Imported Upstream version 2.13.7
[platform/upstream/git.git] / sha1_name.c
index 03ffc2c..5e2ec37 100644 (file)
 #include "tree-walk.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "remote.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "sha1-array.h"
 
 static int get_sha1_oneline(const char *, unsigned char *, struct commit_list *);
 
-static int find_short_object_filename(int len, const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+typedef int (*disambiguate_hint_fn)(const struct object_id *, void *);
+
+struct disambiguate_state {
+       int len; /* length of prefix in hex chars */
+       char hex_pfx[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
+       struct object_id bin_pfx;
+
+       disambiguate_hint_fn fn;
+       void *cb_data;
+       struct object_id candidate;
+       unsigned candidate_exists:1;
+       unsigned candidate_checked:1;
+       unsigned candidate_ok:1;
+       unsigned disambiguate_fn_used:1;
+       unsigned ambiguous:1;
+       unsigned always_call_fn:1;
+};
+
+static void update_candidates(struct disambiguate_state *ds, const struct object_id *current)
+{
+       if (ds->always_call_fn) {
+               ds->ambiguous = ds->fn(current, ds->cb_data) ? 1 : 0;
+               return;
+       }
+       if (!ds->candidate_exists) {
+               /* this is the first candidate */
+               oidcpy(&ds->candidate, current);
+               ds->candidate_exists = 1;
+               return;
+       } else if (!oidcmp(&ds->candidate, current)) {
+               /* the same as what we already have seen */
+               return;
+       }
+
+       if (!ds->fn) {
+               /* cannot disambiguate between ds->candidate and current */
+               ds->ambiguous = 1;
+               return;
+       }
+
+       if (!ds->candidate_checked) {
+               ds->candidate_ok = ds->fn(&ds->candidate, ds->cb_data);
+               ds->disambiguate_fn_used = 1;
+               ds->candidate_checked = 1;
+       }
+
+       if (!ds->candidate_ok) {
+               /* discard the candidate; we know it does not satisfy fn */
+               oidcpy(&ds->candidate, current);
+               ds->candidate_checked = 0;
+               return;
+       }
+
+       /* if we reach this point, we know ds->candidate satisfies fn */
+       if (ds->fn(current, ds->cb_data)) {
+               /*
+                * if both current and candidate satisfy fn, we cannot
+                * disambiguate.
+                */
+               ds->candidate_ok = 0;
+               ds->ambiguous = 1;
+       }
+
+       /* otherwise, current can be discarded and candidate is still good */
+}
+
+static void find_short_object_filename(struct disambiguate_state *ds)
 {
        struct alternate_object_database *alt;
-       char hex[40];
-       int found = 0;
+       char hex[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ];
        static struct alternate_object_database *fakeent;
 
        if (!fakeent) {
-               const char *objdir = get_object_directory();
-               int objdir_len = strlen(objdir);
-               int entlen = objdir_len + 43;
-               fakeent = xmalloc(sizeof(*fakeent) + entlen);
-               memcpy(fakeent->base, objdir, objdir_len);
-               fakeent->name = fakeent->base + objdir_len + 1;
-               fakeent->name[-1] = '/';
+               /*
+                * Create a "fake" alternate object database that
+                * points to our own object database, to make it
+                * easier to get a temporary working space in
+                * alt->name/alt->base while iterating over the
+                * object databases including our own.
+                */
+               fakeent = alloc_alt_odb(get_object_directory());
        }
        fakeent->next = alt_odb_list;
 
-       sprintf(hex, "%.2s", name);
-       for (alt = fakeent; alt && found < 2; alt = alt->next) {
+       xsnprintf(hex, sizeof(hex), "%.2s", ds->hex_pfx);
+       for (alt = fakeent; alt && !ds->ambiguous; alt = alt->next) {
+               struct strbuf *buf = alt_scratch_buf(alt);
                struct dirent *de;
                DIR *dir;
-               sprintf(alt->name, "%.2s/", name);
-               dir = opendir(alt->base);
+
+               strbuf_addf(buf, "%.2s/", ds->hex_pfx);
+               dir = opendir(buf->buf);
                if (!dir)
                        continue;
-               while ((de = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
-                       if (strlen(de->d_name) != 38)
+
+               while (!ds->ambiguous && (de = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
+                       struct object_id oid;
+
+                       if (strlen(de->d_name) != GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ - 2)
                                continue;
-                       if (memcmp(de->d_name, name + 2, len - 2))
+                       if (memcmp(de->d_name, ds->hex_pfx + 2, ds->len - 2))
                                continue;
-                       if (!found) {
-                               memcpy(hex + 2, de->d_name, 38);
-                               found++;
-                       }
-                       else if (memcmp(hex + 2, de->d_name, 38)) {
-                               found = 2;
-                               break;
-                       }
+                       memcpy(hex + 2, de->d_name, GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ - 2);
+                       if (!get_oid_hex(hex, &oid))
+                               update_candidates(ds, &oid);
                }
                closedir(dir);
        }
-       if (found == 1)
-               return get_sha1_hex(hex, sha1) == 0;
-       return found;
 }
 
 static int match_sha(unsigned len, const unsigned char *a, const unsigned char *b)
@@ -71,103 +136,187 @@ static int match_sha(unsigned len, const unsigned char *a, const unsigned char *
        return 1;
 }
 
-static int find_short_packed_object(int len, const unsigned char *match, unsigned char *sha1)
+static void unique_in_pack(struct packed_git *p,
+                          struct disambiguate_state *ds)
 {
-       struct packed_git *p;
-       const unsigned char *found_sha1 = NULL;
-       int found = 0;
-
-       prepare_packed_git();
-       for (p = packed_git; p && found < 2; p = p->next) {
-               uint32_t num, last;
-               uint32_t first = 0;
-               open_pack_index(p);
-               num = p->num_objects;
-               last = num;
-               while (first < last) {
-                       uint32_t mid = (first + last) / 2;
-                       const unsigned char *now;
-                       int cmp;
-
-                       now = nth_packed_object_sha1(p, mid);
-                       cmp = hashcmp(match, now);
-                       if (!cmp) {
-                               first = mid;
-                               break;
-                       }
-                       if (cmp > 0) {
-                               first = mid+1;
-                               continue;
-                       }
-                       last = mid;
+       uint32_t num, last, i, first = 0;
+       const struct object_id *current = NULL;
+
+       open_pack_index(p);
+       num = p->num_objects;
+       last = num;
+       while (first < last) {
+               uint32_t mid = (first + last) / 2;
+               const unsigned char *current;
+               int cmp;
+
+               current = nth_packed_object_sha1(p, mid);
+               cmp = hashcmp(ds->bin_pfx.hash, current);
+               if (!cmp) {
+                       first = mid;
+                       break;
                }
-               if (first < num) {
-                       const unsigned char *now, *next;
-                      now = nth_packed_object_sha1(p, first);
-                       if (match_sha(len, match, now)) {
-                               next = nth_packed_object_sha1(p, first+1);
-                              if (!next|| !match_sha(len, match, next)) {
-                                       /* unique within this pack */
-                                       if (!found) {
-                                               found_sha1 = now;
-                                               found++;
-                                       }
-                                       else if (hashcmp(found_sha1, now)) {
-                                               found = 2;
-                                               break;
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               else {
-                                       /* not even unique within this pack */
-                                       found = 2;
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                       }
+               if (cmp > 0) {
+                       first = mid+1;
+                       continue;
                }
+               last = mid;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * At this point, "first" is the location of the lowest object
+        * with an object name that could match "bin_pfx".  See if we have
+        * 0, 1 or more objects that actually match(es).
+        */
+       for (i = first; i < num && !ds->ambiguous; i++) {
+               struct object_id oid;
+               current = nth_packed_object_oid(&oid, p, i);
+               if (!match_sha(ds->len, ds->bin_pfx.hash, current->hash))
+                       break;
+               update_candidates(ds, current);
        }
-       if (found == 1)
-               hashcpy(sha1, found_sha1);
-       return found;
+}
+
+static void find_short_packed_object(struct disambiguate_state *ds)
+{
+       struct packed_git *p;
+
+       prepare_packed_git();
+       for (p = packed_git; p && !ds->ambiguous; p = p->next)
+               unique_in_pack(p, ds);
 }
 
 #define SHORT_NAME_NOT_FOUND (-1)
 #define SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS (-2)
 
-static int find_unique_short_object(int len, char *canonical,
-                                   unsigned char *res, unsigned char *sha1)
+static int finish_object_disambiguation(struct disambiguate_state *ds,
+                                       unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       int has_unpacked, has_packed;
-       unsigned char unpacked_sha1[20], packed_sha1[20];
+       if (ds->ambiguous)
+               return SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS;
 
-       prepare_alt_odb();
-       has_unpacked = find_short_object_filename(len, canonical, unpacked_sha1);
-       has_packed = find_short_packed_object(len, res, packed_sha1);
-       if (!has_unpacked && !has_packed)
+       if (!ds->candidate_exists)
                return SHORT_NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-       if (1 < has_unpacked || 1 < has_packed)
+
+       if (!ds->candidate_checked)
+               /*
+                * If this is the only candidate, there is no point
+                * calling the disambiguation hint callback.
+                *
+                * On the other hand, if the current candidate
+                * replaced an earlier candidate that did _not_ pass
+                * the disambiguation hint callback, then we do have
+                * more than one objects that match the short name
+                * given, so we should make sure this one matches;
+                * otherwise, if we discovered this one and the one
+                * that we previously discarded in the reverse order,
+                * we would end up showing different results in the
+                * same repository!
+                */
+               ds->candidate_ok = (!ds->disambiguate_fn_used ||
+                                   ds->fn(&ds->candidate, ds->cb_data));
+
+       if (!ds->candidate_ok)
                return SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS;
-       if (has_unpacked != has_packed) {
-               hashcpy(sha1, (has_packed ? packed_sha1 : unpacked_sha1));
+
+       hashcpy(sha1, ds->candidate.hash);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int disambiguate_commit_only(const struct object_id *oid, void *cb_data_unused)
+{
+       int kind = sha1_object_info(oid->hash, NULL);
+       return kind == OBJ_COMMIT;
+}
+
+static int disambiguate_committish_only(const struct object_id *oid, void *cb_data_unused)
+{
+       struct object *obj;
+       int kind;
+
+       kind = sha1_object_info(oid->hash, NULL);
+       if (kind == OBJ_COMMIT)
+               return 1;
+       if (kind != OBJ_TAG)
                return 0;
-       }
-       /* Both have unique ones -- do they match? */
-       if (hashcmp(packed_sha1, unpacked_sha1))
-               return SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS;
-       hashcpy(sha1, packed_sha1);
+
+       /* We need to do this the hard way... */
+       obj = deref_tag(parse_object(oid->hash), NULL, 0);
+       if (obj && obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT)
+               return 1;
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int get_short_sha1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1,
-                         int quietly)
+static int disambiguate_tree_only(const struct object_id *oid, void *cb_data_unused)
+{
+       int kind = sha1_object_info(oid->hash, NULL);
+       return kind == OBJ_TREE;
+}
+
+static int disambiguate_treeish_only(const struct object_id *oid, void *cb_data_unused)
+{
+       struct object *obj;
+       int kind;
+
+       kind = sha1_object_info(oid->hash, NULL);
+       if (kind == OBJ_TREE || kind == OBJ_COMMIT)
+               return 1;
+       if (kind != OBJ_TAG)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* We need to do this the hard way... */
+       obj = deref_tag(parse_object(oid->hash), NULL, 0);
+       if (obj && (obj->type == OBJ_TREE || obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT))
+               return 1;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int disambiguate_blob_only(const struct object_id *oid, void *cb_data_unused)
+{
+       int kind = sha1_object_info(oid->hash, NULL);
+       return kind == OBJ_BLOB;
+}
+
+static disambiguate_hint_fn default_disambiguate_hint;
+
+int set_disambiguate_hint_config(const char *var, const char *value)
 {
-       int i, status;
-       char canonical[40];
-       unsigned char res[20];
+       static const struct {
+               const char *name;
+               disambiguate_hint_fn fn;
+       } hints[] = {
+               { "none", NULL },
+               { "commit", disambiguate_commit_only },
+               { "committish", disambiguate_committish_only },
+               { "tree", disambiguate_tree_only },
+               { "treeish", disambiguate_treeish_only },
+               { "blob", disambiguate_blob_only }
+       };
+       int i;
+
+       if (!value)
+               return config_error_nonbool(var);
+
+       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(hints); i++) {
+               if (!strcasecmp(value, hints[i].name)) {
+                       default_disambiguate_hint = hints[i].fn;
+                       return 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return error("unknown hint type for '%s': %s", var, value);
+}
+
+static int init_object_disambiguation(const char *name, int len,
+                                     struct disambiguate_state *ds)
+{
+       int i;
 
-       if (len < MINIMUM_ABBREV || len > 40)
+       if (len < MINIMUM_ABBREV || len > GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ)
                return -1;
-       hashclr(res);
-       memset(canonical, 'x', 40);
+
+       memset(ds, 0, sizeof(*ds));
+
        for (i = 0; i < len ;i++) {
                unsigned char c = name[i];
                unsigned char val;
@@ -181,38 +330,191 @@ static int get_short_sha1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1,
                }
                else
                        return -1;
-               canonical[i] = c;
+               ds->hex_pfx[i] = c;
                if (!(i & 1))
                        val <<= 4;
-               res[i >> 1] |= val;
+               ds->bin_pfx.hash[i >> 1] |= val;
+       }
+
+       ds->len = len;
+       ds->hex_pfx[len] = '\0';
+       prepare_alt_odb();
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int show_ambiguous_object(const struct object_id *oid, void *data)
+{
+       const struct disambiguate_state *ds = data;
+       struct strbuf desc = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int type;
+
+
+       if (ds->fn && !ds->fn(oid, ds->cb_data))
+               return 0;
+
+       type = sha1_object_info(oid->hash, NULL);
+       if (type == OBJ_COMMIT) {
+               struct commit *commit = lookup_commit(oid->hash);
+               if (commit) {
+                       struct pretty_print_context pp = {0};
+                       pp.date_mode.type = DATE_SHORT;
+                       format_commit_message(commit, " %ad - %s", &desc, &pp);
+               }
+       } else if (type == OBJ_TAG) {
+               struct tag *tag = lookup_tag(oid->hash);
+               if (!parse_tag(tag) && tag->tag)
+                       strbuf_addf(&desc, " %s", tag->tag);
+       }
+
+       advise("  %s %s%s",
+              find_unique_abbrev(oid->hash, DEFAULT_ABBREV),
+              typename(type) ? typename(type) : "unknown type",
+              desc.buf);
+
+       strbuf_release(&desc);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int get_short_sha1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1,
+                         unsigned flags)
+{
+       int status;
+       struct disambiguate_state ds;
+       int quietly = !!(flags & GET_SHA1_QUIETLY);
+
+       if (init_object_disambiguation(name, len, &ds) < 0)
+               return -1;
+
+       if (HAS_MULTI_BITS(flags & GET_SHA1_DISAMBIGUATORS))
+               die("BUG: multiple get_short_sha1 disambiguator flags");
+
+       if (flags & GET_SHA1_COMMIT)
+               ds.fn = disambiguate_commit_only;
+       else if (flags & GET_SHA1_COMMITTISH)
+               ds.fn = disambiguate_committish_only;
+       else if (flags & GET_SHA1_TREE)
+               ds.fn = disambiguate_tree_only;
+       else if (flags & GET_SHA1_TREEISH)
+               ds.fn = disambiguate_treeish_only;
+       else if (flags & GET_SHA1_BLOB)
+               ds.fn = disambiguate_blob_only;
+       else
+               ds.fn = default_disambiguate_hint;
+
+       find_short_object_filename(&ds);
+       find_short_packed_object(&ds);
+       status = finish_object_disambiguation(&ds, sha1);
+
+       if (!quietly && (status == SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS)) {
+               error(_("short SHA1 %s is ambiguous"), ds.hex_pfx);
+
+               /*
+                * We may still have ambiguity if we simply saw a series of
+                * candidates that did not satisfy our hint function. In
+                * that case, we still want to show them, so disable the hint
+                * function entirely.
+                */
+               if (!ds.ambiguous)
+                       ds.fn = NULL;
+
+               advise(_("The candidates are:"));
+               for_each_abbrev(ds.hex_pfx, show_ambiguous_object, &ds);
        }
 
-       status = find_unique_short_object(i, canonical, res, sha1);
-       if (!quietly && (status == SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS))
-               return error("short SHA1 %.*s is ambiguous.", len, canonical);
        return status;
 }
 
-const char *find_unique_abbrev(const unsigned char *sha1, int len)
+static int collect_ambiguous(const struct object_id *oid, void *data)
+{
+       oid_array_append(data, oid);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int for_each_abbrev(const char *prefix, each_abbrev_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct oid_array collect = OID_ARRAY_INIT;
+       struct disambiguate_state ds;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (init_object_disambiguation(prefix, strlen(prefix), &ds) < 0)
+               return -1;
+
+       ds.always_call_fn = 1;
+       ds.fn = collect_ambiguous;
+       ds.cb_data = &collect;
+       find_short_object_filename(&ds);
+       find_short_packed_object(&ds);
+
+       ret = oid_array_for_each_unique(&collect, fn, cb_data);
+       oid_array_clear(&collect);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the slot of the most-significant bit set in "val". There are various
+ * ways to do this quickly with fls() or __builtin_clzl(), but speed is
+ * probably not a big deal here.
+ */
+static unsigned msb(unsigned long val)
+{
+       unsigned r = 0;
+       while (val >>= 1)
+               r++;
+       return r;
+}
+
+int find_unique_abbrev_r(char *hex, const unsigned char *sha1, int len)
 {
        int status, exists;
-       static char hex[41];
 
-       exists = has_sha1_file(sha1);
-       memcpy(hex, sha1_to_hex(sha1), 40);
+       if (len < 0) {
+               unsigned long count = approximate_object_count();
+               /*
+                * Add one because the MSB only tells us the highest bit set,
+                * not including the value of all the _other_ bits (so "15"
+                * is only one off of 2^4, but the MSB is the 3rd bit.
+                */
+               len = msb(count) + 1;
+               /*
+                * We now know we have on the order of 2^len objects, which
+                * expects a collision at 2^(len/2). But we also care about hex
+                * chars, not bits, and there are 4 bits per hex. So all
+                * together we need to divide by 2; but we also want to round
+                * odd numbers up, hence adding one before dividing.
+                */
+               len = (len + 1) / 2;
+               /*
+                * For very small repos, we stick with our regular fallback.
+                */
+               if (len < FALLBACK_DEFAULT_ABBREV)
+                       len = FALLBACK_DEFAULT_ABBREV;
+       }
+
+       sha1_to_hex_r(hex, sha1);
        if (len == 40 || !len)
-               return hex;
+               return 40;
+       exists = has_sha1_file(sha1);
        while (len < 40) {
                unsigned char sha1_ret[20];
-               status = get_short_sha1(hex, len, sha1_ret, 1);
+               status = get_short_sha1(hex, len, sha1_ret, GET_SHA1_QUIETLY);
                if (exists
                    ? !status
                    : status == SHORT_NAME_NOT_FOUND) {
                        hex[len] = 0;
-                       return hex;
+                       return len;
                }
                len++;
        }
+       return len;
+}
+
+const char *find_unique_abbrev(const unsigned char *sha1, int len)
+{
+       static int bufno;
+       static char hexbuffer[4][GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
+       char *hex = hexbuffer[bufno];
+       bufno = (bufno + 1) % ARRAY_SIZE(hexbuffer);
+       find_unique_abbrev_r(hex, sha1, len);
        return hex;
 }
 
@@ -241,38 +543,81 @@ static int ambiguous_path(const char *path, int len)
        return slash;
 }
 
-static inline int upstream_mark(const char *string, int len)
+static inline int at_mark(const char *string, int len,
+                         const char **suffix, int nr)
 {
-       const char *suffix[] = { "@{upstream}", "@{u}" };
        int i;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(suffix); i++) {
+       for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
                int suffix_len = strlen(suffix[i]);
                if (suffix_len <= len
-                   && !memcmp(string, suffix[i], suffix_len))
+                   && !strncasecmp(string, suffix[i], suffix_len))
                        return suffix_len;
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1);
+static inline int upstream_mark(const char *string, int len)
+{
+       const char *suffix[] = { "@{upstream}", "@{u}" };
+       return at_mark(string, len, suffix, ARRAY_SIZE(suffix));
+}
 
-static int get_sha1_basic(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
+static inline int push_mark(const char *string, int len)
+{
+       const char *suffix[] = { "@{push}" };
+       return at_mark(string, len, suffix, ARRAY_SIZE(suffix));
+}
+
+static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1, unsigned lookup_flags);
+static int interpret_nth_prior_checkout(const char *name, int namelen, struct strbuf *buf);
+
+static int get_sha1_basic(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1,
+                         unsigned int flags)
 {
        static const char *warn_msg = "refname '%.*s' is ambiguous.";
+       static const char *object_name_msg = N_(
+       "Git normally never creates a ref that ends with 40 hex characters\n"
+       "because it will be ignored when you just specify 40-hex. These refs\n"
+       "may be created by mistake. For example,\n"
+       "\n"
+       "  git checkout -b $br $(git rev-parse ...)\n"
+       "\n"
+       "where \"$br\" is somehow empty and a 40-hex ref is created. Please\n"
+       "examine these refs and maybe delete them. Turn this message off by\n"
+       "running \"git config advice.objectNameWarning false\"");
+       unsigned char tmp_sha1[20];
        char *real_ref = NULL;
        int refs_found = 0;
-       int at, reflog_len;
-
-       if (len == 40 && !get_sha1_hex(str, sha1))
+       int at, reflog_len, nth_prior = 0;
+
+       if (len == 40 && !get_sha1_hex(str, sha1)) {
+               if (warn_ambiguous_refs && warn_on_object_refname_ambiguity) {
+                       refs_found = dwim_ref(str, len, tmp_sha1, &real_ref);
+                       if (refs_found > 0) {
+                               warning(warn_msg, len, str);
+                               if (advice_object_name_warning)
+                                       fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", _(object_name_msg));
+                       }
+                       free(real_ref);
+               }
                return 0;
+       }
 
        /* basic@{time or number or -number} format to query ref-log */
        reflog_len = at = 0;
        if (len && str[len-1] == '}') {
-               for (at = len-2; at >= 0; at--) {
+               for (at = len-4; at >= 0; at--) {
                        if (str[at] == '@' && str[at+1] == '{') {
-                               if (!upstream_mark(str + at, len - at)) {
+                               if (str[at+2] == '-') {
+                                       if (at != 0)
+                                               /* @{-N} not at start */
+                                               return -1;
+                                       nth_prior = 1;
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               if (!upstream_mark(str + at, len - at) &&
+                                   !push_mark(str + at, len - at)) {
                                        reflog_len = (len-1) - (at+2);
                                        len = at;
                                }
@@ -285,20 +630,22 @@ static int get_sha1_basic(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
        if (len && ambiguous_path(str, len))
                return -1;
 
-       if (!len && reflog_len) {
+       if (nth_prior) {
                struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-               int ret;
-               /* try the @{-N} syntax for n-th checkout */
-               ret = interpret_branch_name(str+at, &buf);
-               if (ret > 0) {
-                       /* substitute this branch name and restart */
-                       return get_sha1_1(buf.buf, buf.len, sha1);
-               } else if (ret == 0) {
-                       return -1;
+               int detached;
+
+               if (interpret_nth_prior_checkout(str, len, &buf) > 0) {
+                       detached = (buf.len == 40 && !get_sha1_hex(buf.buf, sha1));
+                       strbuf_release(&buf);
+                       if (detached)
+                               return 0;
                }
+       }
+
+       if (!len && reflog_len)
                /* allow "@{...}" to mean the current branch reflog */
                refs_found = dwim_ref("HEAD", 4, sha1, &real_ref);
-       else if (reflog_len)
+       else if (reflog_len)
                refs_found = dwim_log(str, len, sha1, &real_ref);
        else
                refs_found = dwim_ref(str, len, sha1, &real_ref);
@@ -306,7 +653,9 @@ static int get_sha1_basic(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
        if (!refs_found)
                return -1;
 
-       if (warn_ambiguous_refs && refs_found > 1)
+       if (warn_ambiguous_refs && !(flags & GET_SHA1_QUIETLY) &&
+           (refs_found > 1 ||
+            !get_short_sha1(str, len, tmp_sha1, GET_SHA1_QUIETLY)))
                warning(warn_msg, len, str);
 
        if (reflog_len) {
@@ -315,10 +664,6 @@ static int get_sha1_basic(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
                unsigned long co_time;
                int co_tz, co_cnt;
 
-               /* a @{-N} placed anywhere except the start is an error */
-               if (str[at+2] == '-')
-                       return -1;
-
                /* Is it asking for N-th entry, or approxidate? */
                for (i = nth = 0; 0 <= nth && i < reflog_len; i++) {
                        char ch = str[at+2+i];
@@ -337,17 +682,33 @@ static int get_sha1_basic(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
                        char *tmp = xstrndup(str + at + 2, reflog_len);
                        at_time = approxidate_careful(tmp, &errors);
                        free(tmp);
-                       if (errors)
+                       if (errors) {
+                               free(real_ref);
                                return -1;
+                       }
                }
-               if (read_ref_at(real_ref, at_time, nth, sha1, NULL,
+               if (read_ref_at(real_ref, flags, at_time, nth, sha1, NULL,
                                &co_time, &co_tz, &co_cnt)) {
-                       if (at_time)
-                               warning("Log for '%.*s' only goes "
-                                       "back to %s.", len, str,
-                                       show_date(co_time, co_tz, DATE_RFC2822));
-                       else {
-                               free(real_ref);
+                       if (!len) {
+                               if (starts_with(real_ref, "refs/heads/")) {
+                                       str = real_ref + 11;
+                                       len = strlen(real_ref + 11);
+                               } else {
+                                       /* detached HEAD */
+                                       str = "HEAD";
+                                       len = 4;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if (at_time) {
+                               if (!(flags & GET_SHA1_QUIETLY)) {
+                                       warning("Log for '%.*s' only goes "
+                                               "back to %s.", len, str,
+                                               show_date(co_time, co_tz, DATE_MODE(RFC2822)));
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               if (flags & GET_SHA1_QUIETLY) {
+                                       exit(128);
+                               }
                                die("Log for '%.*s' only has %d entries.",
                                    len, str, co_cnt);
                        }
@@ -362,25 +723,23 @@ static int get_parent(const char *name, int len,
                      unsigned char *result, int idx)
 {
        unsigned char sha1[20];
-       int ret = get_sha1_1(name, len, sha1);
+       int ret = get_sha1_1(name, len, sha1, GET_SHA1_COMMITTISH);
        struct commit *commit;
        struct commit_list *p;
 
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        commit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
-       if (!commit)
-               return -1;
        if (parse_commit(commit))
                return -1;
        if (!idx) {
-               hashcpy(result, commit->object.sha1);
+               hashcpy(result, commit->object.oid.hash);
                return 0;
        }
        p = commit->parents;
        while (p) {
                if (!--idx) {
-                       hashcpy(result, p->item->object.sha1);
+                       hashcpy(result, p->item->object.oid.hash);
                        return 0;
                }
                p = p->next;
@@ -395,7 +754,7 @@ static int get_nth_ancestor(const char *name, int len,
        struct commit *commit;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = get_sha1_1(name, len, sha1);
+       ret = get_sha1_1(name, len, sha1, GET_SHA1_COMMITTISH);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        commit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
@@ -407,7 +766,7 @@ static int get_nth_ancestor(const char *name, int len,
                        return -1;
                commit = commit->parents->item;
        }
-       hashcpy(result, commit->object.sha1);
+       hashcpy(result, commit->object.oid.hash);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -417,9 +776,9 @@ struct object *peel_to_type(const char *name, int namelen,
        if (name && !namelen)
                namelen = strlen(name);
        while (1) {
-               if (!o || (!o->parsed && !parse_object(o->sha1)))
+               if (!o || (!o->parsed && !parse_object(o->oid.hash)))
                        return NULL;
-               if (o->type == expected_type)
+               if (expected_type == OBJ_ANY || o->type == expected_type)
                        return o;
                if (o->type == OBJ_TAG)
                        o = ((struct tag*) o)->tagged;
@@ -436,7 +795,8 @@ struct object *peel_to_type(const char *name, int namelen,
        }
 }
 
-static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
+static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1,
+                     unsigned lookup_flags)
 {
        unsigned char outer[20];
        const char *sp;
@@ -463,12 +823,16 @@ static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
                return -1;
 
        sp++; /* beginning of type name, or closing brace for empty */
-       if (!strncmp(commit_type, sp, 6) && sp[6] == '}')
+       if (starts_with(sp, "commit}"))
                expected_type = OBJ_COMMIT;
-       else if (!strncmp(tree_type, sp, 4) && sp[4] == '}')
+       else if (starts_with(sp, "tag}"))
+               expected_type = OBJ_TAG;
+       else if (starts_with(sp, "tree}"))
                expected_type = OBJ_TREE;
-       else if (!strncmp(blob_type, sp, 4) && sp[4] == '}')
+       else if (starts_with(sp, "blob}"))
                expected_type = OBJ_BLOB;
+       else if (starts_with(sp, "object}"))
+               expected_type = OBJ_ANY;
        else if (sp[0] == '}')
                expected_type = OBJ_NONE;
        else if (sp[0] == '/')
@@ -476,7 +840,13 @@ static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
        else
                return -1;
 
-       if (get_sha1_1(name, sp - name - 2, outer))
+       lookup_flags &= ~GET_SHA1_DISAMBIGUATORS;
+       if (expected_type == OBJ_COMMIT)
+               lookup_flags |= GET_SHA1_COMMITTISH;
+       else if (expected_type == OBJ_TREE)
+               lookup_flags |= GET_SHA1_TREEISH;
+
+       if (get_sha1_1(name, sp - name - 2, outer, lookup_flags))
                return -1;
 
        o = parse_object(outer);
@@ -484,9 +854,9 @@ static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
                return -1;
        if (!expected_type) {
                o = deref_tag(o, name, sp - name - 2);
-               if (!o || (!o->parsed && !parse_object(o->sha1)))
+               if (!o || (!o->parsed && !parse_object(o->oid.hash)))
                        return -1;
-               hashcpy(sha1, o->sha1);
+               hashcpy(sha1, o->oid.hash);
                return 0;
        }
 
@@ -499,7 +869,7 @@ static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
        if (!o)
                return -1;
 
-       hashcpy(sha1, o->sha1);
+       hashcpy(sha1, o->oid.hash);
        if (sp[0] == '/') {
                /* "$commit^{/foo}" */
                char *prefix;
@@ -525,24 +895,25 @@ static int peel_onion(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
 static int get_describe_name(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
        const char *cp;
+       unsigned flags = GET_SHA1_QUIETLY | GET_SHA1_COMMIT;
 
        for (cp = name + len - 1; name + 2 <= cp; cp--) {
                char ch = *cp;
-               if (hexval(ch) & ~0377) {
+               if (!isxdigit(ch)) {
                        /* We must be looking at g in "SOMETHING-g"
                         * for it to be describe output.
                         */
                        if (ch == 'g' && cp[-1] == '-') {
                                cp++;
                                len -= cp - name;
-                               return get_short_sha1(cp, len, sha1, 1);
+                               return get_short_sha1(cp, len, sha1, flags);
                        }
                }
        }
        return -1;
 }
 
-static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
+static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1, unsigned lookup_flags)
 {
        int ret, has_suffix;
        const char *cp;
@@ -574,11 +945,11 @@ static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
                return get_nth_ancestor(name, len1, sha1, num);
        }
 
-       ret = peel_onion(name, len, sha1);
+       ret = peel_onion(name, len, sha1, lookup_flags);
        if (!ret)
                return 0;
 
-       ret = get_sha1_basic(name, len, sha1);
+       ret = get_sha1_basic(name, len, sha1, lookup_flags);
        if (!ret)
                return 0;
 
@@ -587,7 +958,7 @@ static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
        if (!ret)
                return 0;
 
-       return get_short_sha1(name, len, sha1, 0);
+       return get_short_sha1(name, len, sha1, lookup_flags);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -595,16 +966,22 @@ static int get_sha1_1(const char *name, int len, unsigned char *sha1)
  * through history and returning the first commit whose message starts
  * the given regular expression.
  *
- * For future extension, ':/!' is reserved. If you want to match a message
- * beginning with a '!', you have to repeat the exclamation mark.
+ * For negative-matching, prefix the pattern-part with '!-', like: ':/!-WIP'.
+ *
+ * For a literal '!' character at the beginning of a pattern, you have to repeat
+ * that, like: ':/!!foo'
+ *
+ * For future extension, all other sequences beginning with ':/!' are reserved.
  */
+
+/* Remember to update object flag allocation in object.h */
 #define ONELINE_SEEN (1u<<20)
 
-static int handle_one_ref(const char *path,
-               const unsigned char *sha1, int flag, void *cb_data)
+static int handle_one_ref(const char *path, const struct object_id *oid,
+                         int flag, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct commit_list **list = cb_data;
-       struct object *object = parse_object(sha1);
+       struct object *object = parse_object(oid->hash);
        if (!object)
                return 0;
        if (object->type == OBJ_TAG) {
@@ -614,7 +991,7 @@ static int handle_one_ref(const char *path,
        }
        if (object->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
                return 0;
-       commit_list_insert_by_date((struct commit *)object, list);
+       commit_list_insert((struct commit *)object, list);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -623,46 +1000,42 @@ static int get_sha1_oneline(const char *prefix, unsigned char *sha1,
 {
        struct commit_list *backup = NULL, *l;
        int found = 0;
+       int negative = 0;
        regex_t regex;
 
        if (prefix[0] == '!') {
-               if (prefix[1] != '!')
-                       die ("Invalid search pattern: %s", prefix);
                prefix++;
+
+               if (prefix[0] == '-') {
+                       prefix++;
+                       negative = 1;
+               } else if (prefix[0] != '!') {
+                       return -1;
+               }
        }
 
        if (regcomp(&regex, prefix, REG_EXTENDED))
-               die("Invalid search pattern: %s", prefix);
+               return -1;
 
        for (l = list; l; l = l->next) {
                l->item->object.flags |= ONELINE_SEEN;
                commit_list_insert(l->item, &backup);
        }
        while (list) {
-               char *p, *to_free = NULL;
+               const char *p, *buf;
                struct commit *commit;
-               enum object_type type;
-               unsigned long size;
                int matches;
 
                commit = pop_most_recent_commit(&list, ONELINE_SEEN);
-               if (!parse_object(commit->object.sha1))
+               if (!parse_object(commit->object.oid.hash))
                        continue;
-               if (commit->buffer)
-                       p = commit->buffer;
-               else {
-                       p = read_sha1_file(commit->object.sha1, &type, &size);
-                       if (!p)
-                               continue;
-                       to_free = p;
-               }
-
-               p = strstr(p, "\n\n");
-               matches = p && !regexec(&regex, p + 2, 0, NULL, 0);
-               free(to_free);
+               buf = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+               p = strstr(buf, "\n\n");
+               matches = negative ^ (p && !regexec(&regex, p + 2, 0, NULL, 0));
+               unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buf);
 
                if (matches) {
-                       hashcpy(sha1, commit->object.sha1);
+                       hashcpy(sha1, commit->object.oid.hash);
                        found = 1;
                        break;
                }
@@ -676,31 +1049,29 @@ static int get_sha1_oneline(const char *prefix, unsigned char *sha1,
 }
 
 struct grab_nth_branch_switch_cbdata {
-       long cnt, alloc;
-       struct strbuf *buf;
+       int remaining;
+       struct strbuf buf;
 };
 
-static int grab_nth_branch_switch(unsigned char *osha1, unsigned char *nsha1,
+static int grab_nth_branch_switch(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
                                  const char *email, unsigned long timestamp, int tz,
                                  const char *message, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct grab_nth_branch_switch_cbdata *cb = cb_data;
        const char *match = NULL, *target = NULL;
        size_t len;
-       int nth;
 
-       if (!prefixcmp(message, "checkout: moving from ")) {
-               match = message + strlen("checkout: moving from ");
+       if (skip_prefix(message, "checkout: moving from ", &match))
                target = strstr(match, " to ");
-       }
 
        if (!match || !target)
                return 0;
-
-       len = target - match;
-       nth = cb->cnt++ % cb->alloc;
-       strbuf_reset(&cb->buf[nth]);
-       strbuf_add(&cb->buf[nth], match, len);
+       if (--(cb->remaining) == 0) {
+               len = target - match;
+               strbuf_reset(&cb->buf);
+               strbuf_add(&cb->buf, match, len);
+               return 1; /* we are done */
+       }
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -708,178 +1079,249 @@ static int grab_nth_branch_switch(unsigned char *osha1, unsigned char *nsha1,
  * Parse @{-N} syntax, return the number of characters parsed
  * if successful; otherwise signal an error with negative value.
  */
-static int interpret_nth_prior_checkout(const char *name, struct strbuf *buf)
+static int interpret_nth_prior_checkout(const char *name, int namelen,
+                                       struct strbuf *buf)
 {
        long nth;
-       int i, retval;
+       int retval;
        struct grab_nth_branch_switch_cbdata cb;
        const char *brace;
        char *num_end;
 
+       if (namelen < 4)
+               return -1;
        if (name[0] != '@' || name[1] != '{' || name[2] != '-')
                return -1;
-       brace = strchr(name, '}');
+       brace = memchr(name, '}', namelen);
        if (!brace)
                return -1;
-       nth = strtol(name+3, &num_end, 10);
+       nth = strtol(name + 3, &num_end, 10);
        if (num_end != brace)
                return -1;
        if (nth <= 0)
                return -1;
-       cb.alloc = nth;
-       cb.buf = xmalloc(nth * sizeof(struct strbuf));
-       for (i = 0; i < nth; i++)
-               strbuf_init(&cb.buf[i], 20);
-       cb.cnt = 0;
+       cb.remaining = nth;
+       strbuf_init(&cb.buf, 20);
+
        retval = 0;
-       for_each_recent_reflog_ent("HEAD", grab_nth_branch_switch, 40960, &cb);
-       if (cb.cnt < nth) {
-               cb.cnt = 0;
-               for_each_reflog_ent("HEAD", grab_nth_branch_switch, &cb);
+       if (0 < for_each_reflog_ent_reverse("HEAD", grab_nth_branch_switch, &cb)) {
+               strbuf_reset(buf);
+               strbuf_addbuf(buf, &cb.buf);
+               retval = brace - name + 1;
        }
-       if (cb.cnt < nth)
-               goto release_return;
-       i = cb.cnt % nth;
-       strbuf_reset(buf);
-       strbuf_add(buf, cb.buf[i].buf, cb.buf[i].len);
-       retval = brace-name+1;
-
-release_return:
-       for (i = 0; i < nth; i++)
-               strbuf_release(&cb.buf[i]);
-       free(cb.buf);
 
+       strbuf_release(&cb.buf);
        return retval;
 }
 
-int get_sha1_mb(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+int get_oid_mb(const char *name, struct object_id *oid)
 {
        struct commit *one, *two;
        struct commit_list *mbs;
-       unsigned char sha1_tmp[20];
+       struct object_id oid_tmp;
        const char *dots;
        int st;
 
        dots = strstr(name, "...");
        if (!dots)
-               return get_sha1(name, sha1);
+               return get_oid(name, oid);
        if (dots == name)
-               st = get_sha1("HEAD", sha1_tmp);
+               st = get_oid("HEAD", &oid_tmp);
        else {
                struct strbuf sb;
                strbuf_init(&sb, dots - name);
                strbuf_add(&sb, name, dots - name);
-               st = get_sha1(sb.buf, sha1_tmp);
+               st = get_sha1_committish(sb.buf, oid_tmp.hash);
                strbuf_release(&sb);
        }
        if (st)
                return st;
-       one = lookup_commit_reference_gently(sha1_tmp, 0);
+       one = lookup_commit_reference_gently(oid_tmp.hash, 0);
        if (!one)
                return -1;
 
-       if (get_sha1(dots[3] ? (dots + 3) : "HEAD", sha1_tmp))
+       if (get_sha1_committish(dots[3] ? (dots + 3) : "HEAD", oid_tmp.hash))
                return -1;
-       two = lookup_commit_reference_gently(sha1_tmp, 0);
+       two = lookup_commit_reference_gently(oid_tmp.hash, 0);
        if (!two)
                return -1;
-       mbs = get_merge_bases(one, two, 1);
+       mbs = get_merge_bases(one, two);
        if (!mbs || mbs->next)
                st = -1;
        else {
                st = 0;
-               hashcpy(sha1, mbs->item->object.sha1);
+               oidcpy(oid, &mbs->item->object.oid);
        }
        free_commit_list(mbs);
        return st;
 }
 
-/*
- * This reads short-hand syntax that not only evaluates to a commit
- * object name, but also can act as if the end user spelled the name
- * of the branch from the command line.
- *
- * - "@{-N}" finds the name of the Nth previous branch we were on, and
- *   places the name of the branch in the given buf and returns the
- *   number of characters parsed if successful.
- *
- * - "<branch>@{upstream}" finds the name of the other ref that
- *   <branch> is configured to merge with (missing <branch> defaults
- *   to the current branch), and places the name of the branch in the
- *   given buf and returns the number of characters parsed if
- *   successful.
- *
- * If the input is not of the accepted format, it returns a negative
- * number to signal an error.
- *
- * If the input was ok but there are not N branch switches in the
- * reflog, it returns 0.
- */
-int interpret_branch_name(const char *name, struct strbuf *buf)
+/* parse @something syntax, when 'something' is not {.*} */
+static int interpret_empty_at(const char *name, int namelen, int len, struct strbuf *buf)
 {
-       char *cp;
-       struct branch *upstream;
-       int namelen = strlen(name);
-       int len = interpret_nth_prior_checkout(name, buf);
-       int tmp_len;
+       const char *next;
 
-       if (!len)
-               return len; /* syntax Ok, not enough switches */
-       if (0 < len && len == namelen)
-               return len; /* consumed all */
-       else if (0 < len) {
-               /* we have extra data, which might need further processing */
-               struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
-               int used = buf->len;
-               int ret;
+       if (len || name[1] == '{')
+               return -1;
 
-               strbuf_add(buf, name + len, namelen - len);
-               ret = interpret_branch_name(buf->buf, &tmp);
-               /* that data was not interpreted, remove our cruft */
-               if (ret < 0) {
-                       strbuf_setlen(buf, used);
-                       return len;
-               }
-               strbuf_reset(buf);
-               strbuf_addbuf(buf, &tmp);
-               strbuf_release(&tmp);
-               /* tweak for size of {-N} versus expanded ref name */
-               return ret - used + len;
+       /* make sure it's a single @, or @@{.*}, not @foo */
+       next = memchr(name + len + 1, '@', namelen - len - 1);
+       if (next && next[1] != '{')
+               return -1;
+       if (!next)
+               next = name + namelen;
+       if (next != name + 1)
+               return -1;
+
+       strbuf_reset(buf);
+       strbuf_add(buf, "HEAD", 4);
+       return 1;
+}
+
+static int reinterpret(const char *name, int namelen, int len,
+                      struct strbuf *buf, unsigned allowed)
+{
+       /* we have extra data, which might need further processing */
+       struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int used = buf->len;
+       int ret;
+
+       strbuf_add(buf, name + len, namelen - len);
+       ret = interpret_branch_name(buf->buf, buf->len, &tmp, allowed);
+       /* that data was not interpreted, remove our cruft */
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               strbuf_setlen(buf, used);
+               return len;
        }
+       strbuf_reset(buf);
+       strbuf_addbuf(buf, &tmp);
+       strbuf_release(&tmp);
+       /* tweak for size of {-N} versus expanded ref name */
+       return ret - used + len;
+}
 
-       cp = strchr(name, '@');
-       if (!cp)
+static void set_shortened_ref(struct strbuf *buf, const char *ref)
+{
+       char *s = shorten_unambiguous_ref(ref, 0);
+       strbuf_reset(buf);
+       strbuf_addstr(buf, s);
+       free(s);
+}
+
+static int branch_interpret_allowed(const char *refname, unsigned allowed)
+{
+       if (!allowed)
+               return 1;
+
+       if ((allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL) &&
+           starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/"))
+               return 1;
+       if ((allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_REMOTE) &&
+           starts_with(refname, "refs/remotes/"))
+               return 1;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int interpret_branch_mark(const char *name, int namelen,
+                                int at, struct strbuf *buf,
+                                int (*get_mark)(const char *, int),
+                                const char *(*get_data)(struct branch *,
+                                                        struct strbuf *),
+                                unsigned allowed)
+{
+       int len;
+       struct branch *branch;
+       struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
+       const char *value;
+
+       len = get_mark(name + at, namelen - at);
+       if (!len)
                return -1;
-       tmp_len = upstream_mark(cp, namelen - (cp - name));
-       if (!tmp_len)
+
+       if (memchr(name, ':', at))
                return -1;
-       len = cp + tmp_len - name;
-       cp = xstrndup(name, cp - name);
-       upstream = branch_get(*cp ? cp : NULL);
-       if (!upstream
-           || !upstream->merge
-           || !upstream->merge[0]->dst)
-               return error("No upstream branch found for '%s'", cp);
-       free(cp);
-       cp = shorten_unambiguous_ref(upstream->merge[0]->dst, 0);
-       strbuf_reset(buf);
-       strbuf_addstr(buf, cp);
-       free(cp);
-       return len;
+
+       if (at) {
+               char *name_str = xmemdupz(name, at);
+               branch = branch_get(name_str);
+               free(name_str);
+       } else
+               branch = branch_get(NULL);
+
+       value = get_data(branch, &err);
+       if (!value)
+               die("%s", err.buf);
+
+       if (!branch_interpret_allowed(value, allowed))
+               return -1;
+
+       set_shortened_ref(buf, value);
+       return len + at;
+}
+
+int interpret_branch_name(const char *name, int namelen, struct strbuf *buf,
+                         unsigned allowed)
+{
+       char *at;
+       const char *start;
+       int len;
+
+       if (!namelen)
+               namelen = strlen(name);
+
+       if (!allowed || (allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL)) {
+               len = interpret_nth_prior_checkout(name, namelen, buf);
+               if (!len) {
+                       return len; /* syntax Ok, not enough switches */
+               } else if (len > 0) {
+                       if (len == namelen)
+                               return len; /* consumed all */
+                       else
+                               return reinterpret(name, namelen, len, buf, allowed);
+               }
+       }
+
+       for (start = name;
+            (at = memchr(start, '@', namelen - (start - name)));
+            start = at + 1) {
+
+               if (!allowed || (allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_HEAD)) {
+                       len = interpret_empty_at(name, namelen, at - name, buf);
+                       if (len > 0)
+                               return reinterpret(name, namelen, len, buf,
+                                                  allowed);
+               }
+
+               len = interpret_branch_mark(name, namelen, at - name, buf,
+                                           upstream_mark, branch_get_upstream,
+                                           allowed);
+               if (len > 0)
+                       return len;
+
+               len = interpret_branch_mark(name, namelen, at - name, buf,
+                                           push_mark, branch_get_push,
+                                           allowed);
+               if (len > 0)
+                       return len;
+       }
+
+       return -1;
 }
 
-int strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
+void strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name, unsigned allowed)
 {
        int len = strlen(name);
-       if (interpret_branch_name(name, sb) == len)
-               return 0;
-       strbuf_add(sb, name, len);
-       return len;
+       int used = interpret_branch_name(name, len, sb, allowed);
+
+       if (used < 0)
+               used = 0;
+       strbuf_add(sb, name + used, len - used);
 }
 
 int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
 {
-       strbuf_branchname(sb, name);
+       strbuf_branchname(sb, name, INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
        if (name[0] == '-')
                return -1;
        strbuf_splice(sb, 0, 0, "refs/heads/", 11);
@@ -893,44 +1335,95 @@ int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
 int get_sha1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
        struct object_context unused;
-       return get_sha1_with_context(name, sha1, &unused);
+       return get_sha1_with_context(name, 0, sha1, &unused);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is like "get_sha1()", but for struct object_id.
+ */
+int get_oid(const char *name, struct object_id *oid)
+{
+       return get_sha1(name, oid->hash);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Many callers know that the user meant to name a commit-ish by
+ * syntactical positions where the object name appears.  Calling this
+ * function allows the machinery to disambiguate shorter-than-unique
+ * abbreviated object names between commit-ish and others.
+ *
+ * Note that this does NOT error out when the named object is not a
+ * commit-ish. It is merely to give a hint to the disambiguation
+ * machinery.
+ */
+int get_sha1_committish(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct object_context unused;
+       return get_sha1_with_context(name, GET_SHA1_COMMITTISH,
+                                    sha1, &unused);
+}
+
+int get_sha1_treeish(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct object_context unused;
+       return get_sha1_with_context(name, GET_SHA1_TREEISH,
+                                    sha1, &unused);
+}
+
+int get_sha1_commit(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct object_context unused;
+       return get_sha1_with_context(name, GET_SHA1_COMMIT,
+                                    sha1, &unused);
+}
+
+int get_sha1_tree(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct object_context unused;
+       return get_sha1_with_context(name, GET_SHA1_TREE,
+                                    sha1, &unused);
+}
+
+int get_sha1_blob(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct object_context unused;
+       return get_sha1_with_context(name, GET_SHA1_BLOB,
+                                    sha1, &unused);
 }
 
 /* Must be called only when object_name:filename doesn't exist. */
 static void diagnose_invalid_sha1_path(const char *prefix,
                                       const char *filename,
                                       const unsigned char *tree_sha1,
-                                      const char *object_name)
+                                      const char *object_name,
+                                      int object_name_len)
 {
-       struct stat st;
        unsigned char sha1[20];
        unsigned mode;
 
        if (!prefix)
                prefix = "";
 
-       if (!lstat(filename, &st))
-               die("Path '%s' exists on disk, but not in '%s'.",
-                   filename, object_name);
+       if (file_exists(filename))
+               die("Path '%s' exists on disk, but not in '%.*s'.",
+                   filename, object_name_len, object_name);
        if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR) {
-               char *fullname = xmalloc(strlen(filename)
-                                            + strlen(prefix) + 1);
-               strcpy(fullname, prefix);
-               strcat(fullname, filename);
+               char *fullname = xstrfmt("%s%s", prefix, filename);
 
                if (!get_tree_entry(tree_sha1, fullname,
                                    sha1, &mode)) {
                        die("Path '%s' exists, but not '%s'.\n"
-                           "Did you mean '%s:%s' aka '%s:./%s'?",
+                           "Did you mean '%.*s:%s' aka '%.*s:./%s'?",
                            fullname,
                            filename,
-                           object_name,
+                           object_name_len, object_name,
                            fullname,
-                           object_name,
+                           object_name_len, object_name,
                            filename);
                }
-               die("Path '%s' does not exist in '%s'",
-                   filename, object_name);
+               die("Path '%s' does not exist in '%.*s'",
+                   filename, object_name_len, object_name);
        }
 }
 
@@ -939,12 +1432,10 @@ static void diagnose_invalid_index_path(int stage,
                                        const char *prefix,
                                        const char *filename)
 {
-       struct stat st;
-       struct cache_entry *ce;
+       const struct cache_entry *ce;
        int pos;
        unsigned namelen = strlen(filename);
-       unsigned fullnamelen;
-       char *fullname;
+       struct strbuf fullname = STRBUF_INIT;
 
        if (!prefix)
                prefix = "";
@@ -964,52 +1455,37 @@ static void diagnose_invalid_index_path(int stage,
        }
 
        /* Confusion between relative and absolute filenames? */
-       fullnamelen = namelen + strlen(prefix);
-       fullname = xmalloc(fullnamelen + 1);
-       strcpy(fullname, prefix);
-       strcat(fullname, filename);
-       pos = cache_name_pos(fullname, fullnamelen);
+       strbuf_addstr(&fullname, prefix);
+       strbuf_addstr(&fullname, filename);
+       pos = cache_name_pos(fullname.buf, fullname.len);
        if (pos < 0)
                pos = -pos - 1;
        if (pos < active_nr) {
                ce = active_cache[pos];
-               if (ce_namelen(ce) == fullnamelen &&
-                   !memcmp(ce->name, fullname, fullnamelen))
+               if (ce_namelen(ce) == fullname.len &&
+                   !memcmp(ce->name, fullname.buf, fullname.len))
                        die("Path '%s' is in the index, but not '%s'.\n"
                            "Did you mean ':%d:%s' aka ':%d:./%s'?",
-                           fullname, filename,
-                           ce_stage(ce), fullname,
+                           fullname.buf, filename,
+                           ce_stage(ce), fullname.buf,
                            ce_stage(ce), filename);
        }
 
-       if (!lstat(filename, &st))
+       if (file_exists(filename))
                die("Path '%s' exists on disk, but not in the index.", filename);
        if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR)
                die("Path '%s' does not exist (neither on disk nor in the index).",
                    filename);
 
-       free(fullname);
+       strbuf_release(&fullname);
 }
 
 
-int get_sha1_with_mode_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1, unsigned *mode,
-                        int only_to_die, const char *prefix)
-{
-       struct object_context oc;
-       int ret;
-       ret = get_sha1_with_context_1(name, sha1, &oc, only_to_die, prefix);
-       *mode = oc.mode;
-       return ret;
-}
-
 static char *resolve_relative_path(const char *rel)
 {
-       if (prefixcmp(rel, "./") && prefixcmp(rel, "../"))
+       if (!starts_with(rel, "./") && !starts_with(rel, "../"))
                return NULL;
 
-       if (!startup_info)
-               die("BUG: startup_info struct is not initialized.");
-
        if (!is_inside_work_tree())
                die("relative path syntax can't be used outside working tree.");
 
@@ -1019,20 +1495,28 @@ static char *resolve_relative_path(const char *rel)
                           rel);
 }
 
-int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
-                           struct object_context *oc,
-                           int only_to_die, const char *prefix)
+static int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name,
+                                  unsigned flags,
+                                  const char *prefix,
+                                  unsigned char *sha1,
+                                  struct object_context *oc)
 {
        int ret, bracket_depth;
        int namelen = strlen(name);
        const char *cp;
+       int only_to_die = flags & GET_SHA1_ONLY_TO_DIE;
+
+       if (only_to_die)
+               flags |= GET_SHA1_QUIETLY;
 
        memset(oc, 0, sizeof(*oc));
        oc->mode = S_IFINVALID;
-       ret = get_sha1_1(name, namelen, sha1);
+       strbuf_init(&oc->symlink_path, 0);
+       ret = get_sha1_1(name, namelen, sha1, flags);
        if (!ret)
                return ret;
-       /* sha1:path --> object name of path in ent sha1
+       /*
+        * sha1:path --> object name of path in ent sha1
         * :path -> object name of absolute path in index
         * :./path -> object name of path relative to cwd in index
         * :[0-3]:path -> object name of path in index at stage
@@ -1040,12 +1524,14 @@ int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
         */
        if (name[0] == ':') {
                int stage = 0;
-               struct cache_entry *ce;
+               const struct cache_entry *ce;
                char *new_path = NULL;
                int pos;
                if (!only_to_die && namelen > 2 && name[1] == '/') {
                        struct commit_list *list = NULL;
+
                        for_each_ref(handle_one_ref, &list);
+                       commit_list_sort_by_date(&list);
                        return get_sha1_oneline(name + 2, sha1, list);
                }
                if (namelen < 3 ||
@@ -1064,9 +1550,8 @@ int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
                        namelen = strlen(cp);
                }
 
-               strncpy(oc->path, cp,
-                       sizeof(oc->path));
-               oc->path[sizeof(oc->path)-1] = '\0';
+               if (flags & GET_SHA1_RECORD_PATH)
+                       oc->path = xstrdup(cp);
 
                if (!active_cache)
                        read_cache();
@@ -1079,7 +1564,7 @@ int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
                            memcmp(ce->name, cp, namelen))
                                break;
                        if (ce_stage(ce) == stage) {
-                               hashcpy(sha1, ce->sha1);
+                               hashcpy(sha1, ce->oid.hash);
                                oc->mode = ce->ce_mode;
                                free(new_path);
                                return 0;
@@ -1101,36 +1586,64 @@ int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
        }
        if (*cp == ':') {
                unsigned char tree_sha1[20];
-               char *object_name = NULL;
-               if (only_to_die) {
-                       object_name = xmalloc(cp-name+1);
-                       strncpy(object_name, name, cp-name);
-                       object_name[cp-name] = '\0';
-               }
-               if (!get_sha1_1(name, cp-name, tree_sha1)) {
+               int len = cp - name;
+               unsigned sub_flags = flags;
+
+               sub_flags &= ~GET_SHA1_DISAMBIGUATORS;
+               sub_flags |= GET_SHA1_TREEISH;
+
+               if (!get_sha1_1(name, len, tree_sha1, sub_flags)) {
                        const char *filename = cp+1;
                        char *new_filename = NULL;
 
                        new_filename = resolve_relative_path(filename);
                        if (new_filename)
                                filename = new_filename;
-                       ret = get_tree_entry(tree_sha1, filename, sha1, &oc->mode);
-                       if (only_to_die) {
-                               diagnose_invalid_sha1_path(prefix, filename,
-                                                          tree_sha1, object_name);
-                               free(object_name);
+                       if (flags & GET_SHA1_FOLLOW_SYMLINKS) {
+                               ret = get_tree_entry_follow_symlinks(tree_sha1,
+                                       filename, sha1, &oc->symlink_path,
+                                       &oc->mode);
+                       } else {
+                               ret = get_tree_entry(tree_sha1, filename,
+                                                    sha1, &oc->mode);
+                               if (ret && only_to_die) {
+                                       diagnose_invalid_sha1_path(prefix,
+                                                                  filename,
+                                                                  tree_sha1,
+                                                                  name, len);
+                               }
                        }
                        hashcpy(oc->tree, tree_sha1);
-                       strncpy(oc->path, filename,
-                               sizeof(oc->path));
-                       oc->path[sizeof(oc->path)-1] = '\0';
+                       if (flags & GET_SHA1_RECORD_PATH)
+                               oc->path = xstrdup(filename);
 
                        free(new_filename);
                        return ret;
                } else {
                        if (only_to_die)
-                               die("Invalid object name '%s'.", object_name);
+                               die("Invalid object name '%.*s'.", len, name);
                }
        }
        return ret;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Call this function when you know "name" given by the end user must
+ * name an object but it doesn't; the function _may_ die with a better
+ * diagnostic message than "no such object 'name'", e.g. "Path 'doc' does not
+ * exist in 'HEAD'" when given "HEAD:doc", or it may return in which case
+ * you have a chance to diagnose the error further.
+ */
+void maybe_die_on_misspelt_object_name(const char *name, const char *prefix)
+{
+       struct object_context oc;
+       unsigned char sha1[20];
+       get_sha1_with_context_1(name, GET_SHA1_ONLY_TO_DIE, prefix, sha1, &oc);
+}
+
+int get_sha1_with_context(const char *str, unsigned flags, unsigned char *sha1, struct object_context *oc)
+{
+       if (flags & GET_SHA1_FOLLOW_SYMLINKS && flags & GET_SHA1_ONLY_TO_DIE)
+               die("BUG: incompatible flags for get_sha1_with_context");
+       return get_sha1_with_context_1(str, flags, NULL, sha1, oc);
+}