g(and)f
16863 (su\016x)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)i(the)f Ft(-P)g Fu(and)g
16864 Ft(-S)f Fu(options)i(are)g(added)f(to)h(eac)m(h)150 5230
16865 y(mem)m(b)s(er)31 b(of)g(the)h(completion)h(list,)f(and)f(the)h(result)
16866 f(is)h(returned)e(to)i(the)g(Readline)g(completion)h(co)s(de)150
16867 5340 y(as)e(the)f(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)p
16868 eop end
16869 %%Page: 126 132
16870 TeXDict begin 126 131 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16871 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(126)275 299 y(If)27
16872 b(the)h(previously-applied)f(actions)i(do)f(not)g(generate)h(an)m(y)f
16873 (matc)m(hes,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-o)h(dirnames)d Fu(op-)150
16874 408 y(tion)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f(to)i Ft(complete)d Fu(when)h(the)h
16875 (compsp)s(ec)g(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g(directory)g(name)h(completion)150
16876 518 y(is)h(attempted.)275 654 y(If)35 b(the)g Ft(-o)30
16877 b(plusdirs)j Fu(option)j(w)m(as)g(supplied)e(to)i Ft(complete)e
16878 Fu(when)g(the)i(compsp)s(ec)f(w)m(as)h(de\014ned,)150
16879 764 y(directory)g(name)f(completion)i(is)e(attempted)h(and)f(an)m(y)h
16880 (matc)m(hes)g(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(results)g(of)h(the)150
16881 873 y(other)31 b(actions.)275 1010 y(By)g(default,)i(if)e(a)h(compsp)s
16882 (ec)f(is)h(found,)f(whatev)m(er)h(it)g(generates)h(is)e(returned)g(to)h
16883 (the)g(completion)150 1119 y(co)s(de)21 b(as)g(the)g(full)g(set)g(of)g
16884 (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)39 b(The)20 b(default)h(Bash)g(completions)
16885 h(are)g(not)f(attempted,)150 1229 y(and)30 b(the)g(Readline)h(default)f
16886 (of)g(\014lename)h(completion)g(is)f(disabled.)41 b(If)29
16887 b(the)i Ft(-o)e(bashdefault)e Fu(option)150 1338 y(w)m(as)d(supplied)e
16888 (to)j Ft(complete)c Fu(when)i(the)g(compsp)s(ec)h(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g
16889 (the)f(default)h(Bash)g(completions)h(are)150 1448 y(attempted)j(if)f
16890 (the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(generates)h(no)f(matc)m(hes.)41
16891 b(If)27 b(the)g Ft(-o)j(default)25 b Fu(option)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f
16892 (to)150 1557 y Ft(complete)f Fu(when)h(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(w)m(as)i
16893 (de\014ned,)e(Readline's)i(default)f(completion)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(p)s
16894 (erformed)150 1667 y(if)k(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(\(and,)g(if)h(attempted,)
16895 g(the)g(default)f(Bash)h(completions\))h(generate)g(no)e(matc)m(hes.)
16896 275 1803 y(When)20 b(a)i(compsp)s(ec)e(indicates)i(that)g(directory)g
16897 (name)f(completion)h(is)f(desired,)i(the)e(programmable)150
16898 1913 y(completion)31 b(functions)e(force)i(Readline)f(to)h(app)s(end)d
16899 (a)i(slash)g(to)g(completed)h(names)e(whic)m(h)h(are)g(sym-)150
16900 2022 y(b)s(olic)40 b(links)g(to)h(directories,)j(sub)5
16901 b(ject)40 b(to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f(the)g Fr(mark-directories)
16902 45 b Fu(Readline)c(v)-5 b(ariable,)150 2132 y(regardless)31
16903 b(of)f(the)h(setting)g(of)g(the)f Fr(mark-symlink)m(ed-directories)36
16904 b Fu(Readline)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 2268 y(There)25
16905 b(is)i(some)g(supp)s(ort)e(for)h(dynamically)h(mo)s(difying)f
16906 (completions.)40 b(This)26 b(is)g(most)h(useful)f(when)150
16907 2378 y(used)40 b(in)h(com)m(bination)i(with)e(a)g(default)h(completion)
16908 g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)g Ft(-D)p Fu(.)72 b(It's)42 b(p)s(ossible)f
16909 (for)g(shell)150 2487 y(functions)28 b(executed)h(as)f(completion)i
16910 (handlers)d(to)i(indicate)g(that)g(completion)g(should)e(b)s(e)h
16911 (retried)g(b)m(y)150 2597 y(returning)j(an)i(exit)g(status)f(of)h(124.)
16912 48 b(If)31 b(a)i(shell)f(function)g(returns)f(124,)k(and)c(c)m(hanges)j
16913 (the)e(compsp)s(ec)150 2707 y(asso)s(ciated)43 b(with)e(the)g(command)g
16914 (on)g(whic)m(h)g(completion)i(is)e(b)s(eing)g(attempted)h(\(supplied)e
16915 (as)i(the)150 2816 y(\014rst)29 b(argumen)m(t)h(when)e(the)i(function)f
16916 (is)g(executed\),)j(programmable)d(completion)i(restarts)f(from)f(the)
16917 150 2926 y(b)s(eginning,)e(with)g(an)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)e(a)i(new)
16918 e(compsp)s(ec)i(for)f(that)h(command.)39 b(This)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g
16919 (set)g(of)150 3035 y(completions)33 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(built)f(dynamically)
16920 i(as)f(completion)h(is)f(attempted,)h(rather)f(than)f(b)s(eing)g
16921 (loaded)150 3145 y(all)g(at)g(once.)275 3281 y(F)-8 b(or)38
16922 b(instance,)h(assuming)e(that)h(there)f(is)h(a)f(library)g(of)g(compsp)
16923 s(ecs,)i(eac)m(h)g(k)m(ept)e(in)g(a)h(\014le)f(corre-)150
16924 3391 y(sp)s(onding)g(to)j(the)f(name)f(of)h(the)g(command,)i(the)e
16925 (follo)m(wing)h(default)f(completion)h(function)e(w)m(ould)150
16926 3500 y(load)31 b(completions)g(dynamically:)390 3636
16927 y Ft(_completion_loader\(\))390 3746 y({)581 3856 y(.)47
16928 b("/etc/bash_completion.d/$1)o(.sh)o(")42 b(>/dev/null)j(2>&1)i(&&)g
16929 (return)f(124)390 3965 y(})390 4075 y(complete)g(-D)h(-F)g
16930 (_completion_loader)c(-o)k(bashdefault)e(-o)i(default)150
16931 4310 y Fs(8.7)68 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)f(Builtins)150
16932 4469 y Fu(Three)21 b(builtin)g(commands)f(are)i(a)m(v)-5
16933 b(ailable)24 b(to)e(manipulate)f(the)h(programmable)f(completion)h
16934 (facilities:)150 4579 y(one)34 b(to)g(sp)s(ecify)f(ho)m(w)h(the)f
16935 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)g(particular)g(command)f(are)h(to)g(b)s(e)f
16936 (completed,)j(and)d(t)m(w)m(o)150 4688 y(to)e(mo)s(dify)f(the)g
16937 (completion)i(as)e(it)h(is)g(happ)s(ening.)150 4850 y
16938 Ft(compgen)870 4985 y(compgen)46 b([)p Fj(option)p Ft(])f([)p
16939 Fj(word)p Ft(])630 5121 y Fu(Generate)27 b(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i
16940 (matc)m(hes)g(for)e Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(according)e(to)f(the)g
16941 Fr(option)p Fu(s,)h(whic)m(h)630 5230 y(ma)m(y)32 b(b)s(e)f(an)m(y)h
16942 (option)g(accepted)g(b)m(y)g(the)f Ft(complete)f Fu(builtin)h(with)g
16943 (the)g(exception)i(of)f Ft(-p)630 5340 y Fu(and)39 b
16944 Ft(-r)p Fu(,)i(and)e(write)h(the)g(matc)m(hes)g(to)g(the)g(standard)f
16945 (output.)68 b(When)39 b(using)g(the)h Ft(-F)p eop end
16946 %%Page: 127 133
16947 TeXDict begin 127 132 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16948 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(127)630 299 y(or)33
16949 b Ft(-C)f Fu(options,)i(the)e(v)-5 b(arious)33 b(shell)g(v)-5
16950 b(ariables)33 b(set)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(programmable)g(completion)630
16951 408 y(facilities,)g(while)d(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)33 b(will)e(not)g(ha)m
16952 (v)m(e)g(useful)f(v)-5 b(alues.)630 542 y(The)34 b(matc)m(hes)h(will)g
16953 (b)s(e)f(generated)h(in)f(the)h(same)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(as)g(if)f(the)h
16954 (programmable)f(com-)630 652 y(pletion)d(co)s(de)g(had)f(generated)i
16955 (them)e(directly)i(from)e(a)h(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(with)
16956 630 762 y(the)e(same)h(\015ags.)40 b(If)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)j
16957 Fu(is)d(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(only)g(those)h(completions)g(matc)m(hing)g
16958 Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(will)630 871 y(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed.)630
16959 1005 y(The)24 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)g(true)f(unless)g(an)h(in)
16960 m(v)-5 b(alid)25 b(option)g(is)g(supplied,)f(or)h(no)g(matc)m(hes)g(w)m
16961 (ere)630 1115 y(generated.)150 1273 y Ft(complete)870
16962 1407 y(complete)46 b([-abcdefgjksuv])d([-o)k Fj(comp-option)p
16963 Ft(])e([-DE])h([-A)h Fj(action)p Ft(])f([-)870 1517 y(G)h
16964 Fj(globpat)p Ft(])f([-W)h Fj(wordlist)p Ft(])870 1626
16965 y([-F)g Fj(function)p Ft(])e([-C)i Fj(command)p Ft(])f([-X)h
16966 Fj(filterpat)p Ft(])870 1736 y([-P)g Fj(prefix)p Ft(])f([-S)h
16967 Fj(suffix)p Ft(])e Fj(name)i Ft([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...])870
16968 1845 y(complete)g(-pr)g([-DE])h([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...)o(])630
16969 1979 y Fu(Sp)s(ecify)37 b(ho)m(w)h(argumen)m(ts)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g
16970 Fr(name)j Fu(should)37 b(b)s(e)g(completed.)63 b(If)38
16971 b(the)f Ft(-p)g Fu(option)630 2089 y(is)30 b(supplied,)e(or)i(if)g(no)f
16972 (options)h(are)g(supplied,)f(existing)h(completion)h(sp)s
16973 (eci\014cations)g(are)630 2198 y(prin)m(ted)24 b(in)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g
16974 (that)h(allo)m(ws)g(them)e(to)i(b)s(e)e(reused)f(as)i(input.)38
16975 b(The)24 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)i(remo)m(v)m(es)630 2308
16976 y(a)i(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)g(eac)m(h)h
16977 Fr(name)p Fu(,)f(or,)h(if)e(no)h Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)27
16978 b(are)h(supplied,)g(all)g(com-)630 2418 y(pletion)k(sp)s
16979 (eci\014cations.)44 b(The)30 b Ft(-D)h Fu(option)h(indicates)g(that)f
16980 (the)h(remaining)f(options)h(and)630 2527 y(actions)27
16981 b(should)e(apply)g(to)i(the)f(\\default")h(command)e(completion;)k
16982 (that)e(is,)g(completion)630 2637 y(attempted)g(on)f(a)h(command)f(for)
16983 g(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(has)d(previously)h(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.)
16984 630 2746 y(The)f Ft(-E)g Fu(option)h(indicates)h(that)f(the)g
16985 (remaining)g(options)g(and)f(actions)i(should)e(apply)g(to)630
16986 2856 y(\\empt)m(y")32 b(command)e(completion;)i(that)f(is,)f
16987 (completion)i(attempted)f(on)g(a)f(blank)g(line.)630
16988 2990 y(The)f(pro)s(cess)g(of)h(applying)g(these)g(completion)g(sp)s
16989 (eci\014cations)h(when)d(w)m(ord)i(completion)630 3099
16990 y(is)35 b(attempted)h(is)f(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f
16991 (Section)g(8.6)g([Programmable)g(Completion],)630 3209
16992 y(page)31 b(124\).)42 b(The)30 b Ft(-D)g Fu(option)h(tak)m(es)h
16993 (precedence)f(o)m(v)m(er)g Ft(-E)p Fu(.)630 3343 y(Other)d(options,)i
16994 (if)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(meanings.)40
16995 b(The)29 b(argumen)m(ts)g(to)h(the)630 3453 y Ft(-G)p
16996 Fu(,)41 b Ft(-W)p Fu(,)h(and)c Ft(-X)h Fu(options)h(\(and,)h(if)f
16997 (necessary)-8 b(,)42 b(the)e Ft(-P)f Fu(and)f Ft(-S)h
16998 Fu(options\))h(should)f(b)s(e)630 3562 y(quoted)28 b(to)h(protect)g
16999 (them)f(from)f(expansion)h(b)s(efore)g(the)g Ft(complete)e
17000 Fu(builtin)h(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)630 3720 y Ft(-o)i
17001 Fj(comp-option)1110 3830 y Fu(The)c Fr(comp-option)i
17002 Fu(con)m(trols)g(sev)m(eral)h(asp)s(ects)e(of)g(the)g(compsp)s(ec's)g
17003 (b)s(eha)m(v-)1110 3940 y(ior)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)f(the)g(simple)h
17004 (generation)h(of)e(completions.)41 b Fr(comp-option)27
17005 b Fu(ma)m(y)1110 4049 y(b)s(e)j(one)g(of:)1110 4208 y
17006 Ft(bashdefault)1590 4317 y Fu(P)m(erform)d(the)h(rest)f(of)h(the)g
17007 (default)f(Bash)h(completions)g(if)g(the)1590 4427 y(compsp)s(ec)i
17008 (generates)i(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110 4585 y Ft(default)144
17009 b Fu(Use)22 b(Readline's)g(default)g(\014lename)g(completion)g(if)g
17010 (the)g(comp-)1590 4695 y(sp)s(ec)30 b(generates)i(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110
17011 4853 y Ft(dirnames)96 b Fu(P)m(erform)46 b(directory)g(name)h
17012 (completion)g(if)f(the)g(compsp)s(ec)1590 4963 y(generates)32
17013 b(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110 5121 y Ft(filenames)1590 5230
17014 y Fu(T)-8 b(ell)40 b(Readline)f(that)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)f(generates)j
17015 (\014lenames,)1590 5340 y(so)29 b(it)h(can)f(p)s(erform)f(an)m(y)h
17016 (\014lename-sp)s(eci\014c)h(pro)s(cessing)e(\(lik)m(e)p
17017 eop end
17018 %%Page: 128 134
17019 TeXDict begin 128 133 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17020 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(128)1590 299 y(adding)25
17021 b(a)h(slash)f(to)h(directory)g(names)f(quoting)h(sp)s(ecial)g(c)m(har-)
17022 1590 408 y(acters,)39 b(or)d(suppressing)f(trailing)i(spaces\).)59
17023 b(This)35 b(option)i(is)1590 518 y(in)m(tended)30 b(to)g(b)s(e)g(used)f
17024 (with)g(shell)i(functions)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)1590
17025 628 y Ft(-F)p Fu(.)1110 787 y Ft(noquote)144 b Fu(T)-8
17026 b(ell)28 b(Readline)g(not)g(to)g(quote)g(the)g(completed)g(w)m(ords)f
17027 (if)h(they)1590 896 y(are)j(\014lenames)f(\(quoting)h(\014lenames)g(is)
17028 f(the)h(default\).)1110 1055 y Ft(nospace)144 b Fu(T)-8
17029 b(ell)40 b(Readline)g(not)g(to)g(app)s(end)d(a)j(space)g(\(the)f
17030 (default\))h(to)1590 1165 y(w)m(ords)30 b(completed)h(at)g(the)g(end)f
17031 (of)g(the)h(line.)1110 1324 y Ft(plusdirs)96 b Fu(After)30
17032 b(an)m(y)h(matc)m(hes)g(de\014ned)d(b)m(y)i(the)g(compsp)s(ec)g(are)g
17033 (gener-)1590 1433 y(ated,)g(directory)f(name)g(completion)i(is)d
17034 (attempted)i(and)f(an)m(y)1590 1543 y(matc)m(hes)j(are)e(added)g(to)h
17035 (the)g(results)f(of)g(the)h(other)g(actions.)630 1702
17036 y Ft(-A)f Fj(action)66 b Fu(The)25 b Fr(action)h Fu(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e
17037 (one)h(of)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(to)e(generate)i(a)e(list)h(of)f(p)s
17038 (ossible)1110 1811 y(completions:)1110 1970 y Ft(alias)240
17039 b Fu(Alias)31 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
17040 (as)i Ft(-a)p Fu(.)1110 2129 y Ft(arrayvar)96 b Fu(Arra)m(y)31
17041 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(names.)1110 2288 y Ft(binding)144
17042 b Fu(Readline)30 b(k)m(ey)f(binding)f(names)h(\(see)h(Section)f(8.4)h
17043 ([Bindable)1590 2398 y(Readline)h(Commands],)f(page)h(115\).)1110
17044 2556 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(Names)21 b(of)g(shell)f(builtin)h(commands.)
17045 37 b(Ma)m(y)21 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)1590 2666
17046 y(as)31 b Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 2825 y Ft(command)144 b Fu(Command)29
17047 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i
17048 Ft(-c)p Fu(.)1110 2984 y Ft(directory)1590 3093 y Fu(Directory)h
17049 (names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g
17050 Ft(-d)p Fu(.)1110 3252 y Ft(disabled)96 b Fu(Names)31
17051 b(of)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110 3411 y Ft(enabled)144
17052 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(enabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110
17053 3570 y Ft(export)192 b Fu(Names)34 b(of)f(exp)s(orted)f(shell)h(v)-5
17054 b(ariables.)49 b(Ma)m(y)35 b(also)e(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci-)1590
17055 3680 y(\014ed)d(as)g Ft(-e)p Fu(.)1110 3839 y Ft(file)288
17056 b Fu(File)32 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
17057 (as)i Ft(-f)p Fu(.)1110 3998 y Ft(function)96 b Fu(Names)31
17058 b(of)g(shell)f(functions.)1110 4156 y Ft(group)240 b
17059 Fu(Group)30 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
17060 (as)g Ft(-g)p Fu(.)1110 4315 y Ft(helptopic)1590 4425
17061 y Fu(Help)37 b(topics)g(as)g(accepted)h(b)m(y)e(the)h
17062 Ft(help)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)1590 4534 y(tion)31
17063 b(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)1110 4693 y
17064 Ft(hostname)96 b Fu(Hostnames,)89 b(as)76 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g
17065 (\014le)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)1590 4803 y(the)55 b
17066 Ft(HOSTFILE)e Fu(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable)56 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)h
17067 ([Bash)1590 4913 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(69\).)1110
17068 5071 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)f
17069 (activ)m(e.)46 b(Ma)m(y)33 b(also)g(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci-)1590
17070 5181 y(\014ed)f(as)g Ft(-j)p Fu(.)1110 5340 y Ft(keyword)144
17071 b Fu(Shell)30 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32
17072 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-k)p Fu(.)p
17073 eop end
17074 %%Page: 129 135
17075 TeXDict begin 129 134 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17076 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(129)1110 299 y Ft(running)144
17077 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(running)d(jobs,)i(if)h(job)f(con)m(trol)h(is)g
17078 (activ)m(e.)1110 463 y Ft(service)144 b Fu(Service)31
17079 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31 b(also)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g
17080 Ft(-s)p Fu(.)1110 628 y Ft(setopt)192 b Fu(V)-8 b(alid)39
17081 b(argumen)m(ts)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g
17082 Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)1590 737 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)
17083 g(Builtin],)i(page)f(58\).)1110 902 y Ft(shopt)240 b
17084 Fu(Shell)40 b(option)g(names)g(as)g(accepted)i(b)m(y)e(the)g
17085 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)1590 1011 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g
17086 (Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)1110 1176 y Ft(signal)192
17087 b Fu(Signal)31 b(names.)1110 1340 y Ft(stopped)144 b
17088 Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(stopp)s(ed)e(jobs,)h(if)g(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f
17089 (activ)m(e.)1110 1504 y Ft(user)288 b Fu(User)30 b(names.)41
17090 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-u)p
17091 Fu(.)1110 1669 y Ft(variable)96 b Fu(Names)36 b(of)g(all)g(shell)g(v)-5
17092 b(ariables.)56 b(Ma)m(y)37 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)1590
17093 1778 y Ft(-v)p Fu(.)630 1943 y Ft(-C)30 b Fj(command)1110
17094 2052 y Fr(command)35 b Fu(is)e(executed)g(in)e(a)i(subshell)e(en)m
17095 (vironmen)m(t,)i(and)f(its)g(output)g(is)1110 2162 y(used)e(as)g(the)h
17096 (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)630 2326 y Ft(-F)g Fj(function)1110
17097 2436 y Fu(The)39 b(shell)g(function)g Fr(function)g Fu(is)g(executed)h
17098 (in)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(en)m(vi-)1110 2545 y(ronmen)m(t.)72
17099 b(When)41 b(it)g(is)g(executed,)k($1)c(is)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
17100 (command)1110 2655 y(whose)34 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(b)s(eing)f
17101 (completed,)j($2)e(is)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(com-)1110
17102 2765 y(pleted,)44 b(and)c($3)i(is)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(preceding)f(the)h
17103 (w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(completed,)1110 2874 y(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s
17104 (o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)f(8.6)h([Programmable)g(Completion],)1110
17105 2984 y(page)30 b(124\).)42 b(When)29 b(it)h(\014nishes,)e(the)h(p)s
17106 (ossible)g(completions)h(are)g(retriev)m(ed)1110 3093
17107 y(from)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(COMPREPLY)e
17108 Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 3258 y Ft(-G)30 b Fj(globpat)1110
17109 3367 y Fu(The)39 b(\014lename)h(expansion)g(pattern)g
17110 Fr(globpat)j Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(generate)1110 3477
17111 y(the)31 b(p)s(ossible)e(completions.)630 3641 y Ft(-P)h
17112 Fj(prefix)66 b Fr(pre\014x)39 b Fu(is)34 b(added)f(at)i(the)f(b)s
17113 (eginning)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)1110
17114 3751 y(all)c(other)g(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(applied.)630
17115 3915 y Ft(-S)g Fj(suffix)66 b Fr(su\016x)26 b Fu(is)20
17116 b(app)s(ended)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)f(all)g
17117 (other)g(options)1110 4025 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(b)s(een)d(applied.)630
17118 4189 y Ft(-W)h Fj(wordlist)1110 4299 y Fu(The)24 b Fr(w)m(ordlist)k
17119 Fu(is)d(split)g(using)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i
17120 Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 4408 y(as)36
17121 b(delimiters,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)h(resultan)m(t)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h
17122 (expanded.)57 b(The)35 b(p)s(ossible)1110 4518 y(completions)c(are)e
17123 (the)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list)g(whic)m(h)f
17124 (matc)m(h)i(the)1110 4628 y(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)630
17125 4792 y Ft(-X)g Fj(filterpat)1110 4902 y Fr(\014lterpat)d
17126 Fu(is)e(a)g(pattern)g(as)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)g(expansion.)38
17127 b(It)25 b(is)g(applied)f(to)1110 5011 y(the)30 b(list)f(of)h(p)s
17128 (ossible)f(completions)h(generated)h(b)m(y)e(the)g(preceding)h(options)
17129 1110 5121 y(and)d(argumen)m(ts,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)i(completion)g(matc)m
17130 (hing)g Fr(\014lterpat)h Fu(is)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)1110 5230
17131 y(from)i(the)h(list.)42 b(A)30 b(leading)i(`)p Ft(!)p
17132 Fu(')e(in)g Fr(\014lterpat)j Fu(negates)f(the)f(pattern;)g(in)f(this)
17133 1110 5340 y(case,)i(an)m(y)e(completion)i(not)f(matc)m(hing)g
17134 Fr(\014lterpat)i Fu(is)d(remo)m(v)m(ed.)p eop end
17135 %%Page: 130 136
17136 TeXDict begin 130 135 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17137 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(130)630 299 y(The)35
17138 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)f(true)f(unless)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5
17139 b(alid)37 b(option)f(is)g(supplied,)g(an)g(option)h(other)630
17140 408 y(than)h Ft(-p)g Fu(or)g Ft(-r)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f(without)i(a)f
17141 Fr(name)44 b Fu(argumen)m(t,)c(an)e(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630
17142 518 y(remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)e(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)f(a)h
17143 Fr(name)k Fu(for)30 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(exists,)630
17144 628 y(or)f(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(adding)g(a)g(completion)i(sp)s
17145 (eci\014cation.)150 789 y Ft(compopt)870 924 y(compopt)46
17146 b([-o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])f([-DE])g([+o)h Fj(option)p
17147 Ft(])f([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 1060 y Fu(Mo)s(dify)33
17148 b(completion)h(options)g(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)39 b
17149 Fu(according)34 b(to)g(the)f Fr(option)p Fu(s,)i(or)e(for)g(the)630
17150 1170 y(curren)m(tly-executing)46 b(completion)f(if)f(no)f
17151 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(supplied.)80 b(If)43 b(no)h
17152 Fr(option)p Fu(s)h(are)630 1279 y(giv)m(en,)30 b(displa)m(y)e(the)g
17153 (completion)h(options)g(for)e(eac)m(h)i Fr(name)34 b
17154 Fu(or)27 b(the)i(curren)m(t)e(completion.)630 1389 y(The)f(p)s(ossible)
17155 g(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)f Fr(option)h Fu(are)g(those)g(v)-5
17156 b(alid)26 b(for)g(the)h Ft(complete)d Fu(builtin)i(describ)s(ed)630
17157 1498 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)41 b(The)28 b Ft(-D)g Fu(option)h(indicates)h
17158 (that)f(the)g(remaining)g(options)g(should)e(apply)h(to)i(the)630
17159 1608 y(\\default")j(command)f(completion;)i(that)f(is,)g(completion)g
17160 (attempted)g(on)f(a)g(command)630 1717 y(for)g(whic)m(h)g(no)g
17161 (completion)i(has)e(previously)g(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.)45
17162 b(The)32 b Ft(-E)f Fu(option)i(indicates)630 1827 y(that)24
17163 b(the)g(remaining)g(options)g(should)e(apply)h(to)i(\\empt)m(y")g
17164 (command)e(completion;)k(that)630 1937 y(is,)k(completion)g(attempted)h
17165 (on)e(a)h(blank)f(line.)630 2072 y(The)g Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(tak)m(es)i
17166 (precedence)f(o)m(v)m(er)h Ft(-E)p Fu(.)630 2208 y(The)23
17167 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(true)g(unless)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5
17168 b(alid)24 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)630
17169 2317 y(to)32 b(mo)s(dify)f(the)g(options)h(for)f(a)h
17170 Fr(name)k Fu(for)31 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f
17171 (exists,)630 2427 y(or)e(an)h(output)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150
17172 2662 y Fs(8.8)68 b(A)44 b(Programmable)j(Completion)f(Example)150
17173 2822 y Fu(The)37 b(most)g(common)g(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)e(obtain)h
17174 (additional)g(completion)g(functionalit)m(y)h(b)s(ey)m(ond)d(the)i
17175 (default)150 2931 y(actions)29 b Ft(complete)d Fu(and)i
17176 Ft(compgen)e Fu(pro)m(vide)i(is)h(to)f(use)g(a)h(shell)f(function)g
17177 (and)g(bind)e(it)j(to)g(a)g(particular)150 3041 y(command)h(using)g
17178 Ft(complete)e(-F)p Fu(.)275 3177 y(The)j(follo)m(wing)j(function)e(pro)
17179 m(vides)g(completions)i(for)e(the)g Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)46
17180 b(It)32 b(is)h(a)f(reasonably)h(go)s(o)s(d)150 3287 y(example)e(of)f
17181 (what)g(shell)g(functions)g(m)m(ust)f(do)h(when)f(used)h(for)f
17182 (completion.)42 b(This)29 b(function)h(uses)g(the)150
17183 3396 y(w)m(ord)38 b(passsed)g(as)h Ft($2)g Fu(to)g(determine)g(the)g
17184 (directory)g(name)g(to)g(complete.)67 b(Y)-8 b(ou)40
17185 b(can)f(also)g(use)g(the)150 3506 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)28
17186 b Fu(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable;)32 b(the)e(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g
17187 (indexed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h Ft(COMP_CWORD)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)275
17188 3642 y(The)42 b(function)h(relies)h(on)e(the)i Ft(complete)c
17189 Fu(and)j Ft(compgen)e Fu(builtins)h(to)i(do)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(of)g(the)h
17190 (w)m(ork,)150 3752 y(adding)25 b(only)h(the)g(things)g(that)g(the)g
17191 (Bash)g Ft(cd)f Fu(do)s(es)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(accepting)j(basic)e
17192 (directory)g(names:)38 b(tilde)150 3862 y(expansion)22
17193 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.2)g([Tilde)g(Expansion],)g(page)g(22\),)i
17194 (searc)m(hing)e(directories)g(in)e Fr($CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)p
17195 Fu(,)150 3971 y(whic)m(h)21 b(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j
17196 (\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)j(page)e(41\),)j
17197 (and)c(basic)h(supp)s(ort)150 4081 y(for)31 b(the)h Ft(cdable_vars)d
17198 Fu(shell)i(option)h(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)
17199 i(page)f(62\).)46 b Ft(_comp_)150 4190 y(cd)30 b Fu(mo)s(di\014es)g
17200 (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(IFS)36 b Fu(so)31 b(that)g(it)g(con)m
17201 (tains)h(only)f(a)g(newline)g(to)h(accommo)s(date)g(\014le)f(names)150
17202 4300 y(con)m(taining)i(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)h({)g Ft(compgen)e
17203 Fu(prin)m(ts)h(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(it)g(generates)g(one)f
17204 (p)s(er)150 4410 y(line.)275 4546 y(P)m(ossible)24 b(completions)h(go)g
17205 (in)m(to)g(the)f Fr(COMPREPL)-8 b(Y)36 b Fu(arra)m(y)24
17206 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)26 b(one)e(completion)i(p)s(er)c(arra)m(y)150
17207 4656 y(elemen)m(t.)42 b(The)30 b(programmable)g(completion)i(system)e
17208 (retriev)m(es)h(the)g(completions)g(from)f(there)g(when)150
17209 4765 y(the)h(function)f(returns.)390 4902 y Ft(#)47 b(A)h(completion)d
17210 (function)g(for)i(the)g(cd)g(builtin)390 5011 y(#)g(based)g(on)g(the)g
17211 (cd)g(completion)e(function)h(from)g(the)h(bash_completion)d(package)
17212 390 5121 y(_comp_cd\(\))390 5230 y({)581 5340 y(local)i(IFS=$')g
17213 (\\t\\n')190 b(#)47 b(normalize)f(IFS)p eop end
17214 %%Page: 131 137
17215 TeXDict begin 131 136 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17216 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(131)581 299 y Ft(local)46
17217 b(cur)h(_skipdot)f(_cdpath)581 408 y(local)g(i)i(j)f(k)581
17218 628 y(#)g(Tilde)g(expansion,)e(with)h(side)h(effect)f(of)h(expanding)f
17219 (tilde)g(to)h(full)g(pathname)581 737 y(case)g("$2")f(in)581
17220 847 y(\\~*\))190 b(eval)46 b(cur="$2")g(;;)581 956 y(*\))286
17221 b(cur=$2)46 b(;;)581 1066 y(esac)581 1285 y(#)h(no)h(cdpath)e(or)h
17222 (absolute)e(pathname)h(--)h(straight)f(directory)f(completion)581
17223 1395 y(if)i([[)g(-z)g("${CDPATH:-}")e(]])i(||)g([[)g("$cur")f(==)h
17224 (@\(./*|../*|/*\))d(]];)j(then)772 1504 y(#)g(compgen)f(prints)g(paths)
17225 h(one)f(per)h(line;)g(could)f(also)h(use)g(while)f(loop)772
17226 1614 y(IFS=$'\\n')772 1724 y(COMPREPLY=\()f($\(compgen)g(-d)i(--)g
17227 ("$cur"\))f(\))772 1833 y(IFS=$')g(\\t\\n')581 1943 y(#)h
17228 (CDPATH+directories)c(in)k(the)g(current)f(directory)f(if)j(not)e(in)i
17229 (CDPATH)581 2052 y(else)772 2162 y(IFS=$'\\n')772 2271
17230 y(_skipdot=false)772 2381 y(#)f(preprocess)e(CDPATH)h(to)i(convert)d
17231 (null)i(directory)e(names)i(to)g(.)772 2491 y(_cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:})
17232 772 2600 y(_cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.)o(:})772 2710 y
17233 (_cdpath=${_cdpath/\045:/:.})772 2819 y(for)g(i)g(in)g
17234 (${_cdpath//:/$'\\n'};)c(do)963 2929 y(if)k([[)g($i)g(-ef)g(.)h(]];)f
17235 (then)f(_skipdot=true;)e(fi)963 3039 y(k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}")963
17236 3148 y(for)j(j)g(in)g($\()g(compgen)f(-d)h(--)h("$i/$cur")d(\);)i(do)
17237 1154 3258 y(COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/})375 b(#)48 b(cut)f(off)f(directory)
17238 963 3367 y(done)772 3477 y(done)772 3587 y($_skipdot)f(||)i
17239 (COMPREPLY+=\()e($\(compgen)g(-d)i(--)g("$cur"\))f(\))772
17240 3696 y(IFS=$')g(\\t\\n')581 3806 y(fi)581 4025 y(#)h(variable)f(names)g
17241 (if)h(appropriate)e(shell)i(option)f(set)h(and)f(no)i(completions)581
17242 4134 y(if)f(shopt)f(-q)i(cdable_vars)c(&&)k([[)f(${#COMPREPLY[@]})c
17243 (-eq)k(0)g(]];)g(then)772 4244 y(COMPREPLY=\()e($\(compgen)g(-v)i(--)g
17244 ("$cur"\))f(\))581 4354 y(fi)581 4573 y(return)g(0)390
17245 4682 y(})275 4902 y Fu(W)-8 b(e)31 b(install)g(the)g(completion)h
17246 (function)e(using)f(the)i Ft(-F)f Fu(option)h(to)g Ft(complete)p
17247 Fu(:)390 5121 y Ft(#)47 b(Tell)g(readline)f(to)h(quote)f(appropriate)f
17248 (and)i(append)f(slashes)g(to)h(directories;)390 5230
17249 y(#)g(use)g(the)g(bash)g(default)f(completion)f(for)i(other)f
17250 (arguments)390 5340 y(complete)g(-o)h(filenames)e(-o)i(nospace)f(-o)h
17251 (bashdefault)e(-F)i(_comp_cd)f(cd)p eop end
17252 %%Page: 132 138
17253 TeXDict begin 132 137 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17254 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(132)150 299 y(Since)33
17255 b(w)m(e'd)g(lik)m(e)i(Bash)e(and)f(Readline)i(to)g(tak)m(e)g(care)g(of)
17256 f(some)h(of)f(the)g(other)h(details)g(for)e(us,)i(w)m(e)f(use)150
17257 408 y(sev)m(eral)43 b(other)g(options)f(to)h(tell)g(Bash)f(and)f
17258 (Readline)i(what)f(to)g(do.)76 b(The)41 b Ft(-o)30 b(filenames)39
17259 b Fu(option)150 518 y(tells)j(Readline)g(that)g(the)f(p)s(ossible)g
17260 (completions)h(should)f(b)s(e)f(treated)i(as)g(\014lenames,)i(and)d
17261 (quoted)150 628 y(appropriately)-8 b(.)53 b(That)34 b(option)h(will)g
17262 (also)g(cause)g(Readline)g(to)g(app)s(end)e(a)h(slash)g(to)h
17263 (\014lenames)g(it)g(can)150 737 y(determine)i(are)g(directories)h
17264 (\(whic)m(h)g(is)f(wh)m(y)f(w)m(e)i(migh)m(t)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g
17265 (extend)f Ft(_comp_cd)e Fu(to)i(app)s(end)f(a)150 847
17266 y(slash)22 b(if)g(w)m(e're)h(using)f(directories)h(found)e(via)i
17267 Fr(CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)10 b Fu(:)37 b(Readline)23 b(can't)g(tell)g(those)g
17268 (completions)h(are)150 956 y(directories\).)45 b(The)31
17269 b Ft(-o)f(nospace)f Fu(option)j(tells)g(Readline)g(to)h(not)e(app)s
17270 (end)f(a)i(space)g(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)150 1066 y(directory)c
17271 (name,)h(in)f(case)h(w)m(e)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)f(app)s(end)f(to)h(it.)41
17272 b(The)27 b Ft(-o)j(bashdefault)25 b Fu(option)j(brings)f(in)h(the)150
17273 1176 y(rest)h(of)f(the)h Ft(")p Fu(Bash)f(default)p Ft(")h
17274 Fu(completions)g({)g(p)s(ossible)f(completion)i(that)f(Bash)f(adds)g
17275 (to)h(the)g(default)150 1285 y(Readline)40 b(set.)68
17276 b(These)39 b(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i(command)e(name)g(completion,)
17277 44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(completion)150 1395 y(for)i(w)m(ords)g(b)s
17278 (eginning)f(with)h(`)p Ft({)p Fu(',)k(completions)e(con)m(taining)f
17279 (pathname)g(expansion)f(patterns)g(\(see)150 1504 y(Section)31
17280 b(3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)e(page)i(30\),)f(and)f(so)h(on.)275
17281 1639 y(Once)39 b(installed)i(using)e Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h
17282 Ft(_comp_cd)d Fu(will)j(b)s(e)g(called)g(ev)m(ery)h(time)f(w)m(e)g
17283 (attempt)h(w)m(ord)150 1748 y(completion)32 b(for)e(a)h
17284 Ft(cd)e Fu(command.)275 1883 y(Man)m(y)34 b(more)g(examples)g({)g(an)g
17285 (extensiv)m(e)h(collection)i(of)c(completions)i(for)f(most)g(of)g(the)g
17286 (common)150 1993 y(GNU,)g(Unix,)h(and)d(Lin)m(ux)h(commands)g({)h(are)g
17287 (a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)36 b(as)e(part)f(of)h(the)f(bash)p
17288 2943 1993 28 4 v 39 w(completion)i(pro)5 b(ject.)150
17289 2102 y(This)33 b(is)h(installed)h(b)m(y)f(default)g(on)g(man)m(y)h
17290 (GNU/Lin)m(ux)f(distributions.)51 b(Originally)35 b(written)f(b)m(y)g
17291 (Ian)150 2212 y(Macdonald,)45 b(the)c(pro)5 b(ject)42
17292 b(no)m(w)f(liv)m(es)i(at)f Ft(http:)9 b(/)g(/)e(bash-completio)o(n)i(.)
17293 e(a)o(lio)o(th)i(.)d(debi)o(an)j(.)d(org)i(/)f Fu(.)150
17294 2321 y(There)30 b(are)h(p)s(orts)e(for)h(other)h(systems)f(suc)m(h)g
17295 (as)h(Solaris)g(and)f(Mac)h(OS)f(X.)275 2456 y(An)54
17296 b(older)h(v)m(ersion)h(of)f(the)g(bash)p 1532 2456 V
17297 40 w(completion)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)57 b(is)e(distributed)f(with)h(bash)
17298 f(in)h(the)150 2565 y Ft(examples/complete)26 b Fu(sub)s(directory)-8
17299 b(.)p eop end
17300 %%Page: 133 139
17301 TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17302 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(133)150
17303 299 y Fp(9)80 b(Using)53 b(History)g(In)l(teractiv)l(ely)150
17304 543 y Fu(This)42 b(c)m(hapter)h(describ)s(es)f(ho)m(w)g(to)h(use)g(the)
17305 f Fm(gnu)h Fu(History)g(Library)e(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8
17306 b(,)50 b(from)42 b(a)h(user's)150 653 y(standp)s(oin)m(t.)76
17307 b(It)42 b(should)f(b)s(e)h(considered)g(a)g(user's)g(guide.)76
17308 b(F)-8 b(or)43 b(information)f(on)g(using)g(the)g Fm(gnu)150
17309 762 y Fu(History)31 b(Library)f(in)g(other)g(programs,)g(see)h(the)g
17310 Fm(gnu)f Fu(Readline)h(Library)f(Man)m(ual.)150 1000
17311 y Fs(9.1)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(F)-11 b(acilities)150
17312 1159 y Fu(When)44 b(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(history)42 b Fu(option)i(to)h(the)
17313 f Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(enabled)g(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)h([The)e
17314 (Set)150 1269 y(Builtin],)32 b(page)g(58\),)h(the)e(shell)h(pro)m
17315 (vides)f(access)h(to)g(the)f Fr(command)g(history)p Fu(,)h(the)f(list)h
17316 (of)f(commands)150 1378 y(previously)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)47
17317 b(The)33 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTSIZE)e
17318 Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(used)e(as)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
17319 (of)i(com-)150 1488 y(mands)i(to)i(sa)m(v)m(e)h(in)e(a)g(history)h
17320 (list.)58 b(The)36 b(text)h(of)g(the)f(last)h Ft($HISTSIZE)d
17321 Fu(commands)i(\(default)g(500\))150 1597 y(is)h(sa)m(v)m(ed.)61
17322 b(The)36 b(shell)h(stores)h(eac)m(h)g(command)e(in)h(the)g(history)g
17323 (list)g(prior)f(to)i(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ari-)150
17324 1707 y(able)33 b(expansion)g(but)f(after)h(history)f(expansion)h(is)g
17325 (p)s(erformed,)e(sub)5 b(ject)33 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)33
17326 b(of)g(the)g(shell)150 1817 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b Ft(HISTIGNORE)d
17327 Fu(and)h Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)275 1954 y(When)g(the)g(shell)h(starts)g
17328 (up,)f(the)h(history)f(is)h(initialized)h(from)e(the)h(\014le)f(named)g
17329 (b)m(y)h(the)f Ft(HISTFILE)150 2064 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)26
17330 b(\(default)g Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(\).)35 b(The)24
17331 b(\014le)i(named)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)h
17332 Ft(HISTFILE)c Fu(is)k(truncated,)150 2174 y(if)42 b(necessary)-8
17333 b(,)45 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)f(more)g(than)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
17334 (of)h(lines)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)42
17335 b(of)g(the)150 2283 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)28 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)46
17336 b(When)31 b(a)h(shell)g(with)g(history)f(enabled)h(exits,)h(the)f(last)
17337 h Ft($HISTSIZE)c Fu(lines)150 2393 y(are)35 b(copied)g(from)g(the)g
17338 (history)f(list)i(to)f(the)g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h
17339 Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(.)51 b(If)35 b(the)g Ft(histappend)d
17340 Fu(shell)150 2502 y(option)26 b(is)g(set)g(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)h
17341 ([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(48\),)h(the)e(lines)g(are)g(app)s(ended)e
17342 (to)i(the)g(history)150 2612 y(\014le,)36 b(otherwise)f(the)g(history)f
17343 (\014le)h(is)f(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)55 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTFILE)e
17344 Fu(is)j(unset,)g(or)g(if)f(the)h(history)f(\014le)h(is)150
17345 2721 y(un)m(writable,)f(the)f(history)g(is)g(not)h(sa)m(v)m(ed.)49
17346 b(After)34 b(sa)m(ving)g(the)f(history)-8 b(,)34 b(the)g(history)f
17347 (\014le)g(is)g(truncated)150 2831 y(to)g(con)m(tain)h(no)f(more)g(than)
17348 f Ft($HISTFILESIZE)d Fu(lines.)48 b(If)33 b Ft(HISTFILESIZE)c
17349 Fu(is)k(unset,)g(or)f(set)i(to)f(n)m(ull,)h(a)150 2941
17350 y(non-n)m(umeric)c(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(or)f(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5
17351 b(alue)31 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)h(the)g(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(not)h
17352 (truncated.)275 3078 y(If)g(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)d
17353 Fu(is)j(set,)h(the)f(time)h(stamp)f(information)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)
17354 e(eac)m(h)h(history)150 3188 y(en)m(try)d(is)h(written)f(to)h(the)f
17355 (history)h(\014le,)f(mark)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)h(c)
17356 m(haracter.)43 b(When)30 b(the)150 3298 y(history)22
17357 b(\014le)h(is)g(read,)h(lines)f(b)s(eginning)e(with)i(the)f(history)h
17358 (commen)m(t)g(c)m(haracter)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(immediately)150
17359 3407 y(b)m(y)30 b(a)h(digit)g(are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)f(timestamps)h
17360 (for)f(the)h(previous)f(history)g(line.)275 3545 y(The)19
17361 b(builtin)h(command)g Ft(fc)g Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(list)g
17362 (or)g(edit)g(and)e(re-execute)j(a)f(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h(history)150
17363 3655 y(list.)41 b(The)27 b Ft(history)f Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e
17364 (used)g(to)i(displa)m(y)g(or)f(mo)s(dify)f(the)h(history)g(list)h(and)f
17365 (manipulate)150 3764 y(the)j(history)g(\014le.)42 b(When)31
17366 b(using)f(command-line)h(editing,)h(searc)m(h)f(commands)g(are)g(a)m(v)
17367 -5 b(ailable)33 b(in)e(eac)m(h)150 3874 y(editing)45
17368 b(mo)s(de)g(that)g(pro)m(vide)g(access)h(to)f(the)g(history)f(list)i
17369 (\(see)f(Section)h(8.4.2)g([Commands)e(F)-8 b(or)150
17370 3983 y(History],)31 b(page)h(116\).)275 4121 y(The)47
17371 b(shell)i(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)f(o)m(v)m(er)h(whic)m(h)e(commands)g
17372 (are)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)f(the)h(history)f(list.)95 b(The)150
17373 4231 y Ft(HISTCONTROL)25 b Fu(and)j Ft(HISTIGNORE)e Fu(v)-5
17374 b(ariables)29 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(cause)g(the)g(shell)f(to)i
17375 (sa)m(v)m(e)g(only)f(a)g(subset)150 4340 y(of)e(the)g(commands)f(en)m
17376 (tered.)40 b(The)26 b Ft(cmdhist)f Fu(shell)i(option,)h(if)f(enabled,)g
17377 (causes)h(the)e(shell)h(to)h(attempt)150 4450 y(to)23
17378 b(sa)m(v)m(e)h(eac)m(h)f(line)g(of)f(a)h(m)m(ulti-line)g(command)f(in)g
17379 (the)h(same)f(history)g(en)m(try)-8 b(,)25 b(adding)d(semicolons)h
17380 (where)150 4560 y(necessary)37 b(to)f(preserv)m(e)h(syn)m(tactic)h
17381 (correctness.)58 b(The)36 b Ft(lithist)e Fu(shell)i(option)h(causes)g
17382 (the)f(shell)g(to)150 4669 y(sa)m(v)m(e)25 b(the)e(command)h(with)f(em)
17383 m(b)s(edded)f(newlines)h(instead)h(of)f(semicolons.)40
17384 b(The)23 b Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)i(is)h(used)150 4779
17385 y(to)31 b(set)g(these)g(options.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g
17386 (Builtins],)g(page)g(48,)h(for)e(a)h(description)f(of)h
17387 Ft(shopt)p Fu(.)150 5016 y Fs(9.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(Builtins)150
17388 5176 y Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(builtin)e(commands)g
17389 (whic)m(h)g(manipulate)g(the)h(history)f(list)h(and)f(history)g
17390 (\014le.)150 5340 y Ft(fc)p eop end
17391 %%Page: 134 140
17392 TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17393 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(134)870
17394 299 y Ft(fc)47 b([-e)g Fj(ename)p Ft(])f([-lnr])g([)p
17395 Fj(first)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(last)p Ft(])870 408 y(fc)h(-s)g([)p
17396 Fj(pat)p Ft(=)p Fj(rep)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(command)p Ft(])630
17397 539 y Fu(The)22 b(\014rst)g(form)f(selects)j(a)f(range)g(of)f(commands)
17398 g(from)g Fr(\014rst)i Fu(to)f Fr(last)i Fu(from)d(the)h(history)f(list)
17399 630 648 y(and)i(displa)m(ys)h(or)g(edits)h(and)e(re-executes)j(them.)39
17400 b(Both)25 b Fr(\014rst)h Fu(and)f Fr(last)j Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)g(sp)s
17401 (eci\014ed)630 758 y(as)31 b(a)g(string)f(\(to)i(lo)s(cate)h(the)d
17402 (most)h(recen)m(t)h(command)f(b)s(eginning)e(with)i(that)g(string\))g
17403 (or)630 867 y(as)d(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(\(an)h(index)f(in)m(to)i(the)f
17404 (history)g(list,)h(where)e(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(is)h
17405 (used)f(as)630 977 y(an)g(o\013set)i(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(command)
17406 h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er\).)39 b(If)27 b Fr(last)j Fu(is)e(not)f(sp)s
17407 (eci\014ed)g(it)h(is)g(set)g(to)630 1087 y Fr(\014rst)p
17408 Fu(.)47 b(If)32 b Fr(\014rst)i Fu(is)f(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(it)h(is)g
17409 (set)g(to)h(the)f(previous)f(command)h(for)f(editing)i(and)630
17410 1196 y Fq(\000)p Fu(16)j(for)g(listing.)61 b(If)36 b(the)h
17411 Ft(-l)f Fu(\015ag)i(is)e(giv)m(en,)k(the)d(commands)f(are)i(listed)f
17412 (on)g(standard)630 1306 y(output.)59 b(The)36 b Ft(-n)h
17413 Fu(\015ag)g(suppresses)e(the)h(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(when)h
17414 (listing.)60 b(The)37 b Ft(-r)630 1415 y Fu(\015ag)e(rev)m(erses)f(the)
17415 h(order)e(of)i(the)f(listing.)53 b(Otherwise,)35 b(the)f(editor)h(giv)m
17416 (en)g(b)m(y)f Fr(ename)40 b Fu(is)630 1525 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)33
17417 b(on)f(a)g(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(those)f(commands.)44
17418 b(If)31 b Fr(ename)38 b Fu(is)31 b(not)h(giv)m(en,)i(the)d(v)-5
17419 b(alue)630 1634 y(of)29 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29
17420 b(expansion)g(is)g(used:)39 b Ft(${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}})p
17421 Fu(.)34 b(This)630 1744 y(sa)m(ys)g(to)g(use)f(the)h(v)-5
17422 b(alue)34 b(of)f(the)h Ft(FCEDIT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34
17423 b(if)f(set,)i(or)f(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g(the)g
17424 Ft(EDITOR)630 1854 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(if)e(that)i(is)f(set,)i(or)
17425 e Ft(vi)f Fu(if)h(neither)g(is)g(set.)66 b(When)39 b(editing)g(is)g
17426 (complete,)k(the)630 1963 y(edited)31 b(commands)f(are)g(ec)m(ho)s(ed)h
17427 (and)f(executed.)630 2093 y(In)k(the)g(second)g(form,)h
17428 Fr(command)j Fu(is)c(re-executed)i(after)f(eac)m(h)g(instance)g(of)f
17429 Fr(pat)j Fu(in)d(the)630 2203 y(selected)e(command)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)
17430 m(y)f Fr(rep)p Fu(.)41 b Fr(command)34 b Fu(is)c(in)m(tepreted)h(the)g
17431 (same)g(as)g Fr(\014rst)630 2313 y Fu(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630
17432 2443 y(A)g(useful)f(alias)i(to)g(use)e(with)h(the)g Ft(fc)f
17433 Fu(command)h(is)g Ft(r='fc)e(-s')p Fu(,)h(so)h(that)h(t)m(yping)f(`)p
17434 Ft(r)f(cc)p Fu(')630 2552 y(runs)35 b(the)h(last)h(command)f(b)s
17435 (eginning)g(with)g Ft(cc)f Fu(and)h(t)m(yping)g(`)p Ft(r)p
17436 Fu(')h(re-executes)h(the)e(last)630 2662 y(command)30
17437 b(\(see)h(Section)h(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)g(88\).)150
17438 2813 y Ft(history)870 2943 y(history)46 b([)p Fj(n)p
17439 Ft(])870 3052 y(history)g(-c)870 3162 y(history)g(-d)h
17440 Fj(offset)870 3271 y Ft(history)f([-anrw])g([)p Fj(filename)p
17441 Ft(])870 3381 y(history)g(-ps)h Fj(arg)630 3511 y Fu(With)26
17442 b(no)g(options,)h(displa)m(y)f(the)g(history)g(list)g(with)f(line)h(n)m
17443 (um)m(b)s(ers.)38 b(Lines)26 b(pre\014xed)e(with)630
17444 3621 y(a)35 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)
17445 53 b(An)34 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)g Fr(n)f Fu(lists)i(only)f(the)g(last)g
17446 Fr(n)f Fu(lines.)54 b(If)35 b(the)630 3730 y(shell)30
17447 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(is)k(set)h(and)e(not)i
17448 (n)m(ull,)f(it)h(is)f(used)f(as)h(a)h(format)f(string)630
17449 3840 y(for)36 b Fr(strftime)41 b Fu(to)36 b(displa)m(y)g(the)g(time)h
17450 (stamp)f(asso)s(ciated)h(with)f(eac)m(h)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(history)630
17451 3950 y(en)m(try)-8 b(.)47 b(No)33 b(in)m(terv)m(ening)g(blank)f(is)g
17452 (prin)m(ted)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)g(formatted)f(time)h(stamp)g(and)
17453 630 4059 y(the)e(history)f(line.)630 4189 y(Options,)g(if)h(supplied,)e
17454 (ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4340
17455 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clear)23 b(the)g(history)g(list.)39
17456 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)h(with)f(the)h(other)h
17457 (options)1110 4450 y(to)31 b(replace)g(the)g(history)f(list)h
17458 (completely)-8 b(.)630 4600 y Ft(-d)30 b Fj(offset)66
17459 b Fu(Delete)25 b(the)f(history)f(en)m(try)h(at)g(p)s(osition)f
17460 Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)39 b Fr(o\013set)27 b Fu(should)22
17461 b(b)s(e)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)1110 4710 y(as)31 b(it)g(app)s(ears)e(when)h
17462 (the)g(history)g(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed.)630 4861 y Ft(-a)384
17463 b Fu(App)s(end)35 b(the)i(new)g(history)g(lines)g(\(history)g(lines)g
17464 (en)m(tered)h(since)f(the)g(b)s(e-)1110 4970 y(ginning)30
17465 b(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(Bash)h(session\))g(to)g(the)g(history)f
17466 (\014le.)630 5121 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(App)s(end)32 b(the)i(history)f
17467 (lines)h(not)g(already)g(read)g(from)f(the)h(history)f(\014le)h(to)1110
17468 5230 y(the)26 b(curren)m(t)f(history)g(list.)40 b(These)25
17469 b(are)h(lines)g(app)s(ended)e(to)i(the)f(history)h(\014le)1110
17470 5340 y(since)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(Bash)h
17471 (session.)p eop end
17472 %%Page: 135 141
17473 TeXDict begin 135 140 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17474 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(135)630
17475 299 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(the)f(history)g(\014le)h(and)f(app)s
17476 (end)e(its)j(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(to)f(the)g(history)f(list.)630
17477 447 y Ft(-w)384 b Fu(W)-8 b(rite)32 b(out)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(history)
17478 g(list)h(to)h(the)e(history)g(\014le.)630 595 y Ft(-p)384
17479 b Fu(P)m(erform)31 b(history)f(substitution)h(on)f(the)h
17480 Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)31 b(and)f(displa)m(y)h(the)f(result)h(on)1110
17481 705 y(the)d(standard)f(output,)i(without)f(storing)g(the)g(results)g
17482 (in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)630 853 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(The)30
17483 b Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)30 b(are)h(added)f(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h(the)f
17484 (history)h(list)g(as)f(a)h(single)g(en)m(try)-8 b(.)630
17485 1001 y(When)26 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)g Ft(-w)p Fu(,)h Ft(-r)p
17486 Fu(,)g Ft(-a)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(-n)f Fu(options)i(is)f(used,)h(if)f
17487 Fr(\014lename)32 b Fu(is)26 b(giv)m(en,)i(then)e(it)h(is)630
17488 1111 y(used)h(as)g(the)h(history)f(\014le.)40 b(If)28
17489 b(not,)i(then)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)g Ft(HISTFILE)d
17490 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)f(used.)150 1332 y Fs(9.3)68
17491 b(History)46 b(Expansion)150 1492 y Fu(The)f(History)h(library)e(pro)m
17492 (vides)i(a)f(history)g(expansion)g(feature)h(that)g(is)f(similar)h(to)g
17493 (the)f(history)150 1601 y(expansion)g(pro)m(vided)f(b)m(y)h
17494 Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83 b(This)44 b(section)i(describ)s(es)e(the)h(syn)m(tax)h
17495 (used)e(to)i(manipulate)f(the)150 1711 y(history)30 b(information.)275
17496 1840 y(History)h(expansions)f(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(w)m(ords)g(from)g(the)h
17497 (history)f(list)h(in)m(to)g(the)g(input)f(stream,)h(making)150
17498 1949 y(it)g(easy)g(to)g(rep)s(eat)g(commands,)f(insert)g(the)h(argumen)
17499 m(ts)f(to)h(a)g(previous)f(command)g(in)m(to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)150
17500 2059 y(input)f(line,)i(or)g(\014x)f(errors)f(in)h(previous)g(commands)g
17501 (quic)m(kly)-8 b(.)275 2188 y(History)27 b(expansion)f(tak)m(es)i
17502 (place)f(in)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(parts.)39 b(The)26 b(\014rst)g(is)g(to)h
17503 (determine)g(whic)m(h)f(line)h(from)f(the)150 2297 y(history)i(list)g
17504 (should)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(during)g(substitution.)39 b(The)27
17505 b(second)h(is)g(to)h(select)g(p)s(ortions)e(of)h(that)h(line)150
17506 2407 y(for)d(inclusion)f(in)m(to)i(the)f(curren)m(t)f(one.)40
17507 b(The)25 b(line)h(selected)h(from)f(the)g(history)f(is)h(called)h(the)f
17508 Fr(ev)m(en)m(t)p Fu(,)j(and)150 2517 y(the)21 b(p)s(ortions)g(of)g
17509 (that)h(line)f(that)h(are)g(acted)g(up)s(on)e(are)h(called)h
17510 Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(.)38 b(V)-8 b(arious)21 b Fr(mo)s(di\014ers)j
17511 Fu(are)e(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 2626 y(to)35 b(manipulate)f(the)g
17512 (selected)i(w)m(ords.)51 b(The)33 b(line)h(is)g(brok)m(en)g(in)m(to)h
17513 (w)m(ords)e(in)h(the)g(same)h(fashion)e(that)150 2736
17514 y(Bash)i(do)s(es,)h(so)f(that)h(sev)m(eral)g(w)m(ords)e(surrounded)f(b)
17515 m(y)i(quotes)g(are)g(considered)g(one)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(History)150
17516 2845 y(expansions)34 b(are)g(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(app)s
17517 (earance)g(of)g(the)g(history)g(expansion)g(c)m(haracter,)i(whic)m(h)e
17518 (is)150 2955 y(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')d(b)m(y)f(default.)41
17519 b(Only)29 b(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')i(and)f(`)p Ft(')p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f
17520 (used)g(to)h(escap)s(e)g(the)f(history)g(expansion)h(c)m(haracter.)275
17521 3084 y(Sev)m(eral)40 b(shell)g(options)g(settable)h(with)e(the)h
17522 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)150
17523 3194 y(page)32 b(48\))h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(tailor)g(the)e(b)s
17524 (eha)m(vior)h(of)g(history)g(expansion.)44 b(If)31 b(the)h
17525 Ft(histverify)d Fu(shell)150 3303 y(option)39 b(is)f(enabled,)i(and)e
17526 (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)j(history)e(substitutions)g(are)g
17527 (not)h(immediately)150 3413 y(passed)30 b(to)h(the)g(shell)g(parser.)40
17528 b(Instead,)30 b(the)h(expanded)f(line)h(is)f(reloaded)h(in)m(to)h(the)e
17529 (Readline)h(editing)150 3522 y(bu\013er)e(for)i(further)e(mo)s
17530 (di\014cation.)41 b(If)30 b(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)g(and)g
17531 (the)g Ft(histreedit)e Fu(shell)i(option)150 3632 y(is)k(enabled,)h(a)g
17532 (failed)g(history)f(expansion)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(reloaded)g(in)m(to)h
17533 (the)g(Readline)f(editing)h(bu\013er)e(for)150 3741 y(correction.)68
17534 b(The)38 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(to)h(the)f Ft(history)e
17535 Fu(builtin)i(command)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(see)g(what)f(a)150
17536 3851 y(history)f(expansion)f(will)h(do)g(b)s(efore)f(using)h(it.)63
17537 b(The)37 b Ft(-s)g Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g Ft(history)e
17538 Fu(builtin)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)150 3961 y(used)21 b(to)i(add)f(commands)g
17539 (to)g(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f(history)g(list)h(without)f(actually)i
17540 (executing)f(them,)h(so)e(that)150 4070 y(they)31 b(are)f(a)m(v)-5
17541 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(subsequen)m(t)g(recall.)42 b(This)29
17542 b(is)i(most)g(useful)e(in)h(conjunction)h(with)f(Readline.)275
17543 4199 y(The)j(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)h(of)e(the)g(v)-5
17544 b(arious)34 b(c)m(haracters)h(used)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(history)g(expansion)
17545 g(mec)m(h-)150 4309 y(anism)h(with)g(the)g Ft(histchars)d
17546 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(as)d(explained)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)f
17547 (Section)f(5.2)i([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)150 4418 y(page)32
17548 b(69\).)44 b(The)31 b(shell)g(uses)g(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)i(c)m
17549 (haracter)f(to)g(mark)f(history)g(timestamps)h(when)150
17550 4528 y(writing)e(the)h(history)f(\014le.)150 4716 y Fk(9.3.1)63
17551 b(Ev)m(en)m(t)39 b(Designators)150 4863 y Fu(An)32 b(ev)m(en)m(t)j
17552 (designator)e(is)g(a)g(reference)g(to)h(a)f(command)f(line)h(en)m(try)g
17553 (in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)48 b(Unless)33 b(the)150
17554 4973 y(reference)e(is)f(absolute,)i(ev)m(en)m(ts)f(are)g(relativ)m(e)i
17555 (to)e(the)f(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)h(in)f(the)h(history)f(list.)150
17556 5121 y Ft(!)432 b Fu(Start)34 b(a)f(history)h(substitution,)g(except)g
17557 (when)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(a)h(space,)h(tab,)f(the)g(end)f(of)630
17558 5230 y(the)i(line,)g(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(\()p
17559 Fu(')h(\(when)e(the)i Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)f(is)h(enabled)f
17560 (using)g(the)g Ft(shopt)630 5340 y Fu(builtin\).)p eop
17561 end
17562 %%Page: 136 142
17563 TeXDict begin 136 141 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17564 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(136)150
17565 299 y Ft(!)p Fj(n)384 b Fu(Refer)30 b(to)i(command)e(line)g
17566 Fr(n)p Fu(.)150 460 y Ft(!-)p Fj(n)336 b Fu(Refer)30
17567 b(to)i(the)e(command)g Fr(n)g Fu(lines)h(bac)m(k.)150
17568 622 y Ft(!!)384 b Fu(Refer)30 b(to)i(the)e(previous)g(command.)40
17569 b(This)30 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)f(for)g(`)p Ft(!-1)p
17570 Fu('.)150 784 y Ft(!)p Fj(string)144 b Fu(Refer)25 b(to)h(the)f(most)h
17571 (recen)m(t)g(command)f(preceding)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)g(in)
17572 g(the)g(history)630 893 y(list)31 b(starting)g(with)f
17573 Fr(string)p Fu(.)150 1055 y Ft(!?)p Fj(string)p Ft([?])630
17574 1164 y Fu(Refer)25 b(to)h(the)f(most)h(recen)m(t)g(command)f(preceding)
17575 g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)g(in)g(the)g(history)630
17576 1274 y(list)32 b(con)m(taining)i Fr(string)p Fu(.)45
17577 b(The)31 b(trailing)i(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(omitted)i(if)f
17578 (the)g Fr(string)39 b Fu(is)32 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)630 1384
17579 y(immediately)g(b)m(y)e(a)h(newline.)150 1545 y Ft(^)p
17580 Fj(string1)p Ft(^)p Fj(string2)p Ft(^)630 1655 y Fu(Quic)m(k)h
17581 (Substitution.)44 b(Rep)s(eat)32 b(the)g(last)h(command,)f(replacing)g
17582 Fr(string1)40 b Fu(with)31 b Fr(string2)p Fu(.)630 1764
17583 y(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(!!:s/)p Fj(string1)p
17584 Ft(/)p Fj(string2)p Ft(/)p Fu(.)150 1926 y Ft(!#)384
17585 b Fu(The)30 b(en)m(tire)h(command)f(line)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(so)h(far.)150
17586 2127 y Fk(9.3.2)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 b(Designators)150
17587 2274 y Fu(W)-8 b(ord)27 b(designators)h(are)g(used)e(to)i(select)h
17588 (desired)d(w)m(ords)h(from)f(the)i(ev)m(en)m(t.)41 b(A)27
17589 b(`)p Ft(:)p Fu(')g(separates)h(the)f(ev)m(en)m(t)150
17590 2384 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)38 b(from)e(the)h(w)m(ord)f(designator.)61
17591 b(It)37 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(omitted)i(if)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(designator)g
17592 (b)s(egins)150 2494 y(with)30 b(a)g(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(',)g(`)p
17593 Ft($)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)f(or)g(`)p
17594 Ft(\045)p Fu('.)41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)e(from)i
17595 (the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)g(line,)g(with)g(the)150
17596 2603 y(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(denoted)h(b)m(y)f(0)h(\(zero\).)
17597 41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)g(inserted)f(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f
17598 (line)g(separated)h(b)m(y)150 2713 y(single)h(spaces.)275
17599 2849 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)150 3012 y Ft(!!)384 b
17600 Fu(designates)37 b(the)f(preceding)g(command.)57 b(When)35
17601 b(y)m(ou)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(this,)h(the)f(preceding)g(com-)630
17602 3122 y(mand)30 b(is)g(rep)s(eated)g(in)g(toto.)150 3283
17603 y Ft(!!:$)288 b Fu(designates)23 b(the)g(last)g(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(the)
17604 h(preceding)f(command.)38 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(shortened)630
17605 3393 y(to)31 b Ft(!$)p Fu(.)150 3555 y Ft(!fi:2)240 b
17606 Fu(designates)30 b(the)g(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(most)f
17607 (recen)m(t)i(command)e(starting)h(with)f(the)630 3664
17608 y(letters)j Ft(fi)p Fu(.)275 3827 y(Here)e(are)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f
17609 (designators:)150 3990 y Ft(0)g(\(zero\))114 b Fu(The)30
17610 b Ft(0)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(man)m(y)g(applications,)h
17611 (this)e(is)g(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord.)150 4151 y Fj(n)432
17612 b Fu(The)30 b Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord.)150 4313 y Ft(^)432
17613 b Fu(The)30 b(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t;)j(that)f(is,)f(w)m(ord)g(1.)150
17614 4474 y Ft($)432 b Fu(The)30 b(last)h(argumen)m(t.)150
17615 4636 y Ft(\045)432 b Fu(The)30 b(w)m(ord)g(matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(the)h
17616 (most)g(recen)m(t)g(`)p Ft(?)p Fj(string)p Ft(?)p Fu(')e(searc)m(h.)150
17617 4798 y Fj(x)p Ft(-)p Fj(y)336 b Fu(A)30 b(range)h(of)g(w)m(ords;)f(`)p
17618 Ft(-)p Fj(y)p Fu(')g(abbreviates)h(`)p Ft(0-)p Fj(y)p
17619 Fu('.)150 4959 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(All)28 b(of)g(the)g(w)m(ords,)g(except)h
17620 (the)e Ft(0)p Fu(th.)40 b(This)27 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)f(for)h(`)p
17621 Ft(1-$)p Fu('.)39 b(It)28 b(is)g(not)g(an)f(error)630
17622 5069 y(to)j(use)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(if)h(there)g(is)g(just)f(one)h(w)m
17623 (ord)f(in)g(the)h(ev)m(en)m(t;)i(the)d(empt)m(y)i(string)e(is)h
17624 (returned)e(in)630 5178 y(that)j(case.)150 5340 y Fj(x)p
17625 Ft(*)384 b Fu(Abbreviates)31 b(`)p Fj(x)p Ft(-$)p Fu(')p
17626 eop end
17627 %%Page: 137 143
17628 TeXDict begin 137 142 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17629 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(137)150
17630 299 y Fj(x)p Ft(-)384 b Fu(Abbreviates)31 b(`)p Fj(x)p
17631 Ft(-$)p Fu(')f(lik)m(e)h(`)p Fj(x)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(but)f(omits)h(the)f
17632 (last)h(w)m(ord.)275 458 y(If)i(a)h(w)m(ord)g(designator)g(is)g
17633 (supplied)f(without)h(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(the)e
17634 (previous)f(command)150 568 y(is)d(used)g(as)h(the)f(ev)m(en)m(t.)150
17635 767 y Fk(9.3.3)63 b(Mo)s(di\014ers)150 914 y Fu(After)29
17636 b(the)g(optional)g(w)m(ord)g(designator,)g(y)m(ou)g(can)g(add)f(a)h
17637 (sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)f(more)h(of)g(the)f(follo)m(wing)150
17638 1024 y(mo)s(di\014ers,)h(eac)m(h)j(preceded)e(b)m(y)g(a)h(`)p
17639 Ft(:)p Fu('.)150 1183 y Ft(h)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32
17640 b(a)f(trailing)g(pathname)g(comp)s(onen)m(t,)g(lea)m(ving)h(only)e(the)
17641 h(head.)150 1342 y Ft(t)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(all)f(leading)h
17642 (pathname)e(comp)s(onen)m(ts,)h(lea)m(ving)h(the)e(tail.)150
17643 1502 y Ft(r)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)f(trailing)g(su\016x)f(of)g
17644 (the)h(form)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fj(suffix)p Fu(',)f(lea)m(ving)j(the)f
17645 (basename.)150 1661 y Ft(e)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(all)f(but)f(the)h
17646 (trailing)g(su\016x.)150 1821 y Ft(p)432 b Fu(Prin)m(t)30
17647 b(the)h(new)f(command)g(but)g(do)g(not)g(execute)i(it.)150
17648 1980 y Ft(q)432 b Fu(Quote)31 b(the)f(substituted)g(w)m(ords,)g
17649 (escaping)h(further)e(substitutions.)150 2139 y Ft(x)432
17650 b Fu(Quote)32 b(the)f(substituted)g(w)m(ords)f(as)i(with)f(`)p
17651 Ft(q)p Fu(',)h(but)e(break)h(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)d(at)i(spaces,)h(tabs,)
17652 630 2249 y(and)d(newlines.)150 2408 y Ft(s/)p Fj(old)p
17653 Ft(/)p Fj(new)p Ft(/)630 2518 y Fu(Substitute)i Fr(new)40
17654 b Fu(for)32 b(the)h(\014rst)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f Fr(old)37
17655 b Fu(in)32 b(the)h(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)48 b(An)m(y)32
17656 b(delimiter)630 2628 y(ma)m(y)25 b(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(place)i(of)f(`)p
17657 Ft(/)p Fu('.)39 b(The)24 b(delimiter)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(quoted)h(in)f
17658 Fr(old)29 b Fu(and)24 b Fr(new)32 b Fu(with)25 b(a)630
17659 2737 y(single)k(bac)m(kslash.)40 b(If)28 b(`)p Ft(&)p
17660 Fu(')g(app)s(ears)g(in)f Fr(new)p Fu(,)i(it)f(is)h(replaced)f(b)m(y)g
17661 Fr(old)p Fu(.)40 b(A)28 b(single)h(bac)m(kslash)630 2847
17662 y(will)35 b(quote)g(the)g(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)54 b(The)34
17663 b(\014nal)g(delimiter)i(is)e(optional)i(if)f(it)g(is)f(the)h(last)h(c)m
17664 (haracter)g(on)630 2956 y(the)31 b(input)e(line.)150
17665 3116 y Ft(&)432 b Fu(Rep)s(eat)31 b(the)f(previous)g(substitution.)150
17666 3275 y Ft(g)150 3385 y(a)432 b Fu(Cause)38 b(c)m(hanges)i(to)f(b)s(e)f
17667 (applied)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(en)m(tire)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)66
17668 b(Used)39 b(in)f(conjunction)630 3494 y(with)30 b(`)p
17669 Ft(s)p Fu(',)h(as)f(in)h Ft(gs/)p Fj(old)p Ft(/)p Fj(new)p
17670 Ft(/)p Fu(,)c(or)j(with)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)150 3654 y
17671 Ft(G)432 b Fu(Apply)30 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(`)p Ft(s)p
17672 Fu(')f(mo)s(di\014er)e(once)i(to)g(eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(in)g(the)g(ev)m
17673 (en)m(t.)p eop end
17674 %%Page: 138 144
17675 TeXDict begin 138 143 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
17676 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(138)150 299 y Fp(10)80
17677 b(Installing)52 b(Bash)150 556 y Fu(This)31 b(c)m(hapter)h(pro)m(vides)
17678 g(basic)g(instructions)f(for)g(installing)i(Bash)f(on)f(the)h(v)-5
17679 b(arious)31 b(supp)s(orted)f(plat-)150 665 y(forms.)40
17680 b(The)28 b(distribution)h(supp)s(orts)e(the)j Fm(gnu)f
17681 Fu(op)s(erating)h(systems,)f(nearly)h(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)f(of)h
17682 (Unix,)150 775 y(and)d(sev)m(eral)j(non-Unix)d(systems)h(suc)m(h)g(as)g
17683 (BeOS)g(and)f(In)m(terix.)40 b(Other)28 b(indep)s(enden)m(t)e(p)s(orts)
17684 h(exist)i(for)150 884 y Fm(ms-dos)p Fu(,)h Fm(os/2)p
17685 Fu(,)g(and)g(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150 1128 y Fs(10.1)68
17686 b(Basic)45 b(Installation)150 1288 y Fu(These)30 b(are)h(installation)h
17687 (instructions)e(for)h(Bash.)275 1430 y(The)e(simplest)i(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)
17688 g(compile)h(Bash)e(is:)199 1572 y(1.)61 b Ft(cd)38 b
17689 Fu(to)h(the)f(directory)h(con)m(taining)h(the)f(source)f(co)s(de)h(and)
17690 f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(./configure)p Fu(')e(to)j(con\014gure)330
17691 1681 y(Bash)c(for)f(y)m(our)h(system.)54 b(If)34 b(y)m(ou're)h(using)f
17692 Ft(csh)g Fu(on)g(an)h(old)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(System)f(V,)h(y)m(ou)g
17693 (migh)m(t)330 1791 y(need)21 b(to)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p
17694 Ft(sh)30 b(./configure)p Fu(')18 b(instead)j(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)h
17695 Ft(csh)e Fu(from)g(trying)h(to)g(execute)h Ft(configure)330
17696 1901 y Fu(itself.)330 2039 y(Running)30 b Ft(configure)f
17697 Fu(tak)m(es)k(some)e(time.)45 b(While)32 b(running,)e(it)i(prin)m(ts)f
17698 (messages)h(telling)h(whic)m(h)330 2149 y(features)e(it)g(is)f(c)m(hec)
17699 m(king)i(for.)199 2287 y(2.)61 b(T)m(yp)s(e)30 b(`)p
17700 Ft(make)p Fu(')g(to)h(compile)g(Bash)g(and)e(build)h(the)g
17701 Ft(bashbug)f Fu(bug)g(rep)s(orting)h(script.)199 2425
17702 y(3.)61 b(Optionally)-8 b(,)32 b(t)m(yp)s(e)e(`)p Ft(make)g(tests)p
17703 Fu(')f(to)i(run)e(the)h(Bash)h(test)g(suite.)199 2563
17704 y(4.)61 b(T)m(yp)s(e)36 b(`)p Ft(make)29 b(install)p
17705 Fu(')35 b(to)i(install)h Ft(bash)d Fu(and)h Ft(bashbug)p
17706 Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(will)i(also)h(install)f(the)g(man)m(ual)330
17707 2673 y(pages)31 b(and)f(Info)g(\014le.)275 2844 y(The)20
17708 b Ft(configure)f Fu(shell)i(script)g(attempts)h(to)g(guess)f(correct)i
17709 (v)-5 b(alues)21 b(for)g(v)-5 b(arious)21 b(system-dep)s(enden)m(t)150
17710 2953 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(used)e(during)g(compilation.)42
17711 b(It)31 b(uses)e(those)i(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(to)h(create)h(a)e
17712 Ft(Makefile)e Fu(in)i(eac)m(h)i(direc-)150 3063 y(tory)k(of)g(the)g
17713 (pac)m(k)-5 b(age)38 b(\(the)e(top)g(directory)-8 b(,)38
17714 b(the)e Ft(builtins)p Fu(,)f Ft(doc)p Fu(,)i(and)e Ft(support)e
17715 Fu(directories,)39 b(eac)m(h)150 3172 y(directory)29
17716 b(under)d Ft(lib)p Fu(,)j(and)e(sev)m(eral)j(others\).)40
17717 b(It)29 b(also)g(creates)h(a)e Ft(config.h)e Fu(\014le)j(con)m(taining)
17718 g(system-)150 3282 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)e(de\014nitions.)40
17719 b(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(it)d(creates)i(a)f(shell)g(script)f(named)g
17720 Ft(config.status)d Fu(that)k(y)m(ou)g(can)150 3392 y(run)h(in)h(the)h
17721 (future)f(to)h(recreate)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(con\014guration,)i(a)f
17722 (\014le)f Ft(config.cache)e Fu(that)j(sa)m(v)m(es)h(the)150
17723 3501 y(results)39 b(of)g(its)h(tests)g(to)g(sp)s(eed)e(up)g
17724 (recon\014guring,)j(and)e(a)g(\014le)g Ft(config.log)e
17725 Fu(con)m(taining)j(compiler)150 3611 y(output)30 b(\(useful)h(mainly)g
17726 (for)f(debugging)h Ft(configure)p Fu(\).)40 b(If)30 b(at)h(some)h(p)s
17727 (oin)m(t)e Ft(config.cache)e Fu(con)m(tains)150 3720
17728 y(results)i(y)m(ou)h(don't)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)h(k)m(eep,)f(y)m(ou)g(ma)m
17729 (y)g(remo)m(v)m(e)g(or)g(edit)g(it.)275 3862 y(T)-8 b(o)37
17730 b(\014nd)f(out)i(more)f(ab)s(out)h(the)f(options)h(and)f(argumen)m(ts)g
17731 (that)h(the)g Ft(configure)d Fu(script)i(under-)150 3972
17732 y(stands,)30 b(t)m(yp)s(e)390 4114 y Ft(bash-2.04$)45
17733 b(./configure)g(--help)150 4256 y Fu(at)31 b(the)g(Bash)f(prompt)g(in)g
17734 (y)m(our)g(Bash)h(source)f(directory)-8 b(.)275 4398
17735 y(If)53 b(y)m(ou)h(need)f(to)i(do)e(un)m(usual)g(things)g(to)i(compile)
17736 g(Bash,)k(please)c(try)e(to)i(\014gure)e(out)h(ho)m(w)150
17737 4508 y Ft(configure)47 b Fu(could)j(c)m(hec)m(k)h(whether)e(or)g(not)h
17738 (to)h(do)e(them,)55 b(and)49 b(mail)h(di\013s)f(or)h(instructions)f(to)
17739 150 4617 y Ft(bash-maintainers@gnu.org)24 b Fu(so)30
17740 b(they)h(can)g(b)s(e)e(considered)i(for)f(the)g(next)h(release.)275
17741 4760 y(The)e(\014le)g Ft(configure.ac)d Fu(is)k(used)e(to)j(create)g
17742 Ft(configure)c Fu(b)m(y)i(a)h(program)f(called)i(Auto)s(conf.)40
17743 b(Y)-8 b(ou)150 4869 y(only)34 b(need)g Ft(configure.ac)d
17744 Fu(if)i(y)m(ou)i(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)f(c)m(hange)i(it)e(or)g(regenerate)i
17745 Ft(configure)31 b Fu(using)j(a)g(new)m(er)150 4979 y(v)m(ersion)25
17746 b(of)f(Auto)s(conf.)39 b(If)24 b(y)m(ou)h(do)f(this,)i(mak)m(e)f(sure)f
17747 (y)m(ou)h(are)f(using)g(Auto)s(conf)h(v)m(ersion)f(2.50)i(or)f(new)m
17748 (er.)275 5121 y(Y)-8 b(ou)29 b(can)f(remo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(program)g
17749 (binaries)f(and)g(ob)5 b(ject)29 b(\014les)g(from)f(the)h(source)f(co)s
17750 (de)h(directory)g(b)m(y)150 5230 y(t)m(yping)j(`)p Ft(make)d(clean)p
17751 Fu('.)42 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(also)g(remo)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(\014les)f(that)g
17752 Ft(configure)e Fu(created)j(\(so)g(y)m(ou)g(can)f(compile)150
17753 5340 y(Bash)g(for)f(a)g(di\013eren)m(t)h(kind)f(of)g(computer\),)h(t)m
17754 (yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(make)e(distclean)p Fu('.)p eop end
17755 %%Page: 139 145
17756 TeXDict begin 139 144 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
17757 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(139)150 299 y Fs(10.2)68
17758 b(Compilers)46 b(and)f(Options)150 458 y Fu(Some)28 b(systems)h
17759 (require)f(un)m(usual)f(options)i(for)f(compilation)i(or)f(linking)f
17760 (that)h(the)g Ft(configure)d Fu(script)150 568 y(do)s(es)32
17761 b(not)g(kno)m(w)g(ab)s(out.)44 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)f(giv)m(e)h
17762 Ft(configure)d Fu(initial)j(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(for)g(v)-5
17763 b(ariables)32 b(b)m(y)g(setting)h(them)150 677 y(in)k(the)g(en)m
17764 (vironmen)m(t.)62 b(Using)38 b(a)f(Bourne-compatible)i(shell,)g(y)m(ou)
17765 f(can)g(do)f(that)h(on)f(the)g(command)150 787 y(line)31
17766 b(lik)m(e)g(this:)390 920 y Ft(CC=c89)46 b(CFLAGS=-O2)f(LIBS=-lposix)g
17767 (./configure)275 1053 y Fu(On)29 b(systems)h(that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f
17768 Ft(env)e Fu(program,)h(y)m(ou)h(can)g(do)f(it)h(lik)m(e)h(this:)390
17769 1186 y Ft(env)47 b(CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/in)o(clud)o(e)42
17770 b(LDFLAGS=-s)j(./configure)275 1318 y Fu(The)29 b(con\014guration)i
17771 (pro)s(cess)f(uses)g(GCC)g(to)h(build)e(Bash)i(if)f(it)h(is)g(a)m(v)-5
17772 b(ailable.)150 1548 y Fs(10.3)68 b(Compiling)46 b(F)-11
17773 b(or)45 b(Multiple)g(Arc)l(hitectures)150 1707 y Fu(Y)-8
17774 b(ou)27 b(can)g(compile)g(Bash)g(for)f(more)h(than)f(one)h(kind)f(of)g
17775 (computer)h(at)g(the)g(same)g(time,)h(b)m(y)e(placing)i(the)150
17776 1817 y(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(\014les)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(arc)m(hitecture)f(in)
17777 f(their)g(o)m(wn)h(directory)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)31
17778 b(do)f(this,)g(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)f(use)g(a)g(v)m(ersion)150
17779 1926 y(of)25 b Ft(make)f Fu(that)h(supp)s(orts)f(the)h
17780 Ft(VPATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)27 b(suc)m(h)e(as)g(GNU)h
17781 Ft(make)p Fu(.)37 b Ft(cd)25 b Fu(to)h(the)f(directory)g(where)g(y)m
17782 (ou)150 2036 y(w)m(an)m(t)34 b(the)f(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(\014les)f(and)f
17783 (executables)i(to)g(go)g(and)e(run)g(the)h Ft(configure)d
17784 Fu(script)j(from)g(the)g(source)150 2145 y(directory)-8
17785 b(.)44 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(supply)e(the)i
17786 Ft(--srcdir=PATH)27 b Fu(argumen)m(t)32 b(to)g(tell)h
17787 Ft(configure)28 b Fu(where)150 2255 y(the)36 b(source)g(\014les)f(are.)
17788 57 b Ft(configure)33 b Fu(automatically)39 b(c)m(hec)m(ks)e(for)e(the)h
17789 (source)g(co)s(de)f(in)h(the)f(directory)150 2364 y(that)c
17790 Ft(configure)d Fu(is)i(in)g(and)g(in)g(`..'.)275 2497
17791 y(If)20 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(to)e(use)g(a)g Ft(make)f
17792 Fu(that)i(do)s(es)e(not)i(supp)s(orts)d(the)i Ft(VPATH)e
17793 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)24 b(y)m(ou)e(can)f(compile)h(Bash)150
17794 2607 y(for)33 b(one)h(arc)m(hitecture)h(at)f(a)g(time)g(in)f(the)h
17795 (source)g(co)s(de)f(directory)-8 b(.)51 b(After)34 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m
17796 (e)h(installed)f(Bash)150 2716 y(for)c(one)h(arc)m(hitecture,)h(use)e
17797 (`)p Ft(make)g(distclean)p Fu(')e(b)s(efore)i(recon\014guring)g(for)g
17798 (another)g(arc)m(hitecture.)275 2849 y(Alternativ)m(ely)-8
17799 b(,)30 b(if)c(y)m(our)g(system)h(supp)s(orts)d(sym)m(b)s(olic)j(links,)
17800 g(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use)f(the)g Ft(support/mkclone)150 2959
17801 y Fu(script)d(to)h(create)g(a)f(build)f(tree)i(whic)m(h)f(has)f(sym)m
17802 (b)s(olic)i(links)e(bac)m(k)i(to)g(eac)m(h)g(\014le)f(in)g(the)g
17803 (source)g(directory)-8 b(.)150 3068 y(Here's)41 b(an)f(example)i(that)f
17804 (creates)h(a)e(build)g(directory)h(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)h
17805 (from)f(a)h(source)150 3178 y(directory)31 b Ft(/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0)p
17806 Fu(:)390 3311 y Ft(bash)47 b(/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/s)o(uppo)o(rt/)o
17807 (mkcl)o(one)41 b(-s)47 b(/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0)42 b(.)150
17808 3444 y Fu(The)c Ft(mkclone)e Fu(script)i(requires)g(Bash,)i(so)f(y)m
17809 (ou)f(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(already)g(built)f(Bash)g(for)g(at)h(least)
17810 h(one)150 3553 y(arc)m(hitecture)32 b(b)s(efore)e(y)m(ou)h(can)f
17811 (create)i(build)e(directories)h(for)f(other)h(arc)m(hitectures.)150
17812 3782 y Fs(10.4)68 b(Installation)47 b(Names)150 3942
17813 y Fu(By)37 b(default,)i(`)p Ft(make)29 b(install)p Fu(')35
17814 b(will)j(install)f(in)m(to)h Ft(/usr/local/bin)p Fu(,)d
17815 Ft(/usr/local/man)p Fu(,)f(etc.)61 b(Y)-8 b(ou)150 4051
17816 y(can)35 b(sp)s(ecify)f(an)h(installation)i(pre\014x)c(other)j(than)e
17817 Ft(/usr/local)e Fu(b)m(y)j(giving)g Ft(configure)e Fu(the)h(option)150
17818 4161 y Ft(--prefix=)p Fj(PATH)p Fu(,)41 b(or)g(b)m(y)g(sp)s(ecifying)h
17819 (a)f(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(for)f(the)h Ft(DESTDIR)d Fu(`)p
17820 Ft(make)p Fu(')i(v)-5 b(ariable)42 b(when)f(running)150
17821 4271 y(`)p Ft(make)29 b(install)p Fu('.)275 4403 y(Y)-8
17822 b(ou)71 b(can)h(sp)s(ecify)f(separate)h(installation)h(pre\014xes)d
17823 (for)h(arc)m(hitecture-sp)s(eci\014c)i(\014les)f(and)150
17824 4513 y(arc)m(hitecture-indep)s(enden)m(t)44 b(\014les.)80
17825 b(If)43 b(y)m(ou)h(giv)m(e)h Ft(configure)c Fu(the)j(option)g
17826 Ft(--exec-prefix=)p Fj(PATH)p Fu(,)150 4623 y(`)p Ft(make)29
17827 b(install)p Fu(')63 b(will)h(use)f Fr(P)-8 b(A)g(TH)75
17828 b Fu(as)64 b(the)g(pre\014x)e(for)i(installing)h(programs)e(and)h
17829 (libraries.)150 4732 y(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)32 b(and)e(other)h(data)g
17830 (\014les)f(will)h(still)g(use)f(the)h(regular)f(pre\014x.)150
17831 4961 y Fs(10.5)68 b(Sp)t(ecifying)45 b(the)g(System)h(T)l(yp)t(e)150
17832 5121 y Fu(There)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(some)i(features)f
17833 Ft(configure)e Fu(can)i(not)g(\014gure)g(out)g(automatically)-8
17834 b(,)52 b(but)44 b(need)h(to)150 5230 y(determine)26 b(b)m(y)g(the)g(t)m
17835 (yp)s(e)g(of)g(host)g(Bash)g(will)g(run)f(on.)39 b(Usually)26
17836 b Ft(configure)d Fu(can)k(\014gure)e(that)h(out,)i(but)150
17837 5340 y(if)g(it)g(prin)m(ts)f(a)h(message)g(sa)m(ying)h(it)f(can)g(not)f
17838 (guess)h(the)g(host)f(t)m(yp)s(e,)i(giv)m(e)g(it)f(the)g
17839 Ft(--host=TYPE)c Fu(option.)p eop end
17840 %%Page: 140 146
17841 TeXDict begin 140 145 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
17842 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(140)150 299 y(`)p Ft(TYPE)p
17843 Fu(')29 b(can)h(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)g(short)f(name)h(for)f(the)h(system)
17844 g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)h(`)p Ft(sun4)p Fu(',)g(or)f(a)h
17845 (canonical)i(name)150 408 y(with)e(three)h(\014elds:)40
17846 b(`)p Ft(CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM)p Fu(')26 b(\(e.g.,)32 b(`)p
17847 Ft(i386-unknown-freebsd4.2)p Fu('\).)275 539 y(See)e(the)h(\014le)f
17848 Ft(support/config.sub)c Fu(for)k(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(v)-5
17849 b(alues)31 b(of)f(eac)m(h)i(\014eld.)150 764 y Fs(10.6)68
17850 b(Sharing)45 b(Defaults)150 924 y Fu(If)d(y)m(ou)i(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)f
17851 (set)h(default)f(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(for)g Ft(configure)d
17852 Fu(scripts)j(to)h(share,)i(y)m(ou)d(can)g(create)i(a)e(site)150
17853 1033 y(shell)48 b(script)f(called)i Ft(config.site)44
17854 b Fu(that)k(giv)m(es)h(default)f(v)-5 b(alues)48 b(for)f(v)-5
17855 b(ariables)48 b(lik)m(e)h Ft(CC)p Fu(,)j Ft(cache_)150
17856 1143 y(file)p Fu(,)c(and)d Ft(prefix)p Fu(.)85 b Ft(configure)43
17857 b Fu(lo)s(oks)j(for)f Ft(PREFIX/share/config.site)39
17858 b Fu(if)46 b(it)g(exists,)k(then)150 1252 y Ft(PREFIX/etc/config.site)
17859 24 b Fu(if)31 b(it)g(exists.)42 b(Or,)30 b(y)m(ou)h(can)g(set)g(the)g
17860 Ft(CONFIG_SITE)c Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)k(v)-5 b(ari-)150
17861 1362 y(able)40 b(to)g(the)g(lo)s(cation)h(of)e(the)h(site)g(script.)67
17862 b(A)40 b(w)m(arning:)58 b(the)40 b(Bash)g Ft(configure)c
17863 Fu(lo)s(oks)k(for)f(a)h(site)150 1472 y(script,)31 b(but)e(not)i(all)g
17864 Ft(configure)d Fu(scripts)i(do.)150 1697 y Fs(10.7)68
17865 b(Op)t(eration)46 b(Con)l(trols)150 1856 y Ft(configure)28
17866 b Fu(recognizes)k(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(options)f(to)g(con)m(trol)h(ho)m
17867 (w)e(it)h(op)s(erates.)150 2008 y Ft(--cache-file=)p
17868 Fj(file)630 2117 y Fu(Use)d(and)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(results)g(of)g
17869 (the)h(tests)f(in)g Fr(\014le)33 b Fu(instead)28 b(of)h
17870 Ft(./config.cache)p Fu(.)36 b(Set)28 b Fr(\014le)630
17871 2227 y Fu(to)j Ft(/dev/null)d Fu(to)j(disable)g(cac)m(hing,)h(for)e
17872 (debugging)g Ft(configure)p Fu(.)150 2379 y Ft(--help)192
17873 b Fu(Prin)m(t)30 b(a)h(summary)e(of)i(the)f(options)h(to)g
17874 Ft(configure)p Fu(,)d(and)i(exit.)150 2531 y Ft(--quiet)150
17875 2641 y(--silent)150 2750 y(-q)384 b Fu(Do)31 b(not)g(prin)m(t)f
17876 (messages)h(sa)m(ying)g(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)g(are)g(b)s(eing)f
17877 (made.)150 2902 y Ft(--srcdir=)p Fj(dir)630 3012 y Fu(Lo)s(ok)i(for)g
17878 (the)g(Bash)g(source)h(co)s(de)f(in)g(directory)g Fr(dir)p
17879 Fu(.)45 b(Usually)33 b Ft(configure)c Fu(can)j(deter-)630
17880 3121 y(mine)e(that)h(directory)g(automatically)-8 b(.)150
17881 3273 y Ft(--version)630 3383 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g
17882 (Auto)s(conf)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(the)f Ft(configure)d
17883 Fu(script,)j(and)f(exit.)275 3535 y Ft(configure)34 b
17884 Fu(also)k(accepts)g(some)g(other,)h(not)e(widely)g(used,)h(b)s
17885 (oilerplate)g(options.)61 b(`)p Ft(configure)150 3644
17886 y(--help)p Fu(')29 b(prin)m(ts)h(the)g(complete)i(list.)150
17887 3869 y Fs(10.8)68 b(Optional)46 b(F)-11 b(eatures)150
17888 4029 y Fu(The)29 b(Bash)h Ft(configure)d Fu(has)j(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
17889 (of)h Ft(--enable-)p Fj(feature)25 b Fu(options,)30 b(where)g
17890 Fr(feature)35 b Fu(indicates)150 4138 y(an)e(optional)i(part)e(of)h
17891 (Bash.)50 b(There)33 b(are)g(also)i(sev)m(eral)g Ft(--with-)p
17892 Fj(package)29 b Fu(options,)35 b(where)e Fr(pac)m(k)-5
17893 b(age)150 4248 y Fu(is)32 b(something)h(lik)m(e)h(`)p
17894 Ft(bash-malloc)p Fu(')c(or)i(`)p Ft(purify)p Fu('.)45
17895 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(turn)e(o\013)i(the)f(default)h(use)f(of)g(a)h(pac)m(k)
17896 -5 b(age,)35 b(use)150 4357 y Ft(--without-)p Fj(package)p
17897 Fu(.)46 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(con\014gure)g(Bash)g(without)f(a)i(feature)f
17898 (that)g(is)g(enabled)g(b)m(y)f(default,)i(use)150 4467
17899 y Ft(--disable-)p Fj(feature)p Fu(.)275 4598 y(Here)28
17900 b(is)g(a)h(complete)g(list)g(of)f(the)h Ft(--enable-)c
17901 Fu(and)j Ft(--with-)e Fu(options)i(that)h(the)f(Bash)g
17902 Ft(configure)150 4707 y Fu(recognizes.)150 4859 y Ft(--with-afs)630
17903 4969 y Fu(De\014ne)j(if)f(y)m(ou)h(are)f(using)g(the)h(Andrew)e(File)j
17904 (System)e(from)g(T)-8 b(ransarc.)150 5121 y Ft(--with-bash-malloc)630
17905 5230 y Fu(Use)34 b(the)g(Bash)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g Ft(malloc)e
17906 Fu(in)i(the)g(directory)h Ft(lib/malloc)p Fu(.)48 b(This)34
17907 b(is)g(not)g(the)630 5340 y(same)e Ft(malloc)e Fu(that)j(app)s(ears)e
17908 (in)g Fm(gnu)h Fu(lib)s(c,)g(but)f(an)h(older)f(v)m(ersion)i
17909 (originally)g(deriv)m(ed)p eop end
17910 %%Page: 141 147
17911 TeXDict begin 141 146 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
17912 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(141)630 299 y(from)32 b(the)h(4.2)g
17913 Fm(bsd)f Ft(malloc)p Fu(.)45 b(This)31 b Ft(malloc)g
17914 Fu(is)i(v)m(ery)f(fast,)i(but)e(w)m(astes)h(some)g(space)g(on)630
17915 408 y(eac)m(h)j(allo)s(cation.)58 b(This)34 b(option)i(is)f(enabled)g
17916 (b)m(y)g(default.)56 b(The)34 b Ft(NOTES)g Fu(\014le)h(con)m(tains)i(a)
17917 630 518 y(list)29 b(of)f(systems)f(for)h(whic)m(h)g(this)g(should)e(b)s
17918 (e)i(turned)e(o\013,)j(and)f Ft(configure)d Fu(disables)j(this)630
17919 628 y(option)j(automatically)i(for)d(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
17920 (systems.)150 789 y Ft(--with-curses)630 899 y Fu(Use)h(the)h(curses)e
17921 (library)h(instead)g(of)h(the)f(termcap)g(library)-8
17922 b(.)46 b(This)32 b(should)f(b)s(e)g(supplied)630 1008
17923 y(if)f(y)m(our)h(system)f(has)g(an)h(inadequate)g(or)f(incomplete)i
17924 (termcap)e(database.)150 1170 y Ft(--with-gnu-malloc)630
17925 1279 y Fu(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(--with-bash-malloc)p
17926 Fu(.)150 1441 y Ft(--with-installed-readlin)o(e[=)p Fj(P)o(REFI)o(X)p
17927 Ft(])630 1550 y Fu(De\014ne)c(this)f(to)h(mak)m(e)h(Bash)f(link)f(with)
17928 g(a)h(lo)s(cally-installed)i(v)m(ersion)e(of)g(Readline)g(rather)630
17929 1660 y(than)f(the)h(v)m(ersion)g(in)f Ft(lib/readline)p
17930 Fu(.)36 b(This)25 b(w)m(orks)g(only)h(with)f(Readline)h(5.0)h(and)e
17931 (later)630 1769 y(v)m(ersions.)46 b(If)32 b Fr(PREFIX)41
17932 b Fu(is)32 b Ft(yes)f Fu(or)i(not)f(supplied,)f Ft(configure)f
17933 Fu(uses)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)h(the)630 1879 y(mak)m(e)28
17934 b(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b Ft(includedir)24 b Fu(and)j Ft(libdir)p
17935 Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)g(are)h(sub)s(directories)f(of)g Ft(prefix)f
17936 Fu(b)m(y)630 1989 y(default,)44 b(to)d(\014nd)f(the)h(installed)g(v)m
17937 (ersion)h(of)f(Readline)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(not)g(in)g(the)g(standard)630
17938 2098 y(system)35 b(include)f(and)g(library)g(directories.)54
17939 b(If)34 b Fr(PREFIX)43 b Fu(is)35 b Ft(no)p Fu(,)g(Bash)f(links)h(with)
17940 f(the)630 2208 y(v)m(ersion)42 b(in)e Ft(lib/readline)p
17941 Fu(.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(PREFIX)51 b Fu(is)41 b(set)g(to)h(an)m(y)g(other)f
17942 (v)-5 b(alue,)44 b Ft(configure)630 2317 y Fu(treats)27
17943 b(it)g(as)f(a)h(directory)g(pathname)f(and)f(lo)s(oks)i(for)f(the)g
17944 (installed)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Readline)630 2427 y(in)34
17945 b(sub)s(directories)f(of)h(that)h(directory)g(\(include)f(\014les)g(in)
17946 g Fr(PREFIX)9 b Fu(/)p Ft(include)32 b Fu(and)i(the)630
17947 2536 y(library)c(in)g Fr(PREFIX)9 b Fu(/)p Ft(lib)p Fu(\).)150
17948 2698 y Ft(--with-purify)630 2807 y Fu(De\014ne)23 b(this)g(to)h(use)f
17949 (the)g(Purify)f(memory)h(allo)s(cation)i(c)m(hec)m(k)m(er)g(from)e
17950 (Rational)i(Soft)m(w)m(are.)150 2969 y Ft(--enable-minimal-config)630
17951 3078 y Fu(This)e(pro)s(duces)f(a)i(shell)g(with)f(minimal)h(features,)h
17952 (close)g(to)f(the)g(historical)h(Bourne)e(shell.)275
17953 3241 y(There)k(are)i(sev)m(eral)g Ft(--enable-)d Fu(options)i(that)h
17954 (alter)g(ho)m(w)f(Bash)g(is)g(compiled)h(and)e(link)m(ed,)i(rather)150
17955 3350 y(than)h(c)m(hanging)h(run-time)f(features.)150
17956 3513 y Ft(--enable-largefile)630 3622 y Fu(Enable)e(supp)s(ort)f(for)h
17957 (large)i(\014les)f(\()p Ft(http://www.sas.com/stand)o(ards)o(/la)o
17958 (rge_)o(file)o(/)630 3732 y(x_open)5 b(.)t(20Mar96)g(.)t(html)p
17959 Fu(\))31 b(if)37 b(the)f(op)s(erating)h(system)g(requires)f(sp)s(ecial)
17960 h(compiler)g(op-)630 3842 y(tions)27 b(to)h(build)e(programs)h(whic)m
17961 (h)g(can)g(access)h(large)h(\014les.)39 b(This)26 b(is)i(enabled)f(b)m
17962 (y)f(default,)630 3951 y(if)k(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(pro)m
17963 (vides)h(large)g(\014le)g(supp)s(ort.)150 4113 y Ft(--enable-profiling)
17964 630 4222 y Fu(This)g(builds)f(a)i(Bash)g(binary)f(that)h(pro)s(duces)e
17965 (pro\014ling)h(information)h(to)h(b)s(e)d(pro)s(cessed)630
17966 4332 y(b)m(y)g Ft(gprof)f Fu(eac)m(h)j(time)f(it)g(is)f(executed.)150
17967 4493 y Ft(--enable-static-link)630 4603 y Fu(This)37
17968 b(causes)h(Bash)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(link)m(ed)h(statically)-8
17969 b(,)43 b(if)37 b Ft(gcc)g Fu(is)g(b)s(eing)g(used.)61
17970 b(This)37 b(could)h(b)s(e)630 4712 y(used)30 b(to)h(build)e(a)i(v)m
17971 (ersion)g(to)g(use)f(as)g(ro)s(ot's)h(shell.)275 4875
17972 y(The)f(`)p Ft(minimal-config)p Fu(')d(option)k(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)f
17973 (to)j(disable)e(all)i(of)f(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(options,)g(but)d(it)150
17974 4984 y(is)h(pro)s(cessed)g(\014rst,)g(so)h(individual)f(options)g(ma)m
17975 (y)h(b)s(e)f(enabled)g(using)g(`)p Ft(enable-)p Fj(feature)p
17976 Fu('.)275 5121 y(All)41 b(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(options)e(except)h
17977 (for)f(`)p Ft(disabled-builtins)p Fu(',)e(`)p Ft(directpand-default)p
17978 Fu(',)150 5230 y(and)45 b(`)p Ft(xpg-echo-default)p Fu(')c(are)k
17979 (enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default,)k(unless)44 b(the)i(op)s(erating)f(system)h
17980 (do)s(es)f(not)150 5340 y(pro)m(vide)30 b(the)h(necessary)g(supp)s
17981 (ort.)p eop end
17982 %%Page: 142 148
17983 TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
17984 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(142)150 299 y Ft(--enable-alias)630
17985 408 y Fu(Allo)m(w)41 b(alias)g(expansion)f(and)f(include)g(the)h
17986 Ft(alias)f Fu(and)g Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtins)j(\(see)g(Sec-)630
17987 518 y(tion)31 b(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(88\).)150 682
17988 y Ft(--enable-arith-for-comma)o(nd)630 792 y Fu(Include)21
17989 b(supp)s(ort)g(for)g(the)i(alternate)g(form)f(of)g(the)g
17990 Ft(for)f Fu(command)h(that)h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)f(lik)m(e)i(the)630
17991 902 y(C)30 b(language)i Ft(for)d Fu(statemen)m(t)j(\(see)g(Section)f
17992 (3.2.4.1)i([Lo)s(oping)d(Constructs],)h(page)g(10\).)150
17993 1066 y Ft(--enable-array-variables)630 1176 y Fu(Include)h(supp)s(ort)g
17994 (for)h(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariables)33
17995 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.7)h([Ar-)630 1285 y(ra)m(ys],)c(page)g(89\).)150
17996 1450 y Ft(--enable-bang-history)630 1559 y Fu(Include)36
17997 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)h Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)h(history)g(substitution)f
17998 (\(see)h(Section)g(9.3)h([History)f(In-)630 1669 y(teraction],)c(page)e
17999 (135\).)150 1833 y Ft(--enable-brace-expansion)630 1943
18000 y Fu(Include)40 b Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)h(brace)f(expansion)g(\()h
18001 Ft(b{a,b}c)d Fq(7!)i Ft(bac)30 b(bbc)39 b Fu(\).)71 b(See)40
18002 b(Section)h(3.5.1)630 2052 y([Brace)32 b(Expansion],)e(page)h(21,)h
18003 (for)e(a)g(complete)i(description.)150 2217 y Ft
18004 (--enable-casemod-attribu)o(tes)630 2326 y Fu(Include)37
18005 b(supp)s(ort)g(for)g(case-mo)s(difying)i(attributes)g(in)e(the)h
18006 Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)i(and)f(as-)630 2436 y(signmen)m(t)29
18007 b(statemen)m(ts.)41 b(V)-8 b(ariables)30 b(with)e(the)g
18008 Fr(upp)s(ercase)k Fu(attribute,)e(for)e(example,)i(will)630
18009 2545 y(ha)m(v)m(e)i(their)e(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)f
18010 (upp)s(ercase)e(up)s(on)g(assignmen)m(t.)150 2710 y Ft
18011 (--enable-casemod-expansi)o(on)630 2819 y Fu(Include)h(supp)s(ort)e
18012 (for)i(case-mo)s(difying)i(w)m(ord)e(expansions.)150
18013 2984 y Ft(--enable-command-timing)630 3093 y Fu(Include)43
18014 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)h(recognizing)i Ft(time)e Fu(as)g(a)h(reserv)m(ed)g
18015 (w)m(ord)f(and)g(for)h(displa)m(ying)630 3203 y(timing)37
18016 b(statistics)h(for)e(the)g(pip)s(eline)g(follo)m(wing)i
18017 Ft(time)d Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.2.2)h([Pip)s(elines],)630
18018 3313 y(page)24 b(8\).)39 b(This)23 b(allo)m(ws)h(pip)s(elines)f(as)h(w)
18019 m(ell)g(as)g(shell)f(builtins)g(and)g(functions)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(timed.)
18020 150 3477 y Ft(--enable-cond-command)630 3587 y Fu(Include)33
18021 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)i(the)g Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)i(command.)51
18022 b(\(see)34 b(Section)h(3.2.4.2)h([Condi-)630 3696 y(tional)c
18023 (Constructs],)e(page)h(10\).)150 3861 y Ft(--enable-cond-regexp)630
18024 3970 y Fu(Include)k(supp)s(ort)f(for)i(matc)m(hing)h
18025 Fm(posix)e Fu(regular)h(expressions)g(using)f(the)h(`)p
18026 Ft(=~)p Fu(')g(binary)630 4080 y(op)s(erator)25 b(in)f(the)h
18027 Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)h(command.)39 b(\(see)25 b(Section)h(3.2.4.2)h
18028 ([Conditional)e(Con-)630 4189 y(structs],)31 b(page)g(10\).)150
18029 4354 y Ft(--enable-coprocesses)630 4463 y Fu(Include)23
18030 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)i(copro)s(cesses)g(and)f(the)h Ft(coproc)e
18031 Fu(reserv)m(ed)i(w)m(ord)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.2)630
18032 4573 y([Pip)s(elines],)31 b(page)g(8\).)150 4737 y Ft
18033 (--enable-debugger)630 4847 y Fu(Include)f(supp)s(ort)e(for)i(the)h
18034 (bash)f(debugger)g(\(distributed)g(separately\).)150
18035 5011 y Ft(--enable-direxpand-defau)o(lt)630 5121 y Fu(Cause)53
18036 b(the)g Ft(direxpand)d Fu(shell)j(option)h(\(see)g(Section)f(4.3.2)i
18037 ([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)630 5230 y(page)29 b(62\))g(to)f(b)s(e)f
18038 (enabled)h(b)m(y)g(default)g(when)e(the)i(shell)g(starts.)41
18039 b(It)27 b(is)h(normally)g(disabled)630 5340 y(b)m(y)i(default.)p
18040 eop end
18041 %%Page: 143 149
18042 TeXDict begin 143 148 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
18043 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(143)150 299 y Ft
18044 (--enable-directory-stack)630 408 y Fu(Include)33 b(supp)s(ort)g(for)h
18045 (a)g Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)h(directory)f(stac)m(k)i(and)d(the)i
18046 Ft(pushd)p Fu(,)f Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(and)f Ft(dirs)630
18047 518 y Fu(builtins)d(\(see)h(Section)g(6.8)h([The)e(Directory)i(Stac)m
18048 (k],)g(page)f(90\).)150 673 y Ft(--enable-disabled-builti)o(ns)630
18049 783 y Fu(Allo)m(w)40 b(builtin)e(commands)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m
18050 (ed)i(via)f(`)p Ft(builtin)29 b(xxx)p Fu(')37 b(ev)m(en)j(after)f
18051 Ft(xxx)e Fu(has)630 892 y(b)s(een)31 b(disabled)g(using)g(`)p
18052 Ft(enable)d(-n)i(xxx)p Fu('.)43 b(See)32 b(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)e
18053 (Builtins],)i(page)f(48,)630 1002 y(for)e(details)i(of)e(the)h
18054 Ft(builtin)d Fu(and)i Ft(enable)e Fu(builtin)i(commands.)150
18055 1157 y Ft(--enable-dparen-arithmet)o(ic)630 1267 y Fu(Include)42
18056 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)h(the)h Ft(\(\(...)o(\)\))f Fu(command)g(\(see)i
18057 (Section)f(3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)630 1377 y(Constructs],)30
18058 b(page)h(10\).)150 1532 y Ft(--enable-extended-glob)630
18059 1641 y Fu(Include)40 b(supp)s(ort)e(for)i(the)h(extended)f(pattern)h
18060 (matc)m(hing)g(features)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)630
18061 1751 y(under)29 b(Section)i(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)e(Matc)m(hing],)i
18062 (page)e(30.)150 1906 y Ft(--enable-extended-glob-d)o(efau)o(lt)630
18063 2016 y Fu(Set)40 b(the)g(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f(the)g
18064 Fr(extglob)j Fu(shell)d(option)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(under)
18065 d(Sec-)630 2125 y(tion)31 b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g
18066 (62)g(to)h(b)s(e)d(enabled.)150 2281 y Ft(--enable-glob-asciirange)o
18067 (-def)o(ault)630 2390 y Fu(Set)i(the)g(default)f(v)-5
18068 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)g Fr(globasciiranges)36 b Fu(shell)31
18069 b(option)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(under)630
18070 2500 y(Section)41 b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)44
18071 b(page)d(62)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(enabled.)70 b(This)39 b(con)m(trols)j(the)
18072 630 2609 y(b)s(eha)m(vior)21 b(of)g(c)m(haracter)h(ranges)f(when)f
18073 (used)g(in)g(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)h(brac)m(k)m(et)g(expressions.)150
18074 2765 y Ft(--enable-help-builtin)630 2874 y Fu(Include)i(the)h
18075 Ft(help)f Fu(builtin,)h(whic)m(h)g(displa)m(ys)f(help)h(on)f(shell)h
18076 (builtins)f(and)h(v)-5 b(ariables)25 b(\(see)630 2984
18077 y(Section)31 b(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f(48\).)150
18078 3139 y Ft(--enable-history)630 3249 y Fu(Include)e(command)g(history)h
18079 (and)f(the)h Ft(fc)f Fu(and)g Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)j(commands)f
18080 (\(see)h(Sec-)630 3358 y(tion)h(9.1)g([Bash)g(History)g(F)-8
18081 b(acilities],)34 b(page)d(133\).)150 3513 y Ft(--enable-job-control)630
18082 3623 y Fu(This)e(enables)i(the)f(job)g(con)m(trol)h(features)g(\(see)g
18083 (Chapter)f(7)g([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)h(page)g(97\),)h(if)630
18084 3733 y(the)f(op)s(erating)f(system)h(supp)s(orts)d(them.)150
18085 3888 y Ft(--enable-multibyte)630 3998 y Fu(This)h(enables)i(supp)s(ort)
18086 d(for)i(m)m(ultib)m(yte)h(c)m(haracters)g(if)f(the)g(op)s(erating)h
18087 (system)f(pro)m(vides)630 4107 y(the)h(necessary)f(supp)s(ort.)150
18088 4262 y Ft(--enable-net-redirection)o(s)630 4372 y Fu(This)23
18089 b(enables)h(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h(handling)e(of)h(\014lenames)g(of)g(the)g
18090 (form)g Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 4482
18091 y Fu(and)31 b Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)26
18092 b Fu(when)31 b(used)g(in)g(redirections)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h
18093 ([Redirec-)630 4591 y(tions],)e(page)g(31\).)150 4746
18094 y Ft(--enable-process-substit)o(utio)o(n)630 4856 y Fu(This)49
18095 b(enables)i(pro)s(cess)f(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)
18096 s(cess)e(Substitution],)630 4966 y(page)31 b(29\))h(if)e(the)h(op)s
18097 (erating)f(system)h(pro)m(vides)f(the)h(necessary)g(supp)s(ort.)150
18098 5121 y Ft(--enable-progcomp)630 5230 y Fu(Enable)d(the)g(programmable)g
18099 (completion)i(facilities)g(\(see)f(Section)g(8.6)g([Programmable)630
18100 5340 y(Completion],)i(page)h(124\).)42 b(If)30 b(Readline)h(is)f(not)h
18101 (enabled,)f(this)h(option)g(has)f(no)g(e\013ect.)p eop
18102 end
18103 %%Page: 144 150
18104 TeXDict begin 144 149 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
18105 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(144)150 299 y Ft
18106 (--enable-prompt-string-d)o(ecod)o(ing)630 408 y Fu(T)-8
18107 b(urn)30 b(on)i(the)f(in)m(terpretation)i(of)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
18108 (of)i(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)630
18109 518 y Ft($PS1)p Fu(,)36 b Ft($PS2)p Fu(,)g Ft($PS3)p
18110 Fu(,)h(and)e Ft($PS4)f Fu(prompt)h(strings.)57 b(See)36
18111 b(Section)h(6.9)g([Con)m(trolling)g(the)630 628 y(Prompt],)30
18112 b(page)h(92,)h(for)e(a)h(complete)h(list)f(of)f(prompt)g(string)g
18113 (escap)s(e)h(sequences.)150 787 y Ft(--enable-readline)630
18114 897 y Fu(Include)d(supp)s(ort)f(for)h(command-line)h(editing)g(and)f
18115 (history)g(with)g(the)h(Bash)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)630 1006
18116 y(the)i(Readline)g(library)f(\(see)h(Chapter)f(8)g([Command)g(Line)g
18117 (Editing],)h(page)g(101\).)150 1166 y Ft(--enable-restricted)630
18118 1275 y Fu(Include)41 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)i(a)g Fr(restricted)g(shell)p
18119 Fu(.)75 b(If)42 b(this)f(is)h(enabled,)j(Bash,)g(when)c(called)630
18120 1385 y(as)f Ft(rbash)p Fu(,)h(en)m(ters)f(a)g(restricted)h(mo)s(de.)68
18121 b(See)40 b(Section)h(6.10)g([The)f(Restricted)h(Shell],)630
18122 1494 y(page)31 b(93,)h(for)e(a)g(description)h(of)f(restricted)h(mo)s
18123 (de.)150 1654 y Ft(--enable-select)630 1763 y Fu(Include)25
18124 b(the)h Ft(select)f Fu(comp)s(ound)f(command,)j(whic)m(h)e(allo)m(ws)j
18125 (the)e(generation)h(of)f(simple)630 1873 y(men)m(us)k(\(see)h(Section)g
18126 (3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)e(Constructs],)g(page)g(10\).)150
18127 2032 y Ft(--enable-separate-helpfi)o(les)630 2142 y Fu(Use)h(external)h
18128 (\014les)f(for)g(the)g(do)s(cumen)m(tation)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(b)m(y)g
18129 (the)g Ft(help)f Fu(builtin)h(instead)630 2252 y(of)f(storing)f(the)h
18130 (text)g(in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)150 2411 y Ft(--enable-single-help-str)o
18131 (ings)630 2521 y Fu(Store)40 b(the)g(text)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(b)m(y)e
18132 (the)i Ft(help)d Fu(builtin)i(as)g(a)g(single)h(string)f(for)f(eac)m(h)
18133 i(help)630 2630 y(topic.)54 b(This)33 b(aids)i(in)f(translating)h(the)g
18134 (text)g(to)g(di\013eren)m(t)g(languages.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35
18135 b(ma)m(y)g(need)630 2740 y(to)c(disable)g(this)f(if)g(y)m(our)h
18136 (compiler)g(cannot)f(handle)g(v)m(ery)h(long)g(string)f(literals.)150
18137 2899 y Ft(--enable-strict-posix-de)o(faul)o(t)630 3009
18138 y Fu(Mak)m(e)c(Bash)f Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t)g(b)m(y)f(default)h
18139 (\(see)g(Section)h(6.11)g([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)630
18140 3118 y(page)31 b(94\).)150 3278 y Ft(--enable-usg-echo-defaul)o(t)630
18141 3387 y Fu(A)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(--enable-xpg-echo-default)p
18142 Fu(.)150 3547 y Ft(--enable-xpg-echo-defaul)o(t)630 3656
18143 y Fu(Mak)m(e)c(the)f Ft(echo)e Fu(builtin)i(expand)f(bac)m
18144 (kslash-escap)s(ed)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)m(y)f(default,)h(without)630
18145 3766 y(requiring)d(the)h Ft(-e)f Fu(option.)39 b(This)23
18146 b(sets)h(the)g(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(the)g
18147 Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(shell)h(option)630 3875 y(to)28 b Ft(on)p
18148 Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)f(mak)m(es)h(the)g(Bash)f Ft(echo)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)
18149 i(more)g(lik)m(e)h(the)e(v)m(ersion)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)g(the)630
18150 3985 y(Single)35 b(Unix)f(Sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(v)m(ersion)e(3.)53
18151 b(See)35 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)h(page)f(48,)630
18152 4095 y(for)30 b(a)h(description)f(of)h(the)f(escap)s(e)h(sequences)g
18153 (that)g Ft(echo)e Fu(recognizes.)275 4254 y(The)f(\014le)i
18154 Ft(config-top.h)c Fu(con)m(tains)31 b(C)d(Prepro)s(cessor)h(`)p
18155 Ft(#define)p Fu(')f(statemen)m(ts)j(for)f(options)f(whic)m(h)150
18156 4364 y(are)35 b(not)g(settable)i(from)d Ft(configure)p
18157 Fu(.)51 b(Some)35 b(of)g(these)g(are)h(not)f(mean)m(t)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(c)
18158 m(hanged;)k(b)s(ew)m(are)d(of)150 4473 y(the)h(consequences)g(if)f(y)m
18159 (ou)h(do.)55 b(Read)36 b(the)g(commen)m(ts)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e
18160 (eac)m(h)i(de\014nition)e(for)g(more)150 4583 y(information)c(ab)s(out)
18161 f(its)h(e\013ect.)p eop end
18162 %%Page: 145 151
18163 TeXDict begin 145 150 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18164 b(A:)h(Rep)s(orting)h(Bugs)2299 b(145)150 299 y Fp(App)t(endix)52
18165 b(A)81 b(Rep)t(orting)53 b(Bugs)150 533 y Fu(Please)33
18166 b(rep)s(ort)e(all)h(bugs)f(y)m(ou)h(\014nd)e(in)i(Bash.)44
18167 b(But)32 b(\014rst,)g(y)m(ou)g(should)e(mak)m(e)j(sure)e(that)h(it)g
18168 (really)h(is)f(a)150 643 y(bug,)d(and)g(that)h(it)g(app)s(ears)f(in)g
18169 (the)h(latest)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g(Bash.)40 b(The)29 b(latest)j(v)m
18170 (ersion)e(of)f(Bash)h(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 752 y(a)m(v)-5
18171 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(FTP)g(from)g Ft(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gn)o(u/ba)o
18172 (sh/)o Fu(.)275 887 y(Once)41 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(determined)f
18173 (that)h(a)f(bug)g(actually)h(exists,)j(use)c(the)g Ft(bashbug)e
18174 Fu(command)i(to)150 996 y(submit)25 b(a)h(bug)g(rep)s(ort.)38
18175 b(If)26 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(\014x,)h(y)m(ou)f(are)g(encouraged)
18176 h(to)f(mail)h(that)f(as)g(w)m(ell!)40 b(Suggestions)150
18177 1106 y(and)j(`philosophical')i(bug)e(rep)s(orts)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e
18178 (mailed)h(to)g Ft(bug-bash@gnu)11 b(.)d(org)40 b Fu(or)k(p)s(osted)f
18179 (to)i(the)150 1215 y(Usenet)31 b(newsgroup)e Ft(gnu.bash.bug)p
18180 Fu(.)275 1350 y(All)i(bug)e(rep)s(orts)h(should)f(include:)225
18181 1484 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(v)m(ersion)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h
18182 (Bash.)225 1619 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(hardw)m(are)g(and)g(op)s
18183 (erating)g(system.)225 1753 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30
18184 b(compiler)h(used)e(to)i(compile)h(Bash.)225 1888 y Fq(\017)60
18185 b Fu(A)30 b(description)h(of)f(the)h(bug)f(b)s(eha)m(viour.)225
18186 2022 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(A)30 b(short)h(script)f(or)g(`recip)s(e')h(whic)
18187 m(h)f(exercises)i(the)e(bug)g(and)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(repro)
18188 s(duce)e(it.)150 2182 y Ft(bashbug)d Fu(inserts)i(the)h(\014rst)f
18189 (three)g(items)h(automatically)i(in)m(to)f(the)e(template)i(it)f(pro)m
18190 (vides)f(for)g(\014ling)h(a)150 2291 y(bug)h(rep)s(ort.)275
18191 2426 y(Please)h(send)f(all)h(rep)s(orts)f(concerning)g(this)h(man)m
18192 (ual)f(to)h Ft(bug-bash@gnu.org)p Fu(.)p eop end
18193 %%Page: 146 152
18194 TeXDict begin 146 151 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18195 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18196 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(146)150 141 y Fp(App)t(endix)58
18197 b(B)81 b(Ma)9 b(jor)54 b(Di\013erences)d(F)-13 b(rom)54
18198 b(The)g(Bourne)1088 299 y(Shell)150 530 y Fu(Bash)26
18199 b(implemen)m(ts)h(essen)m(tially)g(the)g(same)f(grammar,)h(parameter)f
18200 (and)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(expansion,)g(redirec-)150
18201 640 y(tion,)i(and)e(quoting)g(as)h(the)g(Bourne)f(Shell.)40
18202 b(Bash)27 b(uses)g(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)f(as)i(the)g(sp)s
18203 (eci\014cation)g(of)150 749 y(ho)m(w)34 b(these)h(features)g(are)g(to)g
18204 (b)s(e)f(implemen)m(ted.)53 b(There)34 b(are)h(some)g(di\013erences)g
18205 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g(tradi-)150 859 y(tional)e(Bourne)e(shell)h
18206 (and)f(Bash;)i(this)f(section)g(quic)m(kly)h(details)g(the)e
18207 (di\013erences)h(of)g(signi\014cance.)46 b(A)150 969
18208 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)24 b(of)h(these)h(di\013erences)f(are)h(explained)f
18209 (in)g(greater)h(depth)f(in)g(previous)f(sections.)40
18210 b(This)25 b(section)150 1078 y(uses)33 b(the)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)g
18211 Ft(sh)f Fu(included)g(in)h(SVR4.2)h(\(the)f(last)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g
18212 (the)g(historical)i(Bourne)d(shell\))150 1188 y(as)e(the)f(baseline)h
18213 (reference.)225 1322 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(is)h
18214 Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t,)g(ev)m(en)g(where)f(the)g
18215 Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(di\013ers)f(from)g(traditional)330
18216 1431 y Ft(sh)e Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(\(see)i(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)e
18217 (POSIX)g(Mo)s(de],)h(page)g(94\).)225 1565 y Fq(\017)60
18218 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)g(m)m(ulti-c)m(haracter)i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)g
18219 (options)f(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)e
18220 (80\).)225 1699 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)40 b(has)f(command-line)h
18221 (editing)g(\(see)h(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)f(Line)g(Editing],)k(page)d
18222 (101\))330 1809 y(and)30 b(the)g Ft(bind)g Fu(builtin.)225
18223 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)46 b(pro)m(vides)g(a)g(programmable)g(w)m
18224 (ord)f(completion)i(mec)m(hanism)f(\(see)h(Section)g(8.6)g([Pro-)330
18225 2052 y(grammable)39 b(Completion],)i(page)e(124\),)i(and)d(builtin)g
18226 (commands)f Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h Ft(compgen)p Fu(,)h(and)330
18227 2162 y Ft(compopt)p Fu(,)29 b(to)i(manipulate)g(it.)225
18228 2296 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)f(command)h(history)f(\(see)i
18229 (Section)f(9.1)h([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)30
18230 b(page)c(133\))i(and)d(the)330 2405 y Ft(history)k Fu(and)h
18231 Ft(fc)g Fu(builtins)g(to)h(manipulate)g(it.)42 b(The)30
18232 b(Bash)h(history)g(list)g(main)m(tains)g(timestamp)330
18233 2515 y(information)g(and)e(uses)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31
18234 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32
18235 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(it.)225 2649 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)48
18236 b(implemen)m(ts)h Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(history)f(expansion)g(\(see)h
18237 (Section)g(9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)330 2759
18238 y(page)31 b(135\).)225 2892 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33
18239 b(has)g(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)34
18240 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(89\),)h(and)e(the)330
18241 3002 y(appropriate)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(expansions)f(and)g
18242 (assignmen)m(t)h(syn)m(tax)g(to)g(use)f(them.)67 b(Sev)m(eral)40
18243 b(of)g(the)330 3112 y(Bash)32 b(builtins)f(tak)m(e)j(options)e(to)h
18244 (act)g(on)e(arra)m(ys.)46 b(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
18245 (er)f(of)h(built-in)f(arra)m(y)330 3221 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)225
18246 3355 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)37 b Ft($'...)n(')g Fu(quoting)g(syn)m(tax,)
18247 j(whic)m(h)d(expands)f(ANSI-C)h(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)h(c)m
18248 (haracters)g(in)330 3465 y(the)26 b(text)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g
18249 (single)f(quotes,)i(is)e(supp)s(orted)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.1.2.4)h
18250 ([ANSI-C)e(Quoting],)330 3574 y(page)31 b(6\).)225 3708
18251 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)30 b(supp)s(orts)f(the)h Ft($"...)o(")f
18252 Fu(quoting)i(syn)m(tax)g(to)f(do)g(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)i
18253 (translation)g(of)e(the)g(c)m(har-)330 3818 y(acters)g(b)s(et)m(w)m
18254 (een)f(the)f(double)g(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b Ft(-D)p Fu(,)h
18255 Ft(--dump-strings)p Fu(,)c(and)j Ft(--dump-po-strings)330
18256 3927 y Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)42 b(options)d(list)i(the)e(translatable)
18257 i(strings)f(found)e(in)h(a)h(script)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.1.2.5)330
18258 4037 y([Lo)s(cale)32 b(T)-8 b(ranslation],)31 b(page)h(7\).)225
18259 4171 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)f
18260 Ft(!)h Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(negate)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5
18261 b(alue)44 b(of)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 4281
18262 y(tion)33 b(3.2.2)i([Pip)s(elines],)f(page)g(8\).)49
18263 b(V)-8 b(ery)33 b(useful)f(when)g(an)h Ft(if)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(needs)
18264 d(to)i(act)g(only)f(if)330 4390 y(a)k(test)h(fails.)60
18265 b(The)36 b(Bash)g(`)p Ft(-o)30 b(pipefail)p Fu(')35 b(option)i(to)h
18266 Ft(set)d Fu(will)i(cause)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(to)g(return)f(a)330
18267 4500 y(failure)31 b(status)f(if)h(an)m(y)f(command)g(fails.)225
18268 4634 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)34 b(has)g(the)g Ft(time)f
18269 Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(and)f(command)h(timing)h(\(see)g(Section)g
18270 (3.2.2)g([Pip)s(elines],)330 4743 y(page)g(8\).)52 b(The)33
18271 b(displa)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(timing)g(statistics)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(con)m
18272 (trolled)j(with)e(the)g Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330 4853 y Fu(v)-5
18273 b(ariable.)225 4987 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)28 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)f
18274 Ft(for)j(\(\()g Fj(expr1)f Ft(;)h Fj(expr2)f Ft(;)h Fj(expr3)f
18275 Ft(\)\))e Fu(arithmetic)h(for)g(command,)g(sim-)330 5096
18276 y(ilar)j(to)g(the)g(C)f(language)h(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.1)i([Lo)s
18277 (oping)d(Constructs],)h(page)g(10\).)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60
18278 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(the)g Ft(select)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command,)i
18279 (whic)m(h)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)f(generation)g(of)g(simple)330
18280 5340 y(men)m(us)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)e
18281 (Constructs],)g(page)g(10\).)p eop end
18282 %%Page: 147 153
18283 TeXDict begin 147 152 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18284 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18285 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(147)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18286 b Fu(Bash)40 b(includes)g(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)43
18287 b(whic)m(h)c(mak)m(es)i(conditional)h(testing)f(part)f(of)330
18288 408 y(the)f(shell)g(grammar)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.2)j([Conditional)
18289 d(Constructs],)i(page)f(10\),)i(including)330 518 y(optional)32
18290 b(regular)e(expression)g(matc)m(hing.)225 653 y Fq(\017)60
18291 b Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(optional)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(matc)m
18292 (hing)f(for)e(the)g Ft(case)g Fu(and)f Ft([[)h Fu(constructs.)225
18293 789 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)g(brace)h(expansion)f(\(see)h
18294 (Section)g(3.5.1)i([Brace)e(Expansion],)g(page)g(21\))h(and)d(tilde)330
18295 898 y(expansion)k(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.2)h([Tilde)f(Expansion],)f
18296 (page)h(22\).)225 1034 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)24 b(implemen)m(ts)h
18297 (command)e(aliases)j(and)d(the)i Ft(alias)d Fu(and)i
18298 Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtins)h(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)330
18299 1143 y([Aliases],)32 b(page)f(88\).)225 1279 y Fq(\017)60
18300 b Fu(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(shell)g(arithmetic,)i(the)e
18301 Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.2)j([Con-)
18302 330 1388 y(ditional)d(Constructs],)e(page)i(10\),)g(and)e(arithmetic)i
18303 (expansion)e(\(see)i(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arith-)330
18304 1498 y(metic],)h(page)f(87\).)225 1633 y Fq(\017)60 b
18305 Fu(V)-8 b(ariables)31 b(presen)m(t)e(in)g(the)g(shell's)h(initial)g(en)
18306 m(vironmen)m(t)g(are)g(automatically)i(exp)s(orted)d(to)h(c)m(hild)330
18307 1743 y(pro)s(cesses.)38 b(The)23 b(Bourne)g(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g
18308 (normally)g(do)g(this)g(unless)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24
18309 b(are)f(explicitly)330 1852 y(mark)m(ed)30 b(using)g(the)h
18310 Ft(export)e Fu(command.)225 1988 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26
18311 b(supp)s(orts)d(the)j(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')f(assignmen)m(t)i(op)s(erator,)g
18312 (whic)m(h)e(app)s(ends)f(to)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5
18313 b(ariable)330 2097 y(named)30 b(on)g(the)h(left)g(hand)e(side.)225
18314 2233 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)36 b(includes)g(the)g Fm(posix)f
18315 Fu(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)37 b(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(`)p
18316 Ft(#)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')e(and)f(`)p Ft(##)p
18317 Fu(')h(expansions)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)330 2342 y(leading)f(or)f
18318 (trailing)h(substrings)e(from)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(v)-5
18319 b(alues)35 b(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.3)g([Shell)g(P)m(arameter)330
18320 2452 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225 2587 y Fq(\017)60
18321 b Fu(The)46 b(expansion)g Ft(${#xx})p Fu(,)j(whic)m(h)d(returns)f(the)i
18322 (length)f(of)h Ft(${xx})p Fu(,)i(is)e(supp)s(orted)d(\(see)j(Sec-)330
18323 2697 y(tion)31 b(3.5.3)h([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)g(Expansion],)f(page)i
18324 (23\).)225 2832 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)g
18325 Ft(${var:)p Fr(o\013set)r Ft([:)p Fr(length)p Ft(]})p
18326 Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)g(expands)g(to)h(the)g(substring)e(of)i
18327 Ft(var)p Fu('s)e(v)-5 b(alue)330 2942 y(of)43 b(length)g
18328 Fr(length)p Fu(,)k(b)s(eginning)42 b(at)i Fr(o\013set)p
18329 Fu(,)j(is)c(presen)m(t)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.3)h([Shell)e(P)m
18330 (arameter)330 3051 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225
18331 3187 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)21 b(expansion)f Ft(${var/[/])p
18332 Fr(pattern)p Ft([/)p Fr(replacemen)m(t)r Ft(]})p Fu(,)i(whic)m(h)e
18333 (matc)m(hes)j Fr(pattern)e Fu(and)f(replaces)330 3296
18334 y(it)29 b(with)e Fr(replacemen)m(t)32 b Fu(in)c(the)g(v)-5
18335 b(alue)29 b(of)f Ft(var)p Fu(,)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31
18336 b(\(see)e(Section)f(3.5.3)i([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)330
18337 3406 y(Expansion],)h(page)h(23\).)225 3541 y Fq(\017)60
18338 b Fu(The)33 b(expansion)g Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})d
18339 Fu(expansion,)k(whic)m(h)e(expands)h(to)h(the)f(names)g(of)g(all)h
18340 (shell)f(v)-5 b(ari-)330 3651 y(ables)36 b(whose)g(names)g(b)s(egin)g
18341 (with)g Fr(pre\014x)p Fu(,)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39
18342 b(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.3)g([Shell)g(P)m(arameter)330
18343 3761 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225 3896 y Fq(\017)60
18344 b Fu(Bash)22 b(has)f Fr(indirect)j Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)22
18345 b(expansion)g(using)f Ft(${!word})e Fu(\(see)k(Section)f(3.5.3)i
18346 ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)330 4006 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225
18347 4141 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(can)f(expand)g(p)s(ositional)h
18348 (parameters)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)e Ft($9)h Fu(using)g Ft(${)p
18349 Fj(num)p Ft(})p Fu(.)225 4276 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)27
18350 b Fm(posix)g Ft($\(\))g Fu(form)g(of)h(command)g(substitution)f(is)h
18351 (implemen)m(ted)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.5.4)i([Com-)330
18352 4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(28\),)j(and)38
18353 b(preferred)g(to)i(the)g(Bourne)f(shell's)h Ft(``)e Fu(\(whic)m(h)i(is)
18354 f(also)330 4495 y(implemen)m(ted)31 b(for)f(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h
18355 (compatibilit)m(y\).)225 4631 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
18356 b(has)f(pro)s(cess)g(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)s
18357 (cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(29\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60
18358 b Fu(Bash)55 b(automatically)j(assigns)e(v)-5 b(ariables)55
18359 b(that)h(pro)m(vide)f(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(curren)m(t)330
18360 4876 y(user)40 b(\()p Ft(UID)p Fu(,)i Ft(EUID)p Fu(,)g(and)e
18361 Ft(GROUPS)p Fu(\),)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(host)g(\()p Ft(HOSTTYPE)p
18362 Fu(,)h Ft(OSTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(MACHTYPE)p Fu(,)f(and)330
18363 4985 y Ft(HOSTNAME)p Fu(\),)55 b(and)c(the)g(instance)h(of)g(Bash)f
18364 (that)h(is)f(running)f(\()p Ft(BASH)p Fu(,)56 b Ft(BASH_VERSION)p
18365 Fu(,)e(and)330 5095 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)p Fu(\).)37 b(See)31
18366 b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(69,)g(for)f
18367 (details.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(IFS)f
18368 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(split)f(only)g(the)g(results)g
18369 (of)h(expansion,)i(not)d(all)h(w)m(ords)f(\(see)330 5340
18370 y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(29\).)41
18371 b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p
18372 eop end
18373 %%Page: 148 154
18374 TeXDict begin 148 153 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18375 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18376 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(148)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18377 b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co)
18378 s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h
18379 (the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f
18380 (brac)m(k)m(ets.)43 b(The)29 b(Bourne)i(shell)f(uses)g(only)h(`)p
18381 Ft(!)p Fu('.)225 536 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)38 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)g
18382 (full)g(set)g(of)g Fm(posix)f Fu(\014lename)h(expansion)g(op)s
18383 (erators,)i(including)d Fr(c)m(har-)330 646 y(acter)i(classes)p
18384 Fu(,)j Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)39 b(classes)p Fu(,)j(and)37
18385 b Fr(collating)k(sym)m(b)s(ols)g Fu(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.8)h
18386 ([Filename)330 756 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(30\).)225
18387 883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)35 b(implemen)m(ts)g(extended)g(pattern)g
18388 (matc)m(hing)h(features)f(when)f(the)h Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)
18389 330 993 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)f
18390 (Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(30\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b
18391 Fu(It)22 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(v)-5
18392 b(ariable)23 b(and)f(a)g(function)g(with)g(the)g(same)g(name;)j
18393 Ft(sh)d Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(separate)330 1230 y(the)31
18394 b(t)m(w)m(o)g(name)g(spaces.)225 1358 y Fq(\017)60 b
18395 Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s
18396 (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f
18397 Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 1468 y(useful)i(recursiv)m(e)g
18398 (functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(written)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g
18399 (Builtins],)g(page)h(48\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8
18400 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only)
18401 f(that)g(command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 1705
18402 y(functions)36 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page)
18403 e(37\).)60 b(In)35 b Ft(sh)p Fu(,)j(all)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
18404 b(assignmen)m(ts)330 1815 y(preceding)30 b(commands)g(are)h(global)h
18405 (unless)d(the)i(command)f(is)h(executed)g(from)f(the)g(\014le)h
18406 (system.)225 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)
18407 i(expansion)f(on)h(\014lenames)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(op)s(erands)e
18408 (to)j(input)e(and)330 2052 y(output)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g
18409 (\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(31\).)225
18410 2180 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(con)m(tains)h(the)f(`)p
18411 Ft(<>)p Fu(')f(redirection)i(op)s(erator,)f(allo)m(wing)i(a)e(\014le)g
18412 (to)g(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)g(for)h(b)s(oth)f(read-)330 2290
18413 y(ing)35 b(and)f(writing,)i(and)e(the)h(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(')g(redirection)
18414 g(op)s(erator,)h(for)f(directing)g(standard)f(output)h(and)330
18415 2399 y(standard)30 b(error)g(to)h(the)f(same)h(\014le)f(\(see)i
18416 (Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(31\).)225 2527
18417 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)21 b(includes)f(the)h(`)p Ft(<<<)p
18418 Fu(')g(redirection)g(op)s(erator,)i(allo)m(wing)g(a)e(string)f(to)i(b)s
18419 (e)e(used)g(as)h(the)g(standard)330 2637 y(input)29 b(to)j(a)e
18420 (command.)225 2765 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h(`)
18421 p Ft([n]<&)p Fj(word)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft([n]>&)p Fj(word)p
18422 Fu(')e(redirection)j(op)s(erators,)g(whic)m(h)f(mo)m(v)m(e)330
18423 2874 y(one)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(to)h(another.)225
18424 3002 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(treats)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
18425 (\014lenames)g(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)h(are)g(used)f(in)g
18426 (redirection)i(op)s(erators)330 3112 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(3.6)f
18427 ([Redirections],)h(page)f(31\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60
18428 b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h
18429 (arbitrary)e(mac)m(hines)h(and)f(services)h(with)f(the)h(redi-)330
18430 3349 y(rection)e(op)s(erators)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h
18431 ([Redirections],)g(page)f(31\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60
18432 b Fu(The)29 b Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(a)m(v)-5
18433 b(ailable)32 b(to)e(a)m(v)m(oid)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)g(existing)g
18434 (\014les)e(with)h(output)f(redi-)330 3587 y(rection)39
18435 b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(58\).)66
18436 b(The)38 b(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(')h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)330
18437 3696 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)h
18438 Ft(noclobber)p Fu(.)225 3824 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34
18439 b(Bash)g Ft(cd)g Fu(and)f Ft(pwd)g Fu(builtins)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)
18440 g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\))h(eac)m(h)330
18441 3934 y(tak)m(e)c Ft(-L)e Fu(and)f Ft(-P)h Fu(options)h(to)g(switc)m(h)g
18442 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(logical)i(and)c(ph)m(ysical)i(mo)s(des.)225
18443 4061 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g(function)e(to)i(o)m(v)
18444 m(erride)g(a)g(builtin)e(with)h(the)g(same)g(name,)i(and)d(pro)m(vides)
18445 h(access)h(to)330 4171 y(that)34 b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h
18446 (within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g
18447 Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 4281 y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g
18448 (Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35
18449 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(allo)m(ws)i(selectiv)m(e)h(disabling)e(of)f
18450 (functions)g(when)g(command)g(lo)s(okup)g(is)330 4518
18451 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)g(page)g
18452 (48\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i
18453 (b)s(e)e(enabled)h(or)g(disabled)g(using)f(the)h Ft(enable)f
18454 Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)330 4756 y([Bash)31
18455 b(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26
18456 b(Bash)h Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)h(tak)m(es)i(additional)f(options)g(that)
18457 g(allo)m(w)h(users)d(to)j(con)m(trol)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)330
18458 4993 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g
18459 (command,)h(and)d(what)i(the)f(zeroth)h(argumen)m(t)330
18460 5103 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f
18461 ([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(41\).)225 5230
18462 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g
18463 (to)h(c)m(hildren)f(via)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(using)f
18464 Ft(export)f(-f)h Fu(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8
18465 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)p eop end
18466 %%Page: 149 155
18467 TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18468 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18469 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(149)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18470 b Fu(The)40 b(Bash)h Ft(export)p Fu(,)h Ft(readonly)p
18471 Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f
18472 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)i(to)f(act)h(on)330 408 y(shell)30
18473 b(functions,)f(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)g(to)i(displa)m(y)e(v)-5
18474 b(ariables)30 b(with)f(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(attributes)g(set)g(in)f(a)h
18475 (format)330 518 y(that)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)g(shell)h(input,)f(a)h
18476 Ft(-n)f Fu(option)h(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(v)-5 b(arious)30
18477 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(attributes,)h(and)330 628 y(`)p
18478 Ft(name=value)p Fu(')d(argumen)m(ts)j(to)g(set)g(v)-5
18479 b(ariable)31 b(attributes)g(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(sim)m(ultaneously)
18480 -8 b(.)225 765 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b(Bash)h Ft(hash)f
18481 Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)j(a)e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d
18482 (an)h(arbitrary)f(\014lename,)330 874 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h
18483 (\014lename)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g
18484 Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330
18485 984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(41\).)225
18486 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d
18487 Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i
18488 (\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(48\).)225
18489 1367 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(printf)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h(a)m(v)-5
18490 b(ailable)45 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(formatted)g(output)g(\(see)h(Section)g
18491 (4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(48\).)225
18492 1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i
18493 (Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(48\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g
18494 (line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g
18495 Ft(-r)g Fu(option,)i(and)d(will)i(use)f(the)h Ft(REPLY)e
18496 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(as)g(a)f(default)h(if)f(no)h(non-option)330
18497 1833 y(argumen)m(ts)h(are)h(supplied.)42 b(The)30 b(Bash)i
18498 Ft(read)e Fu(builtin)g(also)j(accepts)f(a)g(prompt)e(string)h(with)g
18499 (the)330 1943 y Ft(-p)c Fu(option)h(and)f(will)g(use)h(Readline)g(to)g
18500 (obtain)g(the)g(line)f(when)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g Ft(-e)f
18501 Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b Ft(read)330 2052 y Fu(builtin)h(also)i(has)e
18502 (additional)i(options)f(to)g(con)m(trol)h(input:)39 b(the)29
18503 b Ft(-s)f Fu(option)h(will)g(turn)e(o\013)j(ec)m(hoing)330
18504 2162 y(of)f(input)f(c)m(haracters)j(as)e(they)g(are)h(read,)f(the)g
18505 Ft(-t)g Fu(option)g(will)h(allo)m(w)g Ft(read)e Fu(to)i(time)g(out)f
18506 (if)g(input)330 2271 y(do)s(es)i(not)h(arriv)m(e)g(within)f(a)h(sp)s
18507 (eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(seconds,)g(the)f
18508 Ft(-n)g Fu(option)h(will)g(allo)m(w)h(reading)330 2381
18509 y(only)38 b(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(c)m(haracters)h
18510 (rather)e(than)g(a)h(full)g(line,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-d)f
18511 Fu(option)h(will)330 2491 y(read)30 b(un)m(til)h(a)g(particular)f(c)m
18512 (haracter)i(rather)f(than)f(newline.)225 2628 y Fq(\017)60
18513 b Fu(The)33 b Ft(return)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(ab)
18514 s(ort)f(execution)h(of)f(scripts)g(executed)h(with)f(the)g
18515 Ft(.)g Fu(or)330 2737 y Ft(source)c Fu(builtins)g(\(see)j(Section)f
18516 (4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\).)225
18517 2874 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)43 b(includes)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f
18518 Fu(builtin,)k(for)d(\014ner)f(con)m(trol)j(of)e(shell)h(optional)g
18519 (capabilities)h(\(see)330 2984 y(Section)c(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
18520 (Builtin],)k(page)d(62\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f
18521 (b)s(e)f(set)i(and)330 3093 y(unset)30 b(at)h(shell)g(in)m(v)m(o)s
18522 (cation)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)g(page)h
18523 (80\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h
18524 (optional)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(con)m(trollable)j(with)e(the)f
18525 Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)330 3340 y(tion)31
18526 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\).)225 3477
18527 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-x)p Fu(')g(\()p Ft(xtrace)p
18528 Fu(\))g(option)h(displa)m(ys)f(commands)h(other)f(than)h(simple)f
18529 (commands)g(when)g(p)s(er-)330 3587 y(forming)f(an)g(execution)i(trace)
18530 f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\).)225
18531 3724 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)28 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)
18532 f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h
18533 (di\013eren)m(t,)330 3833 y(as)23 b(it)g(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h
18534 Fm(posix)f Fu(algorithm,)j(whic)m(h)d(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m
18535 (vior)f(based)g(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)330 3943 y(of)31
18536 b(argumen)m(ts.)225 4080 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)g(the)h
18537 Ft(caller)d Fu(builtin,)j(whic)m(h)f(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(con)m(text)i
18538 (of)f(an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)h(subroutine)330 4189 y(call)28
18539 b(\(a)f(shell)f(function)h(or)f(a)h(script)f(executed)h(with)f(the)h
18540 Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)39 b(This)26
18541 b(supp)s(orts)330 4299 y(the)31 b(bash)e(debugger.)225
18542 4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section)
18543 f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(41\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e
18544 Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e
18545 (to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h
18546 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h
18547 (simple)f(command,)j Ft(for)c Fu(command,)k Ft(case)c
18548 Fu(command,)k Ft(select)330 4765 y Fu(command,)35 b(ev)m(ery)g
18549 (arithmetic)g Ft(for)e Fu(command,)i(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f
18550 (command)h(executes)h(in)330 4874 y(a)29 b(shell)g(function.)40
18551 b(The)28 b Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(trap)g(is)h(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h(shell)g
18552 (functions)f(unless)g(the)h(function)330 4984 y(has)35
18553 b(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)i(or)g(the)g
18554 Ft(functrace)d Fu(option)j(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)330
18555 5093 y(the)28 b Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin.)39 b(The)27 b
18556 Ft(extdebug)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)f(additional)h(e\013ects)h(on)f
18557 (the)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap.)330 5230 y(The)21 b Ft(trap)e
18558 Fu(builtin)i(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)j
18559 (page)e(41\))g(allo)m(ws)g(an)f Ft(ERR)f Fu(pseudo-)330
18560 5340 y(signal)30 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(similar)f(to)g
18561 Ft(EXIT)f Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h
18562 (with)g(an)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)p eop end
18563 %%Page: 150 156
18564 TeXDict begin 150 155 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18565 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18566 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(150)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g
18567 (a)f(simple)h(command)f(fails,)j(with)d(a)h(few)f(exceptions.)68
18568 b(The)39 b Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)g(is)330 408 y(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h
18569 (shell)g(functions)f(unless)g(the)h Ft(-o)29 b(errtrace)37
18570 b Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(is)330
18571 518 y(enabled.)330 650 y(The)g Ft(trap)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h
18572 (4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(41\))g(allo)m(ws)g(a)g
18573 Ft(RETURN)330 760 y Fu(pseudo-signal)35 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)j
18574 (similar)d(to)h Ft(EXIT)e Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)54
18575 b(Commands)34 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)h(an)330 869 y
18576 Ft(RETURN)k Fu(trap)i(are)g(executed)h(b)s(efore)e(execution)i(resumes)
18577 e(after)h(a)g(shell)g(function)g(or)g(a)g(shell)330 979
18578 y(script)36 b(executed)g(with)g Ft(.)f Fu(or)h Ft(source)e
18579 Fu(returns.)56 b(The)35 b Ft(RETURN)f Fu(trap)i(is)g(not)g(inherited)f
18580 (b)m(y)h(shell)330 1088 y(functions)k(unless)h(the)g(function)f(has)h
18581 (b)s(een)f(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)j(or)e(the)h
18582 Ft(functrace)330 1198 y Fu(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)
18583 g(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin.)225 1330 y Fq(\017)60
18584 b Fu(The)30 b(Bash)g Ft(type)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(more)g(extensiv)m(e)i
18585 (and)d(giv)m(es)j(more)e(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(names)330
18586 1440 y(it)h(\014nds)e(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i
18587 (page)f(48\).)225 1571 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)27 b(Bash)h
18588 Ft(umask)e Fu(builtin)h(p)s(ermits)g(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(to)h
18589 (cause)f(the)g(output)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(in)g(the)330
18590 1681 y(form)i(of)h(a)g Ft(umask)f Fu(command)g(that)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f
18591 (reused)g(as)h(input)f(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)330
18592 1791 y(Builtins],)g(page)g(41\).)225 1923 y Fq(\017)60
18593 b Fu(Bash)34 b(implemen)m(ts)h(a)g Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(directory)f
18594 (stac)m(k,)j(and)d(pro)m(vides)g(the)g Ft(pushd)p Fu(,)g
18595 Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(and)g Ft(dirs)330 2032 y Fu(builtins)g(to)i
18596 (manipulate)f(it)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.8)g([The)f(Directory)h(Stac)m
18597 (k],)i(page)d(90\).)56 b(Bash)35 b(also)330 2142 y(mak)m(es)c(the)g
18598 (directory)g(stac)m(k)g(visible)g(as)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
18599 b(of)g(the)f Ft(DIRSTACK)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)225
18600 2274 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)28 b(in)m(terprets)h(sp)s(ecial)g(bac)m
18601 (kslash-escap)s(ed)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(prompt)e(strings)h
18602 (when)f(in)m(ter-)330 2383 y(activ)m(e)33 b(\(see)e(Section)g(6.9)h
18603 ([Con)m(trolling)f(the)g(Prompt],)f(page)h(92\).)225
18604 2515 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)46 b(Bash)h(restricted)g(mo)s(de)f(is)h
18605 (more)f(useful)g(\(see)h(Section)h(6.10)g([The)e(Restricted)i(Shell],)
18606 330 2625 y(page)31 b(93\);)h(the)f(SVR4.2)g(shell)f(restricted)h(mo)s
18607 (de)f(is)h(to)s(o)g(limited.)225 2757 y Fq(\017)60 b
18608 Fu(The)30 b Ft(disown)f Fu(builtin)h(can)h(remo)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(job)f
18609 (from)g(the)h(in)m(ternal)g(shell)g(job)f(table)i(\(see)f(Section)h
18610 (7.2)330 2866 y([Job)h(Con)m(trol)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(98\))h(or)e
18611 (suppress)e(the)i(sending)g(of)g Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)j(a)g(job)f(when)f
18612 (the)330 2976 y(shell)f(exits)g(as)f(the)h(result)f(of)h(a)f
18613 Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)225 3108 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(a)g(n)
18614 m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(features)g(to)g(supp)s(ort)d(a)j(separate)g
18615 (debugger)f(for)h(shell)f(scripts.)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60
18616 b Fu(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)f(has)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(privilege-related)g
18617 (builtins)e(\()p Ft(mldmode)e Fu(and)i Ft(priv)p Fu(\))f(not)i(presen)m
18618 (t)f(in)330 3350 y(Bash.)225 3482 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
18619 b(do)s(es)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e Ft(stop)g Fu(or)g
18620 Ft(newgrp)f Fu(builtins.)225 3613 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
18621 b(do)s(es)f(not)g(use)g(the)h Ft(SHACCT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32
18622 b(or)e(p)s(erform)f(shell)i(accoun)m(ting.)225 3745 y
18623 Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h Ft(sh)f Fu(uses)g(a)g
18624 Ft(TIMEOUT)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(lik)m(e)h(Bash)e(uses)g
18625 Ft(TMOUT)p Fu(.)150 3900 y(More)h(features)g(unique)e(to)i(Bash)g(ma)m
18626 (y)g(b)s(e)f(found)f(in)h(Chapter)f(6)i([Bash)g(F)-8
18627 b(eatures],)32 b(page)f(80.)150 4127 y Fs(B.1)67 b(Implemen)l(tation)48
18628 b(Di\013erences)e(F)-11 b(rom)44 b(The)h(SVR4.2)g(Shell)150
18629 4287 y Fu(Since)33 b(Bash)h(is)f(a)g(completely)i(new)e(implemen)m
18630 (tation,)j(it)e(do)s(es)e(not)i(su\013er)e(from)h(man)m(y)g(of)h(the)f
18631 (limi-)150 4396 y(tations)f(of)e(the)h(SVR4.2)g(shell.)41
18632 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance:)225 4528 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32
18633 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(fork)f(a)h(subshell)e(when)h(redirecting)h(in)m(to)h
18634 (or)e(out)h(of)g(a)g(shell)f(con)m(trol)i(structure)330
18635 4638 y(suc)m(h)d(as)h(an)f Ft(if)g Fu(or)g Ft(while)f
18636 Fu(statemen)m(t.)225 4770 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
18637 (allo)m(w)h(un)m(balanced)f(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g
18638 (will)g(silen)m(tly)i(insert)d(a)h(needed)330 4879 y(closing)g(quote)g
18639 (at)f Ft(EOF)f Fu(under)g(certain)h(circumstances.)41
18640 b(This)27 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(the)g(cause)g(of)g(some)h(hard-)330
18641 4989 y(to-\014nd)h(errors.)225 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45
18642 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)f(uses)g(a)g(baro)s(que)g(memory)g(managemen)m(t)i(sc)
18643 m(heme)e(based)g(on)g(trapping)330 5230 y Ft(SIGSEGV)p
18644 Fu(.)57 b(If)35 b(the)i(shell)f(is)h(started)g(from)e(a)i(pro)s(cess)f
18645 (with)g Ft(SIGSEGV)e Fu(blo)s(c)m(k)m(ed)k(\(e.g.,)h(b)m(y)d(using)330
18646 5340 y(the)31 b Ft(system\(\))d Fu(C)i(library)g(function)g(call\),)i
18647 (it)f(misb)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(badly)-8 b(.)p eop end
18648 %%Page: 151 157
18649 TeXDict begin 151 156 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18650 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18651 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(151)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18652 b Fu(In)30 b(a)i(questionable)g(attempt)g(at)g(securit)m(y)-8
18653 b(,)33 b(the)e(SVR4.2)h(shell,)g(when)e(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(without)e
18654 (the)h Ft(-p)330 408 y Fu(option,)39 b(will)d(alter)i(its)e(real)h(and)
18655 f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j Fm(uid)d Fu(and)g Fm(gid)h Fu(if)f(they)h(are)f
18656 (less)h(than)f(some)h(magic)330 518 y(threshold)30 b(v)-5
18657 b(alue,)31 b(commonly)g(100.)42 b(This)29 b(can)i(lead)g(to)g(unexp)s
18658 (ected)f(results.)225 653 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g
18659 (do)s(es)f(not)g(allo)m(w)i(users)e(to)h(trap)f Ft(SIGSEGV)p
18660 Fu(,)f Ft(SIGALRM)p Fu(,)f(or)j Ft(SIGCHLD)p Fu(.)225
18661 787 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)f(allo)m
18662 (w)j(the)d Ft(IFS)p Fu(,)h Ft(MAILCHECK)p Fu(,)f Ft(PATH)p
18663 Fu(,)h Ft(PS1)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(PS2)g Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)35
18664 b(to)330 897 y(b)s(e)30 b(unset.)225 1031 y Fq(\017)60
18665 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g(treats)g(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')f(as)h(the)g
18666 (undo)s(cumen)m(ted)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(of)g(`)p
18667 Ft(|)p Fu('.)225 1166 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)37 b(allo)m(ws)h(m)m
18668 (ultiple)f(option)g(argumen)m(ts)g(when)e(it)i(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
18669 (\()p Ft(-x)30 b(-v)p Fu(\);)40 b(the)c(SVR4.2)i(shell)330
18670 1275 y(allo)m(ws)c(only)f(one)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g(\()p
18671 Ft(-xv)p Fu(\).)47 b(In)32 b(fact,)i(some)f(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(the)g
18672 (shell)f(dump)f(core)330 1385 y(if)f(the)h(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(b)s
18673 (egins)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)225 1519 y Fq(\017)60
18674 b Fu(The)26 b(SVR4.2)i(shell)f(exits)g(a)g(script)g(if)g(an)m(y)g
18675 (builtin)f(fails;)j(Bash)e(exits)g(a)g(script)g(only)g(if)g(one)g(of)g
18676 (the)330 1629 y Fm(posix)34 b Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)f(fails,)i(and)e
18677 (only)h(for)f(certain)h(failures,)h(as)f(en)m(umerated)g(in)f(the)h
18678 Fm(posix)330 1738 y Fu(standard.)225 1873 y Fq(\017)60
18679 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)f(di\013eren)m(tly)h
18680 (when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e Ft(jsh)g Fu(\(it)h(turns)e(on)h(job)g
18681 (con)m(trol\).)p eop end
18682 %%Page: 152 158
18683 TeXDict begin 152 157 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18684 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
18685 b(152)150 299 y Fp(App)t(endix)52 b(C)81 b(GNU)54 b(F)-13
18686 b(ree)53 b(Do)t(cumen)l(tation)e(License)1359 502 y Fu(V)-8
18687 b(ersion)31 b(1.3,)g(3)g(No)m(v)m(em)m(b)s(er)h(2008)390
18688 635 y(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)842 632 y(c)817 635 y Fq(\015)e
18689 Fu(2000,)j(2001,)f(2002,)g(2007,)h(2008)f(F)-8 b(ree)31
18690 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)h(F)-8 b(oundation,)31 b(Inc.)390 745
18691 y Ft(http://fsf.org/)390 964 y Fu(Ev)m(ery)m(one)g(is)g(p)s(ermitted)f
18692 (to)h(cop)m(y)g(and)f(distribute)g(v)m(erbatim)h(copies)390
18693 1074 y(of)g(this)f(license)h(do)s(cumen)m(t,)g(but)e(c)m(hanging)j(it)f
18694 (is)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed.)199 1207 y(0.)61 b(PREAMBLE)330
18695 1340 y(The)37 b(purp)s(ose)e(of)i(this)g(License)h(is)f(to)h(mak)m(e)g
18696 (a)g(man)m(ual,)h(textb)s(o)s(ok,)h(or)d(other)g(functional)h(and)330
18697 1450 y(useful)29 b(do)s(cumen)m(t)h Fr(free)36 b Fu(in)29
18698 b(the)i(sense)f(of)g(freedom:)41 b(to)31 b(assure)e(ev)m(ery)m(one)j
18699 (the)e(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(freedom)330 1559 y(to)f(cop)m(y)g(and)f
18700 (redistribute)g(it,)h(with)g(or)f(without)g(mo)s(difying)g(it,)i
18701 (either)f(commercially)h(or)e(non-)330 1669 y(commercially)-8
18702 b(.)56 b(Secondarily)-8 b(,)36 b(this)f(License)g(preserv)m(es)g(for)f
18703 (the)h(author)f(and)g(publisher)f(a)i(w)m(a)m(y)330 1778
18704 y(to)i(get)g(credit)g(for)f(their)g(w)m(ork,)i(while)e(not)g(b)s(eing)g
18705 (considered)g(resp)s(onsible)f(for)h(mo)s(di\014cations)330
18706 1888 y(made)30 b(b)m(y)h(others.)330 2021 y(This)22 b(License)i(is)f(a)
18707 h(kind)e(of)i(\\cop)m(yleft",)j(whic)m(h)c(means)g(that)h(deriv)-5
18708 b(ativ)m(e)24 b(w)m(orks)f(of)h(the)f(do)s(cumen)m(t)330
18709 2131 y(m)m(ust)34 b(themselv)m(es)h(b)s(e)e(free)h(in)g(the)g(same)g
18710 (sense.)51 b(It)34 b(complemen)m(ts)h(the)f(GNU)g(General)h(Public)330
18711 2240 y(License,)c(whic)m(h)f(is)h(a)f(cop)m(yleft)i(license)g(designed)
18712 e(for)g(free)h(soft)m(w)m(are.)330 2373 y(W)-8 b(e)31
18713 b(ha)m(v)m(e)f(designed)g(this)f(License)h(in)f(order)g(to)i(use)e(it)h
18714 (for)f(man)m(uals)h(for)f(free)h(soft)m(w)m(are,)h(b)s(ecause)330
18715 2483 y(free)42 b(soft)m(w)m(are)i(needs)e(free)g(do)s(cumen)m(tation:)
18716 65 b(a)42 b(free)h(program)f(should)f(come)i(with)f(man)m(uals)330
18717 2592 y(pro)m(viding)29 b(the)g(same)g(freedoms)f(that)i(the)f(soft)m(w)
18718 m(are)h(do)s(es.)40 b(But)29 b(this)f(License)i(is)f(not)g(limited)g
18719 (to)330 2702 y(soft)m(w)m(are)j(man)m(uals;)f(it)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g
18720 (for)g(an)m(y)h(textual)h(w)m(ork,)f(regardless)g(of)g(sub)5
18721 b(ject)30 b(matter)i(or)330 2812 y(whether)f(it)h(is)f(published)f(as)i
18722 (a)f(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(o)s(ok.)44 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(recommend)f(this)h
18723 (License)g(principally)f(for)330 2921 y(w)m(orks)f(whose)h(purp)s(ose)d
18724 (is)j(instruction)f(or)g(reference.)199 3054 y(1.)61
18725 b(APPLICABILITY)29 b(AND)j(DEFINITIONS)330 3187 y(This)39
18726 b(License)i(applies)f(to)g(an)m(y)h(man)m(ual)f(or)g(other)g(w)m(ork,)i
18727 (in)e(an)m(y)g(medium,)i(that)e(con)m(tains)i(a)330 3297
18728 y(notice)h(placed)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(holder)e(sa)m(ying)
18729 h(it)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(distributed)f(under)g(the)i(terms)330
18730 3407 y(of)c(this)f(License.)62 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(a)h(notice)h(gran)m(ts)f
18731 (a)g(w)m(orld-wide,)h(ro)m(y)m(alt)m(y-free)i(license,)f(unlimited)d
18732 (in)330 3516 y(duration,)49 b(to)d(use)f(that)g(w)m(ork)h(under)d(the)j
18733 (conditions)f(stated)h(herein.)85 b(The)45 b(\\Do)s(cumen)m(t",)330
18734 3626 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)29 b(refers)f(to)h(an)m(y)g(suc)m(h)f(man)m(ual)h
18735 (or)f(w)m(ork.)40 b(An)m(y)29 b(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(the)f(public)g(is)g
18736 (a)h(licensee,)i(and)330 3735 y(is)25 b(addressed)f(as)h(\\y)m(ou".)40
18737 b(Y)-8 b(ou)26 b(accept)g(the)f(license)h(if)f(y)m(ou)h(cop)m(y)-8
18738 b(,)27 b(mo)s(dify)d(or)h(distribute)g(the)g(w)m(ork)330
18739 3845 y(in)30 b(a)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(requiring)f(p)s(ermission)f(under)g(cop)
18740 m(yrigh)m(t)j(la)m(w.)330 3978 y(A)i(\\Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
18741 b(ersion")35 b(of)f(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(means)g(an)m(y)g(w)m(ork)f
18742 (con)m(taining)j(the)e(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(or)330 4088 y(a)k(p)s(ortion)f
18743 (of)h(it,)i(either)e(copied)g(v)m(erbatim,)i(or)d(with)h(mo)s
18744 (di\014cations)f(and/or)h(translated)g(in)m(to)330 4197
18745 y(another)31 b(language.)330 4330 y(A)26 b(\\Secondary)g(Section")h(is)
18746 f(a)h(named)e(app)s(endix)f(or)i(a)h(fron)m(t-matter)g(section)g(of)f
18747 (the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)330 4440 y(that)c(deals)g(exclusiv)m(ely)h(with)e
18748 (the)g(relationship)h(of)f(the)h(publishers)d(or)i(authors)g(of)h(the)f
18749 (Do)s(cumen)m(t)330 4549 y(to)38 b(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)i(o)m(v)m
18750 (erall)g(sub)5 b(ject)37 b(\(or)h(to)g(related)g(matters\))g(and)f(con)
18751 m(tains)h(nothing)f(that)330 4659 y(could)j(fall)h(directly)g(within)f
18752 (that)h(o)m(v)m(erall)i(sub)5 b(ject.)70 b(\(Th)m(us,)42
18753 b(if)e(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(is)f(in)g(part)h(a)330
18754 4769 y(textb)s(o)s(ok)24 b(of)g(mathematics,)j(a)d(Secondary)f(Section)
18755 h(ma)m(y)g(not)g(explain)g(an)m(y)g(mathematics.\))40
18756 b(The)330 4878 y(relationship)28 b(could)f(b)s(e)g(a)g(matter)i(of)e
18757 (historical)i(connection)f(with)f(the)h(sub)5 b(ject)27
18758 b(or)g(with)g(related)330 4988 y(matters,)38 b(or)d(of)h(legal,)i
18759 (commercial,)h(philosophical,)f(ethical)f(or)e(p)s(olitical)i(p)s
18760 (osition)f(regarding)330 5097 y(them.)330 5230 y(The)25
18761 b(\\In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)27 b(Sections")g(are)f(certain)g(Secondary)g
18762 (Sections)g(whose)f(titles)i(are)f(designated,)i(as)330
18763 5340 y(b)s(eing)e(those)h(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)27
18764 b(Sections,)i(in)d(the)h(notice)h(that)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)g(the)g(Do)s
18765 (cumen)m(t)g(is)g(released)p eop end
18766 %%Page: 153 159
18767 TeXDict begin 153 158 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18768 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
18769 b(153)330 299 y(under)26 b(this)i(License.)40 b(If)27
18770 b(a)h(section)h(do)s(es)f(not)f(\014t)h(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h
18771 (de\014nition)e(of)h(Secondary)f(then)h(it)g(is)330 408
18772 y(not)k(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(to)e(b)s(e)g(designated)g(as)g(In)m(v)-5
18773 b(arian)m(t.)46 b(The)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(t)i(ma)m(y)f(con)m(tain)i(zero)
18774 e(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)330 518 y(Sections.)39 b(If)25
18775 b(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t)i(do)s(es)e(not)h(iden)m(tify)g(an)m(y)g(In)m(v)
18776 -5 b(arian)m(t)25 b(Sections)h(then)e(there)h(are)g(none.)330
18777 669 y(The)36 b(\\Co)m(v)m(er)i(T)-8 b(exts")38 b(are)f(certain)g(short)
18778 g(passages)g(of)g(text)g(that)h(are)f(listed,)i(as)d(F)-8
18779 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)330 778 y(T)g(exts)26 b(or)f(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)
18780 j(T)-8 b(exts,)27 b(in)d(the)h(notice)i(that)e(sa)m(ys)h(that)g(the)f
18781 (Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(is)f(released)g(under)330 888 y(this)h(License.)40
18782 b(A)25 b(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)29 b(T)-8 b(ext)26
18783 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(at)i(most)f(5)g(w)m(ords,)g(and)g(a)g(Bac)m(k-Co)m
18784 (v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext)26 b(ma)m(y)330 998 y(b)s(e)k(at)h(most)g(25)g(w)m
18785 (ords.)330 1148 y(A)36 b(\\T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t")36 b(cop)m(y)g(of)g
18786 (the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(means)g(a)g(mac)m(hine-readable)h(cop)m(y)-8
18787 b(,)38 b(represen)m(ted)330 1258 y(in)d(a)h(format)g(whose)g(sp)s
18788 (eci\014cation)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)38 b(to)f(the)f(general)g
18789 (public,)h(that)f(is)g(suitable)g(for)330 1367 y(revising)c(the)g(do)s
18790 (cumen)m(t)f(straigh)m(tforw)m(ardly)i(with)e(generic)i(text)g(editors)
18791 f(or)f(\(for)h(images)h(com-)330 1477 y(p)s(osed)23 b(of)h(pixels\))g
18792 (generic)h(pain)m(t)f(programs)g(or)f(\(for)h(dra)m(wings\))g(some)g
18793 (widely)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)26 b(dra)m(wing)330 1587
18794 y(editor,)k(and)f(that)g(is)g(suitable)h(for)f(input)f(to)i(text)g
18795 (formatters)f(or)g(for)g(automatic)i(translation)f(to)330
18796 1696 y(a)d(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)28 b(of)f(formats)g(suitable)h(for)e(input)
18797 g(to)i(text)g(formatters.)40 b(A)27 b(cop)m(y)g(made)g(in)g(an)g
18798 (otherwise)330 1806 y(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)37 b(\014le)h(format)g
18799 (whose)f(markup,)i(or)e(absence)h(of)g(markup,)g(has)g(b)s(een)f
18800 (arranged)g(to)330 1915 y(th)m(w)m(art)27 b(or)g(discourage)g
18801 (subsequen)m(t)f(mo)s(di\014cation)h(b)m(y)g(readers)f(is)g(not)h(T)-8
18802 b(ransparen)m(t.)39 b(An)27 b(image)330 2025 y(format)35
18803 b(is)f(not)h(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)34 b(if)g(used)g(for)g(an)m(y)g
18804 (substan)m(tial)h(amoun)m(t)g(of)g(text.)53 b(A)35 b(cop)m(y)g(that)g
18805 (is)330 2134 y(not)c(\\T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t")31 b(is)f(called)i
18806 (\\Opaque".)330 2285 y(Examples)53 b(of)g(suitable)h(formats)f(for)g(T)
18807 -8 b(ransparen)m(t)53 b(copies)h(include)f(plain)g Fm(asci)r(i)g
18808 Fu(without)330 2395 y(markup,)37 b(T)-8 b(exinfo)36 b(input)f(format,)j
18809 (LaT)1759 2414 y(E)1810 2395 y(X)e(input)f(format,)j
18810 Ff(SGML)f Fu(or)f Ff(XML)g Fu(using)g(a)g(publicly)330
18811 2504 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)42 b Ff(DTD)p Fu(,)h(and)c
18812 (standard-conforming)g(simple)h Ff(HTML)p Fu(,)i(P)m(ostScript)e(or)f
18813 Ff(PDF)h Fu(designed)330 2614 y(for)e(h)m(uman)f(mo)s(di\014cation.)65
18814 b(Examples)38 b(of)h(transparen)m(t)f(image)h(formats)g(include)f
18815 Ff(PNG)p Fu(,)i Ff(X)n(CF)330 2724 y Fu(and)e Ff(JPG)p
18816 Fu(.)64 b(Opaque)38 b(formats)h(include)f(proprietary)h(formats)f(that)
18817 h(can)g(b)s(e)f(read)h(and)f(edited)330 2833 y(only)54
18818 b(b)m(y)f(proprietary)h(w)m(ord)f(pro)s(cessors,)59 b
18819 Ff(SGML)54 b Fu(or)f Ff(XML)h Fu(for)g(whic)m(h)f(the)h
18820 Ff(DTD)g Fu(and/or)330 2943 y(pro)s(cessing)61 b(to)s(ols)h(are)f(not)g
18821 (generally)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)71 b(and)60 b(the)h(mac)m
18822 (hine-generated)j Ff(HTML)p Fu(,)330 3052 y(P)m(ostScript)31
18823 b(or)f Ff(PDF)h Fu(pro)s(duced)d(b)m(y)j(some)f(w)m(ord)g(pro)s
18824 (cessors)g(for)g(output)g(purp)s(oses)f(only)-8 b(.)330
18825 3203 y(The)34 b(\\Title)h(P)m(age")i(means,)e(for)f(a)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)
18826 s(o)s(ok,)h(the)f(title)i(page)f(itself,)h(plus)e(suc)m(h)f(follo)m
18827 (wing)330 3313 y(pages)28 b(as)g(are)g(needed)g(to)g(hold,)g(legibly)-8
18828 b(,)30 b(the)e(material)h(this)e(License)i(requires)e(to)h(app)s(ear)f
18829 (in)h(the)330 3422 y(title)g(page.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)28
18830 b(w)m(orks)e(in)g(formats)h(whic)m(h)g(do)f(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(an)m(y)e
18831 (title)j(page)e(as)g(suc)m(h,)g(\\Title)h(P)m(age")330
18832 3532 y(means)j(the)f(text)i(near)e(the)h(most)g(prominen)m(t)g(app)s
18833 (earance)f(of)h(the)g(w)m(ork's)g(title,)h(preceding)f(the)330
18834 3641 y(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(b)s(o)s(dy)e(of)h(the)h(text.)330
18835 3792 y(The)j(\\publisher")g(means)h(an)m(y)f(p)s(erson)g(or)h(en)m(tit)
18836 m(y)h(that)f(distributes)f(copies)i(of)e(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)330
18837 3902 y(to)c(the)g(public.)330 4052 y(A)f(section)h(\\En)m(titled)g
18838 (XYZ")f(means)f(a)h(named)g(subunit)e(of)h(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h
18839 (whose)e(title)i(either)330 4162 y(is)d(precisely)g(XYZ)g(or)f(con)m
18840 (tains)i(XYZ)f(in)f(paren)m(theses)i(follo)m(wing)g(text)g(that)f
18841 (translates)h(XYZ)e(in)330 4271 y(another)e(language.)40
18842 b(\(Here)26 b(XYZ)f(stands)f(for)h(a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)g(section)h(name)f
18843 (men)m(tioned)h(b)s(elo)m(w,)g(suc)m(h)330 4381 y(as)i(\\Ac)m(kno)m
18844 (wledgemen)m(ts",)33 b(\\Dedications",)e(\\Endorsemen)m(ts",)e(or)f
18845 (\\History".\))42 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(\\Preserv)m(e)330 4491
18846 y(the)34 b(Title")h(of)e(suc)m(h)h(a)g(section)g(when)f(y)m(ou)h(mo)s
18847 (dify)e(the)i(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(means)e(that)h(it)g(remains)g(a)330
18848 4600 y(section)e(\\En)m(titled)f(XYZ")g(according)g(to)g(this)g
18849 (de\014nition.)330 4751 y(The)c(Do)s(cumen)m(t)i(ma)m(y)f(include)f(W)
18850 -8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)30 b(Disclaimers)f(next)f(to)g(the)g(notice)h(whic)m
18851 (h)e(states)i(that)330 4861 y(this)34 b(License)g(applies)g(to)h(the)f
18852 (Do)s(cumen)m(t.)52 b(These)33 b(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)36
18853 b(Disclaimers)f(are)g(considered)e(to)330 4970 y(b)s(e)k(included)g(b)m
18854 (y)g(reference)h(in)g(this)f(License,)j(but)d(only)h(as)g(regards)f
18855 (disclaiming)i(w)m(arran)m(ties:)330 5080 y(an)m(y)e(other)g
18856 (implication)i(that)e(these)g(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)39
18857 b(Disclaimers)f(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(is)f(v)m(oid)g(and)f(has)h(no)330
18858 5189 y(e\013ect)32 b(on)e(the)h(meaning)f(of)h(this)f(License.)199
18859 5340 y(2.)61 b(VERBA)-8 b(TIM)31 b(COPYING)p eop end
18860 %%Page: 154 160
18861 TeXDict begin 154 159 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18862 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
18863 b(154)330 299 y(Y)-8 b(ou)39 b(ma)m(y)f(cop)m(y)h(and)e(distribute)h
18864 (the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(in)f(an)m(y)g(medium,)h(either)g(commercially)h
18865 (or)330 408 y(noncommercially)-8 b(,)48 b(pro)m(vided)42
18866 b(that)h(this)f(License,)47 b(the)42 b(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i(notices,)j
18867 (and)42 b(the)h(license)330 518 y(notice)37 b(sa)m(ying)g(this)e
18868 (License)i(applies)e(to)i(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(are)g(repro)s(duced)e
18869 (in)i(all)g(copies,)j(and)330 628 y(that)27 b(y)m(ou)g(add)f(no)h
18870 (other)f(conditions)h(whatso)s(ev)m(er)h(to)f(those)g(of)g(this)f
18871 (License.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)27 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(use)330
18872 737 y(tec)m(hnical)35 b(measures)d(to)i(obstruct)f(or)g(con)m(trol)h
18873 (the)f(reading)g(or)g(further)e(cop)m(ying)j(of)f(the)g(copies)330
18874 847 y(y)m(ou)25 b(mak)m(e)g(or)g(distribute.)38 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)28
18875 b(y)m(ou)d(ma)m(y)g(accept)h(comp)s(ensation)f(in)f(exc)m(hange)j(for)d
18876 (copies.)330 956 y(If)32 b(y)m(ou)g(distribute)g(a)h(large)g(enough)f
18877 (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(copies)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)h(also)g(follo)m(w)g
18878 (the)f(conditions)330 1066 y(in)e(section)i(3.)330 1200
18879 y(Y)-8 b(ou)21 b(ma)m(y)h(also)f(lend)g(copies,)i(under)d(the)h(same)g
18880 (conditions)g(stated)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i(and)c(y)m(ou)h(ma)m(y)g
18881 (publicly)330 1310 y(displa)m(y)31 b(copies.)199 1443
18882 y(3.)61 b(COPYING)30 b(IN)g(QUANTITY)330 1577 y(If)25
18883 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)f(prin)m(ted)g(copies)i(\(or)g(copies)g(in)f(media)g
18884 (that)h(commonly)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(prin)m(ted)f(co)m(v)m(ers\))i(of)330
18885 1687 y(the)32 b(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)e(more)h(than)f
18886 (100,)j(and)d(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)h(license)f(notice)h(requires)330
18887 1797 y(Co)m(v)m(er)i(T)-8 b(exts,)36 b(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)f(enclose)i
18888 (the)e(copies)h(in)f(co)m(v)m(ers)i(that)f(carry)-8 b(,)36
18889 b(clearly)f(and)f(legibly)-8 b(,)37 b(all)330 1906 y(these)j(Co)m(v)m
18890 (er)g(T)-8 b(exts:)59 b(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)41
18891 b(T)-8 b(exts)40 b(on)f(the)g(fron)m(t)g(co)m(v)m(er,)44
18892 b(and)38 b(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)k(T)-8 b(exts)40 b(on)330
18893 2016 y(the)29 b(bac)m(k)h(co)m(v)m(er.)42 b(Both)30 b(co)m(v)m(ers)h(m)
18894 m(ust)e(also)h(clearly)g(and)f(legibly)h(iden)m(tify)f(y)m(ou)h(as)f
18895 (the)h(publisher)330 2125 y(of)k(these)h(copies.)53 b(The)34
18896 b(fron)m(t)h(co)m(v)m(er)h(m)m(ust)e(presen)m(t)g(the)h(full)f(title)i
18897 (with)d(all)j(w)m(ords)d(of)i(the)f(title)330 2235 y(equally)e
18898 (prominen)m(t)e(and)g(visible.)43 b(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(ma)m(y)g(add)g
18899 (other)g(material)h(on)f(the)g(co)m(v)m(ers)h(in)e(addition.)330
18900 2345 y(Cop)m(ying)36 b(with)g(c)m(hanges)h(limited)g(to)g(the)g(co)m(v)
18901 m(ers,)i(as)d(long)h(as)g(they)f(preserv)m(e)g(the)h(title)g(of)g(the)
18902 330 2454 y(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(and)e(satisfy)i(these)f(conditions,)j(can)d
18903 (b)s(e)g(treated)h(as)f(v)m(erbatim)h(cop)m(ying)g(in)f(other)330
18904 2564 y(resp)s(ects.)330 2698 y(If)32 b(the)h(required)f(texts)i(for)e
18905 (either)h(co)m(v)m(er)i(are)e(to)s(o)g(v)m(oluminous)g(to)g(\014t)g
18906 (legibly)-8 b(,)35 b(y)m(ou)e(should)f(put)330 2807 y(the)h(\014rst)f
18907 (ones)h(listed)g(\(as)h(man)m(y)f(as)g(\014t)g(reasonably\))g(on)g(the)
18908 g(actual)h(co)m(v)m(er,)h(and)e(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(the)330
18909 2917 y(rest)d(on)m(to)g(adjacen)m(t)h(pages.)330 3051
18910 y(If)27 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)e(or)i(distribute)g(Opaque)f(copies)i(of)f
18911 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)f(more)i(than)e(100,)330
18912 3160 y(y)m(ou)i(m)m(ust)g(either)h(include)e(a)i(mac)m(hine-readable)g
18913 (T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)28 b(cop)m(y)h(along)g(with)e(eac)m(h)i(Opaque)
18914 330 3270 y(cop)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(or)d(state)h(in)f(or)g(with)g(eac)m(h)h
18915 (Opaque)e(cop)m(y)i(a)g(computer-net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cation)h(from)d
18916 (whic)m(h)330 3380 y(the)24 b(general)i(net)m(w)m(ork-using)f(public)e
18917 (has)h(access)i(to)f(do)m(wnload)f(using)g(public-standard)f(net)m(w)m
18918 (ork)330 3489 y(proto)s(cols)40 b(a)f(complete)h(T)-8
18919 b(ransparen)m(t)39 b(cop)m(y)g(of)g(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)i(free)d(of)g
18920 (added)f(material.)67 b(If)330 3599 y(y)m(ou)39 b(use)g(the)g(latter)h
18921 (option,)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)e(tak)m(e)j(reasonably)e(pruden)m(t)e
18922 (steps,)k(when)d(y)m(ou)h(b)s(egin)330 3708 y(distribution)f(of)g
18923 (Opaque)g(copies)h(in)e(quan)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(,)43 b(to)38
18924 b(ensure)g(that)h(this)f(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)38 b(cop)m(y)h(will)330
18925 3818 y(remain)30 b(th)m(us)g(accessible)i(at)f(the)f(stated)h(lo)s
18926 (cation)h(un)m(til)e(at)h(least)h(one)e(y)m(ear)h(after)g(the)f(last)h
18927 (time)330 3927 y(y)m(ou)37 b(distribute)f(an)h(Opaque)f(cop)m(y)i
18928 (\(directly)g(or)e(through)g(y)m(our)h(agen)m(ts)h(or)f(retailers\))h
18929 (of)f(that)330 4037 y(edition)31 b(to)g(the)g(public.)330
18930 4171 y(It)k(is)f(requested,)i(but)e(not)h(required,)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g
18931 (con)m(tact)h(the)f(authors)f(of)h(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(w)m(ell)330
18932 4281 y(b)s(efore)28 b(redistributing)g(an)m(y)h(large)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
18933 (er)d(of)i(copies,)h(to)f(giv)m(e)h(them)f(a)g(c)m(hance)h(to)f(pro)m
18934 (vide)g(y)m(ou)330 4390 y(with)h(an)g(up)s(dated)f(v)m(ersion)i(of)g
18935 (the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)199 4524 y(4.)61 b(MODIFICA)-8
18936 b(TIONS)330 4658 y(Y)g(ou)26 b(ma)m(y)g(cop)m(y)g(and)f(distribute)g(a)
18937 h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)26 b(of)g(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(under)
18938 e(the)h(conditions)330 4768 y(of)c(sections)h(2)g(and)e(3)h(ab)s(o)m(v)
18939 m(e,)k(pro)m(vided)20 b(that)i(y)m(ou)f(release)i(the)e(Mo)s(di\014ed)f
18940 (V)-8 b(ersion)22 b(under)d(precisely)330 4877 y(this)29
18941 b(License,)h(with)f(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)30
18942 b(\014lling)f(the)g(role)h(of)f(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(th)m(us)f
18943 (licensing)330 4987 y(distribution)k(and)h(mo)s(di\014cation)g(of)h
18944 (the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)35 b(to)g(who)s(ev)m(er)f(p)s
18945 (ossesses)f(a)i(cop)m(y)g(of)330 5096 y(it.)41 b(In)30
18946 b(addition,)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)h(do)f(these)h(things)f(in)g(the)h(Mo)s
18947 (di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion:)357 5230 y(A.)60 b(Use)33
18948 b(in)f(the)h(Title)h(P)m(age)g(\(and)f(on)f(the)h(co)m(v)m(ers,)i(if)e
18949 (an)m(y\))g(a)g(title)h(distinct)f(from)g(that)g(of)g(the)510
18950 5340 y(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)j(and)d(from)g(those)i(of)f(previous)f(v)m
18951 (ersions)h(\(whic)m(h)g(should,)g(if)g(there)g(w)m(ere)g(an)m(y)-8
18952 b(,)p eop end
18953 %%Page: 155 161
18954 TeXDict begin 155 160 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18955 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
18956 b(155)510 299 y(b)s(e)31 b(listed)h(in)f(the)g(History)h(section)g(of)g
18957 (the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t\).)45 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(use)f(the)g(same)
18958 h(title)h(as)510 408 y(a)e(previous)f(v)m(ersion)g(if)h(the)f(original)
18959 i(publisher)d(of)h(that)h(v)m(ersion)g(giv)m(es)h(p)s(ermission.)360
18960 545 y(B.)61 b(List)31 b(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age,)i(as)d(authors,)h
18961 (one)g(or)f(more)h(p)s(ersons)e(or)h(en)m(tities)j(resp)s(onsible)c
18962 (for)510 655 y(authorship)c(of)h(the)h(mo)s(di\014cations)f(in)g(the)g
18963 (Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)28 b(together)g(with)d(at)i(least)h
18964 (\014v)m(e)510 765 y(of)c(the)g(principal)g(authors)f(of)i(the)f(Do)s
18965 (cumen)m(t)g(\(all)h(of)g(its)f(principal)g(authors,)h(if)f(it)g(has)g
18966 (few)m(er)510 874 y(than)30 b(\014v)m(e\),)h(unless)f(they)h(release)g
18967 (y)m(ou)g(from)f(this)g(requiremen)m(t.)359 1011 y(C.)60
18968 b(State)32 b(on)e(the)h(Title)h(page)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
18969 (publisher)e(of)i(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)32
18970 b(as)f(the)510 1121 y(publisher.)355 1258 y(D.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)31
18971 b(all)g(the)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(notices)f(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)
18972 363 1395 y(E.)60 b(Add)30 b(an)i(appropriate)f(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i
18973 (notice)f(for)g(y)m(our)f(mo)s(di\014cations)g(adjacen)m(t)i(to)f(the)g
18974 (other)510 1504 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g(notices.)365 1641
18975 y(F.)61 b(Include,)28 b(immediately)h(after)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g
18976 (notices,)h(a)e(license)h(notice)g(giving)g(the)f(public)510
18977 1751 y(p)s(ermission)23 b(to)j(use)e(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8
18978 b(ersion)25 b(under)e(the)i(terms)f(of)h(this)f(License,)j(in)d(the)g
18979 (form)510 1861 y(sho)m(wn)30 b(in)g(the)g(Addendum)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)353
18980 1998 y(G.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)23 b(in)g(that)g(license)h(notice)g(the)f
18981 (full)g(lists)g(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)23 b(Sections)h(and)e
18982 (required)g(Co)m(v)m(er)510 2107 y(T)-8 b(exts)31 b(giv)m(en)g(in)f
18983 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)g(license)h(notice.)357 2244
18984 y(H.)60 b(Include)30 b(an)g(unaltered)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(this)f(License.)
18985 392 2381 y(I.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)f(section)h(En)m(titled)g
18986 (\\History",)h(Preserv)m(e)f(its)f(Title,)i(and)d(add)h(to)h(it)f(an)g
18987 (item)510 2491 y(stating)d(at)g(least)g(the)g(title,)h(y)m(ear,)g(new)d
18988 (authors,)i(and)e(publisher)f(of)j(the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
18989 b(ersion)510 2600 y(as)32 b(giv)m(en)g(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age.)45
18990 b(If)31 b(there)h(is)f(no)g(section)i(En)m(titled)f(\\History")h(in)e
18991 (the)g(Do)s(cu-)510 2710 y(men)m(t,)37 b(create)f(one)f(stating)h(the)f
18992 (title,)i(y)m(ear,)g(authors,)f(and)e(publisher)f(of)i(the)g(Do)s
18993 (cumen)m(t)510 2819 y(as)h(giv)m(en)h(on)f(its)h(Title)g(P)m(age,)i
18994 (then)d(add)g(an)g(item)g(describing)g(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8
18995 b(ersion)37 b(as)510 2929 y(stated)31 b(in)f(the)h(previous)f(sen)m
18996 (tence.)378 3066 y(J.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)g(net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s
18997 (cation,)i(if)d(an)m(y)-8 b(,)34 b(giv)m(en)f(in)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m
18998 (t)h(for)g(public)e(access)j(to)510 3176 y(a)e(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)30
18999 b(cop)m(y)i(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(and)f(lik)m(ewise)h(the)g(net)
19000 m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cations)g(giv)m(en)g(in)510 3285 y(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m
19001 (t)g(for)g(previous)f(v)m(ersions)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(based)f(on.)45
19002 b(These)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(placed)h(in)g(the)510 3395
19003 y(\\History")27 b(section.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(ma)m(y)h(omit)g(a)f(net)
19004 m(w)m(ork)h(lo)s(cation)g(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(that)g(w)m(as)h
19005 (published)510 3504 y(at)36 b(least)h(four)e(y)m(ears)i(b)s(efore)e
19006 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(itself,)h(or)d(if)h(the)g(original)h(publisher)
19007 d(of)i(the)510 3614 y(v)m(ersion)31 b(it)g(refers)f(to)h(giv)m(es)h(p)s
19008 (ermission.)354 3751 y(K.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(an)m(y)h(section)f(En)m
19009 (titled)h(\\Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m(ts")i(or)d(\\Dedications",)k
19010 (Preserv)m(e)c(the)g(Title)510 3861 y(of)j(the)f(section,)j(and)d
19011 (preserv)m(e)h(in)f(the)h(section)g(all)h(the)e(substance)h(and)f(tone)
19012 h(of)f(eac)m(h)i(of)f(the)510 3970 y(con)m(tributor)k(ac)m(kno)m
19013 (wledgemen)m(ts)i(and/or)d(dedications)h(giv)m(en)h(therein.)368
19014 4107 y(L.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)36 b(all)g(the)g(In)m(v)-5
19015 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(of)f(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(unaltered)f
19016 (in)f(their)g(text)i(and)510 4217 y(in)f(their)g(titles.)58
19017 b(Section)37 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)d(or)i(the)g(equiv)-5
19018 b(alen)m(t)38 b(are)e(not)g(considered)g(part)g(of)g(the)510
19019 4326 y(section)c(titles.)341 4463 y(M.)61 b(Delete)33
19020 b(an)m(y)e(section)h(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts".)42
19021 b(Suc)m(h)30 b(a)i(section)f(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(included)510
19022 4573 y(in)g(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion.)357
19023 4710 y(N.)60 b(Do)29 b(not)g(retitle)h(an)m(y)e(existing)i(section)f
19024 (to)g(b)s(e)f(En)m(titled)h(\\Endorsemen)m(ts")g(or)f(to)h(con\015ict)g
19025 (in)510 4819 y(title)j(with)e(an)m(y)h(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31
19026 b(Section.)354 4956 y(O.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(an)m(y)g(W)-8
19027 b(arran)m(t)m(y)32 b(Disclaimers.)330 5121 y(If)h(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g
19028 (V)-8 b(ersion)34 b(includes)f(new)g(fron)m(t-matter)i(sections)f(or)f
19029 (app)s(endices)g(that)h(qualify)330 5230 y(as)28 b(Secondary)g
19030 (Sections)g(and)f(con)m(tain)j(no)d(material)j(copied)e(from)f(the)h
19031 (Do)s(cumen)m(t,)i(y)m(ou)e(ma)m(y)g(at)330 5340 y(y)m(our)k(option)h
19032 (designate)h(some)e(or)h(all)g(of)f(these)h(sections)h(as)e(in)m(v)-5
19033 b(arian)m(t.)48 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(do)f(this,)h(add)f(their)p
19034 eop end
19035 %%Page: 156 162
19036 TeXDict begin 156 161 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19037 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
19038 b(156)330 299 y(titles)37 b(to)f(the)f(list)h(of)g(In)m(v)-5
19039 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(in)f(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
19040 b(ersion's)36 b(license)g(notice.)57 b(These)330 408
19041 y(titles)32 b(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(distinct)h(from)e(an)m(y)i(other)g
19042 (section)g(titles.)330 551 y(Y)-8 b(ou)43 b(ma)m(y)g(add)f(a)g(section)
19043 i(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts",)j(pro)m(vided)c(it)h(con)m(tains)g
19044 (nothing)g(but)330 661 y(endorsemen)m(ts)30 b(of)g(y)m(our)f(Mo)s
19045 (di\014ed)g(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(b)m(y)e(v)-5 b(arious)30
19046 b(parties|for)g(example,)g(statemen)m(ts)i(of)330 770
19047 y(p)s(eer)27 b(review)g(or)g(that)h(the)f(text)i(has)d(b)s(een)h(appro)
19048 m(v)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g(an)h(organization)h(as)e(the)h(authoritativ)m(e)330
19049 880 y(de\014nition)i(of)h(a)f(standard.)330 1022 y(Y)-8
19050 b(ou)29 b(ma)m(y)g(add)e(a)i(passage)g(of)g(up)e(to)i(\014v)m(e)g(w)m
19051 (ords)e(as)i(a)g(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)30 b(T)-8
19052 b(ext,)30 b(and)e(a)g(passage)i(of)e(up)330 1132 y(to)g(25)g(w)m(ords)e
19053 (as)i(a)f(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext,)29 b(to)f(the)f(end)f(of)i
19054 (the)f(list)h(of)f(Co)m(v)m(er)h(T)-8 b(exts)27 b(in)g(the)h(Mo)s
19055 (di\014ed)330 1241 y(V)-8 b(ersion.)58 b(Only)35 b(one)h(passage)h(of)f
19056 (F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)38 b(T)-8 b(ext)36 b(and)g(one)g(of)g(Bac)m
19057 (k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext)36 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)330 1351
19058 y(added)27 b(b)m(y)g(\(or)h(through)f(arrangemen)m(ts)h(made)g(b)m(y\))
19059 g(an)m(y)g(one)f(en)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(.)42 b(If)27 b(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)
19060 g(already)330 1461 y(includes)34 b(a)g(co)m(v)m(er)h(text)g(for)f(the)g
19061 (same)h(co)m(v)m(er,)h(previously)e(added)f(b)m(y)h(y)m(ou)g(or)g(b)m
19062 (y)g(arrangemen)m(t)330 1570 y(made)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(same)f(en)m(tit)m
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19122 5340 y(that)d(do)s(cumen)m(t.)p eop end
19123 %%Page: 157 163
19124 TeXDict begin 157 162 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19125 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
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19210 (an)m(y)g(righ)m(ts)f(to)i(use)e(it.)p eop end
19211 %%Page: 158 164
19212 TeXDict begin 158 163 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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19218 b(License)e(from)g(time)h(to)g(time.)46 b(Suc)m(h)31
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19278 %%Page: 159 165
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19476 %%Page: 161 167
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19838 Fb(76)p eop end
19839 %%Page: 163 169
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20036 %%Page: 164 170
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20049 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)44
20050 b Fb(118)150 1027 y Fe(character-search)29 b(\(C-]\))15
20051 b Fc(:)g(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
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20053 b(\(M-C-]\))23 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48
20054 b Fb(122)150 1204 y Fe(clear-screen)28 b(\(C-l\))8 b
20055 Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
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20058 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20059 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(120)150 1380 y Fe(complete-command)29
20060 b(\(M-!\))15 b Fc(:)g(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20061 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)42 b Fb(121)150 1468 y
20062 Fe(complete-filename)29 b(\(M-/\))13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20063 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)39
20064 b Fb(120)150 1556 y Fe(complete-hostname)29 b(\(M-@\))13
20065 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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20067 b(\(M-{\))23 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20068 g(:)g(:)g(:)49 b Fb(121)150 1733 y Fe(complete-username)29
20069 b(\(M-~\))13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
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20071 29 b(\(M-$\))13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20072 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)39 b Fb(121)150 1909 y Fe
20073 (copy-backward-word)30 b(\(\))18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20074 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)44
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20076 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20078 (copy-region-as-kill)30 b(\(\))15 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20079 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)42
20080 b Fb(119)150 2343 y Fs(D)150 2461 y Fe(dabbrev-expand)29
20081 b(\(\))11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20082 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38
20083 b Fb(121)150 2549 y Fe(delete-char)28 b(\(C-d\))11 b
20084 Fc(:)j(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20086 2638 y Fe(delete-char-or-list)30 b(\(\))15 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20087 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)42
20088 b Fb(120)150 2726 y Fe(delete-horizontal-space)31 b(\(\))22
20089 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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20091 Fe(,)e Fd(M-1)p Fe(,)f(...)g Fd(M--)p Fe(\))d Fc(:)13
20092 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)49 b Fb(119)150 2902 y Fe
20093 (display-shell-version)30 b(\(C-x)d(C-v\))16 b Fc(:)e(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h
20094 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)43 b Fb(123)150 2991 y Fe(do-uppercase-version)
20095 30 b(\(M-a,)d(M-b,)f(M-)p Fd(x)p Fe(,)h(...)q(\))325
20096 3078 y Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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20099 y Fe(downcase-word)29 b(\(M-l\))23 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20101 b Fb(118)150 3254 y Fe(dump-functions)29 b(\(\))11 b
20102 Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20107 b(\(\))11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
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20109 b Fb(123)150 3519 y Fe(dynamic-complete-history)31 b(\(M-TAB\))7
20110 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)33 b Fb(121)150
20111 3776 y Fs(E)150 3894 y Fe(edit-and-execute-command)e(\(C-xC-e\))23
20112 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48 b Fb(124)150
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20116 b Fe(\(usually)g(C-d\))14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20123 4335 y Fe(exchange-point-and-mark)31 b(\(C-x)26 b(C-x\))11
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20125 4592 y Fs(F)150 4710 y Fe(forward-backward-delete-char)32
20126 b(\(\))9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)36
20127 b Fb(117)150 4799 y Fe(forward-char)28 b(\(C-f\))8 b
20128 Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
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20130 4887 y Fe(forward-search-history)c(\(C-s\))17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20131 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)44 b Fb(116)150 4975
20132 y Fe(forward-word)28 b(\(M-f\))8 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20133 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20134 (:)35 b Fb(115)150 5222 y Fs(G)150 5340 y Fe(glob-complete-word)30
20135 b(\(M-g\))10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20136 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)37 b Fb(123)2025 299 y Fe(glob-expand-word)29
20137 b(\(C-x)e(*\))17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20138 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)44 b Fb(123)2025 388 y Fe
20139 (glob-list-expansions)30 b(\(C-x)c(g\))7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20140 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(123)2025
20141 651 y Fs(H)2025 771 y Fe(history-and-alias-expand-line)e(\(\))7
20142 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(124)2025
20143 860 y Fe(history-expand-line)c(\(M-^\))8 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20144 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)34 b
20145 Fb(123)2025 950 y Fe(history-search-backward)d(\(\))22
20146 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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20148 b(\(\))8 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20149 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)34 b Fb(116)2025 1128 y Fe
20150 (history-substr-search-backward)e(\(\))22 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20151 (:)f(:)g(:)48 b Fb(117)2025 1217 y Fe(history-substr-search-forward)32
20152 b(\(\))7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34
20153 b Fb(116)2025 1480 y Fs(I)2025 1600 y Fe(insert-comment)29
20154 b(\(M-#\))21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
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20159 b(\(M-.)c(or)g(M-_\))18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45
20160 b Fb(124)2025 2041 y Fs(K)2025 2162 y Fe(kill-line)27
20161 b(\(C-k\))16 b Fc(:)f(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20164 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20167 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
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20169 b Fc(:)f(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
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20171 Fb(118)2025 2682 y Fs(M)2025 2802 y Fe(magic-space)28
20172 b(\(\))19 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
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20180 b(\(C-n\))8 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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20182 b Fb(116)2025 3453 y Fe(non-incremental-forward-search)q(-hist)q(ory)d
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20186 Fb(116)2025 3629 y Fe(non-incremental-reverse-search)q(-hist)q(ory)32
20187 b(\(M-p\))2200 3716 y Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
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20189 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)49 b
20190 Fb(116)2025 3960 y Fs(O)2025 4081 y Fe(operate-and-get-next)30
20191 b(\(C-o\))23 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
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20193 b(\(\))11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
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20195 b Fb(118)2025 4422 y Fs(P)2025 4542 y Fe(possible-command-completions)
20196 32 b(\(C-x)26 b(!\))21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)47 b
20197 Fb(121)2025 4632 y Fe(possible-completions)30 b(\(M-?\))23
20198 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20199 49 b Fb(120)2025 4721 y Fe(possible-filename-completions)32
20200 b(\(C-x)26 b(/\))18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(120)2025
20201 4810 y Fe(possible-hostname-completions)32 b(\(C-x)26
20202 b(@\))18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(121)2025 4900 y Fe
20203 (possible-username-completions)32 b(\(C-x)26 b(~\))18
20204 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(121)2025 4989 y Fe
20205 (possible-variable-completions)32 b(\(C-x)26 b($\))18
20206 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(121)2025 5078 y Fe(prefix-meta)28
20207 b(\(ESC\))11 b Fc(:)j(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20208 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38
20209 b Fb(122)2025 5167 y Fe(previous-history)29 b(\(C-p\))15
20210 b Fc(:)f(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20211 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)42 b Fb(116)2025 5257 y Fe(print-last-kbd-macro)30
20212 b(\(\))13 b Fc(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20213 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)40 b Fb(122)p eop end
20214 %%Page: 165 171
20215 TeXDict begin 165 170 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
20216 b(D:)i(Indexes)2623 b(165)150 299 y Fs(Q)150 416 y Fe(quoted-insert)29
20217 b(\(C-q)d(or)g(C-v\))20 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20218 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)45 b Fb(117)150 670 y Fs(R)150
20219 787 y Fe(re-read-init-file)29 b(\(C-x)e(C-r\))9 b Fc(:)14
20220 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)36
20221 b Fb(122)150 875 y Fe(redraw-current-line)30 b(\(\))15
20222 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
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20224 b(\(C-r\))17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20225 (:)44 b Fb(116)150 1051 y Fe(revert-line)28 b(\(M-r\))11
20226 b Fc(:)j(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20227 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38 b Fb(122)150
20228 1294 y Fs(S)150 1412 y Fe(self-insert)28 b(\(a,)e(b,)g(A,)g(1,)h(!,)f
20229 (...\))7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)33
20230 b Fb(118)150 1499 y Fe(set-mark)27 b(\(C-@\))20 b Fc(:)13
20231 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20232 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(122)150
20233 1587 y Fe(shell-backward-kill-word)31 b(\(\))20 b Fc(:)13
20234 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)46
20235 b Fb(119)150 1675 y Fe(shell-backward-word)30 b(\(\))15
20236 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20237 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)42 b Fb(115)150 1762 y Fe(shell-expand-line)29
20238 b(\(M-C-e\))8 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20239 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34 b Fb(123)150 1850 y Fe(shell-forward-word)c
20240 (\(\))18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20241 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)44 b Fb(115)150 1938
20242 y Fe(shell-kill-word)29 b(\(\))8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20243 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20244 (:)35 b Fb(119)150 2026 y Fe(skip-csi-sequence)29 b(\(\))21
20245 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20246 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)47 b Fb(122)150 2113 y Fe(start-kbd-macro)29
20247 b(\(C-x)e(\(\))19 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20248 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)46 b Fb(121)2025 299
20249 y Fs(T)2025 424 y Fe(tilde-expand)28 b(\(M-&\))8 b Fc(:)15
20250 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
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20252 Fe(transpose-chars)29 b(\(C-t\))18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20253 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45
20254 b Fb(118)2025 607 y Fe(transpose-words)29 b(\(M-t\))18
20255 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20256 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45 b Fb(118)2025 881 y Fs(U)2025
20257 1006 y Fe(undo)26 b(\(C-_)h(or)f(C-x)g(C-u\))c Fc(:)13
20258 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20259 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)48 b Fb(122)2025 1097 y Fe(universal-argument)29
20260 b(\(\))18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20261 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45 b Fb(119)2025 1189
20262 y Fe(unix-filename-rubout)30 b(\(\))13 b Fc(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20263 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)40
20264 b Fb(119)2025 1280 y Fe(unix-line-discard)29 b(\(C-u\))13
20265 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20266 g(:)g(:)g(:)40 b Fb(118)2025 1372 y Fe(unix-word-rubout)29
20267 b(\(C-w\))15 b Fc(:)f(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20268 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)42 b Fb(119)2025 1463
20269 y Fe(upcase-word)28 b(\(M-u\))11 b Fc(:)j(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20270 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20271 g(:)38 b Fb(118)2025 1737 y Fs(Y)2025 1862 y Fe(yank)26
20272 b(\(C-y\))12 b Fc(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20273 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20274 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)39 b Fb(119)2025 1954 y Fe(yank-last-arg)28
20275 b(\(M-.)f(or)f(M-_\))19 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20276 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)46 b Fb(117)2025 2045 y Fe(yank-nth-arg)28
20277 b(\(M-C-y\))22 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20278 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)47 b Fb(117)2025
20279 2137 y Fe(yank-pop)27 b(\(M-y\))20 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20280 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20281 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)45 b Fb(119)150 2369 y Fs(D.5)68
20282 b(Concept)45 b(Index)150 2629 y(A)150 2748 y Fb(alias)27
20283 b(expansion)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20284 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20285 h(:)44 b Fb(88)150 2836 y(arithmetic)26 b(ev)l(aluation)16
20286 b Fc(:)e(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20287 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)43 b Fb(87)150 2925
20288 y(arithmetic)26 b(expansion)d Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20289 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)49
20290 b Fb(29)150 3013 y(arithmetic,)27 b(shell)17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20291 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20292 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)43 b Fb(87)150 3102 y(arra)n(ys)15
20293 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20294 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20295 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)41 b Fb(89)150 3358 y Fs(B)150
20296 3477 y Fb(bac)n(kground)9 b Fc(:)j(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20297 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20298 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)35 b Fb(97)150 3565 y(Bash)26
20299 b(con\014guration)d Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20300 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)49
20301 b Fb(138)150 3654 y(Bash)26 b(installation)c Fc(:)13
20302 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20303 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)46 b Fb(138)150
20304 3742 y(Bourne)26 b(shell)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20305 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20306 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)40 b Fb(5)150 3831
20307 y(brace)26 b(expansion)20 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20308 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20309 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)47 b Fb(21)150 3919 y(builtin)9 b Fc(:)k(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20310 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20311 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20312 g(:)g(:)36 b Fb(3)150 4159 y Fs(C)150 4278 y Fb(command)26
20313 b(editing)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20314 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)40
20315 b Fb(102)150 4366 y(command)26 b(execution)d Fc(:)13
20316 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20317 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)49 b Fb(36)150 4455
20318 y(command)26 b(expansion)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20319 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)42
20320 b Fb(35)150 4543 y(command)26 b(history)12 b Fc(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20321 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20322 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)39 b Fb(133)150 4632 y(command)26
20323 b(searc)n(h)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20324 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20325 36 b Fb(36)150 4720 y(command)26 b(substitution)15 b
20326 Fc(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20327 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)41 b Fb(28)150 4809 y(command)26
20328 b(timing)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20329 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20330 g(:)34 b Fb(8)150 4897 y(commands,)26 b(comp)r(ound)18
20331 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20332 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)45 b Fb(9)150 4986
20333 y(commands,)26 b(conditional)d Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20334 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48
20335 b Fb(10)150 5074 y(commands,)26 b(grouping)9 b Fc(:)14
20336 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20337 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)35 b Fb(14)150 5163
20338 y(commands,)26 b(lists)6 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20339 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20340 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)33 b Fb(9)150 5251 y(commands,)26
20341 b(lo)r(oping)16 b Fc(:)f(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20342 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)42
20343 b Fb(10)150 5340 y(commands,)26 b(pip)r(elines)12 b Fc(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g
20344 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20345 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)39 b Fb(8)2025 2629 y(commands,)26
20346 b(shell)15 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20347 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20348 42 b Fb(8)2025 2720 y(commands,)26 b(simple)17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
20349 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20350 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)44 b Fb(8)2025 2810 y(commen)n(ts,)26
20351 b(shell)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20352 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20353 g(:)g(:)35 b Fb(7)2025 2901 y(completion)26 b(builtins)15
20354 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20355 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)42 b Fb(126)2025
20356 2991 y(con\014guration)15 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20357 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20358 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)42 b Fb(138)2025 3082 y(con)n(trol)26
20359 b(op)r(erator)20 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20360 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20361 (:)g(:)h(:)46 b Fb(3)2025 3172 y(copro)r(cess)12 b Fc(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h
20362 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20363 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)38
20364 b Fb(15)2025 3439 y Fs(D)2025 3562 y Fb(directory)26
20365 b(stac)n(k)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20366 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20367 g(:)49 b Fb(90)2025 3829 y Fs(E)2025 3952 y Fb(editing)26
20368 b(command)g(lines)11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20369 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38
20370 b Fb(102)2025 4043 y(en)n(vironmen)n(t)12 b Fc(:)g(:)h(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
20371 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20372 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)39 b Fb(37)2025
20373 4133 y(ev)l(aluation,)26 b(arithmetic)e Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20374 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20375 g(:)49 b Fb(87)2025 4224 y(ev)n(en)n(t)24 b(designators)14
20376 b Fc(:)h(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20377 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)41 b
20378 Fb(135)2025 4314 y(execution)25 b(en)n(vironmen)n(t)11
20379 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20380 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)37 b Fb(36)2025 4405
20381 y(exit)25 b(status)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20382 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20383 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45 b Fb(3,)26 b(38)2025 4495 y(expansion)20
20384 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20385 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20386 g(:)g(:)g(:)47 b Fb(21)2025 4586 y(expansion,)26 b(arithmetic)12
20387 b Fc(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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20407 %%Page: 166 172
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20550 Fc(:)j(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20551 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)37
20552 b Fb(87)2025 2883 y(shell)26 b(function)12 b Fc(:)h(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20553 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20554 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)38 b Fb(17)2025
20555 2971 y(shell)26 b(script)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20556 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20557 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48 b Fb(39)2025 3059
20558 y(shell)26 b(v)l(ariable)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20559 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20560 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)45 b Fb(18)2025 3147 y(shell,)26
20561 b(in)n(teractiv)n(e)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20562 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20563 g(:)h(:)40 b Fb(83)2025 3234 y(signal)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20564 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20565 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20566 (:)g(:)34 b Fb(4)2025 3322 y(signal)27 b(handling)17
20567 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20568 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)44
20569 b Fb(38)2025 3410 y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20570 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20571 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)37 b Fb(4,)26 b(68)2025
20572 3498 y(startup)f(\014les)d Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20573 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20574 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)48 b Fb(82)2025 3585 y(susp)r(ending)25
20575 b(jobs)6 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20576 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20577 (:)33 b Fb(97)2025 3838 y Fs(T)2025 3955 y Fb(tilde)26
20578 b(expansion)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20579 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
20580 g(:)g(:)45 b Fb(22)2025 4043 y(tok)n(en)11 b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20581 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
20582 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
20583 (:)g(:)38 b Fb(4)2025 4131 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)13
20584 b Fc(:)i(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20585 g(:)g(:)g(:)40 b Fb(7)2025 4383 y Fs(V)2025 4500 y Fb(v)l(ariable,)26
20586 b(shell)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
20587 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20588 f(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(18)2025 4588 y(v)l(ariables,)27 b(readline)18
20589 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
20590 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)45 b Fb(105)2025
20591 4841 y Fs(W)2025 4958 y Fb(w)n(ord)21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
20592 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
20593 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
20594 (:)g(:)48 b Fb(4)2025 5046 y(w)n(ord)26 b(splitting)21
20595 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20596 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)47
20597 b Fb(29)2025 5298 y Fs(Y)2025 5415 y Fb(y)n(anking)25
20598 b(text)7 b Fc(:)12 b(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
20599 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
20600 (:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(103)p eop end
20601 %%Trailer
20602
20603 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
20604 %%EOF