Imported Upstream version 2.16.5
[platform/upstream/git.git] / sha1_file.c
index f615fc7..3da70ac 100644 (file)
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
  * creation etc.
  */
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
+#include "lockfile.h"
 #include "delta.h"
 #include "pack.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "pack-revindex.h"
 #include "sha1-lookup.h"
 #include "bulk-checkin.h"
+#include "streaming.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "mru.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "mergesort.h"
+#include "quote.h"
+#include "packfile.h"
+
+const unsigned char null_sha1[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
+const struct object_id null_oid;
+const struct object_id empty_tree_oid = {
+       EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN_LITERAL
+};
+const struct object_id empty_blob_oid = {
+       EMPTY_BLOB_SHA1_BIN_LITERAL
+};
 
-#ifndef O_NOATIME
-#if defined(__linux__) && (defined(__i386__) || defined(__PPC__))
-#define O_NOATIME 01000000
-#else
-#define O_NOATIME 0
-#endif
-#endif
+static void git_hash_sha1_init(void *ctx)
+{
+       git_SHA1_Init((git_SHA_CTX *)ctx);
+}
+
+static void git_hash_sha1_update(void *ctx, const void *data, size_t len)
+{
+       git_SHA1_Update((git_SHA_CTX *)ctx, data, len);
+}
+
+static void git_hash_sha1_final(unsigned char *hash, void *ctx)
+{
+       git_SHA1_Final(hash, (git_SHA_CTX *)ctx);
+}
+
+static void git_hash_unknown_init(void *ctx)
+{
+       die("trying to init unknown hash");
+}
+
+static void git_hash_unknown_update(void *ctx, const void *data, size_t len)
+{
+       die("trying to update unknown hash");
+}
 
-#define SZ_FMT PRIuMAX
-static inline uintmax_t sz_fmt(size_t s) { return s; }
+static void git_hash_unknown_final(unsigned char *hash, void *ctx)
+{
+       die("trying to finalize unknown hash");
+}
 
-const unsigned char null_sha1[20];
+const struct git_hash_algo hash_algos[GIT_HASH_NALGOS] = {
+       {
+               NULL,
+               0x00000000,
+               0,
+               0,
+               0,
+               git_hash_unknown_init,
+               git_hash_unknown_update,
+               git_hash_unknown_final,
+               NULL,
+               NULL,
+       },
+       {
+               "sha-1",
+               /* "sha1", big-endian */
+               0x73686131,
+               sizeof(git_SHA_CTX),
+               GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ,
+               GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ,
+               git_hash_sha1_init,
+               git_hash_sha1_update,
+               git_hash_sha1_final,
+               &empty_tree_oid,
+               &empty_blob_oid,
+       },
+};
 
 /*
  * This is meant to hold a *small* number of objects that you would
@@ -54,8 +118,6 @@ static struct cached_object empty_tree = {
        0
 };
 
-static struct packed_git *last_found_pack;
-
 static struct cached_object *find_cached_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
        int i;
@@ -70,6 +132,18 @@ static struct cached_object *find_cached_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
        return NULL;
 }
 
+
+static enum safe_crlf get_safe_crlf(unsigned flags)
+{
+       if (flags & HASH_RENORMALIZE)
+               return SAFE_CRLF_RENORMALIZE;
+       else if (flags & HASH_WRITE_OBJECT)
+               return safe_crlf;
+       else
+               return SAFE_CRLF_FALSE;
+}
+
+
 int mkdir_in_gitdir(const char *path)
 {
        if (mkdir(path, 0777)) {
@@ -99,136 +173,210 @@ int mkdir_in_gitdir(const char *path)
        return adjust_shared_perm(path);
 }
 
-int safe_create_leading_directories(char *path)
+enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories(char *path)
 {
-       char *pos = path + offset_1st_component(path);
-       struct stat st;
+       char *next_component = path + offset_1st_component(path);
+       enum scld_error ret = SCLD_OK;
+
+       while (ret == SCLD_OK && next_component) {
+               struct stat st;
+               char *slash = next_component, slash_character;
+
+               while (*slash && !is_dir_sep(*slash))
+                       slash++;
 
-       while (pos) {
-               pos = strchr(pos, '/');
-               if (!pos)
+               if (!*slash)
                        break;
-               while (*++pos == '/')
-                       ;
-               if (!*pos)
+
+               next_component = slash + 1;
+               while (is_dir_sep(*next_component))
+                       next_component++;
+               if (!*next_component)
                        break;
-               *--pos = '\0';
+
+               slash_character = *slash;
+               *slash = '\0';
                if (!stat(path, &st)) {
                        /* path exists */
                        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-                               *pos = '/';
-                               return -3;
+                               errno = ENOTDIR;
+                               ret = SCLD_EXISTS;
                        }
+               } else if (mkdir(path, 0777)) {
+                       if (errno == EEXIST &&
+                           !stat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                               ; /* somebody created it since we checked */
+                       else if (errno == ENOENT)
+                               /*
+                                * Either mkdir() failed because
+                                * somebody just pruned the containing
+                                * directory, or stat() failed because
+                                * the file that was in our way was
+                                * just removed.  Either way, inform
+                                * the caller that it might be worth
+                                * trying again:
+                                */
+                               ret = SCLD_VANISHED;
+                       else
+                               ret = SCLD_FAILED;
+               } else if (adjust_shared_perm(path)) {
+                       ret = SCLD_PERMS;
                }
-               else if (mkdir(path, 0777)) {
-                       *pos = '/';
-                       return -1;
-               }
-               else if (adjust_shared_perm(path)) {
-                       *pos = '/';
-                       return -2;
-               }
-               *pos++ = '/';
+               *slash = slash_character;
        }
-       return 0;
+       return ret;
 }
 
-int safe_create_leading_directories_const(const char *path)
+enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories_const(const char *path)
 {
+       int save_errno;
        /* path points to cache entries, so xstrdup before messing with it */
        char *buf = xstrdup(path);
-       int result = safe_create_leading_directories(buf);
+       enum scld_error result = safe_create_leading_directories(buf);
+
+       save_errno = errno;
        free(buf);
+       errno = save_errno;
        return result;
 }
 
-static void fill_sha1_path(char *pathbuf, const unsigned char *sha1)
+int raceproof_create_file(const char *path, create_file_fn fn, void *cb)
 {
-       int i;
-       for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-               static char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-               unsigned int val = sha1[i];
-               char *pos = pathbuf + i*2 + (i > 0);
-               *pos++ = hex[val >> 4];
-               *pos = hex[val & 0xf];
-       }
-}
+       /*
+        * The number of times we will try to remove empty directories
+        * in the way of path. This is only 1 because if another
+        * process is racily creating directories that conflict with
+        * us, we don't want to fight against them.
+        */
+       int remove_directories_remaining = 1;
 
-/*
- * NOTE! This returns a statically allocated buffer, so you have to be
- * careful about using it. Do an "xstrdup()" if you need to save the
- * filename.
- *
- * Also note that this returns the location for creating.  Reading
- * SHA1 file can happen from any alternate directory listed in the
- * DB_ENVIRONMENT environment variable if it is not found in
- * the primary object database.
- */
-char *sha1_file_name(const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       static char buf[PATH_MAX];
-       const char *objdir;
-       int len;
+       /*
+        * The number of times that we will try to create the
+        * directories containing path. We are willing to attempt this
+        * more than once, because another process could be trying to
+        * clean up empty directories at the same time as we are
+        * trying to create them.
+        */
+       int create_directories_remaining = 3;
 
-       objdir = get_object_directory();
-       len = strlen(objdir);
+       /* A scratch copy of path, filled lazily if we need it: */
+       struct strbuf path_copy = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       /* '/' + sha1(2) + '/' + sha1(38) + '\0' */
-       if (len + 43 > PATH_MAX)
-               die("insanely long object directory %s", objdir);
-       memcpy(buf, objdir, len);
-       buf[len] = '/';
-       buf[len+3] = '/';
-       buf[len+42] = '\0';
-       fill_sha1_path(buf + len + 1, sha1);
-       return buf;
-}
+       int ret, save_errno;
 
-static char *sha1_get_pack_name(const unsigned char *sha1,
-                               char **name, char **base, const char *which)
-{
-       static const char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-       char *buf;
-       int i;
+       /* Sanity check: */
+       assert(*path);
+
+retry_fn:
+       ret = fn(path, cb);
+       save_errno = errno;
+       if (!ret)
+               goto out;
+
+       if (errno == EISDIR && remove_directories_remaining-- > 0) {
+               /*
+                * A directory is in the way. Maybe it is empty; try
+                * to remove it:
+                */
+               if (!path_copy.len)
+                       strbuf_addstr(&path_copy, path);
+
+               if (!remove_dir_recursively(&path_copy, REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY))
+                       goto retry_fn;
+       } else if (errno == ENOENT && create_directories_remaining-- > 0) {
+               /*
+                * Maybe the containing directory didn't exist, or
+                * maybe it was just deleted by a process that is
+                * racing with us to clean up empty directories. Try
+                * to create it:
+                */
+               enum scld_error scld_result;
 
-       if (!*base) {
-               const char *sha1_file_directory = get_object_directory();
-               int len = strlen(sha1_file_directory);
-               *base = xmalloc(len + 60);
-               sprintf(*base, "%s/pack/pack-1234567890123456789012345678901234567890.%s",
-                       sha1_file_directory, which);
-               *name = *base + len + 11;
+               if (!path_copy.len)
+                       strbuf_addstr(&path_copy, path);
+
+               do {
+                       scld_result = safe_create_leading_directories(path_copy.buf);
+                       if (scld_result == SCLD_OK)
+                               goto retry_fn;
+               } while (scld_result == SCLD_VANISHED && create_directories_remaining-- > 0);
        }
 
-       buf = *name;
+out:
+       strbuf_release(&path_copy);
+       errno = save_errno;
+       return ret;
+}
 
+static void fill_sha1_path(struct strbuf *buf, const unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       int i;
        for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-               unsigned int val = *sha1++;
-               *buf++ = hex[val >> 4];
-               *buf++ = hex[val & 0xf];
+               static char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+               unsigned int val = sha1[i];
+               strbuf_addch(buf, hex[val >> 4]);
+               strbuf_addch(buf, hex[val & 0xf]);
+               if (!i)
+                       strbuf_addch(buf, '/');
        }
-
-       return *base;
 }
 
-char *sha1_pack_name(const unsigned char *sha1)
+const char *sha1_file_name(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       static char *name, *base;
+       static struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       strbuf_reset(&buf);
+       strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/", get_object_directory());
 
-       return sha1_get_pack_name(sha1, &name, &base, "pack");
+       fill_sha1_path(&buf, sha1);
+       return buf.buf;
 }
 
-char *sha1_pack_index_name(const unsigned char *sha1)
+struct strbuf *alt_scratch_buf(struct alternate_object_database *alt)
 {
-       static char *name, *base;
+       strbuf_setlen(&alt->scratch, alt->base_len);
+       return &alt->scratch;
+}
 
-       return sha1_get_pack_name(sha1, &name, &base, "idx");
+static const char *alt_sha1_path(struct alternate_object_database *alt,
+                                const unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct strbuf *buf = alt_scratch_buf(alt);
+       fill_sha1_path(buf, sha1);
+       return buf->buf;
 }
 
 struct alternate_object_database *alt_odb_list;
 static struct alternate_object_database **alt_odb_tail;
 
-static int git_open_noatime(const char *name);
+/*
+ * Return non-zero iff the path is usable as an alternate object database.
+ */
+static int alt_odb_usable(struct strbuf *path, const char *normalized_objdir)
+{
+       struct alternate_object_database *alt;
+
+       /* Detect cases where alternate disappeared */
+       if (!is_directory(path->buf)) {
+               error("object directory %s does not exist; "
+                     "check .git/objects/info/alternates.",
+                     path->buf);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Prevent the common mistake of listing the same
+        * thing twice, or object directory itself.
+        */
+       for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
+               if (!fspathcmp(path->buf, alt->path))
+                       return 0;
+       }
+       if (!fspathcmp(path->buf, normalized_objdir))
+               return 0;
+
+       return 1;
+}
 
 /*
  * Prepare alternate object database registry.
@@ -245,62 +393,39 @@ static int git_open_noatime(const char *name);
  * SHA1, an extra slash for the first level indirection, and the
  * terminating NUL.
  */
-static int link_alt_odb_entry(const char * entry, int len, const char * relative_base, int depth)
+static void read_info_alternates(const char * relative_base, int depth);
+static int link_alt_odb_entry(const char *entry, const char *relative_base,
+       int depth, const char *normalized_objdir)
 {
-       const char *objdir = get_object_directory();
        struct alternate_object_database *ent;
-       struct alternate_object_database *alt;
-       int pfxlen, entlen;
        struct strbuf pathbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
        if (!is_absolute_path(entry) && relative_base) {
-               strbuf_addstr(&pathbuf, real_path(relative_base));
+               strbuf_realpath(&pathbuf, relative_base, 1);
                strbuf_addch(&pathbuf, '/');
        }
-       strbuf_add(&pathbuf, entry, len);
+       strbuf_addstr(&pathbuf, entry);
 
-       normalize_path_copy(pathbuf.buf, pathbuf.buf);
-
-       pfxlen = strlen(pathbuf.buf);
+       if (strbuf_normalize_path(&pathbuf) < 0 && relative_base) {
+               error("unable to normalize alternate object path: %s",
+                     pathbuf.buf);
+               strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
+               return -1;
+       }
 
        /*
         * The trailing slash after the directory name is given by
         * this function at the end. Remove duplicates.
         */
-       while (pfxlen && pathbuf.buf[pfxlen-1] == '/')
-               pfxlen -= 1;
-
-       entlen = pfxlen + 43; /* '/' + 2 hex + '/' + 38 hex + NUL */
-       ent = xmalloc(sizeof(*ent) + entlen);
-       memcpy(ent->base, pathbuf.buf, pfxlen);
-       strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
-
-       ent->name = ent->base + pfxlen + 1;
-       ent->base[pfxlen + 3] = '/';
-       ent->base[pfxlen] = ent->base[entlen-1] = 0;
+       while (pathbuf.len && pathbuf.buf[pathbuf.len - 1] == '/')
+               strbuf_setlen(&pathbuf, pathbuf.len - 1);
 
-       /* Detect cases where alternate disappeared */
-       if (!is_directory(ent->base)) {
-               error("object directory %s does not exist; "
-                     "check .git/objects/info/alternates.",
-                     ent->base);
-               free(ent);
+       if (!alt_odb_usable(&pathbuf, normalized_objdir)) {
+               strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
                return -1;
        }
 
-       /* Prevent the common mistake of listing the same
-        * thing twice, or object directory itself.
-        */
-       for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-               if (!memcmp(ent->base, alt->base, pfxlen)) {
-                       free(ent);
-                       return -1;
-               }
-       }
-       if (!memcmp(ent->base, objdir, pfxlen)) {
-               free(ent);
-               return -1;
-       }
+       ent = alloc_alt_odb(pathbuf.buf);
 
        /* add the alternate entry */
        *alt_odb_tail = ent;
@@ -308,17 +433,49 @@ static int link_alt_odb_entry(const char * entry, int len, const char * relative
        ent->next = NULL;
 
        /* recursively add alternates */
-       read_info_alternates(ent->base, depth + 1);
-
-       ent->base[pfxlen] = '/';
+       read_info_alternates(pathbuf.buf, depth + 1);
 
+       strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
        return 0;
 }
 
-static void link_alt_odb_entries(const char *alt, const char *ep, int sep,
+static const char *parse_alt_odb_entry(const char *string,
+                                      int sep,
+                                      struct strbuf *out)
+{
+       const char *end;
+
+       strbuf_reset(out);
+
+       if (*string == '#') {
+               /* comment; consume up to next separator */
+               end = strchrnul(string, sep);
+       } else if (*string == '"' && !unquote_c_style(out, string, &end)) {
+               /*
+                * quoted path; unquote_c_style has copied the
+                * data for us and set "end". Broken quoting (e.g.,
+                * an entry that doesn't end with a quote) falls
+                * back to the unquoted case below.
+                */
+       } else {
+               /* normal, unquoted path */
+               end = strchrnul(string, sep);
+               strbuf_add(out, string, end - string);
+       }
+
+       if (*end)
+               end++;
+       return end;
+}
+
+static void link_alt_odb_entries(const char *alt, int sep,
                                 const char *relative_base, int depth)
 {
-       const char *cp, *last;
+       struct strbuf objdirbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct strbuf entry = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       if (!alt || !*alt)
+               return;
 
        if (depth > 5) {
                error("%s: ignoring alternate object stores, nesting too deep.",
@@ -326,81 +483,190 @@ static void link_alt_odb_entries(const char *alt, const char *ep, int sep,
                return;
        }
 
-       last = alt;
-       while (last < ep) {
-               cp = last;
-               if (cp < ep && *cp == '#') {
-                       while (cp < ep && *cp != sep)
-                               cp++;
-                       last = cp + 1;
+       strbuf_add_absolute_path(&objdirbuf, get_object_directory());
+       if (strbuf_normalize_path(&objdirbuf) < 0)
+               die("unable to normalize object directory: %s",
+                   objdirbuf.buf);
+
+       while (*alt) {
+               alt = parse_alt_odb_entry(alt, sep, &entry);
+               if (!entry.len)
                        continue;
-               }
-               while (cp < ep && *cp != sep)
-                       cp++;
-               if (last != cp) {
-                       if (!is_absolute_path(last) && depth) {
-                               error("%s: ignoring relative alternate object store %s",
-                                               relative_base, last);
-                       } else {
-                               link_alt_odb_entry(last, cp - last,
-                                               relative_base, depth);
-                       }
-               }
-               while (cp < ep && *cp == sep)
-                       cp++;
-               last = cp;
+               link_alt_odb_entry(entry.buf, relative_base, depth, objdirbuf.buf);
        }
+       strbuf_release(&entry);
+       strbuf_release(&objdirbuf);
 }
 
-void read_info_alternates(const char * relative_base, int depth)
+static void read_info_alternates(const char * relative_base, int depth)
 {
-       char *map;
-       size_t mapsz;
-       struct stat st;
-       const char alt_file_name[] = "info/alternates";
-       /* Given that relative_base is no longer than PATH_MAX,
-          ensure that "path" has enough space to append "/", the
-          file name, "info/alternates", and a trailing NUL.  */
-       char path[PATH_MAX + 1 + sizeof alt_file_name];
-       int fd;
+       char *path;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       sprintf(path, "%s/%s", relative_base, alt_file_name);
-       fd = git_open_noatime(path);
-       if (fd < 0)
-               return;
-       if (fstat(fd, &st) || (st.st_size == 0)) {
-               close(fd);
+       path = xstrfmt("%s/info/alternates", relative_base);
+       if (strbuf_read_file(&buf, path, 1024) < 0) {
+               warn_on_fopen_errors(path);
+               free(path);
                return;
        }
-       mapsz = xsize_t(st.st_size);
-       map = xmmap(NULL, mapsz, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
-       close(fd);
 
-       link_alt_odb_entries(map, map + mapsz, '\n', relative_base, depth);
+       link_alt_odb_entries(buf.buf, '\n', relative_base, depth);
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
+       free(path);
+}
+
+struct alternate_object_database *alloc_alt_odb(const char *dir)
+{
+       struct alternate_object_database *ent;
+
+       FLEX_ALLOC_STR(ent, path, dir);
+       strbuf_init(&ent->scratch, 0);
+       strbuf_addf(&ent->scratch, "%s/", dir);
+       ent->base_len = ent->scratch.len;
 
-       munmap(map, mapsz);
+       return ent;
 }
 
 void add_to_alternates_file(const char *reference)
 {
-       struct lock_file *lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
-       int fd = hold_lock_file_for_append(lock, git_path("objects/info/alternates"), LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-       char *alt = mkpath("%s\n", reference);
-       write_or_die(fd, alt, strlen(alt));
-       if (commit_lock_file(lock))
-               die("could not close alternates file");
-       if (alt_odb_tail)
-               link_alt_odb_entries(alt, alt + strlen(alt), '\n', NULL, 0);
+       struct lock_file lock = LOCK_INIT;
+       char *alts = git_pathdup("objects/info/alternates");
+       FILE *in, *out;
+       int found = 0;
+
+       hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock, alts, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+       out = fdopen_lock_file(&lock, "w");
+       if (!out)
+               die_errno("unable to fdopen alternates lockfile");
+
+       in = fopen(alts, "r");
+       if (in) {
+               struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+               while (strbuf_getline(&line, in) != EOF) {
+                       if (!strcmp(reference, line.buf)) {
+                               found = 1;
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       fprintf_or_die(out, "%s\n", line.buf);
+               }
+
+               strbuf_release(&line);
+               fclose(in);
+       }
+       else if (errno != ENOENT)
+               die_errno("unable to read alternates file");
+
+       if (found) {
+               rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+       } else {
+               fprintf_or_die(out, "%s\n", reference);
+               if (commit_lock_file(&lock))
+                       die_errno("unable to move new alternates file into place");
+               if (alt_odb_tail)
+                       link_alt_odb_entries(reference, '\n', NULL, 0);
+       }
+       free(alts);
+}
+
+void add_to_alternates_memory(const char *reference)
+{
+       /*
+        * Make sure alternates are initialized, or else our entry may be
+        * overwritten when they are.
+        */
+       prepare_alt_odb();
+
+       link_alt_odb_entries(reference, '\n', NULL, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compute the exact path an alternate is at and returns it. In case of
+ * error NULL is returned and the human readable error is added to `err`
+ * `path` may be relative and should point to $GITDIR.
+ * `err` must not be null.
+ */
+char *compute_alternate_path(const char *path, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       char *ref_git = NULL;
+       const char *repo, *ref_git_s;
+       int seen_error = 0;
+
+       ref_git_s = real_path_if_valid(path);
+       if (!ref_git_s) {
+               seen_error = 1;
+               strbuf_addf(err, _("path '%s' does not exist"), path);
+               goto out;
+       } else
+               /*
+                * Beware: read_gitfile(), real_path() and mkpath()
+                * return static buffer
+                */
+               ref_git = xstrdup(ref_git_s);
+
+       repo = read_gitfile(ref_git);
+       if (!repo)
+               repo = read_gitfile(mkpath("%s/.git", ref_git));
+       if (repo) {
+               free(ref_git);
+               ref_git = xstrdup(repo);
+       }
+
+       if (!repo && is_directory(mkpath("%s/.git/objects", ref_git))) {
+               char *ref_git_git = mkpathdup("%s/.git", ref_git);
+               free(ref_git);
+               ref_git = ref_git_git;
+       } else if (!is_directory(mkpath("%s/objects", ref_git))) {
+               struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+               seen_error = 1;
+               if (get_common_dir(&sb, ref_git)) {
+                       strbuf_addf(err,
+                                   _("reference repository '%s' as a linked "
+                                     "checkout is not supported yet."),
+                                   path);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+
+               strbuf_addf(err, _("reference repository '%s' is not a "
+                                       "local repository."), path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if (!access(mkpath("%s/shallow", ref_git), F_OK)) {
+               strbuf_addf(err, _("reference repository '%s' is shallow"),
+                           path);
+               seen_error = 1;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if (!access(mkpath("%s/info/grafts", ref_git), F_OK)) {
+               strbuf_addf(err,
+                           _("reference repository '%s' is grafted"),
+                           path);
+               seen_error = 1;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+out:
+       if (seen_error) {
+               FREE_AND_NULL(ref_git);
+       }
+
+       return ref_git;
 }
 
-void foreach_alt_odb(alt_odb_fn fn, void *cb)
+int foreach_alt_odb(alt_odb_fn fn, void *cb)
 {
        struct alternate_object_database *ent;
+       int r = 0;
 
        prepare_alt_odb();
-       for (ent = alt_odb_list; ent; ent = ent->next)
-               if (fn(ent, cb))
-                       return;
+       for (ent = alt_odb_list; ent; ent = ent->next) {
+               r = fn(ent, cb);
+               if (r)
+                       break;
+       }
+       return r;
 }
 
 void prepare_alt_odb(void)
@@ -411,794 +677,255 @@ void prepare_alt_odb(void)
                return;
 
        alt = getenv(ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT);
-       if (!alt) alt = "";
 
        alt_odb_tail = &alt_odb_list;
-       link_alt_odb_entries(alt, alt + strlen(alt), PATH_SEP, NULL, 0);
+       link_alt_odb_entries(alt, PATH_SEP, NULL, 0);
 
        read_info_alternates(get_object_directory(), 0);
 }
 
-static int has_loose_object_local(const unsigned char *sha1)
+/* Returns 1 if we have successfully freshened the file, 0 otherwise. */
+static int freshen_file(const char *fn)
 {
-       char *name = sha1_file_name(sha1);
-       return !access(name, F_OK);
+       struct utimbuf t;
+       t.actime = t.modtime = time(NULL);
+       return !utime(fn, &t);
 }
 
-int has_loose_object_nonlocal(const unsigned char *sha1)
+/*
+ * All of the check_and_freshen functions return 1 if the file exists and was
+ * freshened (if freshening was requested), 0 otherwise. If they return
+ * 0, you should not assume that it is safe to skip a write of the object (it
+ * either does not exist on disk, or has a stale mtime and may be subject to
+ * pruning).
+ */
+int check_and_freshen_file(const char *fn, int freshen)
+{
+       if (access(fn, F_OK))
+               return 0;
+       if (freshen && !freshen_file(fn))
+               return 0;
+       return 1;
+}
+
+static int check_and_freshen_local(const unsigned char *sha1, int freshen)
+{
+       return check_and_freshen_file(sha1_file_name(sha1), freshen);
+}
+
+static int check_and_freshen_nonlocal(const unsigned char *sha1, int freshen)
 {
        struct alternate_object_database *alt;
        prepare_alt_odb();
        for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-               fill_sha1_path(alt->name, sha1);
-               if (!access(alt->base, F_OK))
+               const char *path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
+               if (check_and_freshen_file(path, freshen))
                        return 1;
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int has_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
+static int check_and_freshen(const unsigned char *sha1, int freshen)
 {
-       return has_loose_object_local(sha1) ||
-              has_loose_object_nonlocal(sha1);
-}
-
-static unsigned int pack_used_ctr;
-static unsigned int pack_mmap_calls;
-static unsigned int peak_pack_open_windows;
-static unsigned int pack_open_windows;
-static unsigned int pack_open_fds;
-static unsigned int pack_max_fds;
-static size_t peak_pack_mapped;
-static size_t pack_mapped;
-struct packed_git *packed_git;
-
-void pack_report(void)
-{
-       fprintf(stderr,
-               "pack_report: getpagesize()            = %10" SZ_FMT "\n"
-               "pack_report: core.packedGitWindowSize = %10" SZ_FMT "\n"
-               "pack_report: core.packedGitLimit      = %10" SZ_FMT "\n",
-               sz_fmt(getpagesize()),
-               sz_fmt(packed_git_window_size),
-               sz_fmt(packed_git_limit));
-       fprintf(stderr,
-               "pack_report: pack_used_ctr            = %10u\n"
-               "pack_report: pack_mmap_calls          = %10u\n"
-               "pack_report: pack_open_windows        = %10u / %10u\n"
-               "pack_report: pack_mapped              = "
-                       "%10" SZ_FMT " / %10" SZ_FMT "\n",
-               pack_used_ctr,
-               pack_mmap_calls,
-               pack_open_windows, peak_pack_open_windows,
-               sz_fmt(pack_mapped), sz_fmt(peak_pack_mapped));
-}
-
-static int check_packed_git_idx(const char *path,  struct packed_git *p)
-{
-       void *idx_map;
-       struct pack_idx_header *hdr;
-       size_t idx_size;
-       uint32_t version, nr, i, *index;
-       int fd = git_open_noatime(path);
-       struct stat st;
-
-       if (fd < 0)
-               return -1;
-       if (fstat(fd, &st)) {
-               close(fd);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       idx_size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
-       if (idx_size < 4 * 256 + 20 + 20) {
-               close(fd);
-               return error("index file %s is too small", path);
-       }
-       idx_map = xmmap(NULL, idx_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
-       close(fd);
-
-       hdr = idx_map;
-       if (hdr->idx_signature == htonl(PACK_IDX_SIGNATURE)) {
-               version = ntohl(hdr->idx_version);
-               if (version < 2 || version > 2) {
-                       munmap(idx_map, idx_size);
-                       return error("index file %s is version %"PRIu32
-                                    " and is not supported by this binary"
-                                    " (try upgrading GIT to a newer version)",
-                                    path, version);
-               }
-       } else
-               version = 1;
-
-       nr = 0;
-       index = idx_map;
-       if (version > 1)
-               index += 2;  /* skip index header */
-       for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-               uint32_t n = ntohl(index[i]);
-               if (n < nr) {
-                       munmap(idx_map, idx_size);
-                       return error("non-monotonic index %s", path);
-               }
-               nr = n;
-       }
-
-       if (version == 1) {
-               /*
-                * Total size:
-                *  - 256 index entries 4 bytes each
-                *  - 24-byte entries * nr (20-byte sha1 + 4-byte offset)
-                *  - 20-byte SHA1 of the packfile
-                *  - 20-byte SHA1 file checksum
-                */
-               if (idx_size != 4*256 + nr * 24 + 20 + 20) {
-                       munmap(idx_map, idx_size);
-                       return error("wrong index v1 file size in %s", path);
-               }
-       } else if (version == 2) {
-               /*
-                * Minimum size:
-                *  - 8 bytes of header
-                *  - 256 index entries 4 bytes each
-                *  - 20-byte sha1 entry * nr
-                *  - 4-byte crc entry * nr
-                *  - 4-byte offset entry * nr
-                *  - 20-byte SHA1 of the packfile
-                *  - 20-byte SHA1 file checksum
-                * And after the 4-byte offset table might be a
-                * variable sized table containing 8-byte entries
-                * for offsets larger than 2^31.
-                */
-               unsigned long min_size = 8 + 4*256 + nr*(20 + 4 + 4) + 20 + 20;
-               unsigned long max_size = min_size;
-               if (nr)
-                       max_size += (nr - 1)*8;
-               if (idx_size < min_size || idx_size > max_size) {
-                       munmap(idx_map, idx_size);
-                       return error("wrong index v2 file size in %s", path);
-               }
-               if (idx_size != min_size &&
-                   /*
-                    * make sure we can deal with large pack offsets.
-                    * 31-bit signed offset won't be enough, neither
-                    * 32-bit unsigned one will be.
-                    */
-                   (sizeof(off_t) <= 4)) {
-                       munmap(idx_map, idx_size);
-                       return error("pack too large for current definition of off_t in %s", path);
-               }
-       }
-
-       p->index_version = version;
-       p->index_data = idx_map;
-       p->index_size = idx_size;
-       p->num_objects = nr;
-       return 0;
+       return check_and_freshen_local(sha1, freshen) ||
+              check_and_freshen_nonlocal(sha1, freshen);
 }
 
-int open_pack_index(struct packed_git *p)
+int has_loose_object_nonlocal(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       char *idx_name;
-       int ret;
-
-       if (p->index_data)
-               return 0;
-
-       idx_name = xstrdup(p->pack_name);
-       strcpy(idx_name + strlen(idx_name) - strlen(".pack"), ".idx");
-       ret = check_packed_git_idx(idx_name, p);
-       free(idx_name);
-       return ret;
+       return check_and_freshen_nonlocal(sha1, 0);
 }
 
-static void scan_windows(struct packed_git *p,
-       struct packed_git **lru_p,
-       struct pack_window **lru_w,
-       struct pack_window **lru_l)
+static int has_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       struct pack_window *w, *w_l;
-
-       for (w_l = NULL, w = p->windows; w; w = w->next) {
-               if (!w->inuse_cnt) {
-                       if (!*lru_w || w->last_used < (*lru_w)->last_used) {
-                               *lru_p = p;
-                               *lru_w = w;
-                               *lru_l = w_l;
-                       }
-               }
-               w_l = w;
-       }
+       return check_and_freshen(sha1, 0);
 }
 
-static int unuse_one_window(struct packed_git *current, int keep_fd)
+static void mmap_limit_check(size_t length)
 {
-       struct packed_git *p, *lru_p = NULL;
-       struct pack_window *lru_w = NULL, *lru_l = NULL;
-
-       if (current)
-               scan_windows(current, &lru_p, &lru_w, &lru_l);
-       for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next)
-               scan_windows(p, &lru_p, &lru_w, &lru_l);
-       if (lru_p) {
-               munmap(lru_w->base, lru_w->len);
-               pack_mapped -= lru_w->len;
-               if (lru_l)
-                       lru_l->next = lru_w->next;
-               else {
-                       lru_p->windows = lru_w->next;
-                       if (!lru_p->windows && lru_p->pack_fd != -1
-                               && lru_p->pack_fd != keep_fd) {
-                               close(lru_p->pack_fd);
-                               pack_open_fds--;
-                               lru_p->pack_fd = -1;
-                       }
-               }
-               free(lru_w);
-               pack_open_windows--;
-               return 1;
+       static size_t limit = 0;
+       if (!limit) {
+               limit = git_env_ulong("GIT_MMAP_LIMIT", 0);
+               if (!limit)
+                       limit = SIZE_MAX;
        }
-       return 0;
+       if (length > limit)
+               die("attempting to mmap %"PRIuMAX" over limit %"PRIuMAX,
+                   (uintmax_t)length, (uintmax_t)limit);
 }
 
-void release_pack_memory(size_t need, int fd)
+void *xmmap_gently(void *start, size_t length,
+                 int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
 {
-       size_t cur = pack_mapped;
-       while (need >= (cur - pack_mapped) && unuse_one_window(NULL, fd))
-               ; /* nothing */
-}
+       void *ret;
 
-void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
-       int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
-{
-       void *ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
+       mmap_limit_check(length);
+       ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
        if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
                if (!length)
                        return NULL;
-               release_pack_memory(length, fd);
+               release_pack_memory(length);
                ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
-               if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
-                       die_errno("Out of memory? mmap failed");
        }
        return ret;
 }
 
-void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *p)
+void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
+       int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
 {
-       while (p->windows) {
-               struct pack_window *w = p->windows;
-
-               if (w->inuse_cnt)
-                       die("pack '%s' still has open windows to it",
-                           p->pack_name);
-               munmap(w->base, w->len);
-               pack_mapped -= w->len;
-               pack_open_windows--;
-               p->windows = w->next;
-               free(w);
-       }
-}
-
-void unuse_pack(struct pack_window **w_cursor)
-{
-       struct pack_window *w = *w_cursor;
-       if (w) {
-               w->inuse_cnt--;
-               *w_cursor = NULL;
-       }
-}
-
-void close_pack_index(struct packed_git *p)
-{
-       if (p->index_data) {
-               munmap((void *)p->index_data, p->index_size);
-               p->index_data = NULL;
-       }
-}
-
-/*
- * This is used by git-repack in case a newly created pack happens to
- * contain the same set of objects as an existing one.  In that case
- * the resulting file might be different even if its name would be the
- * same.  It is best to close any reference to the old pack before it is
- * replaced on disk.  Of course no index pointers nor windows for given pack
- * must subsist at this point.  If ever objects from this pack are requested
- * again, the new version of the pack will be reinitialized through
- * reprepare_packed_git().
- */
-void free_pack_by_name(const char *pack_name)
-{
-       struct packed_git *p, **pp = &packed_git;
-
-       while (*pp) {
-               p = *pp;
-               if (strcmp(pack_name, p->pack_name) == 0) {
-                       clear_delta_base_cache();
-                       close_pack_windows(p);
-                       if (p->pack_fd != -1) {
-                               close(p->pack_fd);
-                               pack_open_fds--;
-                       }
-                       close_pack_index(p);
-                       free(p->bad_object_sha1);
-                       *pp = p->next;
-                       if (last_found_pack == p)
-                               last_found_pack = NULL;
-                       free(p);
-                       return;
-               }
-               pp = &p->next;
-       }
+       void *ret = xmmap_gently(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
+       if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
+               die_errno("mmap failed");
+       return ret;
 }
 
 /*
- * Do not call this directly as this leaks p->pack_fd on error return;
- * call open_packed_git() instead.
+ * With an in-core object data in "map", rehash it to make sure the
+ * object name actually matches "sha1" to detect object corruption.
+ * With "map" == NULL, try reading the object named with "sha1" using
+ * the streaming interface and rehash it to do the same.
  */
-static int open_packed_git_1(struct packed_git *p)
+int check_sha1_signature(const unsigned char *sha1, void *map,
+                        unsigned long size, const char *type)
 {
-       struct stat st;
-       struct pack_header hdr;
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       unsigned char *idx_sha1;
-       long fd_flag;
-
-       if (!p->index_data && open_pack_index(p))
-               return error("packfile %s index unavailable", p->pack_name);
-
-       if (!pack_max_fds) {
-               struct rlimit lim;
-               unsigned int max_fds;
-
-               if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &lim))
-                       die_errno("cannot get RLIMIT_NOFILE");
-
-               max_fds = lim.rlim_cur;
+       unsigned char real_sha1[20];
+       enum object_type obj_type;
+       struct git_istream *st;
+       git_SHA_CTX c;
+       char hdr[32];
+       int hdrlen;
 
-               /* Save 3 for stdin/stdout/stderr, 22 for work */
-               if (25 < max_fds)
-                       pack_max_fds = max_fds - 25;
-               else
-                       pack_max_fds = 1;
+       if (map) {
+               hash_sha1_file(map, size, type, real_sha1);
+               return hashcmp(sha1, real_sha1) ? -1 : 0;
        }
 
-       while (pack_max_fds <= pack_open_fds && unuse_one_window(NULL, -1))
-               ; /* nothing */
-
-       p->pack_fd = git_open_noatime(p->pack_name);
-       if (p->pack_fd < 0 || fstat(p->pack_fd, &st))
+       st = open_istream(sha1, &obj_type, &size, NULL);
+       if (!st)
                return -1;
-       pack_open_fds++;
-
-       /* If we created the struct before we had the pack we lack size. */
-       if (!p->pack_size) {
-               if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                       return error("packfile %s not a regular file", p->pack_name);
-               p->pack_size = st.st_size;
-       } else if (p->pack_size != st.st_size)
-               return error("packfile %s size changed", p->pack_name);
-
-       /* We leave these file descriptors open with sliding mmap;
-        * there is no point keeping them open across exec(), though.
-        */
-       fd_flag = fcntl(p->pack_fd, F_GETFD, 0);
-       if (fd_flag < 0)
-               return error("cannot determine file descriptor flags");
-       fd_flag |= FD_CLOEXEC;
-       if (fcntl(p->pack_fd, F_SETFD, fd_flag) == -1)
-               return error("cannot set FD_CLOEXEC");
-
-       /* Verify we recognize this pack file format. */
-       if (read_in_full(p->pack_fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr)) != sizeof(hdr))
-               return error("file %s is far too short to be a packfile", p->pack_name);
-       if (hdr.hdr_signature != htonl(PACK_SIGNATURE))
-               return error("file %s is not a GIT packfile", p->pack_name);
-       if (!pack_version_ok(hdr.hdr_version))
-               return error("packfile %s is version %"PRIu32" and not"
-                       " supported (try upgrading GIT to a newer version)",
-                       p->pack_name, ntohl(hdr.hdr_version));
-
-       /* Verify the pack matches its index. */
-       if (p->num_objects != ntohl(hdr.hdr_entries))
-               return error("packfile %s claims to have %"PRIu32" objects"
-                            " while index indicates %"PRIu32" objects",
-                            p->pack_name, ntohl(hdr.hdr_entries),
-                            p->num_objects);
-       if (lseek(p->pack_fd, p->pack_size - sizeof(sha1), SEEK_SET) == -1)
-               return error("end of packfile %s is unavailable", p->pack_name);
-       if (read_in_full(p->pack_fd, sha1, sizeof(sha1)) != sizeof(sha1))
-               return error("packfile %s signature is unavailable", p->pack_name);
-       idx_sha1 = ((unsigned char *)p->index_data) + p->index_size - 40;
-       if (hashcmp(sha1, idx_sha1))
-               return error("packfile %s does not match index", p->pack_name);
-       return 0;
-}
 
-static int open_packed_git(struct packed_git *p)
-{
-       if (!open_packed_git_1(p))
-               return 0;
-       if (p->pack_fd != -1) {
-               close(p->pack_fd);
-               pack_open_fds--;
-               p->pack_fd = -1;
-       }
-       return -1;
-}
-
-static int in_window(struct pack_window *win, off_t offset)
-{
-       /* We must promise at least 20 bytes (one hash) after the
-        * offset is available from this window, otherwise the offset
-        * is not actually in this window and a different window (which
-        * has that one hash excess) must be used.  This is to support
-        * the object header and delta base parsing routines below.
-        */
-       off_t win_off = win->offset;
-       return win_off <= offset
-               && (offset + 20) <= (win_off + win->len);
-}
+       /* Generate the header */
+       hdrlen = xsnprintf(hdr, sizeof(hdr), "%s %lu", typename(obj_type), size) + 1;
 
-unsigned char *use_pack(struct packed_git *p,
-               struct pack_window **w_cursor,
-               off_t offset,
-               unsigned long *left)
-{
-       struct pack_window *win = *w_cursor;
+       /* Sha1.. */
+       git_SHA1_Init(&c);
+       git_SHA1_Update(&c, hdr, hdrlen);
+       for (;;) {
+               char buf[1024 * 16];
+               ssize_t readlen = read_istream(st, buf, sizeof(buf));
 
-       /* Since packfiles end in a hash of their content and it's
-        * pointless to ask for an offset into the middle of that
-        * hash, and the in_window function above wouldn't match
-        * don't allow an offset too close to the end of the file.
-        */
-       if (!p->pack_size && p->pack_fd == -1 && open_packed_git(p))
-               die("packfile %s cannot be accessed", p->pack_name);
-       if (offset > (p->pack_size - 20))
-               die("offset beyond end of packfile (truncated pack?)");
-
-       if (!win || !in_window(win, offset)) {
-               if (win)
-                       win->inuse_cnt--;
-               for (win = p->windows; win; win = win->next) {
-                       if (in_window(win, offset))
-                               break;
-               }
-               if (!win) {
-                       size_t window_align = packed_git_window_size / 2;
-                       off_t len;
-
-                       if (p->pack_fd == -1 && open_packed_git(p))
-                               die("packfile %s cannot be accessed", p->pack_name);
-
-                       win = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*win));
-                       win->offset = (offset / window_align) * window_align;
-                       len = p->pack_size - win->offset;
-                       if (len > packed_git_window_size)
-                               len = packed_git_window_size;
-                       win->len = (size_t)len;
-                       pack_mapped += win->len;
-                       while (packed_git_limit < pack_mapped
-                               && unuse_one_window(p, p->pack_fd))
-                               ; /* nothing */
-                       win->base = xmmap(NULL, win->len,
-                               PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE,
-                               p->pack_fd, win->offset);
-                       if (win->base == MAP_FAILED)
-                               die("packfile %s cannot be mapped: %s",
-                                       p->pack_name,
-                                       strerror(errno));
-                       if (!win->offset && win->len == p->pack_size
-                               && !p->do_not_close) {
-                               close(p->pack_fd);
-                               pack_open_fds--;
-                               p->pack_fd = -1;
-                       }
-                       pack_mmap_calls++;
-                       pack_open_windows++;
-                       if (pack_mapped > peak_pack_mapped)
-                               peak_pack_mapped = pack_mapped;
-                       if (pack_open_windows > peak_pack_open_windows)
-                               peak_pack_open_windows = pack_open_windows;
-                       win->next = p->windows;
-                       p->windows = win;
+               if (readlen < 0) {
+                       close_istream(st);
+                       return -1;
                }
+               if (!readlen)
+                       break;
+               git_SHA1_Update(&c, buf, readlen);
        }
-       if (win != *w_cursor) {
-               win->last_used = pack_used_ctr++;
-               win->inuse_cnt++;
-               *w_cursor = win;
-       }
-       offset -= win->offset;
-       if (left)
-               *left = win->len - xsize_t(offset);
-       return win->base + offset;
-}
-
-static struct packed_git *alloc_packed_git(int extra)
-{
-       struct packed_git *p = xmalloc(sizeof(*p) + extra);
-       memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
-       p->pack_fd = -1;
-       return p;
-}
-
-static void try_to_free_pack_memory(size_t size)
-{
-       release_pack_memory(size, -1);
-}
-
-struct packed_git *add_packed_git(const char *path, int path_len, int local)
-{
-       static int have_set_try_to_free_routine;
-       struct stat st;
-       struct packed_git *p = alloc_packed_git(path_len + 2);
-
-       if (!have_set_try_to_free_routine) {
-               have_set_try_to_free_routine = 1;
-               set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_pack_memory);
-       }
-
-       /*
-        * Make sure a corresponding .pack file exists and that
-        * the index looks sane.
-        */
-       path_len -= strlen(".idx");
-       if (path_len < 1) {
-               free(p);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       memcpy(p->pack_name, path, path_len);
-
-       strcpy(p->pack_name + path_len, ".keep");
-       if (!access(p->pack_name, F_OK))
-               p->pack_keep = 1;
-
-       strcpy(p->pack_name + path_len, ".pack");
-       if (stat(p->pack_name, &st) || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
-               free(p);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-
-       /* ok, it looks sane as far as we can check without
-        * actually mapping the pack file.
-        */
-       p->pack_size = st.st_size;
-       p->pack_local = local;
-       p->mtime = st.st_mtime;
-       if (path_len < 40 || get_sha1_hex(path + path_len - 40, p->sha1))
-               hashclr(p->sha1);
-       return p;
-}
-
-struct packed_git *parse_pack_index(unsigned char *sha1, const char *idx_path)
-{
-       const char *path = sha1_pack_name(sha1);
-       struct packed_git *p = alloc_packed_git(strlen(path) + 1);
-
-       strcpy(p->pack_name, path);
-       hashcpy(p->sha1, sha1);
-       if (check_packed_git_idx(idx_path, p)) {
-               free(p);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-
-       return p;
-}
-
-void install_packed_git(struct packed_git *pack)
-{
-       if (pack->pack_fd != -1)
-               pack_open_fds++;
-
-       pack->next = packed_git;
-       packed_git = pack;
+       git_SHA1_Final(real_sha1, &c);
+       close_istream(st);
+       return hashcmp(sha1, real_sha1) ? -1 : 0;
 }
 
-static void prepare_packed_git_one(char *objdir, int local)
+int git_open_cloexec(const char *name, int flags)
 {
-       /* Ensure that this buffer is large enough so that we can
-          append "/pack/" without clobbering the stack even if
-          strlen(objdir) were PATH_MAX.  */
-       char path[PATH_MAX + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1];
-       int len;
-       DIR *dir;
-       struct dirent *de;
+       int fd;
+       static int o_cloexec = O_CLOEXEC;
 
-       sprintf(path, "%s/pack", objdir);
-       len = strlen(path);
-       dir = opendir(path);
-       if (!dir) {
-               if (errno != ENOENT)
-                       error("unable to open object pack directory: %s: %s",
-                             path, strerror(errno));
-               return;
+       fd = open(name, flags | o_cloexec);
+       if ((o_cloexec & O_CLOEXEC) && fd < 0 && errno == EINVAL) {
+               /* Try again w/o O_CLOEXEC: the kernel might not support it */
+               o_cloexec &= ~O_CLOEXEC;
+               fd = open(name, flags | o_cloexec);
        }
-       path[len++] = '/';
-       while ((de = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
-               int namelen = strlen(de->d_name);
-               struct packed_git *p;
 
-               if (!has_extension(de->d_name, ".idx"))
-                       continue;
+#if defined(F_GETFD) && defined(F_SETFD) && defined(FD_CLOEXEC)
+       {
+               static int fd_cloexec = FD_CLOEXEC;
 
-               if (len + namelen + 1 > sizeof(path))
-                       continue;
-
-               /* Don't reopen a pack we already have. */
-               strcpy(path + len, de->d_name);
-               for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
-                       if (!memcmp(path, p->pack_name, len + namelen - 4))
-                               break;
+               if (!o_cloexec && 0 <= fd && fd_cloexec) {
+                       /* Opened w/o O_CLOEXEC?  try with fcntl(2) to add it */
+                       int flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
+                       if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags | fd_cloexec))
+                               fd_cloexec = 0;
                }
-               if (p)
-                       continue;
-               /* See if it really is a valid .idx file with corresponding
-                * .pack file that we can map.
-                */
-               p = add_packed_git(path, len + namelen, local);
-               if (!p)
-                       continue;
-               install_packed_git(p);
        }
-       closedir(dir);
+#endif
+       return fd;
 }
 
-static int sort_pack(const void *a_, const void *b_)
+/*
+ * Find "sha1" as a loose object in the local repository or in an alternate.
+ * Returns 0 on success, negative on failure.
+ *
+ * The "path" out-parameter will give the path of the object we found (if any).
+ * Note that it may point to static storage and is only valid until another
+ * call to sha1_file_name(), etc.
+ */
+static int stat_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, struct stat *st,
+                         const char **path)
 {
-       struct packed_git *a = *((struct packed_git **)a_);
-       struct packed_git *b = *((struct packed_git **)b_);
-       int st;
-
-       /*
-        * Local packs tend to contain objects specific to our
-        * variant of the project than remote ones.  In addition,
-        * remote ones could be on a network mounted filesystem.
-        * Favor local ones for these reasons.
-        */
-       st = a->pack_local - b->pack_local;
-       if (st)
-               return -st;
+       struct alternate_object_database *alt;
 
-       /*
-        * Younger packs tend to contain more recent objects,
-        * and more recent objects tend to get accessed more
-        * often.
-        */
-       if (a->mtime < b->mtime)
-               return 1;
-       else if (a->mtime == b->mtime)
+       *path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
+       if (!lstat(*path, st))
                return 0;
-       return -1;
-}
-
-static void rearrange_packed_git(void)
-{
-       struct packed_git **ary, *p;
-       int i, n;
 
-       for (n = 0, p = packed_git; p; p = p->next)
-               n++;
-       if (n < 2)
-               return;
-
-       /* prepare an array of packed_git for easier sorting */
-       ary = xcalloc(n, sizeof(struct packed_git *));
-       for (n = 0, p = packed_git; p; p = p->next)
-               ary[n++] = p;
-
-       qsort(ary, n, sizeof(struct packed_git *), sort_pack);
-
-       /* link them back again */
-       for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
-               ary[i]->next = ary[i + 1];
-       ary[n - 1]->next = NULL;
-       packed_git = ary[0];
-
-       free(ary);
-}
-
-static int prepare_packed_git_run_once = 0;
-void prepare_packed_git(void)
-{
-       struct alternate_object_database *alt;
-
-       if (prepare_packed_git_run_once)
-               return;
-       prepare_packed_git_one(get_object_directory(), 1);
        prepare_alt_odb();
+       errno = ENOENT;
        for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-               alt->name[-1] = 0;
-               prepare_packed_git_one(alt->base, 0);
-               alt->name[-1] = '/';
+               *path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
+               if (!lstat(*path, st))
+                       return 0;
        }
-       rearrange_packed_git();
-       prepare_packed_git_run_once = 1;
-}
-
-void reprepare_packed_git(void)
-{
-       discard_revindex();
-       prepare_packed_git_run_once = 0;
-       prepare_packed_git();
-}
-
-static void mark_bad_packed_object(struct packed_git *p,
-                                  const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       unsigned i;
-       for (i = 0; i < p->num_bad_objects; i++)
-               if (!hashcmp(sha1, p->bad_object_sha1 + 20 * i))
-                       return;
-       p->bad_object_sha1 = xrealloc(p->bad_object_sha1, 20 * (p->num_bad_objects + 1));
-       hashcpy(p->bad_object_sha1 + 20 * p->num_bad_objects, sha1);
-       p->num_bad_objects++;
-}
-
-static const struct packed_git *has_packed_and_bad(const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       struct packed_git *p;
-       unsigned i;
-
-       for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next)
-               for (i = 0; i < p->num_bad_objects; i++)
-                       if (!hashcmp(sha1, p->bad_object_sha1 + 20 * i))
-                               return p;
-       return NULL;
-}
-
-int check_sha1_signature(const unsigned char *sha1, void *map, unsigned long size, const char *type)
-{
-       unsigned char real_sha1[20];
-       hash_sha1_file(map, size, type, real_sha1);
-       return hashcmp(sha1, real_sha1) ? -1 : 0;
-}
-
-static int git_open_noatime(const char *name)
-{
-       static int sha1_file_open_flag = O_NOATIME;
-
-       for (;;) {
-               int fd = open(name, O_RDONLY | sha1_file_open_flag);
-               if (fd >= 0)
-                       return fd;
-
-               /* Might the failure be due to O_NOATIME? */
-               if (errno != ENOENT && sha1_file_open_flag) {
-                       sha1_file_open_flag = 0;
-                       continue;
-               }
 
-               return -1;
-       }
+       return -1;
 }
 
-static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
+/*
+ * Like stat_sha1_file(), but actually open the object and return the
+ * descriptor. See the caveats on the "path" parameter above.
+ */
+static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, const char **path)
 {
        int fd;
-       char *name = sha1_file_name(sha1);
        struct alternate_object_database *alt;
+       int most_interesting_errno;
 
-       fd = git_open_noatime(name);
+       *path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
+       fd = git_open(*path);
        if (fd >= 0)
                return fd;
+       most_interesting_errno = errno;
 
        prepare_alt_odb();
-       errno = ENOENT;
        for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-               name = alt->name;
-               fill_sha1_path(name, sha1);
-               fd = git_open_noatime(alt->base);
+               *path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
+               fd = git_open(*path);
                if (fd >= 0)
                        return fd;
+               if (most_interesting_errno == ENOENT)
+                       most_interesting_errno = errno;
        }
+       errno = most_interesting_errno;
        return -1;
 }
 
-void *map_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *size)
+/*
+ * Map the loose object at "path" if it is not NULL, or the path found by
+ * searching for a loose object named "sha1".
+ */
+static void *map_sha1_file_1(const char *path,
+                            const unsigned char *sha1,
+                            unsigned long *size)
 {
        void *map;
        int fd;
 
-       fd = open_sha1_file(sha1);
+       if (path)
+               fd = git_open(path);
+       else
+               fd = open_sha1_file(sha1, &path);
        map = NULL;
        if (fd >= 0) {
                struct stat st;
@@ -1207,7 +934,7 @@ void *map_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *size)
                        *size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
                        if (!*size) {
                                /* mmap() is forbidden on empty files */
-                               error("object file %s is empty", sha1_file_name(sha1));
+                               error("object file %s is empty", path);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        map = xmmap(NULL, *size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
@@ -1217,86 +944,15 @@ void *map_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *size)
        return map;
 }
 
-/*
- * There used to be a second loose object header format which
- * was meant to mimic the in-pack format, allowing for direct
- * copy of the object data.  This format turned up not to be
- * really worth it and we no longer write loose objects in that
- * format.
- */
-static int experimental_loose_object(unsigned char *map)
+void *map_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *size)
 {
-       unsigned int word;
-
-       /*
-        * We must determine if the buffer contains the standard
-        * zlib-deflated stream or the experimental format based
-        * on the in-pack object format. Compare the header byte
-        * for each format:
-        *
-        * RFC1950 zlib w/ deflate : 0www1000 : 0 <= www <= 7
-        * Experimental pack-based : Stttssss : ttt = 1,2,3,4
-        *
-        * If bit 7 is clear and bits 0-3 equal 8, the buffer MUST be
-        * in standard loose-object format, UNLESS it is a Git-pack
-        * format object *exactly* 8 bytes in size when inflated.
-        *
-        * However, RFC1950 also specifies that the 1st 16-bit word
-        * must be divisible by 31 - this checksum tells us our buffer
-        * is in the standard format, giving a false positive only if
-        * the 1st word of the Git-pack format object happens to be
-        * divisible by 31, ie:
-        *      ((byte0 * 256) + byte1) % 31 = 0
-        *   =>        0ttt10000www1000 % 31 = 0
-        *
-        * As it happens, this case can only arise for www=3 & ttt=1
-        * - ie, a Commit object, which would have to be 8 bytes in
-        * size. As no Commit can be that small, we find that the
-        * combination of these two criteria (bitmask & checksum)
-        * can always correctly determine the buffer format.
-        */
-       word = (map[0] << 8) + map[1];
-       if ((map[0] & 0x8F) == 0x08 && !(word % 31))
-               return 0;
-       else
-               return 1;
+       return map_sha1_file_1(NULL, sha1, size);
 }
 
-unsigned long unpack_object_header_buffer(const unsigned char *buf,
-               unsigned long len, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *sizep)
+static int unpack_sha1_short_header(git_zstream *stream,
+                                   unsigned char *map, unsigned long mapsize,
+                                   void *buffer, unsigned long bufsiz)
 {
-       unsigned shift;
-       unsigned long size, c;
-       unsigned long used = 0;
-
-       c = buf[used++];
-       *type = (c >> 4) & 7;
-       size = c & 15;
-       shift = 4;
-       while (c & 0x80) {
-               if (len <= used || bitsizeof(long) <= shift) {
-                       error("bad object header");
-                       size = used = 0;
-                       break;
-               }
-               c = buf[used++];
-               size += (c & 0x7f) << shift;
-               shift += 7;
-       }
-       *sizep = size;
-       return used;
-}
-
-int unpack_sha1_header(git_zstream *stream, unsigned char *map, unsigned long mapsize, void *buffer, unsigned long bufsiz)
-{
-       unsigned long size, used;
-       static const char valid_loose_object_type[8] = {
-               0, /* OBJ_EXT */
-               1, 1, 1, 1, /* "commit", "tree", "blob", "tag" */
-               0, /* "delta" and others are invalid in a loose object */
-       };
-       enum object_type type;
-
        /* Get the data stream */
        memset(stream, 0, sizeof(*stream));
        stream->next_in = map;
@@ -1304,29 +960,60 @@ int unpack_sha1_header(git_zstream *stream, unsigned char *map, unsigned long ma
        stream->next_out = buffer;
        stream->avail_out = bufsiz;
 
-       if (experimental_loose_object(map)) {
-               /*
-                * The old experimental format we no longer produce;
-                * we can still read it.
-                */
-               used = unpack_object_header_buffer(map, mapsize, &type, &size);
-               if (!used || !valid_loose_object_type[type])
-                       return -1;
-               map += used;
-               mapsize -= used;
+       git_inflate_init(stream);
+       return git_inflate(stream, 0);
+}
+
+int unpack_sha1_header(git_zstream *stream,
+                      unsigned char *map, unsigned long mapsize,
+                      void *buffer, unsigned long bufsiz)
+{
+       int status = unpack_sha1_short_header(stream, map, mapsize,
+                                             buffer, bufsiz);
 
-               /* Set up the stream for the rest.. */
-               stream->next_in = map;
-               stream->avail_in = mapsize;
-               git_inflate_init(stream);
+       if (status < Z_OK)
+               return status;
 
-               /* And generate the fake traditional header */
-               stream->total_out = 1 + snprintf(buffer, bufsiz, "%s %lu",
-                                                typename(type), size);
+       /* Make sure we have the terminating NUL */
+       if (!memchr(buffer, '\0', stream->next_out - (unsigned char *)buffer))
+               return -1;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int unpack_sha1_header_to_strbuf(git_zstream *stream, unsigned char *map,
+                                       unsigned long mapsize, void *buffer,
+                                       unsigned long bufsiz, struct strbuf *header)
+{
+       int status;
+
+       status = unpack_sha1_short_header(stream, map, mapsize, buffer, bufsiz);
+       if (status < Z_OK)
+               return -1;
+
+       /*
+        * Check if entire header is unpacked in the first iteration.
+        */
+       if (memchr(buffer, '\0', stream->next_out - (unsigned char *)buffer))
                return 0;
-       }
-       git_inflate_init(stream);
-       return git_inflate(stream, 0);
+
+       /*
+        * buffer[0..bufsiz] was not large enough.  Copy the partial
+        * result out to header, and then append the result of further
+        * reading the stream.
+        */
+       strbuf_add(header, buffer, stream->next_out - (unsigned char *)buffer);
+       stream->next_out = buffer;
+       stream->avail_out = bufsiz;
+
+       do {
+               status = git_inflate(stream, 0);
+               strbuf_add(header, buffer, stream->next_out - (unsigned char *)buffer);
+               if (memchr(buffer, '\0', stream->next_out - (unsigned char *)buffer))
+                       return 0;
+               stream->next_out = buffer;
+               stream->avail_out = bufsiz;
+       } while (status != Z_STREAM_END);
+       return -1;
 }
 
 static void *unpack_sha1_rest(git_zstream *stream, void *buffer, unsigned long size, const unsigned char *sha1)
@@ -1379,812 +1066,250 @@ static void *unpack_sha1_rest(git_zstream *stream, void *buffer, unsigned long s
  * too permissive for what we want to check. So do an anal
  * object header parse by hand.
  */
-int parse_sha1_header(const char *hdr, unsigned long *sizep)
+static int parse_sha1_header_extended(const char *hdr, struct object_info *oi,
+                              unsigned int flags)
 {
-       char type[10];
-       int i;
+       const char *type_buf = hdr;
        unsigned long size;
+       int type, type_len = 0;
 
        /*
-        * The type can be at most ten bytes (including the
-        * terminating '\0' that we add), and is followed by
+        * The type can be of any size but is followed by
         * a space.
         */
-       i = 0;
        for (;;) {
                char c = *hdr++;
+               if (!c)
+                       return -1;
                if (c == ' ')
                        break;
-               type[i++] = c;
-               if (i >= sizeof(type))
-                       return -1;
+               type_len++;
        }
-       type[i] = 0;
 
+       type = type_from_string_gently(type_buf, type_len, 1);
+       if (oi->typename)
+               strbuf_add(oi->typename, type_buf, type_len);
        /*
-        * The length must follow immediately, and be in canonical
-        * decimal format (ie "010" is not valid).
+        * Set type to 0 if its an unknown object and
+        * we're obtaining the type using '--allow-unknown-type'
+        * option.
         */
-       size = *hdr++ - '0';
-       if (size > 9)
-               return -1;
-       if (size) {
-               for (;;) {
-                       unsigned long c = *hdr - '0';
-                       if (c > 9)
-                               break;
-                       hdr++;
-                       size = size * 10 + c;
-               }
-       }
-       *sizep = size;
+       if ((flags & OBJECT_INFO_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_TYPE) && (type < 0))
+               type = 0;
+       else if (type < 0)
+               die("invalid object type");
+       if (oi->typep)
+               *oi->typep = type;
 
        /*
-        * The length must be followed by a zero byte
-        */
-       return *hdr ? -1 : type_from_string(type);
-}
-
-static void *unpack_sha1_file(void *map, unsigned long mapsize, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *size, const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       int ret;
-       git_zstream stream;
-       char hdr[8192];
-
-       ret = unpack_sha1_header(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr));
-       if (ret < Z_OK || (*type = parse_sha1_header(hdr, size)) < 0)
-               return NULL;
-
-       return unpack_sha1_rest(&stream, hdr, *size, sha1);
-}
-
-unsigned long get_size_from_delta(struct packed_git *p,
-                                 struct pack_window **w_curs,
-                                 off_t curpos)
-{
-       const unsigned char *data;
-       unsigned char delta_head[20], *in;
-       git_zstream stream;
-       int st;
-
-       memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
-       stream.next_out = delta_head;
-       stream.avail_out = sizeof(delta_head);
-
-       git_inflate_init(&stream);
-       do {
-               in = use_pack(p, w_curs, curpos, &stream.avail_in);
-               stream.next_in = in;
-               st = git_inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
-               curpos += stream.next_in - in;
-       } while ((st == Z_OK || st == Z_BUF_ERROR) &&
-                stream.total_out < sizeof(delta_head));
-       git_inflate_end(&stream);
-       if ((st != Z_STREAM_END) && stream.total_out != sizeof(delta_head)) {
-               error("delta data unpack-initial failed");
-               return 0;
-       }
-
-       /* Examine the initial part of the delta to figure out
-        * the result size.
-        */
-       data = delta_head;
-
-       /* ignore base size */
-       get_delta_hdr_size(&data, delta_head+sizeof(delta_head));
-
-       /* Read the result size */
-       return get_delta_hdr_size(&data, delta_head+sizeof(delta_head));
-}
-
-static off_t get_delta_base(struct packed_git *p,
-                                   struct pack_window **w_curs,
-                                   off_t *curpos,
-                                   enum object_type type,
-                                   off_t delta_obj_offset)
-{
-       unsigned char *base_info = use_pack(p, w_curs, *curpos, NULL);
-       off_t base_offset;
-
-       /* use_pack() assured us we have [base_info, base_info + 20)
-        * as a range that we can look at without walking off the
-        * end of the mapped window.  Its actually the hash size
-        * that is assured.  An OFS_DELTA longer than the hash size
-        * is stupid, as then a REF_DELTA would be smaller to store.
-        */
-       if (type == OBJ_OFS_DELTA) {
-               unsigned used = 0;
-               unsigned char c = base_info[used++];
-               base_offset = c & 127;
-               while (c & 128) {
-                       base_offset += 1;
-                       if (!base_offset || MSB(base_offset, 7))
-                               return 0;  /* overflow */
-                       c = base_info[used++];
-                       base_offset = (base_offset << 7) + (c & 127);
-               }
-               base_offset = delta_obj_offset - base_offset;
-               if (base_offset <= 0 || base_offset >= delta_obj_offset)
-                       return 0;  /* out of bound */
-               *curpos += used;
-       } else if (type == OBJ_REF_DELTA) {
-               /* The base entry _must_ be in the same pack */
-               base_offset = find_pack_entry_one(base_info, p);
-               *curpos += 20;
-       } else
-               die("I am totally screwed");
-       return base_offset;
-}
-
-/* forward declaration for a mutually recursive function */
-static int packed_object_info(struct packed_git *p, off_t offset,
-                             unsigned long *sizep, int *rtype);
-
-static int packed_delta_info(struct packed_git *p,
-                            struct pack_window **w_curs,
-                            off_t curpos,
-                            enum object_type type,
-                            off_t obj_offset,
-                            unsigned long *sizep)
-{
-       off_t base_offset;
-
-       base_offset = get_delta_base(p, w_curs, &curpos, type, obj_offset);
-       if (!base_offset)
-               return OBJ_BAD;
-       type = packed_object_info(p, base_offset, NULL, NULL);
-       if (type <= OBJ_NONE) {
-               struct revindex_entry *revidx;
-               const unsigned char *base_sha1;
-               revidx = find_pack_revindex(p, base_offset);
-               if (!revidx)
-                       return OBJ_BAD;
-               base_sha1 = nth_packed_object_sha1(p, revidx->nr);
-               mark_bad_packed_object(p, base_sha1);
-               type = sha1_object_info(base_sha1, NULL);
-               if (type <= OBJ_NONE)
-                       return OBJ_BAD;
-       }
-
-       /* We choose to only get the type of the base object and
-        * ignore potentially corrupt pack file that expects the delta
-        * based on a base with a wrong size.  This saves tons of
-        * inflate() calls.
-        */
-       if (sizep) {
-               *sizep = get_size_from_delta(p, w_curs, curpos);
-               if (*sizep == 0)
-                       type = OBJ_BAD;
-       }
-
-       return type;
-}
-
-int unpack_object_header(struct packed_git *p,
-                        struct pack_window **w_curs,
-                        off_t *curpos,
-                        unsigned long *sizep)
-{
-       unsigned char *base;
-       unsigned long left;
-       unsigned long used;
-       enum object_type type;
-
-       /* use_pack() assures us we have [base, base + 20) available
-        * as a range that we can look at.  (Its actually the hash
-        * size that is assured.)  With our object header encoding
-        * the maximum deflated object size is 2^137, which is just
-        * insane, so we know won't exceed what we have been given.
-        */
-       base = use_pack(p, w_curs, *curpos, &left);
-       used = unpack_object_header_buffer(base, left, &type, sizep);
-       if (!used) {
-               type = OBJ_BAD;
-       } else
-               *curpos += used;
-
-       return type;
-}
-
-static int packed_object_info(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset,
-                             unsigned long *sizep, int *rtype)
-{
-       struct pack_window *w_curs = NULL;
-       unsigned long size;
-       off_t curpos = obj_offset;
-       enum object_type type;
-
-       type = unpack_object_header(p, &w_curs, &curpos, &size);
-       if (rtype)
-               *rtype = type; /* representation type */
-
-       switch (type) {
-       case OBJ_OFS_DELTA:
-       case OBJ_REF_DELTA:
-               type = packed_delta_info(p, &w_curs, curpos,
-                                        type, obj_offset, sizep);
-               break;
-       case OBJ_COMMIT:
-       case OBJ_TREE:
-       case OBJ_BLOB:
-       case OBJ_TAG:
-               if (sizep)
-                       *sizep = size;
-               break;
-       default:
-               error("unknown object type %i at offset %"PRIuMAX" in %s",
-                     type, (uintmax_t)obj_offset, p->pack_name);
-               type = OBJ_BAD;
-       }
-       unuse_pack(&w_curs);
-       return type;
-}
-
-static void *unpack_compressed_entry(struct packed_git *p,
-                                   struct pack_window **w_curs,
-                                   off_t curpos,
-                                   unsigned long size)
-{
-       int st;
-       git_zstream stream;
-       unsigned char *buffer, *in;
-
-       buffer = xmallocz(size);
-       memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
-       stream.next_out = buffer;
-       stream.avail_out = size + 1;
-
-       git_inflate_init(&stream);
-       do {
-               in = use_pack(p, w_curs, curpos, &stream.avail_in);
-               stream.next_in = in;
-               st = git_inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
-               if (!stream.avail_out)
-                       break; /* the payload is larger than it should be */
-               curpos += stream.next_in - in;
-       } while (st == Z_OK || st == Z_BUF_ERROR);
-       git_inflate_end(&stream);
-       if ((st != Z_STREAM_END) || stream.total_out != size) {
-               free(buffer);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-
-       return buffer;
-}
-
-#define MAX_DELTA_CACHE (256)
-
-static size_t delta_base_cached;
-
-static struct delta_base_cache_lru_list {
-       struct delta_base_cache_lru_list *prev;
-       struct delta_base_cache_lru_list *next;
-} delta_base_cache_lru = { &delta_base_cache_lru, &delta_base_cache_lru };
-
-static struct delta_base_cache_entry {
-       struct delta_base_cache_lru_list lru;
-       void *data;
-       struct packed_git *p;
-       off_t base_offset;
-       unsigned long size;
-       enum object_type type;
-} delta_base_cache[MAX_DELTA_CACHE];
-
-static unsigned long pack_entry_hash(struct packed_git *p, off_t base_offset)
-{
-       unsigned long hash;
-
-       hash = (unsigned long)p + (unsigned long)base_offset;
-       hash += (hash >> 8) + (hash >> 16);
-       return hash % MAX_DELTA_CACHE;
-}
-
-static int in_delta_base_cache(struct packed_git *p, off_t base_offset)
-{
-       unsigned long hash = pack_entry_hash(p, base_offset);
-       struct delta_base_cache_entry *ent = delta_base_cache + hash;
-       return (ent->data && ent->p == p && ent->base_offset == base_offset);
-}
-
-static void *cache_or_unpack_entry(struct packed_git *p, off_t base_offset,
-       unsigned long *base_size, enum object_type *type, int keep_cache)
-{
-       void *ret;
-       unsigned long hash = pack_entry_hash(p, base_offset);
-       struct delta_base_cache_entry *ent = delta_base_cache + hash;
-
-       ret = ent->data;
-       if (!ret || ent->p != p || ent->base_offset != base_offset)
-               return unpack_entry(p, base_offset, type, base_size);
-
-       if (!keep_cache) {
-               ent->data = NULL;
-               ent->lru.next->prev = ent->lru.prev;
-               ent->lru.prev->next = ent->lru.next;
-               delta_base_cached -= ent->size;
-       } else {
-               ret = xmemdupz(ent->data, ent->size);
-       }
-       *type = ent->type;
-       *base_size = ent->size;
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static inline void release_delta_base_cache(struct delta_base_cache_entry *ent)
-{
-       if (ent->data) {
-               free(ent->data);
-               ent->data = NULL;
-               ent->lru.next->prev = ent->lru.prev;
-               ent->lru.prev->next = ent->lru.next;
-               delta_base_cached -= ent->size;
-       }
-}
-
-void clear_delta_base_cache(void)
-{
-       unsigned long p;
-       for (p = 0; p < MAX_DELTA_CACHE; p++)
-               release_delta_base_cache(&delta_base_cache[p]);
-}
-
-static void add_delta_base_cache(struct packed_git *p, off_t base_offset,
-       void *base, unsigned long base_size, enum object_type type)
-{
-       unsigned long hash = pack_entry_hash(p, base_offset);
-       struct delta_base_cache_entry *ent = delta_base_cache + hash;
-       struct delta_base_cache_lru_list *lru;
-
-       release_delta_base_cache(ent);
-       delta_base_cached += base_size;
-
-       for (lru = delta_base_cache_lru.next;
-            delta_base_cached > delta_base_cache_limit
-            && lru != &delta_base_cache_lru;
-            lru = lru->next) {
-               struct delta_base_cache_entry *f = (void *)lru;
-               if (f->type == OBJ_BLOB)
-                       release_delta_base_cache(f);
-       }
-       for (lru = delta_base_cache_lru.next;
-            delta_base_cached > delta_base_cache_limit
-            && lru != &delta_base_cache_lru;
-            lru = lru->next) {
-               struct delta_base_cache_entry *f = (void *)lru;
-               release_delta_base_cache(f);
-       }
-
-       ent->p = p;
-       ent->base_offset = base_offset;
-       ent->type = type;
-       ent->data = base;
-       ent->size = base_size;
-       ent->lru.next = &delta_base_cache_lru;
-       ent->lru.prev = delta_base_cache_lru.prev;
-       delta_base_cache_lru.prev->next = &ent->lru;
-       delta_base_cache_lru.prev = &ent->lru;
-}
-
-static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
-                        unsigned long *size);
-
-static void *unpack_delta_entry(struct packed_git *p,
-                               struct pack_window **w_curs,
-                               off_t curpos,
-                               unsigned long delta_size,
-                               off_t obj_offset,
-                               enum object_type *type,
-                               unsigned long *sizep)
-{
-       void *delta_data, *result, *base;
-       unsigned long base_size;
-       off_t base_offset;
-
-       base_offset = get_delta_base(p, w_curs, &curpos, *type, obj_offset);
-       if (!base_offset) {
-               error("failed to validate delta base reference "
-                     "at offset %"PRIuMAX" from %s",
-                     (uintmax_t)curpos, p->pack_name);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       unuse_pack(w_curs);
-       base = cache_or_unpack_entry(p, base_offset, &base_size, type, 0);
-       if (!base) {
-               /*
-                * We're probably in deep shit, but let's try to fetch
-                * the required base anyway from another pack or loose.
-                * This is costly but should happen only in the presence
-                * of a corrupted pack, and is better than failing outright.
-                */
-               struct revindex_entry *revidx;
-               const unsigned char *base_sha1;
-               revidx = find_pack_revindex(p, base_offset);
-               if (!revidx)
-                       return NULL;
-               base_sha1 = nth_packed_object_sha1(p, revidx->nr);
-               error("failed to read delta base object %s"
-                     " at offset %"PRIuMAX" from %s",
-                     sha1_to_hex(base_sha1), (uintmax_t)base_offset,
-                     p->pack_name);
-               mark_bad_packed_object(p, base_sha1);
-               base = read_object(base_sha1, type, &base_size);
-               if (!base)
-                       return NULL;
-       }
-
-       delta_data = unpack_compressed_entry(p, w_curs, curpos, delta_size);
-       if (!delta_data) {
-               error("failed to unpack compressed delta "
-                     "at offset %"PRIuMAX" from %s",
-                     (uintmax_t)curpos, p->pack_name);
-               free(base);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       result = patch_delta(base, base_size,
-                            delta_data, delta_size,
-                            sizep);
-       if (!result)
-               die("failed to apply delta");
-       free(delta_data);
-       add_delta_base_cache(p, base_offset, base, base_size, *type);
-       return result;
-}
-
-static void write_pack_access_log(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset)
-{
-       static FILE *log_file;
-
-       if (!log_file) {
-               log_file = fopen(log_pack_access, "w");
-               if (!log_file) {
-                       error("cannot open pack access log '%s' for writing: %s",
-                             log_pack_access, strerror(errno));
-                       log_pack_access = NULL;
-                       return;
-               }
-       }
-       fprintf(log_file, "%s %"PRIuMAX"\n",
-               p->pack_name, (uintmax_t)obj_offset);
-       fflush(log_file);
-}
-
-int do_check_packed_object_crc;
-
-void *unpack_entry(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset,
-                  enum object_type *type, unsigned long *sizep)
-{
-       struct pack_window *w_curs = NULL;
-       off_t curpos = obj_offset;
-       void *data;
-
-       if (log_pack_access)
-               write_pack_access_log(p, obj_offset);
-
-       if (do_check_packed_object_crc && p->index_version > 1) {
-               struct revindex_entry *revidx = find_pack_revindex(p, obj_offset);
-               unsigned long len = revidx[1].offset - obj_offset;
-               if (check_pack_crc(p, &w_curs, obj_offset, len, revidx->nr)) {
-                       const unsigned char *sha1 =
-                               nth_packed_object_sha1(p, revidx->nr);
-                       error("bad packed object CRC for %s",
-                             sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-                       mark_bad_packed_object(p, sha1);
-                       unuse_pack(&w_curs);
-                       return NULL;
-               }
-       }
-
-       *type = unpack_object_header(p, &w_curs, &curpos, sizep);
-       switch (*type) {
-       case OBJ_OFS_DELTA:
-       case OBJ_REF_DELTA:
-               data = unpack_delta_entry(p, &w_curs, curpos, *sizep,
-                                         obj_offset, type, sizep);
-               break;
-       case OBJ_COMMIT:
-       case OBJ_TREE:
-       case OBJ_BLOB:
-       case OBJ_TAG:
-               data = unpack_compressed_entry(p, &w_curs, curpos, *sizep);
-               break;
-       default:
-               data = NULL;
-               error("unknown object type %i at offset %"PRIuMAX" in %s",
-                     *type, (uintmax_t)obj_offset, p->pack_name);
-       }
-       unuse_pack(&w_curs);
-       return data;
-}
-
-const unsigned char *nth_packed_object_sha1(struct packed_git *p,
-                                           uint32_t n)
-{
-       const unsigned char *index = p->index_data;
-       if (!index) {
-               if (open_pack_index(p))
-                       return NULL;
-               index = p->index_data;
-       }
-       if (n >= p->num_objects)
-               return NULL;
-       index += 4 * 256;
-       if (p->index_version == 1) {
-               return index + 24 * n + 4;
-       } else {
-               index += 8;
-               return index + 20 * n;
-       }
-}
-
-off_t nth_packed_object_offset(const struct packed_git *p, uint32_t n)
-{
-       const unsigned char *index = p->index_data;
-       index += 4 * 256;
-       if (p->index_version == 1) {
-               return ntohl(*((uint32_t *)(index + 24 * n)));
-       } else {
-               uint32_t off;
-               index += 8 + p->num_objects * (20 + 4);
-               off = ntohl(*((uint32_t *)(index + 4 * n)));
-               if (!(off & 0x80000000))
-                       return off;
-               index += p->num_objects * 4 + (off & 0x7fffffff) * 8;
-               return (((uint64_t)ntohl(*((uint32_t *)(index + 0)))) << 32) |
-                                  ntohl(*((uint32_t *)(index + 4)));
-       }
-}
-
-off_t find_pack_entry_one(const unsigned char *sha1,
-                                 struct packed_git *p)
-{
-       const uint32_t *level1_ofs = p->index_data;
-       const unsigned char *index = p->index_data;
-       unsigned hi, lo, stride;
-       static int use_lookup = -1;
-       static int debug_lookup = -1;
-
-       if (debug_lookup < 0)
-               debug_lookup = !!getenv("GIT_DEBUG_LOOKUP");
-
-       if (!index) {
-               if (open_pack_index(p))
-                       return 0;
-               level1_ofs = p->index_data;
-               index = p->index_data;
-       }
-       if (p->index_version > 1) {
-               level1_ofs += 2;
-               index += 8;
-       }
-       index += 4 * 256;
-       hi = ntohl(level1_ofs[*sha1]);
-       lo = ((*sha1 == 0x0) ? 0 : ntohl(level1_ofs[*sha1 - 1]));
-       if (p->index_version > 1) {
-               stride = 20;
-       } else {
-               stride = 24;
-               index += 4;
-       }
-
-       if (debug_lookup)
-               printf("%02x%02x%02x... lo %u hi %u nr %"PRIu32"\n",
-                      sha1[0], sha1[1], sha1[2], lo, hi, p->num_objects);
-
-       if (use_lookup < 0)
-               use_lookup = !!getenv("GIT_USE_LOOKUP");
-       if (use_lookup) {
-               int pos = sha1_entry_pos(index, stride, 0,
-                                        lo, hi, p->num_objects, sha1);
-               if (pos < 0)
-                       return 0;
-               return nth_packed_object_offset(p, pos);
-       }
-
-       do {
-               unsigned mi = (lo + hi) / 2;
-               int cmp = hashcmp(index + mi * stride, sha1);
-
-               if (debug_lookup)
-                       printf("lo %u hi %u rg %u mi %u\n",
-                              lo, hi, hi - lo, mi);
-               if (!cmp)
-                       return nth_packed_object_offset(p, mi);
-               if (cmp > 0)
-                       hi = mi;
-               else
-                       lo = mi+1;
-       } while (lo < hi);
-       return 0;
-}
-
-int is_pack_valid(struct packed_git *p)
-{
-       /* An already open pack is known to be valid. */
-       if (p->pack_fd != -1)
-               return 1;
-
-       /* If the pack has one window completely covering the
-        * file size, the pack is known to be valid even if
-        * the descriptor is not currently open.
+        * The length must follow immediately, and be in canonical
+        * decimal format (ie "010" is not valid).
         */
-       if (p->windows) {
-               struct pack_window *w = p->windows;
-
-               if (!w->offset && w->len == p->pack_size)
-                       return 1;
-       }
-
-       /* Force the pack to open to prove its valid. */
-       return !open_packed_git(p);
-}
-
-static int fill_pack_entry(const unsigned char *sha1,
-                          struct pack_entry *e,
-                          struct packed_git *p)
-{
-       off_t offset;
-
-       if (p->num_bad_objects) {
-               unsigned i;
-               for (i = 0; i < p->num_bad_objects; i++)
-                       if (!hashcmp(sha1, p->bad_object_sha1 + 20 * i))
-                               return 0;
+       size = *hdr++ - '0';
+       if (size > 9)
+               return -1;
+       if (size) {
+               for (;;) {
+                       unsigned long c = *hdr - '0';
+                       if (c > 9)
+                               break;
+                       hdr++;
+                       size = size * 10 + c;
+               }
        }
 
-       offset = find_pack_entry_one(sha1, p);
-       if (!offset)
-               return 0;
+       if (oi->sizep)
+               *oi->sizep = size;
 
        /*
-        * We are about to tell the caller where they can locate the
-        * requested object.  We better make sure the packfile is
-        * still here and can be accessed before supplying that
-        * answer, as it may have been deleted since the index was
-        * loaded!
+        * The length must be followed by a zero byte
         */
-       if (!is_pack_valid(p)) {
-               warning("packfile %s cannot be accessed", p->pack_name);
-               return 0;
-       }
-       e->offset = offset;
-       e->p = p;
-       hashcpy(e->sha1, sha1);
-       return 1;
-}
-
-static int find_pack_entry(const unsigned char *sha1, struct pack_entry *e)
-{
-       struct packed_git *p;
-
-       prepare_packed_git();
-       if (!packed_git)
-               return 0;
-
-       if (last_found_pack && fill_pack_entry(sha1, e, last_found_pack))
-               return 1;
-
-       for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
-               if (p == last_found_pack || !fill_pack_entry(sha1, e, p))
-                       continue;
-
-               last_found_pack = p;
-               return 1;
-       }
-       return 0;
+       return *hdr ? -1 : type;
 }
 
-struct packed_git *find_sha1_pack(const unsigned char *sha1,
-                                 struct packed_git *packs)
+int parse_sha1_header(const char *hdr, unsigned long *sizep)
 {
-       struct packed_git *p;
-
-       for (p = packs; p; p = p->next) {
-               if (find_pack_entry_one(sha1, p))
-                       return p;
-       }
-       return NULL;
+       struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
 
+       oi.sizep = sizep;
+       return parse_sha1_header_extended(hdr, &oi, 0);
 }
 
-static int sha1_loose_object_info(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *sizep)
+static int sha1_loose_object_info(const unsigned char *sha1,
+                                 struct object_info *oi,
+                                 int flags)
 {
-       int status;
-       unsigned long mapsize, size;
+       int status = 0;
+       unsigned long mapsize;
        void *map;
        git_zstream stream;
        char hdr[32];
+       struct strbuf hdrbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       unsigned long size_scratch;
+
+       if (oi->delta_base_sha1)
+               hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
+
+       /*
+        * If we don't care about type or size, then we don't
+        * need to look inside the object at all. Note that we
+        * do not optimize out the stat call, even if the
+        * caller doesn't care about the disk-size, since our
+        * return value implicitly indicates whether the
+        * object even exists.
+        */
+       if (!oi->typep && !oi->typename && !oi->sizep && !oi->contentp) {
+               const char *path;
+               struct stat st;
+               if (stat_sha1_file(sha1, &st, &path) < 0)
+                       return -1;
+               if (oi->disk_sizep)
+                       *oi->disk_sizep = st.st_size;
+               return 0;
+       }
 
        map = map_sha1_file(sha1, &mapsize);
        if (!map)
-               return error("unable to find %s", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-       if (unpack_sha1_header(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr)) < 0)
+               return -1;
+
+       if (!oi->sizep)
+               oi->sizep = &size_scratch;
+
+       if (oi->disk_sizep)
+               *oi->disk_sizep = mapsize;
+       if ((flags & OBJECT_INFO_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_TYPE)) {
+               if (unpack_sha1_header_to_strbuf(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr), &hdrbuf) < 0)
+                       status = error("unable to unpack %s header with --allow-unknown-type",
+                                      sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+       } else if (unpack_sha1_header(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr)) < 0)
                status = error("unable to unpack %s header",
                               sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-       else if ((status = parse_sha1_header(hdr, &size)) < 0)
+       if (status < 0)
+               ; /* Do nothing */
+       else if (hdrbuf.len) {
+               if ((status = parse_sha1_header_extended(hdrbuf.buf, oi, flags)) < 0)
+                       status = error("unable to parse %s header with --allow-unknown-type",
+                                      sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+       } else if ((status = parse_sha1_header_extended(hdr, oi, flags)) < 0)
                status = error("unable to parse %s header", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-       else if (sizep)
-               *sizep = size;
-       git_inflate_end(&stream);
+
+       if (status >= 0 && oi->contentp) {
+               *oi->contentp = unpack_sha1_rest(&stream, hdr,
+                                                *oi->sizep, sha1);
+               if (!*oi->contentp) {
+                       git_inflate_end(&stream);
+                       status = -1;
+               }
+       } else
+               git_inflate_end(&stream);
+
        munmap(map, mapsize);
-       return status;
+       if (status && oi->typep)
+               *oi->typep = status;
+       if (oi->sizep == &size_scratch)
+               oi->sizep = NULL;
+       strbuf_release(&hdrbuf);
+       oi->whence = OI_LOOSE;
+       return (status < 0) ? status : 0;
 }
 
-/* returns enum object_type or negative */
-int sha1_object_info_extended(const unsigned char *sha1, struct object_info *oi)
+int sha1_object_info_extended(const unsigned char *sha1, struct object_info *oi, unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct cached_object *co;
+       static struct object_info blank_oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
        struct pack_entry e;
-       int status, rtype;
-
-       co = find_cached_object(sha1);
-       if (co) {
-               if (oi->sizep)
-                       *(oi->sizep) = co->size;
-               oi->whence = OI_CACHED;
-               return co->type;
+       int rtype;
+       const unsigned char *real = (flags & OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE) ?
+                                   lookup_replace_object(sha1) :
+                                   sha1;
+
+       if (is_null_sha1(real))
+               return -1;
+
+       if (!oi)
+               oi = &blank_oi;
+
+       if (!(flags & OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_CACHED)) {
+               struct cached_object *co = find_cached_object(real);
+               if (co) {
+                       if (oi->typep)
+                               *(oi->typep) = co->type;
+                       if (oi->sizep)
+                               *(oi->sizep) = co->size;
+                       if (oi->disk_sizep)
+                               *(oi->disk_sizep) = 0;
+                       if (oi->delta_base_sha1)
+                               hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
+                       if (oi->typename)
+                               strbuf_addstr(oi->typename, typename(co->type));
+                       if (oi->contentp)
+                               *oi->contentp = xmemdupz(co->buf, co->size);
+                       oi->whence = OI_CACHED;
+                       return 0;
+               }
        }
 
-       if (!find_pack_entry(sha1, &e)) {
+       if (!find_pack_entry(real, &e)) {
                /* Most likely it's a loose object. */
-               status = sha1_loose_object_info(sha1, oi->sizep);
-               if (status >= 0) {
-                       oi->whence = OI_LOOSE;
-                       return status;
-               }
+               if (!sha1_loose_object_info(real, oi, flags))
+                       return 0;
 
                /* Not a loose object; someone else may have just packed it. */
-               reprepare_packed_git();
-               if (!find_pack_entry(sha1, &e))
-                       return status;
+               if (flags & OBJECT_INFO_QUICK) {
+                       return -1;
+               } else {
+                       reprepare_packed_git();
+                       if (!find_pack_entry(real, &e))
+                               return -1;
+               }
        }
 
-       status = packed_object_info(e.p, e.offset, oi->sizep, &rtype);
-       if (status < 0) {
-               mark_bad_packed_object(e.p, sha1);
-               status = sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, oi);
-       } else if (in_delta_base_cache(e.p, e.offset)) {
-               oi->whence = OI_DBCACHED;
-       } else {
-               oi->whence = OI_PACKED;
+       if (oi == &blank_oi)
+               /*
+                * We know that the caller doesn't actually need the
+                * information below, so return early.
+                */
+               return 0;
+
+       rtype = packed_object_info(e.p, e.offset, oi);
+       if (rtype < 0) {
+               mark_bad_packed_object(e.p, real);
+               return sha1_object_info_extended(real, oi, 0);
+       } else if (oi->whence == OI_PACKED) {
                oi->u.packed.offset = e.offset;
                oi->u.packed.pack = e.p;
                oi->u.packed.is_delta = (rtype == OBJ_REF_DELTA ||
                                         rtype == OBJ_OFS_DELTA);
        }
 
-       return status;
+       return 0;
 }
 
+/* returns enum object_type or negative */
 int sha1_object_info(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *sizep)
 {
-       struct object_info oi;
+       enum object_type type;
+       struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
 
+       oi.typep = &type;
        oi.sizep = sizep;
-       return sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, &oi);
+       if (sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, &oi,
+                                     OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE) < 0)
+               return -1;
+       return type;
 }
 
-static void *read_packed_sha1(const unsigned char *sha1,
-                             enum object_type *type, unsigned long *size)
+static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
+                        unsigned long *size)
 {
-       struct pack_entry e;
-       void *data;
+       struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
+       void *content;
+       oi.typep = type;
+       oi.sizep = size;
+       oi.contentp = &content;
 
-       if (!find_pack_entry(sha1, &e))
+       if (sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, &oi, 0) < 0)
                return NULL;
-       data = cache_or_unpack_entry(e.p, e.offset, size, type, 1);
-       if (!data) {
-               /*
-                * We're probably in deep shit, but let's try to fetch
-                * the required object anyway from another pack or loose.
-                * This should happen only in the presence of a corrupted
-                * pack, and is better than failing outright.
-                */
-               error("failed to read object %s at offset %"PRIuMAX" from %s",
-                     sha1_to_hex(sha1), (uintmax_t)e.offset, e.p->pack_name);
-               mark_bad_packed_object(e.p, sha1);
-               data = read_object(sha1, type, size);
-       }
-       return data;
+       return content;
 }
 
 int pretend_sha1_file(void *buf, unsigned long len, enum object_type type,
@@ -2195,12 +1320,7 @@ int pretend_sha1_file(void *buf, unsigned long len, enum object_type type,
        hash_sha1_file(buf, len, typename(type), sha1);
        if (has_sha1_file(sha1) || find_cached_object(sha1))
                return 0;
-       if (cached_object_alloc <= cached_object_nr) {
-               cached_object_alloc = alloc_nr(cached_object_alloc);
-               cached_objects = xrealloc(cached_objects,
-                                         sizeof(*cached_objects) *
-                                         cached_object_alloc);
-       }
+       ALLOC_GROW(cached_objects, cached_object_nr + 1, cached_object_alloc);
        co = &cached_objects[cached_object_nr++];
        co->size = len;
        co->type = type;
@@ -2210,33 +1330,6 @@ int pretend_sha1_file(void *buf, unsigned long len, enum object_type type,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
-                        unsigned long *size)
-{
-       unsigned long mapsize;
-       void *map, *buf;
-       struct cached_object *co;
-
-       co = find_cached_object(sha1);
-       if (co) {
-               *type = co->type;
-               *size = co->size;
-               return xmemdupz(co->buf, co->size);
-       }
-
-       buf = read_packed_sha1(sha1, type, size);
-       if (buf)
-               return buf;
-       map = map_sha1_file(sha1, &mapsize);
-       if (map) {
-               buf = unpack_sha1_file(map, mapsize, type, size, sha1);
-               munmap(map, mapsize);
-               return buf;
-       }
-       reprepare_packed_git();
-       return read_packed_sha1(sha1, type, size);
-}
-
 /*
  * This function dies on corrupt objects; the callers who want to
  * deal with them should arrange to call read_object() and give error
@@ -2245,13 +1338,14 @@ static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
 void *read_sha1_file_extended(const unsigned char *sha1,
                              enum object_type *type,
                              unsigned long *size,
-                             unsigned flag)
+                             int lookup_replace)
 {
        void *data;
-       char *path;
        const struct packed_git *p;
-       const unsigned char *repl = (flag & READ_SHA1_FILE_REPLACE)
-               ? lookup_replace_object(sha1) : sha1;
+       const char *path;
+       struct stat st;
+       const unsigned char *repl = lookup_replace ? lookup_replace_object(sha1)
+                                                  : sha1;
 
        errno = 0;
        data = read_object(repl, type, size);
@@ -2266,11 +1360,9 @@ void *read_sha1_file_extended(const unsigned char *sha1,
                die("replacement %s not found for %s",
                    sha1_to_hex(repl), sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 
-       if (has_loose_object(repl)) {
-               path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
+       if (!stat_sha1_file(repl, &st, &path))
                die("loose object %s (stored in %s) is corrupt",
                    sha1_to_hex(repl), path);
-       }
 
        if ((p = has_packed_and_bad(repl)) != NULL)
                die("packed object %s (stored in %s) is corrupt",
@@ -2334,7 +1426,7 @@ static void write_sha1_file_prepare(const void *buf, unsigned long len,
        git_SHA_CTX c;
 
        /* Generate the header */
-       *hdrlen = sprintf(hdr, "%s %lu", type, len)+1;
+       *hdrlen = xsnprintf(hdr, *hdrlen, "%s %lu", type, len)+1;
 
        /* Sha1.. */
        git_SHA1_Init(&c);
@@ -2345,11 +1437,8 @@ static void write_sha1_file_prepare(const void *buf, unsigned long len,
 
 /*
  * Move the just written object into its final resting place.
- * NEEDSWORK: this should be renamed to finalize_temp_file() as
- * "moving" is only a part of what it does, when no patch between
- * master to pu changes the call sites of this function.
  */
-int move_temp_to_file(const char *tmpfile, const char *filename)
+int finalize_object_file(const char *tmpfile, const char *filename)
 {
        int ret = 0;
 
@@ -2378,7 +1467,7 @@ int move_temp_to_file(const char *tmpfile, const char *filename)
        unlink_or_warn(tmpfile);
        if (ret) {
                if (ret != EEXIST) {
-                       return error("unable to write sha1 filename %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(ret));
+                       return error_errno("unable to write sha1 filename %s", filename);
                }
                /* FIXME!!! Collision check here ? */
        }
@@ -2392,7 +1481,7 @@ out:
 static int write_buffer(int fd, const void *buf, size_t len)
 {
        if (write_in_full(fd, buf, len) < 0)
-               return error("file write error (%s)", strerror(errno));
+               return error_errno("file write error");
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2400,7 +1489,7 @@ int hash_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type,
                    unsigned char *sha1)
 {
        char hdr[32];
-       int hdrlen;
+       int hdrlen = sizeof(hdr);
        write_sha1_file_prepare(buf, len, type, sha1, hdr, &hdrlen);
        return 0;
 }
@@ -2430,27 +1519,31 @@ static inline int directory_size(const char *filename)
  * We want to avoid cross-directory filename renames, because those
  * can have problems on various filesystems (FAT, NFS, Coda).
  */
-static int create_tmpfile(char *buffer, size_t bufsiz, const char *filename)
+static int create_tmpfile(struct strbuf *tmp, const char *filename)
 {
        int fd, dirlen = directory_size(filename);
 
-       if (dirlen + 20 > bufsiz) {
-               errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
-               return -1;
-       }
-       memcpy(buffer, filename, dirlen);
-       strcpy(buffer + dirlen, "tmp_obj_XXXXXX");
-       fd = git_mkstemp_mode(buffer, 0444);
+       strbuf_reset(tmp);
+       strbuf_add(tmp, filename, dirlen);
+       strbuf_addstr(tmp, "tmp_obj_XXXXXX");
+       fd = git_mkstemp_mode(tmp->buf, 0444);
        if (fd < 0 && dirlen && errno == ENOENT) {
-               /* Make sure the directory exists */
-               memcpy(buffer, filename, dirlen);
-               buffer[dirlen-1] = 0;
-               if (mkdir(buffer, 0777) || adjust_shared_perm(buffer))
+               /*
+                * Make sure the directory exists; note that the contents
+                * of the buffer are undefined after mkstemp returns an
+                * error, so we have to rewrite the whole buffer from
+                * scratch.
+                */
+               strbuf_reset(tmp);
+               strbuf_add(tmp, filename, dirlen - 1);
+               if (mkdir(tmp->buf, 0777) && errno != EEXIST)
+                       return -1;
+               if (adjust_shared_perm(tmp->buf))
                        return -1;
 
                /* Try again */
-               strcpy(buffer + dirlen - 1, "/tmp_obj_XXXXXX");
-               fd = git_mkstemp_mode(buffer, 0444);
+               strbuf_addstr(tmp, "/tmp_obj_XXXXXX");
+               fd = git_mkstemp_mode(tmp->buf, 0444);
        }
        return fd;
 }
@@ -2463,20 +1556,18 @@ static int write_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1, char *hdr, int hdrlen,
        git_zstream stream;
        git_SHA_CTX c;
        unsigned char parano_sha1[20];
-       char *filename;
-       static char tmp_file[PATH_MAX];
+       static struct strbuf tmp_file = STRBUF_INIT;
+       const char *filename = sha1_file_name(sha1);
 
-       filename = sha1_file_name(sha1);
-       fd = create_tmpfile(tmp_file, sizeof(tmp_file), filename);
+       fd = create_tmpfile(&tmp_file, filename);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (errno == EACCES)
-                       return error("insufficient permission for adding an object to repository database %s\n", get_object_directory());
+                       return error("insufficient permission for adding an object to repository database %s", get_object_directory());
                else
-                       return error("unable to create temporary sha1 filename %s: %s\n", tmp_file, strerror(errno));
+                       return error_errno("unable to create temporary file");
        }
 
        /* Set it up */
-       memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
        git_deflate_init(&stream, zlib_compression_level);
        stream.next_out = compressed;
        stream.avail_out = sizeof(compressed);
@@ -2517,31 +1608,67 @@ static int write_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1, char *hdr, int hdrlen,
                struct utimbuf utb;
                utb.actime = mtime;
                utb.modtime = mtime;
-               if (utime(tmp_file, &utb) < 0)
-                       warning("failed utime() on %s: %s",
-                               tmp_file, strerror(errno));
+               if (utime(tmp_file.buf, &utb) < 0)
+                       warning_errno("failed utime() on %s", tmp_file.buf);
        }
 
-       return move_temp_to_file(tmp_file, filename);
+       return finalize_object_file(tmp_file.buf, filename);
 }
 
-int write_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *returnsha1)
+static int freshen_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       return check_and_freshen(sha1, 1);
+}
+
+static int freshen_packed_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct pack_entry e;
+       if (!find_pack_entry(sha1, &e))
+               return 0;
+       if (e.p->freshened)
+               return 1;
+       if (!freshen_file(e.p->pack_name))
+               return 0;
+       e.p->freshened = 1;
+       return 1;
+}
+
+int write_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
        char hdr[32];
-       int hdrlen;
+       int hdrlen = sizeof(hdr);
 
        /* Normally if we have it in the pack then we do not bother writing
         * it out into .git/objects/??/?{38} file.
         */
        write_sha1_file_prepare(buf, len, type, sha1, hdr, &hdrlen);
-       if (returnsha1)
-               hashcpy(returnsha1, sha1);
-       if (has_sha1_file(sha1))
+       if (freshen_packed_object(sha1) || freshen_loose_object(sha1))
                return 0;
        return write_loose_object(sha1, hdr, hdrlen, buf, len, 0);
 }
 
+int hash_sha1_file_literally(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type,
+                            struct object_id *oid, unsigned flags)
+{
+       char *header;
+       int hdrlen, status = 0;
+
+       /* type string, SP, %lu of the length plus NUL must fit this */
+       hdrlen = strlen(type) + 32;
+       header = xmalloc(hdrlen);
+       write_sha1_file_prepare(buf, len, type, oid->hash, header, &hdrlen);
+
+       if (!(flags & HASH_WRITE_OBJECT))
+               goto cleanup;
+       if (freshen_packed_object(oid->hash) || freshen_loose_object(oid->hash))
+               goto cleanup;
+       status = write_loose_object(oid->hash, header, hdrlen, buf, len, 0);
+
+cleanup:
+       free(header);
+       return status;
+}
+
 int force_object_loose(const unsigned char *sha1, time_t mtime)
 {
        void *buf;
@@ -2553,37 +1680,32 @@ int force_object_loose(const unsigned char *sha1, time_t mtime)
 
        if (has_loose_object(sha1))
                return 0;
-       buf = read_packed_sha1(sha1, &type, &len);
+       buf = read_object(sha1, &type, &len);
        if (!buf)
                return error("cannot read sha1_file for %s", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-       hdrlen = sprintf(hdr, "%s %lu", typename(type), len) + 1;
+       hdrlen = xsnprintf(hdr, sizeof(hdr), "%s %lu", typename(type), len) + 1;
        ret = write_loose_object(sha1, hdr, hdrlen, buf, len, mtime);
        free(buf);
 
        return ret;
 }
 
-int has_pack_index(const unsigned char *sha1)
+int has_sha1_file_with_flags(const unsigned char *sha1, int flags)
 {
-       struct stat st;
-       if (stat(sha1_pack_index_name(sha1), &st))
+       if (!startup_info->have_repository)
                return 0;
-       return 1;
+       return sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, NULL,
+                                        flags | OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_CACHED) >= 0;
 }
 
-int has_sha1_pack(const unsigned char *sha1)
+int has_object_file(const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-       struct pack_entry e;
-       return find_pack_entry(sha1, &e);
+       return has_sha1_file(oid->hash);
 }
 
-int has_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
+int has_object_file_with_flags(const struct object_id *oid, int flags)
 {
-       struct pack_entry e;
-
-       if (find_pack_entry(sha1, &e))
-               return 1;
-       return has_loose_object(sha1);
+       return has_sha1_file_with_flags(oid->hash, flags);
 }
 
 static void check_tree(const void *buf, size_t size)
@@ -2614,7 +1736,7 @@ static void check_tag(const void *buf, size_t size)
                die("corrupt tag");
 }
 
-static int index_mem(unsigned char *sha1, void *buf, size_t size,
+static int index_mem(struct object_id *oid, void *buf, size_t size,
                     enum object_type type,
                     const char *path, unsigned flags)
 {
@@ -2629,8 +1751,8 @@ static int index_mem(unsigned char *sha1, void *buf, size_t size,
         */
        if ((type == OBJ_BLOB) && path) {
                struct strbuf nbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
-               if (convert_to_git(path, buf, size, &nbuf,
-                                  write_object ? safe_crlf : SAFE_CRLF_FALSE)) {
+               if (convert_to_git(&the_index, path, buf, size, &nbuf,
+                                  get_safe_crlf(flags))) {
                        buf = strbuf_detach(&nbuf, &size);
                        re_allocated = 1;
                }
@@ -2645,22 +1767,45 @@ static int index_mem(unsigned char *sha1, void *buf, size_t size,
        }
 
        if (write_object)
-               ret = write_sha1_file(buf, size, typename(type), sha1);
+               ret = write_sha1_file(buf, size, typename(type), oid->hash);
        else
-               ret = hash_sha1_file(buf, size, typename(type), sha1);
+               ret = hash_sha1_file(buf, size, typename(type), oid->hash);
        if (re_allocated)
                free(buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int index_pipe(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, enum object_type type,
+static int index_stream_convert_blob(struct object_id *oid, int fd,
+                                    const char *path, unsigned flags)
+{
+       int ret;
+       const int write_object = flags & HASH_WRITE_OBJECT;
+       struct strbuf sbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       assert(path);
+       assert(would_convert_to_git_filter_fd(path));
+
+       convert_to_git_filter_fd(&the_index, path, fd, &sbuf,
+                                get_safe_crlf(flags));
+
+       if (write_object)
+               ret = write_sha1_file(sbuf.buf, sbuf.len, typename(OBJ_BLOB),
+                                     oid->hash);
+       else
+               ret = hash_sha1_file(sbuf.buf, sbuf.len, typename(OBJ_BLOB),
+                                    oid->hash);
+       strbuf_release(&sbuf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int index_pipe(struct object_id *oid, int fd, enum object_type type,
                      const char *path, unsigned flags)
 {
        struct strbuf sbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
        int ret;
 
        if (strbuf_read(&sbuf, fd, 4096) >= 0)
-               ret = index_mem(sha1, sbuf.buf, sbuf.len, type, path, flags);
+               ret = index_mem(oid, sbuf.buf, sbuf.len, type, path, flags);
        else
                ret = -1;
        strbuf_release(&sbuf);
@@ -2669,24 +1814,29 @@ static int index_pipe(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, enum object_type type,
 
 #define SMALL_FILE_SIZE (32*1024)
 
-static int index_core(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, size_t size,
+static int index_core(struct object_id *oid, int fd, size_t size,
                      enum object_type type, const char *path,
                      unsigned flags)
 {
        int ret;
 
        if (!size) {
-               ret = index_mem(sha1, NULL, size, type, path, flags);
+               ret = index_mem(oid, "", size, type, path, flags);
        } else if (size <= SMALL_FILE_SIZE) {
                char *buf = xmalloc(size);
-               if (size == read_in_full(fd, buf, size))
-                       ret = index_mem(sha1, buf, size, type, path, flags);
+               ssize_t read_result = read_in_full(fd, buf, size);
+               if (read_result < 0)
+                       ret = error_errno("read error while indexing %s",
+                                         path ? path : "<unknown>");
+               else if (read_result != size)
+                       ret = error("short read while indexing %s",
+                                   path ? path : "<unknown>");
                else
-                       ret = error("short read %s", strerror(errno));
+                       ret = index_mem(oid, buf, size, type, path, flags);
                free(buf);
        } else {
                void *buf = xmmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
-               ret = index_mem(sha1, buf, size, type, path, flags);
+               ret = index_mem(oid, buf, size, type, path, flags);
                munmap(buf, size);
        }
        return ret;
@@ -2707,69 +1857,72 @@ static int index_core(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, size_t size,
  * binary blobs, they generally do not want to get any conversion, and
  * callers should avoid this code path when filters are requested.
  */
-static int index_stream(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, size_t size,
+static int index_stream(struct object_id *oid, int fd, size_t size,
                        enum object_type type, const char *path,
                        unsigned flags)
 {
-       return index_bulk_checkin(sha1, fd, size, type, path, flags);
+       return index_bulk_checkin(oid->hash, fd, size, type, path, flags);
 }
 
-int index_fd(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, struct stat *st,
+int index_fd(struct object_id *oid, int fd, struct stat *st,
             enum object_type type, const char *path, unsigned flags)
 {
        int ret;
-       size_t size = xsize_t(st->st_size);
 
-       if (!S_ISREG(st->st_mode))
-               ret = index_pipe(sha1, fd, type, path, flags);
-       else if (size <= big_file_threshold || type != OBJ_BLOB ||
-                (path && would_convert_to_git(path, NULL, 0, 0)))
-               ret = index_core(sha1, fd, size, type, path, flags);
+       /*
+        * Call xsize_t() only when needed to avoid potentially unnecessary
+        * die() for large files.
+        */
+       if (type == OBJ_BLOB && path && would_convert_to_git_filter_fd(path))
+               ret = index_stream_convert_blob(oid, fd, path, flags);
+       else if (!S_ISREG(st->st_mode))
+               ret = index_pipe(oid, fd, type, path, flags);
+       else if (st->st_size <= big_file_threshold || type != OBJ_BLOB ||
+                (path && would_convert_to_git(&the_index, path)))
+               ret = index_core(oid, fd, xsize_t(st->st_size), type, path,
+                                flags);
        else
-               ret = index_stream(sha1, fd, size, type, path, flags);
+               ret = index_stream(oid, fd, xsize_t(st->st_size), type, path,
+                                  flags);
        close(fd);
        return ret;
 }
 
-int index_path(unsigned char *sha1, const char *path, struct stat *st, unsigned flags)
+int index_path(struct object_id *oid, const char *path, struct stat *st, unsigned flags)
 {
        int fd;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int rc = 0;
 
        switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
        case S_IFREG:
                fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
                if (fd < 0)
-                       return error("open(\"%s\"): %s", path,
-                                    strerror(errno));
-               if (index_fd(sha1, fd, st, OBJ_BLOB, path, flags) < 0)
+                       return error_errno("open(\"%s\")", path);
+               if (index_fd(oid, fd, st, OBJ_BLOB, path, flags) < 0)
                        return error("%s: failed to insert into database",
                                     path);
                break;
        case S_IFLNK:
-               if (strbuf_readlink(&sb, path, st->st_size)) {
-                       char *errstr = strerror(errno);
-                       return error("readlink(\"%s\"): %s", path,
-                                    errstr);
-               }
+               if (strbuf_readlink(&sb, path, st->st_size))
+                       return error_errno("readlink(\"%s\")", path);
                if (!(flags & HASH_WRITE_OBJECT))
-                       hash_sha1_file(sb.buf, sb.len, blob_type, sha1);
-               else if (write_sha1_file(sb.buf, sb.len, blob_type, sha1))
-                       return error("%s: failed to insert into database",
-                                    path);
+                       hash_sha1_file(sb.buf, sb.len, blob_type, oid->hash);
+               else if (write_sha1_file(sb.buf, sb.len, blob_type, oid->hash))
+                       rc = error("%s: failed to insert into database", path);
                strbuf_release(&sb);
                break;
        case S_IFDIR:
-               return resolve_gitlink_ref(path, "HEAD", sha1);
+               return resolve_gitlink_ref(path, "HEAD", oid);
        default:
                return error("%s: unsupported file type", path);
        }
-       return 0;
+       return rc;
 }
 
 int read_pack_header(int fd, struct pack_header *header)
 {
-       if (read_in_full(fd, header, sizeof(*header)) < sizeof(*header))
+       if (read_in_full(fd, header, sizeof(*header)) != sizeof(*header))
                /* "eof before pack header was fully read" */
                return PH_ERROR_EOF;
 
@@ -2791,3 +1944,261 @@ void assert_sha1_type(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type expect)
                die("%s is not a valid '%s' object", sha1_to_hex(sha1),
                    typename(expect));
 }
+
+int for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(unsigned int subdir_nr,
+                               struct strbuf *path,
+                               each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
+                               each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
+                               each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
+                               void *data)
+{
+       size_t origlen, baselen;
+       DIR *dir;
+       struct dirent *de;
+       int r = 0;
+       struct object_id oid;
+
+       if (subdir_nr > 0xff)
+               BUG("invalid loose object subdirectory: %x", subdir_nr);
+
+       origlen = path->len;
+       strbuf_complete(path, '/');
+       strbuf_addf(path, "%02x", subdir_nr);
+
+       dir = opendir(path->buf);
+       if (!dir) {
+               if (errno != ENOENT)
+                       r = error_errno("unable to open %s", path->buf);
+               strbuf_setlen(path, origlen);
+               return r;
+       }
+
+       oid.hash[0] = subdir_nr;
+       strbuf_addch(path, '/');
+       baselen = path->len;
+
+       while ((de = readdir(dir))) {
+               size_t namelen;
+               if (is_dot_or_dotdot(de->d_name))
+                       continue;
+
+               namelen = strlen(de->d_name);
+               strbuf_setlen(path, baselen);
+               strbuf_add(path, de->d_name, namelen);
+               if (namelen == GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ - 2 &&
+                   !hex_to_bytes(oid.hash + 1, de->d_name,
+                                 GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ - 1)) {
+                       if (obj_cb) {
+                               r = obj_cb(&oid, path->buf, data);
+                               if (r)
+                                       break;
+                       }
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               if (cruft_cb) {
+                       r = cruft_cb(de->d_name, path->buf, data);
+                       if (r)
+                               break;
+               }
+       }
+       closedir(dir);
+
+       strbuf_setlen(path, baselen - 1);
+       if (!r && subdir_cb)
+               r = subdir_cb(subdir_nr, path->buf, data);
+
+       strbuf_setlen(path, origlen);
+
+       return r;
+}
+
+int for_each_loose_file_in_objdir_buf(struct strbuf *path,
+                           each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
+                           each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
+                           each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
+                           void *data)
+{
+       int r = 0;
+       int i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+               r = for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(i, path, obj_cb, cruft_cb,
+                                               subdir_cb, data);
+               if (r)
+                       break;
+       }
+
+       return r;
+}
+
+int for_each_loose_file_in_objdir(const char *path,
+                                 each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
+                                 each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
+                                 each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
+                                 void *data)
+{
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int r;
+
+       strbuf_addstr(&buf, path);
+       r = for_each_loose_file_in_objdir_buf(&buf, obj_cb, cruft_cb,
+                                             subdir_cb, data);
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+       return r;
+}
+
+struct loose_alt_odb_data {
+       each_loose_object_fn *cb;
+       void *data;
+};
+
+static int loose_from_alt_odb(struct alternate_object_database *alt,
+                             void *vdata)
+{
+       struct loose_alt_odb_data *data = vdata;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int r;
+
+       strbuf_addstr(&buf, alt->path);
+       r = for_each_loose_file_in_objdir_buf(&buf,
+                                             data->cb, NULL, NULL,
+                                             data->data);
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
+       return r;
+}
+
+int for_each_loose_object(each_loose_object_fn cb, void *data, unsigned flags)
+{
+       struct loose_alt_odb_data alt;
+       int r;
+
+       r = for_each_loose_file_in_objdir(get_object_directory(),
+                                         cb, NULL, NULL, data);
+       if (r)
+               return r;
+
+       if (flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY)
+               return 0;
+
+       alt.cb = cb;
+       alt.data = data;
+       return foreach_alt_odb(loose_from_alt_odb, &alt);
+}
+
+static int check_stream_sha1(git_zstream *stream,
+                            const char *hdr,
+                            unsigned long size,
+                            const char *path,
+                            const unsigned char *expected_sha1)
+{
+       git_SHA_CTX c;
+       unsigned char real_sha1[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
+       unsigned char buf[4096];
+       unsigned long total_read;
+       int status = Z_OK;
+
+       git_SHA1_Init(&c);
+       git_SHA1_Update(&c, hdr, stream->total_out);
+
+       /*
+        * We already read some bytes into hdr, but the ones up to the NUL
+        * do not count against the object's content size.
+        */
+       total_read = stream->total_out - strlen(hdr) - 1;
+
+       /*
+        * This size comparison must be "<=" to read the final zlib packets;
+        * see the comment in unpack_sha1_rest for details.
+        */
+       while (total_read <= size &&
+              (status == Z_OK || status == Z_BUF_ERROR)) {
+               stream->next_out = buf;
+               stream->avail_out = sizeof(buf);
+               if (size - total_read < stream->avail_out)
+                       stream->avail_out = size - total_read;
+               status = git_inflate(stream, Z_FINISH);
+               git_SHA1_Update(&c, buf, stream->next_out - buf);
+               total_read += stream->next_out - buf;
+       }
+       git_inflate_end(stream);
+
+       if (status != Z_STREAM_END) {
+               error("corrupt loose object '%s'", sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+               return -1;
+       }
+       if (stream->avail_in) {
+               error("garbage at end of loose object '%s'",
+                     sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       git_SHA1_Final(real_sha1, &c);
+       if (hashcmp(expected_sha1, real_sha1)) {
+               error("sha1 mismatch for %s (expected %s)", path,
+                     sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int read_loose_object(const char *path,
+                     const unsigned char *expected_sha1,
+                     enum object_type *type,
+                     unsigned long *size,
+                     void **contents)
+{
+       int ret = -1;
+       void *map = NULL;
+       unsigned long mapsize;
+       git_zstream stream;
+       char hdr[32];
+
+       *contents = NULL;
+
+       map = map_sha1_file_1(path, NULL, &mapsize);
+       if (!map) {
+               error_errno("unable to mmap %s", path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if (unpack_sha1_header(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr)) < 0) {
+               error("unable to unpack header of %s", path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       *type = parse_sha1_header(hdr, size);
+       if (*type < 0) {
+               error("unable to parse header of %s", path);
+               git_inflate_end(&stream);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if (*type == OBJ_BLOB) {
+               if (check_stream_sha1(&stream, hdr, *size, path, expected_sha1) < 0)
+                       goto out;
+       } else {
+               *contents = unpack_sha1_rest(&stream, hdr, *size, expected_sha1);
+               if (!*contents) {
+                       error("unable to unpack contents of %s", path);
+                       git_inflate_end(&stream);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               if (check_sha1_signature(expected_sha1, *contents,
+                                        *size, typename(*type))) {
+                       error("sha1 mismatch for %s (expected %s)", path,
+                             sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+                       free(*contents);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+       }
+
+       ret = 0; /* everything checks out */
+
+out:
+       if (map)
+               munmap(map, mapsize);
+       return ret;
+}