Imported Upstream version 2.28.0
[platform/upstream/git.git] / remote.c
index b296d17..bc46413 100644 (file)
--- a/remote.c
+++ b/remote.c
@@ -1,25 +1,22 @@
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
 #include "remote.h"
 #include "refs.h"
+#include "refspec.h"
+#include "object-store.h"
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "diff.h"
 #include "revision.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "tag.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
+#include "mergesort.h"
+#include "argv-array.h"
+#include "commit-reach.h"
+#include "advice.h"
 
 enum map_direction { FROM_SRC, FROM_DST };
 
-static struct refspec s_tag_refspec = {
-       0,
-       1,
-       0,
-       "refs/tags/*",
-       "refs/tags/*"
-};
-
-const struct refspec *tag_refspec = &s_tag_refspec;
-
 struct counted_string {
        size_t len;
        const char *s;
@@ -40,21 +37,18 @@ struct rewrites {
 static struct remote **remotes;
 static int remotes_alloc;
 static int remotes_nr;
+static struct hashmap remotes_hash;
 
 static struct branch **branches;
 static int branches_alloc;
 static int branches_nr;
 
 static struct branch *current_branch;
-static const char *default_remote_name;
-static int explicit_default_remote_name;
+static const char *pushremote_name;
 
 static struct rewrites rewrites;
 static struct rewrites rewrites_push;
 
-#define BUF_SIZE (2048)
-static char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
-
 static int valid_remote(const struct remote *remote)
 {
        return (!!remote->url) || (!!remote->foreign_vcs);
@@ -63,7 +57,6 @@ static int valid_remote(const struct remote *remote)
 static const char *alias_url(const char *url, struct rewrites *r)
 {
        int i, j;
-       char *ret;
        struct counted_string *longest;
        int longest_i;
 
@@ -73,7 +66,7 @@ static const char *alias_url(const char *url, struct rewrites *r)
                if (!r->rewrite[i])
                        continue;
                for (j = 0; j < r->rewrite[i]->instead_of_nr; j++) {
-                       if (!prefixcmp(url, r->rewrite[i]->instead_of[j].s) &&
+                       if (starts_with(url, r->rewrite[i]->instead_of[j].s) &&
                            (!longest ||
                             longest->len < r->rewrite[i]->instead_of[j].len)) {
                                longest = &(r->rewrite[i]->instead_of[j]);
@@ -84,27 +77,7 @@ static const char *alias_url(const char *url, struct rewrites *r)
        if (!longest)
                return url;
 
-       ret = xmalloc(r->rewrite[longest_i]->baselen +
-                    (strlen(url) - longest->len) + 1);
-       strcpy(ret, r->rewrite[longest_i]->base);
-       strcpy(ret + r->rewrite[longest_i]->baselen, url + longest->len);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static void add_push_refspec(struct remote *remote, const char *ref)
-{
-       ALLOC_GROW(remote->push_refspec,
-                  remote->push_refspec_nr + 1,
-                  remote->push_refspec_alloc);
-       remote->push_refspec[remote->push_refspec_nr++] = ref;
-}
-
-static void add_fetch_refspec(struct remote *remote, const char *ref)
-{
-       ALLOC_GROW(remote->fetch_refspec,
-                  remote->fetch_refspec_nr + 1,
-                  remote->fetch_refspec_alloc);
-       remote->fetch_refspec[remote->fetch_refspec_nr++] = ref;
+       return xstrfmt("%s%s", r->rewrite[longest_i]->base, url + longest->len);
 }
 
 static void add_url(struct remote *remote, const char *url)
@@ -132,25 +105,65 @@ static void add_url_alias(struct remote *remote, const char *url)
        add_pushurl_alias(remote, url);
 }
 
+struct remotes_hash_key {
+       const char *str;
+       int len;
+};
+
+static int remotes_hash_cmp(const void *unused_cmp_data,
+                           const struct hashmap_entry *eptr,
+                           const struct hashmap_entry *entry_or_key,
+                           const void *keydata)
+{
+       const struct remote *a, *b;
+       const struct remotes_hash_key *key = keydata;
+
+       a = container_of(eptr, const struct remote, ent);
+       b = container_of(entry_or_key, const struct remote, ent);
+
+       if (key)
+               return strncmp(a->name, key->str, key->len) || a->name[key->len];
+       else
+               return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
+}
+
+static inline void init_remotes_hash(void)
+{
+       if (!remotes_hash.cmpfn)
+               hashmap_init(&remotes_hash, remotes_hash_cmp, NULL, 0);
+}
+
 static struct remote *make_remote(const char *name, int len)
 {
-       struct remote *ret;
-       int i;
+       struct remote *ret, *replaced;
+       struct remotes_hash_key lookup;
+       struct hashmap_entry lookup_entry, *e;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < remotes_nr; i++) {
-               if (len ? (!strncmp(name, remotes[i]->name, len) &&
-                          !remotes[i]->name[len]) :
-                   !strcmp(name, remotes[i]->name))
-                       return remotes[i];
-       }
+       if (!len)
+               len = strlen(name);
+
+       init_remotes_hash();
+       lookup.str = name;
+       lookup.len = len;
+       hashmap_entry_init(&lookup_entry, memhash(name, len));
+
+       e = hashmap_get(&remotes_hash, &lookup_entry, &lookup);
+       if (e)
+               return container_of(e, struct remote, ent);
 
        ret = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct remote));
+       ret->prune = -1;  /* unspecified */
+       ret->prune_tags = -1;  /* unspecified */
+       ret->name = xstrndup(name, len);
+       refspec_init(&ret->push, REFSPEC_PUSH);
+       refspec_init(&ret->fetch, REFSPEC_FETCH);
+
        ALLOC_GROW(remotes, remotes_nr + 1, remotes_alloc);
        remotes[remotes_nr++] = ret;
-       if (len)
-               ret->name = xstrndup(name, len);
-       else
-               ret->name = xstrdup(name);
+
+       hashmap_entry_init(&ret->ent, lookup_entry.hash);
+       replaced = hashmap_put_entry(&remotes_hash, ret, ent);
+       assert(replaced == NULL);  /* no previous entry overwritten */
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -161,58 +174,43 @@ static void add_merge(struct branch *branch, const char *name)
        branch->merge_name[branch->merge_nr++] = name;
 }
 
-static struct branch *make_branch(const char *name, int len)
+static struct branch *make_branch(const char *name, size_t len)
 {
        struct branch *ret;
        int i;
-       char *refname;
 
        for (i = 0; i < branches_nr; i++) {
-               if (len ? (!strncmp(name, branches[i]->name, len) &&
-                          !branches[i]->name[len]) :
-                   !strcmp(name, branches[i]->name))
+               if (!strncmp(name, branches[i]->name, len) &&
+                   !branches[i]->name[len])
                        return branches[i];
        }
 
        ALLOC_GROW(branches, branches_nr + 1, branches_alloc);
        ret = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct branch));
        branches[branches_nr++] = ret;
-       if (len)
-               ret->name = xstrndup(name, len);
-       else
-               ret->name = xstrdup(name);
-       refname = xmalloc(strlen(name) + strlen("refs/heads/") + 1);
-       strcpy(refname, "refs/heads/");
-       strcpy(refname + strlen("refs/heads/"), ret->name);
-       ret->refname = refname;
+       ret->name = xstrndup(name, len);
+       ret->refname = xstrfmt("refs/heads/%s", ret->name);
 
        return ret;
 }
 
-static struct rewrite *make_rewrite(struct rewrites *r, const char *base, int len)
+static struct rewrite *make_rewrite(struct rewrites *r,
+                                   const char *base, size_t len)
 {
        struct rewrite *ret;
        int i;
 
        for (i = 0; i < r->rewrite_nr; i++) {
-               if (len
-                   ? (len == r->rewrite[i]->baselen &&
-                      !strncmp(base, r->rewrite[i]->base, len))
-                   : !strcmp(base, r->rewrite[i]->base))
+               if (len == r->rewrite[i]->baselen &&
+                   !strncmp(base, r->rewrite[i]->base, len))
                        return r->rewrite[i];
        }
 
        ALLOC_GROW(r->rewrite, r->rewrite_nr + 1, r->rewrite_alloc);
        ret = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct rewrite));
        r->rewrite[r->rewrite_nr++] = ret;
-       if (len) {
-               ret->base = xstrndup(base, len);
-               ret->baselen = len;
-       }
-       else {
-               ret->base = xstrdup(base);
-               ret->baselen = strlen(base);
-       }
+       ret->base = xstrndup(base, len);
+       ret->baselen = len;
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -224,233 +222,205 @@ static void add_instead_of(struct rewrite *rewrite, const char *instead_of)
        rewrite->instead_of_nr++;
 }
 
+static const char *skip_spaces(const char *s)
+{
+       while (isspace(*s))
+               s++;
+       return s;
+}
+
 static void read_remotes_file(struct remote *remote)
 {
-       FILE *f = fopen(git_path("remotes/%s", remote->name), "r");
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       FILE *f = fopen_or_warn(git_path("remotes/%s", remote->name), "r");
 
        if (!f)
                return;
+       remote->configured_in_repo = 1;
        remote->origin = REMOTE_REMOTES;
-       while (fgets(buffer, BUF_SIZE, f)) {
-               int value_list;
-               char *s, *p;
-
-               if (!prefixcmp(buffer, "URL:")) {
-                       value_list = 0;
-                       s = buffer + 4;
-               } else if (!prefixcmp(buffer, "Push:")) {
-                       value_list = 1;
-                       s = buffer + 5;
-               } else if (!prefixcmp(buffer, "Pull:")) {
-                       value_list = 2;
-                       s = buffer + 5;
-               } else
-                       continue;
-
-               while (isspace(*s))
-                       s++;
-               if (!*s)
-                       continue;
+       while (strbuf_getline(&buf, f) != EOF) {
+               const char *v;
 
-               p = s + strlen(s);
-               while (isspace(p[-1]))
-                       *--p = 0;
+               strbuf_rtrim(&buf);
 
-               switch (value_list) {
-               case 0:
-                       add_url_alias(remote, xstrdup(s));
-                       break;
-               case 1:
-                       add_push_refspec(remote, xstrdup(s));
-                       break;
-               case 2:
-                       add_fetch_refspec(remote, xstrdup(s));
-                       break;
-               }
+               if (skip_prefix(buf.buf, "URL:", &v))
+                       add_url_alias(remote, xstrdup(skip_spaces(v)));
+               else if (skip_prefix(buf.buf, "Push:", &v))
+                       refspec_append(&remote->push, skip_spaces(v));
+               else if (skip_prefix(buf.buf, "Pull:", &v))
+                       refspec_append(&remote->fetch, skip_spaces(v));
        }
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
        fclose(f);
 }
 
 static void read_branches_file(struct remote *remote)
 {
-       const char *slash = strchr(remote->name, '/');
        char *frag;
-       struct strbuf branch = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int n = slash ? slash - remote->name : 1000;
-       FILE *f = fopen(git_path("branches/%.*s", n, remote->name), "r");
-       char *s, *p;
-       int len;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       FILE *f = fopen_or_warn(git_path("branches/%s", remote->name), "r");
 
        if (!f)
                return;
-       s = fgets(buffer, BUF_SIZE, f);
+
+       strbuf_getline_lf(&buf, f);
        fclose(f);
-       if (!s)
-               return;
-       while (isspace(*s))
-               s++;
-       if (!*s)
+       strbuf_trim(&buf);
+       if (!buf.len) {
+               strbuf_release(&buf);
                return;
+       }
+
+       remote->configured_in_repo = 1;
        remote->origin = REMOTE_BRANCHES;
-       p = s + strlen(s);
-       while (isspace(p[-1]))
-               *--p = 0;
-       len = p - s;
-       if (slash)
-               len += strlen(slash);
-       p = xmalloc(len + 1);
-       strcpy(p, s);
-       if (slash)
-               strcat(p, slash);
 
        /*
-        * With "slash", e.g. "git fetch jgarzik/netdev-2.6" when
-        * reading from $GIT_DIR/branches/jgarzik fetches "HEAD" from
-        * the partial URL obtained from the branches file plus
-        * "/netdev-2.6" and does not store it in any tracking ref.
-        * #branch specifier in the file is ignored.
-        *
-        * Otherwise, the branches file would have URL and optionally
-        * #branch specified.  The "master" (or specified) branch is
-        * fetched and stored in the local branch of the same name.
+        * The branches file would have URL and optionally
+        * #branch specified.  The default (or specified) branch is
+        * fetched and stored in the local branch matching the
+        * remote name.
         */
-       frag = strchr(p, '#');
-       if (frag) {
+       frag = strchr(buf.buf, '#');
+       if (frag)
                *(frag++) = '\0';
-               strbuf_addf(&branch, "refs/heads/%s", frag);
-       } else
-               strbuf_addstr(&branch, "refs/heads/master");
-       if (!slash) {
-               strbuf_addf(&branch, ":refs/heads/%s", remote->name);
-       } else {
-               strbuf_reset(&branch);
-               strbuf_addstr(&branch, "HEAD:");
-       }
-       add_url_alias(remote, p);
-       add_fetch_refspec(remote, strbuf_detach(&branch, NULL));
+       else
+               frag = (char *)git_default_branch_name();
+
+       add_url_alias(remote, strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL));
+       strbuf_addf(&buf, "refs/heads/%s:refs/heads/%s",
+                   frag, remote->name);
+       refspec_append(&remote->fetch, buf.buf);
+
        /*
         * Cogito compatible push: push current HEAD to remote #branch
         * (master if missing)
         */
-       strbuf_init(&branch, 0);
-       strbuf_addstr(&branch, "HEAD");
-       if (frag)
-               strbuf_addf(&branch, ":refs/heads/%s", frag);
-       else
-               strbuf_addstr(&branch, ":refs/heads/master");
-       add_push_refspec(remote, strbuf_detach(&branch, NULL));
+       strbuf_reset(&buf);
+       strbuf_addf(&buf, "HEAD:refs/heads/%s", frag);
+       refspec_append(&remote->push, buf.buf);
        remote->fetch_tags = 1; /* always auto-follow */
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
 }
 
 static int handle_config(const char *key, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
        const char *name;
+       size_t namelen;
        const char *subkey;
        struct remote *remote;
        struct branch *branch;
-       if (!prefixcmp(key, "branch.")) {
-               name = key + 7;
-               subkey = strrchr(name, '.');
-               if (!subkey)
+       if (parse_config_key(key, "branch", &name, &namelen, &subkey) >= 0) {
+               if (!name)
                        return 0;
-               branch = make_branch(name, subkey - name);
-               if (!strcmp(subkey, ".remote")) {
-                       if (!value)
-                               return config_error_nonbool(key);
-                       branch->remote_name = xstrdup(value);
-                       if (branch == current_branch) {
-                               default_remote_name = branch->remote_name;
-                               explicit_default_remote_name = 1;
-                       }
-               } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".merge")) {
+               branch = make_branch(name, namelen);
+               if (!strcmp(subkey, "remote")) {
+                       return git_config_string(&branch->remote_name, key, value);
+               } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "pushremote")) {
+                       return git_config_string(&branch->pushremote_name, key, value);
+               } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "merge")) {
                        if (!value)
                                return config_error_nonbool(key);
                        add_merge(branch, xstrdup(value));
                }
                return 0;
        }
-       if (!prefixcmp(key, "url.")) {
+       if (parse_config_key(key, "url", &name, &namelen, &subkey) >= 0) {
                struct rewrite *rewrite;
-               name = key + 4;
-               subkey = strrchr(name, '.');
-               if (!subkey)
+               if (!name)
                        return 0;
-               if (!strcmp(subkey, ".insteadof")) {
-                       rewrite = make_rewrite(&rewrites, name, subkey - name);
+               if (!strcmp(subkey, "insteadof")) {
                        if (!value)
                                return config_error_nonbool(key);
+                       rewrite = make_rewrite(&rewrites, name, namelen);
                        add_instead_of(rewrite, xstrdup(value));
-               } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".pushinsteadof")) {
-                       rewrite = make_rewrite(&rewrites_push, name, subkey - name);
+               } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "pushinsteadof")) {
                        if (!value)
                                return config_error_nonbool(key);
+                       rewrite = make_rewrite(&rewrites_push, name, namelen);
                        add_instead_of(rewrite, xstrdup(value));
                }
        }
-       if (prefixcmp(key,  "remote."))
+
+       if (parse_config_key(key, "remote", &name, &namelen, &subkey) < 0)
                return 0;
-       name = key + 7;
+
+       /* Handle remote.* variables */
+       if (!name && !strcmp(subkey, "pushdefault"))
+               return git_config_string(&pushremote_name, key, value);
+
+       if (!name)
+               return 0;
+       /* Handle remote.<name>.* variables */
        if (*name == '/') {
-               warning("Config remote shorthand cannot begin with '/': %s",
+               warning(_("config remote shorthand cannot begin with '/': %s"),
                        name);
                return 0;
        }
-       subkey = strrchr(name, '.');
-       if (!subkey)
-               return 0;
-       remote = make_remote(name, subkey - name);
+       remote = make_remote(name, namelen);
        remote->origin = REMOTE_CONFIG;
-       if (!strcmp(subkey, ".mirror"))
+       if (current_config_scope() == CONFIG_SCOPE_LOCAL ||
+       current_config_scope() == CONFIG_SCOPE_WORKTREE)
+               remote->configured_in_repo = 1;
+       if (!strcmp(subkey, "mirror"))
                remote->mirror = git_config_bool(key, value);
-       else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".skipdefaultupdate"))
+       else if (!strcmp(subkey, "skipdefaultupdate"))
                remote->skip_default_update = git_config_bool(key, value);
-       else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".skipfetchall"))
+       else if (!strcmp(subkey, "skipfetchall"))
                remote->skip_default_update = git_config_bool(key, value);
-       else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".url")) {
+       else if (!strcmp(subkey, "prune"))
+               remote->prune = git_config_bool(key, value);
+       else if (!strcmp(subkey, "prunetags"))
+               remote->prune_tags = git_config_bool(key, value);
+       else if (!strcmp(subkey, "url")) {
                const char *v;
                if (git_config_string(&v, key, value))
                        return -1;
                add_url(remote, v);
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".pushurl")) {
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "pushurl")) {
                const char *v;
                if (git_config_string(&v, key, value))
                        return -1;
                add_pushurl(remote, v);
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".push")) {
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "push")) {
                const char *v;
                if (git_config_string(&v, key, value))
                        return -1;
-               add_push_refspec(remote, v);
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".fetch")) {
+               refspec_append(&remote->push, v);
+               free((char *)v);
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "fetch")) {
                const char *v;
                if (git_config_string(&v, key, value))
                        return -1;
-               add_fetch_refspec(remote, v);
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".receivepack")) {
+               refspec_append(&remote->fetch, v);
+               free((char *)v);
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "receivepack")) {
                const char *v;
                if (git_config_string(&v, key, value))
                        return -1;
                if (!remote->receivepack)
                        remote->receivepack = v;
                else
-                       error("more than one receivepack given, using the first");
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".uploadpack")) {
+                       error(_("more than one receivepack given, using the first"));
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "uploadpack")) {
                const char *v;
                if (git_config_string(&v, key, value))
                        return -1;
                if (!remote->uploadpack)
                        remote->uploadpack = v;
                else
-                       error("more than one uploadpack given, using the first");
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".tagopt")) {
+                       error(_("more than one uploadpack given, using the first"));
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "tagopt")) {
                if (!strcmp(value, "--no-tags"))
                        remote->fetch_tags = -1;
                else if (!strcmp(value, "--tags"))
                        remote->fetch_tags = 2;
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".proxy")) {
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "proxy")) {
                return git_config_string((const char **)&remote->http_proxy,
                                         key, value);
-       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, ".vcs")) {
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "proxyauthmethod")) {
+               return git_config_string((const char **)&remote->http_proxy_authmethod,
+                                        key, value);
+       } else if (!strcmp(subkey, "vcs")) {
                return git_config_string(&remote->foreign_vcs, key, value);
        }
        return 0;
@@ -477,214 +447,101 @@ static void alias_all_urls(void)
 
 static void read_config(void)
 {
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       const char *head_ref;
+       static int loaded;
        int flag;
-       if (default_remote_name) /* did this already */
+
+       if (loaded)
                return;
-       default_remote_name = xstrdup("origin");
+       loaded = 1;
+
        current_branch = NULL;
-       head_ref = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", sha1, 0, &flag);
-       if (head_ref && (flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
-           !prefixcmp(head_ref, "refs/heads/")) {
-               current_branch =
-                       make_branch(head_ref + strlen("refs/heads/"), 0);
+       if (startup_info->have_repository) {
+               const char *head_ref = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", 0, NULL, &flag);
+               if (head_ref && (flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
+                   skip_prefix(head_ref, "refs/heads/", &head_ref)) {
+                       current_branch = make_branch(head_ref, strlen(head_ref));
+               }
        }
        git_config(handle_config, NULL);
        alias_all_urls();
 }
 
-/*
- * This function frees a refspec array.
- * Warning: code paths should be checked to ensure that the src
- *          and dst pointers are always freeable pointers as well
- *          as the refspec pointer itself.
- */
-static void free_refspecs(struct refspec *refspec, int nr_refspec)
+static int valid_remote_nick(const char *name)
 {
-       int i;
-
-       if (!refspec)
-               return;
+       if (!name[0] || is_dot_or_dotdot(name))
+               return 0;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < nr_refspec; i++) {
-               free(refspec[i].src);
-               free(refspec[i].dst);
-       }
-       free(refspec);
+       /* remote nicknames cannot contain slashes */
+       while (*name)
+               if (is_dir_sep(*name++))
+                       return 0;
+       return 1;
 }
 
-static struct refspec *parse_refspec_internal(int nr_refspec, const char **refspec, int fetch, int verify)
+const char *remote_for_branch(struct branch *branch, int *explicit)
 {
-       int i;
-       struct refspec *rs = xcalloc(sizeof(*rs), nr_refspec);
-
-       for (i = 0; i < nr_refspec; i++) {
-               size_t llen;
-               int is_glob;
-               const char *lhs, *rhs;
-               int flags;
-
-               is_glob = 0;
-
-               lhs = refspec[i];
-               if (*lhs == '+') {
-                       rs[i].force = 1;
-                       lhs++;
-               }
-
-               rhs = strrchr(lhs, ':');
-
-               /*
-                * Before going on, special case ":" (or "+:") as a refspec
-                * for matching refs.
-                */
-               if (!fetch && rhs == lhs && rhs[1] == '\0') {
-                       rs[i].matching = 1;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if (rhs) {
-                       size_t rlen = strlen(++rhs);
-                       is_glob = (1 <= rlen && strchr(rhs, '*'));
-                       rs[i].dst = xstrndup(rhs, rlen);
-               }
-
-               llen = (rhs ? (rhs - lhs - 1) : strlen(lhs));
-               if (1 <= llen && memchr(lhs, '*', llen)) {
-                       if ((rhs && !is_glob) || (!rhs && fetch))
-                               goto invalid;
-                       is_glob = 1;
-               } else if (rhs && is_glob) {
-                       goto invalid;
-               }
-
-               rs[i].pattern = is_glob;
-               rs[i].src = xstrndup(lhs, llen);
-               flags = REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL | (is_glob ? REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN : 0);
-
-               if (fetch) {
-                       /*
-                        * LHS
-                        * - empty is allowed; it means HEAD.
-                        * - otherwise it must be a valid looking ref.
-                        */
-                       if (!*rs[i].src)
-                               ; /* empty is ok */
-                       else if (check_refname_format(rs[i].src, flags))
-                               goto invalid;
-                       /*
-                        * RHS
-                        * - missing is ok, and is same as empty.
-                        * - empty is ok; it means not to store.
-                        * - otherwise it must be a valid looking ref.
-                        */
-                       if (!rs[i].dst)
-                               ; /* ok */
-                       else if (!*rs[i].dst)
-                               ; /* ok */
-                       else if (check_refname_format(rs[i].dst, flags))
-                               goto invalid;
-               } else {
-                       /*
-                        * LHS
-                        * - empty is allowed; it means delete.
-                        * - when wildcarded, it must be a valid looking ref.
-                        * - otherwise, it must be an extended SHA-1, but
-                        *   there is no existing way to validate this.
-                        */
-                       if (!*rs[i].src)
-                               ; /* empty is ok */
-                       else if (is_glob) {
-                               if (check_refname_format(rs[i].src, flags))
-                                       goto invalid;
-                       }
-                       else
-                               ; /* anything goes, for now */
-                       /*
-                        * RHS
-                        * - missing is allowed, but LHS then must be a
-                        *   valid looking ref.
-                        * - empty is not allowed.
-                        * - otherwise it must be a valid looking ref.
-                        */
-                       if (!rs[i].dst) {
-                               if (check_refname_format(rs[i].src, flags))
-                                       goto invalid;
-                       } else if (!*rs[i].dst) {
-                               goto invalid;
-                       } else {
-                               if (check_refname_format(rs[i].dst, flags))
-                                       goto invalid;
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-       return rs;
-
- invalid:
-       if (verify) {
-               /*
-                * nr_refspec must be greater than zero and i must be valid
-                * since it is only possible to reach this point from within
-                * the for loop above.
-                */
-               free_refspecs(rs, i+1);
-               return NULL;
+       if (branch && branch->remote_name) {
+               if (explicit)
+                       *explicit = 1;
+               return branch->remote_name;
        }
-       die("Invalid refspec '%s'", refspec[i]);
-}
-
-int valid_fetch_refspec(const char *fetch_refspec_str)
-{
-       struct refspec *refspec;
-
-       refspec = parse_refspec_internal(1, &fetch_refspec_str, 1, 1);
-       free_refspecs(refspec, 1);
-       return !!refspec;
-}
-
-struct refspec *parse_fetch_refspec(int nr_refspec, const char **refspec)
-{
-       return parse_refspec_internal(nr_refspec, refspec, 1, 0);
-}
-
-static struct refspec *parse_push_refspec(int nr_refspec, const char **refspec)
-{
-       return parse_refspec_internal(nr_refspec, refspec, 0, 0);
+       if (explicit)
+               *explicit = 0;
+       return "origin";
 }
 
-void free_refspec(int nr_refspec, struct refspec *refspec)
+const char *pushremote_for_branch(struct branch *branch, int *explicit)
 {
-       int i;
-       for (i = 0; i < nr_refspec; i++) {
-               free(refspec[i].src);
-               free(refspec[i].dst);
+       if (branch && branch->pushremote_name) {
+               if (explicit)
+                       *explicit = 1;
+               return branch->pushremote_name;
        }
-       free(refspec);
+       if (pushremote_name) {
+               if (explicit)
+                       *explicit = 1;
+               return pushremote_name;
+       }
+       return remote_for_branch(branch, explicit);
 }
 
-static int valid_remote_nick(const char *name)
+const char *remote_ref_for_branch(struct branch *branch, int for_push)
 {
-       if (!name[0] || is_dot_or_dotdot(name))
-               return 0;
-       return !strchr(name, '/'); /* no slash */
+       if (branch) {
+               if (!for_push) {
+                       if (branch->merge_nr) {
+                               return branch->merge_name[0];
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       const char *dst, *remote_name =
+                               pushremote_for_branch(branch, NULL);
+                       struct remote *remote = remote_get(remote_name);
+
+                       if (remote && remote->push.nr &&
+                           (dst = apply_refspecs(&remote->push,
+                                                 branch->refname))) {
+                               return dst;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       return NULL;
 }
 
-struct remote *remote_get(const char *name)
+static struct remote *remote_get_1(const char *name,
+                                  const char *(*get_default)(struct branch *, int *))
 {
        struct remote *ret;
        int name_given = 0;
 
        read_config();
+
        if (name)
                name_given = 1;
-       else {
-               name = default_remote_name;
-               name_given = explicit_default_remote_name;
-       }
+       else
+               name = get_default(current_branch, &name_given);
 
        ret = make_remote(name, 0);
-       if (valid_remote_nick(name)) {
+       if (valid_remote_nick(name) && have_git_dir()) {
                if (!valid_remote(ret))
                        read_remotes_file(ret);
                if (!valid_remote(ret))
@@ -694,20 +551,26 @@ struct remote *remote_get(const char *name)
                add_url_alias(ret, name);
        if (!valid_remote(ret))
                return NULL;
-       ret->fetch = parse_fetch_refspec(ret->fetch_refspec_nr, ret->fetch_refspec);
-       ret->push = parse_push_refspec(ret->push_refspec_nr, ret->push_refspec);
        return ret;
 }
 
-int remote_is_configured(const char *name)
+struct remote *remote_get(const char *name)
 {
-       int i;
-       read_config();
+       return remote_get_1(name, remote_for_branch);
+}
 
-       for (i = 0; i < remotes_nr; i++)
-               if (!strcmp(name, remotes[i]->name))
-                       return 1;
-       return 0;
+struct remote *pushremote_get(const char *name)
+{
+       return remote_get_1(name, pushremote_for_branch);
+}
+
+int remote_is_configured(struct remote *remote, int in_repo)
+{
+       if (!remote)
+               return 0;
+       if (in_repo)
+               return remote->configured_in_repo;
+       return !!remote->origin;
 }
 
 int for_each_remote(each_remote_fn fn, void *priv)
@@ -718,46 +581,71 @@ int for_each_remote(each_remote_fn fn, void *priv)
                struct remote *r = remotes[i];
                if (!r)
                        continue;
-               if (!r->fetch)
-                       r->fetch = parse_fetch_refspec(r->fetch_refspec_nr,
-                                                      r->fetch_refspec);
-               if (!r->push)
-                       r->push = parse_push_refspec(r->push_refspec_nr,
-                                                    r->push_refspec);
                result = fn(r, priv);
        }
        return result;
 }
 
-void ref_remove_duplicates(struct ref *ref_map)
+static void handle_duplicate(struct ref *ref1, struct ref *ref2)
+{
+       if (strcmp(ref1->name, ref2->name)) {
+               if (ref1->fetch_head_status != FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE &&
+                   ref2->fetch_head_status != FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE) {
+                       die(_("Cannot fetch both %s and %s to %s"),
+                           ref1->name, ref2->name, ref2->peer_ref->name);
+               } else if (ref1->fetch_head_status != FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE &&
+                          ref2->fetch_head_status == FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE) {
+                       warning(_("%s usually tracks %s, not %s"),
+                               ref2->peer_ref->name, ref2->name, ref1->name);
+               } else if (ref1->fetch_head_status == FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE &&
+                          ref2->fetch_head_status == FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE) {
+                       die(_("%s tracks both %s and %s"),
+                           ref2->peer_ref->name, ref1->name, ref2->name);
+               } else {
+                       /*
+                        * This last possibility doesn't occur because
+                        * FETCH_HEAD_IGNORE entries always appear at
+                        * the end of the list.
+                        */
+                       BUG("Internal error");
+               }
+       }
+       free(ref2->peer_ref);
+       free(ref2);
+}
+
+struct ref *ref_remove_duplicates(struct ref *ref_map)
 {
        struct string_list refs = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
-       struct string_list_item *item = NULL;
-       struct ref *prev = NULL, *next = NULL;
-       for (; ref_map; prev = ref_map, ref_map = next) {
-               next = ref_map->next;
-               if (!ref_map->peer_ref)
-                       continue;
+       struct ref *retval = NULL;
+       struct ref **p = &retval;
 
-               item = string_list_lookup(&refs, ref_map->peer_ref->name);
-               if (item) {
-                       if (strcmp(((struct ref *)item->util)->name,
-                                  ref_map->name))
-                               die("%s tracks both %s and %s",
-                                   ref_map->peer_ref->name,
-                                   ((struct ref *)item->util)->name,
-                                   ref_map->name);
-                       prev->next = ref_map->next;
-                       free(ref_map->peer_ref);
-                       free(ref_map);
-                       ref_map = prev; /* skip this; we freed it */
-                       continue;
-               }
+       while (ref_map) {
+               struct ref *ref = ref_map;
+
+               ref_map = ref_map->next;
+               ref->next = NULL;
+
+               if (!ref->peer_ref) {
+                       *p = ref;
+                       p = &ref->next;
+               } else {
+                       struct string_list_item *item =
+                               string_list_insert(&refs, ref->peer_ref->name);
 
-               item = string_list_insert(&refs, ref_map->peer_ref->name);
-               item->util = ref_map;
+                       if (item->util) {
+                               /* Entry already existed */
+                               handle_duplicate((struct ref *)item->util, ref);
+                       } else {
+                               *p = ref;
+                               p = &ref->next;
+                               item->util = ref;
+                       }
+               }
        }
+
        string_list_clear(&refs, 0);
+       return retval;
 }
 
 int remote_has_url(struct remote *remote, const char *url)
@@ -779,42 +667,37 @@ static int match_name_with_pattern(const char *key, const char *name,
        size_t namelen;
        int ret;
        if (!kstar)
-               die("Key '%s' of pattern had no '*'", key);
+               die(_("key '%s' of pattern had no '*'"), key);
        klen = kstar - key;
        ksuffixlen = strlen(kstar + 1);
        namelen = strlen(name);
        ret = !strncmp(name, key, klen) && namelen >= klen + ksuffixlen &&
                !memcmp(name + namelen - ksuffixlen, kstar + 1, ksuffixlen);
        if (ret && value) {
+               struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
                const char *vstar = strchr(value, '*');
-               size_t vlen;
-               size_t vsuffixlen;
                if (!vstar)
-                       die("Value '%s' of pattern has no '*'", value);
-               vlen = vstar - value;
-               vsuffixlen = strlen(vstar + 1);
-               *result = xmalloc(vlen + vsuffixlen +
-                                 strlen(name) -
-                                 klen - ksuffixlen + 1);
-               strncpy(*result, value, vlen);
-               strncpy(*result + vlen,
-                       name + klen, namelen - klen - ksuffixlen);
-               strcpy(*result + vlen + namelen - klen - ksuffixlen,
-                      vstar + 1);
+                       die(_("value '%s' of pattern has no '*'"), value);
+               strbuf_add(&sb, value, vstar - value);
+               strbuf_add(&sb, name + klen, namelen - klen - ksuffixlen);
+               strbuf_addstr(&sb, vstar + 1);
+               *result = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
        }
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int query_refspecs(struct refspec *refs, int ref_count, struct refspec *query)
+static void query_refspecs_multiple(struct refspec *rs,
+                                   struct refspec_item *query,
+                                   struct string_list *results)
 {
        int i;
        int find_src = !query->src;
 
        if (find_src && !query->dst)
-               return error("query_refspecs: need either src or dst");
+               BUG("query_refspecs_multiple: need either src or dst");
 
-       for (i = 0; i < ref_count; i++) {
-               struct refspec *refspec = &refs[i];
+       for (i = 0; i < rs->nr; i++) {
+               struct refspec_item *refspec = &rs->items[i];
                const char *key = find_src ? refspec->dst : refspec->src;
                const char *value = find_src ? refspec->src : refspec->dst;
                const char *needle = find_src ? query->dst : query->src;
@@ -823,6 +706,32 @@ static int query_refspecs(struct refspec *refs, int ref_count, struct refspec *q
                if (!refspec->dst)
                        continue;
                if (refspec->pattern) {
+                       if (match_name_with_pattern(key, needle, value, result))
+                               string_list_append_nodup(results, *result);
+               } else if (!strcmp(needle, key)) {
+                       string_list_append(results, value);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+int query_refspecs(struct refspec *rs, struct refspec_item *query)
+{
+       int i;
+       int find_src = !query->src;
+       const char *needle = find_src ? query->dst : query->src;
+       char **result = find_src ? &query->src : &query->dst;
+
+       if (find_src && !query->dst)
+               BUG("query_refspecs: need either src or dst");
+
+       for (i = 0; i < rs->nr; i++) {
+               struct refspec_item *refspec = &rs->items[i];
+               const char *key = find_src ? refspec->dst : refspec->src;
+               const char *value = find_src ? refspec->src : refspec->dst;
+
+               if (!refspec->dst)
+                       continue;
+               if (refspec->pattern) {
                        if (match_name_with_pattern(key, needle, value, result)) {
                                query->force = refspec->force;
                                return 0;
@@ -836,30 +745,29 @@ static int query_refspecs(struct refspec *refs, int ref_count, struct refspec *q
        return -1;
 }
 
-char *apply_refspecs(struct refspec *refspecs, int nr_refspec,
-                    const char *name)
+char *apply_refspecs(struct refspec *rs, const char *name)
 {
-       struct refspec query;
+       struct refspec_item query;
 
-       memset(&query, 0, sizeof(struct refspec));
+       memset(&query, 0, sizeof(struct refspec_item));
        query.src = (char *)name;
 
-       if (query_refspecs(refspecs, nr_refspec, &query))
+       if (query_refspecs(rs, &query))
                return NULL;
 
        return query.dst;
 }
 
-int remote_find_tracking(struct remote *remote, struct refspec *refspec)
+int remote_find_tracking(struct remote *remote, struct refspec_item *refspec)
 {
-       return query_refspecs(remote->fetch, remote->fetch_refspec_nr, refspec);
+       return query_refspecs(&remote->fetch, refspec);
 }
 
 static struct ref *alloc_ref_with_prefix(const char *prefix, size_t prefixlen,
                const char *name)
 {
        size_t len = strlen(name);
-       struct ref *ref = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref) + prefixlen + len + 1);
+       struct ref *ref = xcalloc(1, st_add4(sizeof(*ref), prefixlen, len, 1));
        memcpy(ref->name, prefix, prefixlen);
        memcpy(ref->name + prefixlen, name, len);
        return ref;
@@ -876,12 +784,12 @@ struct ref *copy_ref(const struct ref *ref)
        size_t len;
        if (!ref)
                return NULL;
-       len = strlen(ref->name);
-       cpy = xmalloc(sizeof(struct ref) + len + 1);
-       memcpy(cpy, ref, sizeof(struct ref) + len + 1);
+       len = st_add3(sizeof(struct ref), strlen(ref->name), 1);
+       cpy = xmalloc(len);
+       memcpy(cpy, ref, len);
        cpy->next = NULL;
-       cpy->symref = ref->symref ? xstrdup(ref->symref) : NULL;
-       cpy->remote_status = ref->remote_status ? xstrdup(ref->remote_status) : NULL;
+       cpy->symref = xstrdup_or_null(ref->symref);
+       cpy->remote_status = xstrdup_or_null(ref->remote_status);
        cpy->peer_ref = copy_ref(ref->peer_ref);
        return cpy;
 }
@@ -898,11 +806,11 @@ struct ref *copy_ref_list(const struct ref *ref)
        return ret;
 }
 
-static void free_ref(struct ref *ref)
+void free_one_ref(struct ref *ref)
 {
        if (!ref)
                return;
-       free_ref(ref->peer_ref);
+       free_one_ref(ref->peer_ref);
        free(ref->remote_status);
        free(ref->symref);
        free(ref);
@@ -913,14 +821,35 @@ void free_refs(struct ref *ref)
        struct ref *next;
        while (ref) {
                next = ref->next;
-               free_ref(ref);
+               free_one_ref(ref);
                ref = next;
        }
 }
 
-static int count_refspec_match(const char *pattern,
-                              struct ref *refs,
-                              struct ref **matched_ref)
+int ref_compare_name(const void *va, const void *vb)
+{
+       const struct ref *a = va, *b = vb;
+       return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
+}
+
+static void *ref_list_get_next(const void *a)
+{
+       return ((const struct ref *)a)->next;
+}
+
+static void ref_list_set_next(void *a, void *next)
+{
+       ((struct ref *)a)->next = next;
+}
+
+void sort_ref_list(struct ref **l, int (*cmp)(const void *, const void *))
+{
+       *l = llist_mergesort(*l, ref_list_get_next, ref_list_set_next, cmp);
+}
+
+int count_refspec_match(const char *pattern,
+                       struct ref *refs,
+                       struct ref **matched_ref)
 {
        int patlen = strlen(pattern);
        struct ref *matched_weak = NULL;
@@ -932,7 +861,7 @@ static int count_refspec_match(const char *pattern,
                char *name = refs->name;
                int namelen = strlen(name);
 
-               if (!refname_match(pattern, name, ref_rev_parse_rules))
+               if (!refname_match(pattern, name))
                        continue;
 
                /* A match is "weak" if it is with refs outside
@@ -945,8 +874,8 @@ static int count_refspec_match(const char *pattern,
                 */
                if (namelen != patlen &&
                    patlen != namelen - 5 &&
-                   prefixcmp(name, "refs/heads/") &&
-                   prefixcmp(name, "refs/tags/")) {
+                   !starts_with(name, "refs/heads/") &&
+                   !starts_with(name, "refs/tags/")) {
                        /* We want to catch the case where only weak
                         * matches are found and there are multiple
                         * matches, and where more than one strong
@@ -963,11 +892,13 @@ static int count_refspec_match(const char *pattern,
                }
        }
        if (!matched) {
-               *matched_ref = matched_weak;
+               if (matched_ref)
+                       *matched_ref = matched_weak;
                return weak_match;
        }
        else {
-               *matched_ref = matched;
+               if (matched_ref)
+                       *matched_ref = matched;
                return match;
        }
 }
@@ -983,22 +914,29 @@ static void tail_link_ref(struct ref *ref, struct ref ***tail)
 static struct ref *alloc_delete_ref(void)
 {
        struct ref *ref = alloc_ref("(delete)");
-       hashclr(ref->new_sha1);
+       oidclr(&ref->new_oid);
        return ref;
 }
 
-static struct ref *try_explicit_object_name(const char *name)
+static int try_explicit_object_name(const char *name,
+                                   struct ref **match)
 {
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       struct ref *ref;
+       struct object_id oid;
 
-       if (!*name)
-               return alloc_delete_ref();
-       if (get_sha1(name, sha1))
-               return NULL;
-       ref = alloc_ref(name);
-       hashcpy(ref->new_sha1, sha1);
-       return ref;
+       if (!*name) {
+               if (match)
+                       *match = alloc_delete_ref();
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (get_oid(name, &oid))
+               return -1;
+
+       if (match) {
+               *match = alloc_ref(name);
+               oidcpy(&(*match)->new_oid, &oid);
+       }
+       return 0;
 }
 
 static struct ref *make_linked_ref(const char *name, struct ref ***tail)
@@ -1011,132 +949,204 @@ static struct ref *make_linked_ref(const char *name, struct ref ***tail)
 static char *guess_ref(const char *name, struct ref *peer)
 {
        struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
 
-       const char *r = resolve_ref_unsafe(peer->name, sha1, 1, NULL);
+       const char *r = resolve_ref_unsafe(peer->name, RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+                                          NULL, NULL);
        if (!r)
                return NULL;
 
-       if (!prefixcmp(r, "refs/heads/"))
+       if (starts_with(r, "refs/heads/")) {
                strbuf_addstr(&buf, "refs/heads/");
-       else if (!prefixcmp(r, "refs/tags/"))
+       } else if (starts_with(r, "refs/tags/")) {
                strbuf_addstr(&buf, "refs/tags/");
-       else
+       } else {
                return NULL;
+       }
 
        strbuf_addstr(&buf, name);
        return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
-static int match_explicit(struct ref *src, struct ref *dst,
-                         struct ref ***dst_tail,
-                         struct refspec *rs)
+static int match_explicit_lhs(struct ref *src,
+                             struct refspec_item *rs,
+                             struct ref **match,
+                             int *allocated_match)
 {
-       struct ref *matched_src, *matched_dst;
-       int copy_src;
-
-       const char *dst_value = rs->dst;
-       char *dst_guess;
-
-       if (rs->pattern || rs->matching)
-               return 0;
-
-       matched_src = matched_dst = NULL;
-       switch (count_refspec_match(rs->src, src, &matched_src)) {
+       switch (count_refspec_match(rs->src, src, match)) {
        case 1:
-               copy_src = 1;
-               break;
+               if (allocated_match)
+                       *allocated_match = 0;
+               return 0;
        case 0:
                /* The source could be in the get_sha1() format
                 * not a reference name.  :refs/other is a
                 * way to delete 'other' ref at the remote end.
                 */
-               matched_src = try_explicit_object_name(rs->src);
-               if (!matched_src)
-                       return error("src refspec %s does not match any.", rs->src);
-               copy_src = 0;
-               break;
+               if (try_explicit_object_name(rs->src, match) < 0)
+                       return error(_("src refspec %s does not match any"), rs->src);
+               if (allocated_match)
+                       *allocated_match = 1;
+               return 0;
        default:
-               return error("src refspec %s matches more than one.", rs->src);
+               return error(_("src refspec %s matches more than one"), rs->src);
        }
+}
 
-       if (!dst_value) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
-               int flag;
+static void show_push_unqualified_ref_name_error(const char *dst_value,
+                                                const char *matched_src_name)
+{
+       struct object_id oid;
+       enum object_type type;
 
-               dst_value = resolve_ref_unsafe(matched_src->name, sha1, 1, &flag);
-               if (!dst_value ||
-                   ((flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
-                    prefixcmp(dst_value, "refs/heads/")))
-                       die("%s cannot be resolved to branch.",
-                           matched_src->name);
+       /*
+        * TRANSLATORS: "matches '%s'%" is the <dst> part of "git push
+        * <remote> <src>:<dst>" push, and "being pushed ('%s')" is
+        * the <src>.
+        */
+       error(_("The destination you provided is not a full refname (i.e.,\n"
+               "starting with \"refs/\"). We tried to guess what you meant by:\n"
+               "\n"
+               "- Looking for a ref that matches '%s' on the remote side.\n"
+               "- Checking if the <src> being pushed ('%s')\n"
+               "  is a ref in \"refs/{heads,tags}/\". If so we add a corresponding\n"
+               "  refs/{heads,tags}/ prefix on the remote side.\n"
+               "\n"
+               "Neither worked, so we gave up. You must fully qualify the ref."),
+             dst_value, matched_src_name);
+
+       if (!advice_push_unqualified_ref_name)
+               return;
+
+       if (get_oid(matched_src_name, &oid))
+               BUG("'%s' is not a valid object, "
+                   "match_explicit_lhs() should catch this!",
+                   matched_src_name);
+       type = oid_object_info(the_repository, &oid, NULL);
+       if (type == OBJ_COMMIT) {
+               advise(_("The <src> part of the refspec is a commit object.\n"
+                        "Did you mean to create a new branch by pushing to\n"
+                        "'%s:refs/heads/%s'?"),
+                      matched_src_name, dst_value);
+       } else if (type == OBJ_TAG) {
+               advise(_("The <src> part of the refspec is a tag object.\n"
+                        "Did you mean to create a new tag by pushing to\n"
+                        "'%s:refs/tags/%s'?"),
+                      matched_src_name, dst_value);
+       } else if (type == OBJ_TREE) {
+               advise(_("The <src> part of the refspec is a tree object.\n"
+                        "Did you mean to tag a new tree by pushing to\n"
+                        "'%s:refs/tags/%s'?"),
+                      matched_src_name, dst_value);
+       } else if (type == OBJ_BLOB) {
+               advise(_("The <src> part of the refspec is a blob object.\n"
+                        "Did you mean to tag a new blob by pushing to\n"
+                        "'%s:refs/tags/%s'?"),
+                      matched_src_name, dst_value);
+       } else {
+               BUG("'%s' should be commit/tag/tree/blob, is '%d'",
+                   matched_src_name, type);
        }
+}
 
-       switch (count_refspec_match(dst_value, dst, &matched_dst)) {
-       case 1:
-               break;
-       case 0:
-               if (!memcmp(dst_value, "refs/", 5))
-                       matched_dst = make_linked_ref(dst_value, dst_tail);
-               else if ((dst_guess = guess_ref(dst_value, matched_src)))
-                       matched_dst = make_linked_ref(dst_guess, dst_tail);
-               else
-                       error("unable to push to unqualified destination: %s\n"
-                             "The destination refspec neither matches an "
-                             "existing ref on the remote nor\n"
-                             "begins with refs/, and we are unable to "
-                             "guess a prefix based on the source ref.",
+static int match_explicit(struct ref *src, struct ref *dst,
+                         struct ref ***dst_tail,
+                         struct refspec_item *rs)
+{
+       struct ref *matched_src, *matched_dst;
+       int allocated_src;
+
+       const char *dst_value = rs->dst;
+       char *dst_guess;
+
+       if (rs->pattern || rs->matching)
+               return 0;
+
+       matched_src = matched_dst = NULL;
+       if (match_explicit_lhs(src, rs, &matched_src, &allocated_src) < 0)
+               return -1;
+
+       if (!dst_value) {
+               int flag;
+
+               dst_value = resolve_ref_unsafe(matched_src->name,
+                                              RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+                                              NULL, &flag);
+               if (!dst_value ||
+                   ((flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
+                    !starts_with(dst_value, "refs/heads/")))
+                       die(_("%s cannot be resolved to branch"),
+                           matched_src->name);
+       }
+
+       switch (count_refspec_match(dst_value, dst, &matched_dst)) {
+       case 1:
+               break;
+       case 0:
+               if (starts_with(dst_value, "refs/")) {
+                       matched_dst = make_linked_ref(dst_value, dst_tail);
+               } else if (is_null_oid(&matched_src->new_oid)) {
+                       error(_("unable to delete '%s': remote ref does not exist"),
                              dst_value);
+               } else if ((dst_guess = guess_ref(dst_value, matched_src))) {
+                       matched_dst = make_linked_ref(dst_guess, dst_tail);
+                       free(dst_guess);
+               } else {
+                       show_push_unqualified_ref_name_error(dst_value,
+                                                            matched_src->name);
+               }
                break;
        default:
                matched_dst = NULL;
-               error("dst refspec %s matches more than one.",
+               error(_("dst refspec %s matches more than one"),
                      dst_value);
                break;
        }
        if (!matched_dst)
                return -1;
        if (matched_dst->peer_ref)
-               return error("dst ref %s receives from more than one src.",
-                     matched_dst->name);
+               return error(_("dst ref %s receives from more than one src"),
+                            matched_dst->name);
        else {
-               matched_dst->peer_ref = copy_src ? copy_ref(matched_src) : matched_src;
+               matched_dst->peer_ref = allocated_src ?
+                                       matched_src :
+                                       copy_ref(matched_src);
                matched_dst->force = rs->force;
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
 static int match_explicit_refs(struct ref *src, struct ref *dst,
-                              struct ref ***dst_tail, struct refspec *rs,
-                              int rs_nr)
+                              struct ref ***dst_tail, struct refspec *rs)
 {
        int i, errs;
-       for (i = errs = 0; i < rs_nr; i++)
-               errs += match_explicit(src, dst, dst_tail, &rs[i]);
+       for (i = errs = 0; i < rs->nr; i++)
+               errs += match_explicit(src, dst, dst_tail, &rs->items[i]);
        return errs;
 }
 
-static char *get_ref_match(const struct refspec *rs, int rs_nr, const struct ref *ref,
-               int send_mirror, int direction, const struct refspec **ret_pat)
+static char *get_ref_match(const struct refspec *rs, const struct ref *ref,
+                          int send_mirror, int direction,
+                          const struct refspec_item **ret_pat)
 {
-       const struct refspec *pat;
+       const struct refspec_item *pat;
        char *name;
        int i;
        int matching_refs = -1;
-       for (i = 0; i < rs_nr; i++) {
-               if (rs[i].matching &&
-                   (matching_refs == -1 || rs[i].force)) {
+       for (i = 0; i < rs->nr; i++) {
+               const struct refspec_item *item = &rs->items[i];
+               if (item->matching &&
+                   (matching_refs == -1 || item->force)) {
                        matching_refs = i;
                        continue;
                }
 
-               if (rs[i].pattern) {
-                       const char *dst_side = rs[i].dst ? rs[i].dst : rs[i].src;
+               if (item->pattern) {
+                       const char *dst_side = item->dst ? item->dst : item->src;
                        int match;
                        if (direction == FROM_SRC)
-                               match = match_name_with_pattern(rs[i].src, ref->name, dst_side, &name);
+                               match = match_name_with_pattern(item->src, ref->name, dst_side, &name);
                        else
-                               match = match_name_with_pattern(dst_side, ref->name, rs[i].src, &name);
+                               match = match_name_with_pattern(dst_side, ref->name, item->src, &name);
                        if (match) {
                                matching_refs = i;
                                break;
@@ -1146,14 +1156,14 @@ static char *get_ref_match(const struct refspec *rs, int rs_nr, const struct ref
        if (matching_refs == -1)
                return NULL;
 
-       pat = rs + matching_refs;
+       pat = &rs->items[matching_refs];
        if (pat->matching) {
                /*
                 * "matching refs"; traditionally we pushed everything
                 * including refs outside refs/heads/ hierarchy, but
                 * that does not make much sense these days.
                 */
-               if (!send_mirror && prefixcmp(ref->name, "refs/heads/"))
+               if (!send_mirror && !starts_with(ref->name, "refs/heads/"))
                        return NULL;
                name = xstrdup(ref->name);
        }
@@ -1170,6 +1180,174 @@ static struct ref **tail_ref(struct ref **head)
        return tail;
 }
 
+struct tips {
+       struct commit **tip;
+       int nr, alloc;
+};
+
+static void add_to_tips(struct tips *tips, const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+       struct commit *commit;
+
+       if (is_null_oid(oid))
+               return;
+       commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository, oid, 1);
+       if (!commit || (commit->object.flags & TMP_MARK))
+               return;
+       commit->object.flags |= TMP_MARK;
+       ALLOC_GROW(tips->tip, tips->nr + 1, tips->alloc);
+       tips->tip[tips->nr++] = commit;
+}
+
+static void add_missing_tags(struct ref *src, struct ref **dst, struct ref ***dst_tail)
+{
+       struct string_list dst_tag = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+       struct string_list src_tag = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+       struct string_list_item *item;
+       struct ref *ref;
+       struct tips sent_tips;
+
+       /*
+        * Collect everything we know they would have at the end of
+        * this push, and collect all tags they have.
+        */
+       memset(&sent_tips, 0, sizeof(sent_tips));
+       for (ref = *dst; ref; ref = ref->next) {
+               if (ref->peer_ref &&
+                   !is_null_oid(&ref->peer_ref->new_oid))
+                       add_to_tips(&sent_tips, &ref->peer_ref->new_oid);
+               else
+                       add_to_tips(&sent_tips, &ref->old_oid);
+               if (starts_with(ref->name, "refs/tags/"))
+                       string_list_append(&dst_tag, ref->name);
+       }
+       clear_commit_marks_many(sent_tips.nr, sent_tips.tip, TMP_MARK);
+
+       string_list_sort(&dst_tag);
+
+       /* Collect tags they do not have. */
+       for (ref = src; ref; ref = ref->next) {
+               if (!starts_with(ref->name, "refs/tags/"))
+                       continue; /* not a tag */
+               if (string_list_has_string(&dst_tag, ref->name))
+                       continue; /* they already have it */
+               if (oid_object_info(the_repository, &ref->new_oid, NULL) != OBJ_TAG)
+                       continue; /* be conservative */
+               item = string_list_append(&src_tag, ref->name);
+               item->util = ref;
+       }
+       string_list_clear(&dst_tag, 0);
+
+       /*
+        * At this point, src_tag lists tags that are missing from
+        * dst, and sent_tips lists the tips we are pushing or those
+        * that we know they already have. An element in the src_tag
+        * that is an ancestor of any of the sent_tips needs to be
+        * sent to the other side.
+        */
+       if (sent_tips.nr) {
+               const int reachable_flag = 1;
+               struct commit_list *found_commits;
+               struct commit **src_commits;
+               int nr_src_commits = 0, alloc_src_commits = 16;
+               ALLOC_ARRAY(src_commits, alloc_src_commits);
+
+               for_each_string_list_item(item, &src_tag) {
+                       struct ref *ref = item->util;
+                       struct commit *commit;
+
+                       if (is_null_oid(&ref->new_oid))
+                               continue;
+                       commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository,
+                                                               &ref->new_oid,
+                                                               1);
+                       if (!commit)
+                               /* not pushing a commit, which is not an error */
+                               continue;
+
+                       ALLOC_GROW(src_commits, nr_src_commits + 1, alloc_src_commits);
+                       src_commits[nr_src_commits++] = commit;
+               }
+
+               found_commits = get_reachable_subset(sent_tips.tip, sent_tips.nr,
+                                                    src_commits, nr_src_commits,
+                                                    reachable_flag);
+
+               for_each_string_list_item(item, &src_tag) {
+                       struct ref *dst_ref;
+                       struct ref *ref = item->util;
+                       struct commit *commit;
+
+                       if (is_null_oid(&ref->new_oid))
+                               continue;
+                       commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository,
+                                                               &ref->new_oid,
+                                                               1);
+                       if (!commit)
+                               /* not pushing a commit, which is not an error */
+                               continue;
+
+                       /*
+                        * Is this tag, which they do not have, reachable from
+                        * any of the commits we are sending?
+                        */
+                       if (!(commit->object.flags & reachable_flag))
+                               continue;
+
+                       /* Add it in */
+                       dst_ref = make_linked_ref(ref->name, dst_tail);
+                       oidcpy(&dst_ref->new_oid, &ref->new_oid);
+                       dst_ref->peer_ref = copy_ref(ref);
+               }
+
+               clear_commit_marks_many(nr_src_commits, src_commits, reachable_flag);
+               free(src_commits);
+               free_commit_list(found_commits);
+       }
+
+       string_list_clear(&src_tag, 0);
+       free(sent_tips.tip);
+}
+
+struct ref *find_ref_by_name(const struct ref *list, const char *name)
+{
+       for ( ; list; list = list->next)
+               if (!strcmp(list->name, name))
+                       return (struct ref *)list;
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+static void prepare_ref_index(struct string_list *ref_index, struct ref *ref)
+{
+       for ( ; ref; ref = ref->next)
+               string_list_append_nodup(ref_index, ref->name)->util = ref;
+
+       string_list_sort(ref_index);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given only the set of local refs, sanity-check the set of push
+ * refspecs. We can't catch all errors that match_push_refs would,
+ * but we can catch some errors early before even talking to the
+ * remote side.
+ */
+int check_push_refs(struct ref *src, struct refspec *rs)
+{
+       int ret = 0;
+       int i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < rs->nr; i++) {
+               struct refspec_item *item = &rs->items[i];
+
+               if (item->pattern || item->matching)
+                       continue;
+
+               ret |= match_explicit_lhs(src, item, NULL, NULL);
+       }
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
 /*
  * Given the set of refs the local repository has, the set of refs the
  * remote repository has, and the refspec used for push, determine
@@ -1179,37 +1357,37 @@ static struct ref **tail_ref(struct ref **head)
  * dst (e.g. pushing to a new branch, done in match_explicit_refs).
  */
 int match_push_refs(struct ref *src, struct ref **dst,
-                   int nr_refspec, const char **refspec, int flags)
+                   struct refspec *rs, int flags)
 {
-       struct refspec *rs;
        int send_all = flags & MATCH_REFS_ALL;
        int send_mirror = flags & MATCH_REFS_MIRROR;
        int send_prune = flags & MATCH_REFS_PRUNE;
        int errs;
-       static const char *default_refspec[] = { ":", NULL };
        struct ref *ref, **dst_tail = tail_ref(dst);
+       struct string_list dst_ref_index = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 
-       if (!nr_refspec) {
-               nr_refspec = 1;
-               refspec = default_refspec;
-       }
-       rs = parse_push_refspec(nr_refspec, (const char **) refspec);
-       errs = match_explicit_refs(src, *dst, &dst_tail, rs, nr_refspec);
+       /* If no refspec is provided, use the default ":" */
+       if (!rs->nr)
+               refspec_append(rs, ":");
+
+       errs = match_explicit_refs(src, *dst, &dst_tail, rs);
 
        /* pick the remainder */
        for (ref = src; ref; ref = ref->next) {
+               struct string_list_item *dst_item;
                struct ref *dst_peer;
-               const struct refspec *pat = NULL;
+               const struct refspec_item *pat = NULL;
                char *dst_name;
 
-               if (ref->peer_ref)
-                       continue;
-
-               dst_name = get_ref_match(rs, nr_refspec, ref, send_mirror, FROM_SRC, &pat);
+               dst_name = get_ref_match(rs, ref, send_mirror, FROM_SRC, &pat);
                if (!dst_name)
                        continue;
 
-               dst_peer = find_ref_by_name(*dst, dst_name);
+               if (!dst_ref_index.nr)
+                       prepare_ref_index(&dst_ref_index, *dst);
+
+               dst_item = string_list_lookup(&dst_ref_index, dst_name);
+               dst_peer = dst_item ? dst_item->util : NULL;
                if (dst_peer) {
                        if (dst_peer->peer_ref)
                                /* We're already sending something to this ref. */
@@ -1219,20 +1397,29 @@ int match_push_refs(struct ref *src, struct ref **dst,
                                /*
                                 * Remote doesn't have it, and we have no
                                 * explicit pattern, and we don't have
-                                * --all nor --mirror.
+                                * --all or --mirror.
                                 */
                                goto free_name;
 
                        /* Create a new one and link it */
                        dst_peer = make_linked_ref(dst_name, &dst_tail);
-                       hashcpy(dst_peer->new_sha1, ref->new_sha1);
+                       oidcpy(&dst_peer->new_oid, &ref->new_oid);
+                       string_list_insert(&dst_ref_index,
+                               dst_peer->name)->util = dst_peer;
                }
                dst_peer->peer_ref = copy_ref(ref);
                dst_peer->force = pat->force;
        free_name:
                free(dst_name);
        }
+
+       string_list_clear(&dst_ref_index, 0);
+
+       if (flags & MATCH_REFS_FOLLOW_TAGS)
+               add_missing_tags(src, dst, &dst_tail);
+
        if (send_prune) {
+               struct string_list src_ref_index = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
                /* check for missing refs on the remote */
                for (ref = *dst; ref; ref = ref->next) {
                        char *src_name;
@@ -1241,66 +1428,140 @@ int match_push_refs(struct ref *src, struct ref **dst,
                                /* We're already sending something to this ref. */
                                continue;
 
-                       src_name = get_ref_match(rs, nr_refspec, ref, send_mirror, FROM_DST, NULL);
+                       src_name = get_ref_match(rs, ref, send_mirror, FROM_DST, NULL);
                        if (src_name) {
-                               if (!find_ref_by_name(src, src_name))
+                               if (!src_ref_index.nr)
+                                       prepare_ref_index(&src_ref_index, src);
+                               if (!string_list_has_string(&src_ref_index,
+                                           src_name))
                                        ref->peer_ref = alloc_delete_ref();
                                free(src_name);
                        }
                }
+               string_list_clear(&src_ref_index, 0);
        }
+
        if (errs)
                return -1;
        return 0;
 }
 
 void set_ref_status_for_push(struct ref *remote_refs, int send_mirror,
-       int force_update)
+                            int force_update)
 {
        struct ref *ref;
 
        for (ref = remote_refs; ref; ref = ref->next) {
+               int force_ref_update = ref->force || force_update;
+               int reject_reason = 0;
+
                if (ref->peer_ref)
-                       hashcpy(ref->new_sha1, ref->peer_ref->new_sha1);
+                       oidcpy(&ref->new_oid, &ref->peer_ref->new_oid);
                else if (!send_mirror)
                        continue;
 
-               ref->deletion = is_null_sha1(ref->new_sha1);
+               ref->deletion = is_null_oid(&ref->new_oid);
                if (!ref->deletion &&
-                       !hashcmp(ref->old_sha1, ref->new_sha1)) {
+                       oideq(&ref->old_oid, &ref->new_oid)) {
                        ref->status = REF_STATUS_UPTODATE;
                        continue;
                }
 
-               /* This part determines what can overwrite what.
-                * The rules are:
+               /*
+                * If the remote ref has moved and is now different
+                * from what we expect, reject any push.
+                *
+                * It also is an error if the user told us to check
+                * with the remote-tracking branch to find the value
+                * to expect, but we did not have such a tracking
+                * branch.
+                */
+               if (ref->expect_old_sha1) {
+                       if (!oideq(&ref->old_oid, &ref->old_oid_expect))
+                               reject_reason = REF_STATUS_REJECT_STALE;
+                       else
+                               /* If the ref isn't stale then force the update. */
+                               force_ref_update = 1;
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * If the update isn't already rejected then check
+                * the usual "must fast-forward" rules.
                 *
-                * (0) you can always use --force or +A:B notation to
-                *     selectively force individual ref pairs.
+                * Decide whether an individual refspec A:B can be
+                * pushed.  The push will succeed if any of the
+                * following are true:
                 *
-                * (1) if the old thing does not exist, it is OK.
+                * (1) the remote reference B does not exist
                 *
-                * (2) if you do not have the old thing, you are not allowed
-                *     to overwrite it; you would not know what you are losing
-                *     otherwise.
+                * (2) the remote reference B is being removed (i.e.,
+                *     pushing :B where no source is specified)
                 *
-                * (3) if both new and old are commit-ish, and new is a
-                *     descendant of old, it is OK.
+                * (3) the destination is not under refs/tags/, and
+                *     if the old and new value is a commit, the new
+                *     is a descendant of the old.
                 *
-                * (4) regardless of all of the above, removing :B is
-                *     always allowed.
+                * (4) it is forced using the +A:B notation, or by
+                *     passing the --force argument
                 */
 
-               ref->nonfastforward =
-                       !ref->deletion &&
-                       !is_null_sha1(ref->old_sha1) &&
-                       (!has_sha1_file(ref->old_sha1)
-                         || !ref_newer(ref->new_sha1, ref->old_sha1));
+               if (!reject_reason && !ref->deletion && !is_null_oid(&ref->old_oid)) {
+                       if (starts_with(ref->name, "refs/tags/"))
+                               reject_reason = REF_STATUS_REJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS;
+                       else if (!has_object_file(&ref->old_oid))
+                               reject_reason = REF_STATUS_REJECT_FETCH_FIRST;
+                       else if (!lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository, &ref->old_oid, 1) ||
+                                !lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository, &ref->new_oid, 1))
+                               reject_reason = REF_STATUS_REJECT_NEEDS_FORCE;
+                       else if (!ref_newer(&ref->new_oid, &ref->old_oid))
+                               reject_reason = REF_STATUS_REJECT_NONFASTFORWARD;
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * "--force" will defeat any rejection implemented
+                * by the rules above.
+                */
+               if (!force_ref_update)
+                       ref->status = reject_reason;
+               else if (reject_reason)
+                       ref->forced_update = 1;
+       }
+}
 
-               if (ref->nonfastforward && !ref->force && !force_update) {
-                       ref->status = REF_STATUS_REJECT_NONFASTFORWARD;
+static void set_merge(struct branch *ret)
+{
+       struct remote *remote;
+       char *ref;
+       struct object_id oid;
+       int i;
+
+       if (!ret)
+               return; /* no branch */
+       if (ret->merge)
+               return; /* already run */
+       if (!ret->remote_name || !ret->merge_nr) {
+               /*
+                * no merge config; let's make sure we don't confuse callers
+                * with a non-zero merge_nr but a NULL merge
+                */
+               ret->merge_nr = 0;
+               return;
+       }
+
+       remote = remote_get(ret->remote_name);
+
+       ret->merge = xcalloc(ret->merge_nr, sizeof(*ret->merge));
+       for (i = 0; i < ret->merge_nr; i++) {
+               ret->merge[i] = xcalloc(1, sizeof(**ret->merge));
+               ret->merge[i]->src = xstrdup(ret->merge_name[i]);
+               if (!remote_find_tracking(remote, ret->merge[i]) ||
+                   strcmp(ret->remote_name, "."))
                        continue;
-               }
+               if (dwim_ref(ret->merge_name[i], strlen(ret->merge_name[i]),
+                            &oid, &ref) == 1)
+                       ret->merge[i]->dst = ref;
+               else
+                       ret->merge[i]->dst = xstrdup(ret->merge_name[i]);
        }
 }
 
@@ -1312,22 +1573,8 @@ struct branch *branch_get(const char *name)
        if (!name || !*name || !strcmp(name, "HEAD"))
                ret = current_branch;
        else
-               ret = make_branch(name, 0);
-       if (ret && ret->remote_name) {
-               ret->remote = remote_get(ret->remote_name);
-               if (ret->merge_nr) {
-                       int i;
-                       ret->merge = xcalloc(sizeof(*ret->merge),
-                                            ret->merge_nr);
-                       for (i = 0; i < ret->merge_nr; i++) {
-                               ret->merge[i] = xcalloc(1, sizeof(**ret->merge));
-                               ret->merge[i]->src = xstrdup(ret->merge_name[i]);
-                               if (remote_find_tracking(ret->remote, ret->merge[i])
-                                   && !strcmp(ret->remote_name, "."))
-                                       ret->merge[i]->dst = xstrdup(ret->merge_name[i]);
-                       }
-               }
-       }
+               ret = make_branch(name, strlen(name));
+       set_merge(ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1342,32 +1589,172 @@ int branch_merge_matches(struct branch *branch,
 {
        if (!branch || i < 0 || i >= branch->merge_nr)
                return 0;
-       return refname_match(branch->merge[i]->src, refname, ref_fetch_rules);
+       return refname_match(branch->merge[i]->src, refname);
+}
+
+__attribute__((format (printf,2,3)))
+static const char *error_buf(struct strbuf *err, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       if (err) {
+               va_list ap;
+               va_start(ap, fmt);
+               strbuf_vaddf(err, fmt, ap);
+               va_end(ap);
+       }
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+const char *branch_get_upstream(struct branch *branch, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       if (!branch)
+               return error_buf(err, _("HEAD does not point to a branch"));
+
+       if (!branch->merge || !branch->merge[0]) {
+               /*
+                * no merge config; is it because the user didn't define any,
+                * or because it is not a real branch, and get_branch
+                * auto-vivified it?
+                */
+               if (!ref_exists(branch->refname))
+                       return error_buf(err, _("no such branch: '%s'"),
+                                        branch->name);
+               return error_buf(err,
+                                _("no upstream configured for branch '%s'"),
+                                branch->name);
+       }
+
+       if (!branch->merge[0]->dst)
+               return error_buf(err,
+                                _("upstream branch '%s' not stored as a remote-tracking branch"),
+                                branch->merge[0]->src);
+
+       return branch->merge[0]->dst;
 }
 
+static const char *tracking_for_push_dest(struct remote *remote,
+                                         const char *refname,
+                                         struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       char *ret;
+
+       ret = apply_refspecs(&remote->fetch, refname);
+       if (!ret)
+               return error_buf(err,
+                                _("push destination '%s' on remote '%s' has no local tracking branch"),
+                                refname, remote->name);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static const char *branch_get_push_1(struct branch *branch, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct remote *remote;
+
+       remote = remote_get(pushremote_for_branch(branch, NULL));
+       if (!remote)
+               return error_buf(err,
+                                _("branch '%s' has no remote for pushing"),
+                                branch->name);
+
+       if (remote->push.nr) {
+               char *dst;
+               const char *ret;
+
+               dst = apply_refspecs(&remote->push, branch->refname);
+               if (!dst)
+                       return error_buf(err,
+                                        _("push refspecs for '%s' do not include '%s'"),
+                                        remote->name, branch->name);
+
+               ret = tracking_for_push_dest(remote, dst, err);
+               free(dst);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       if (remote->mirror)
+               return tracking_for_push_dest(remote, branch->refname, err);
+
+       switch (push_default) {
+       case PUSH_DEFAULT_NOTHING:
+               return error_buf(err, _("push has no destination (push.default is 'nothing')"));
+
+       case PUSH_DEFAULT_MATCHING:
+       case PUSH_DEFAULT_CURRENT:
+               return tracking_for_push_dest(remote, branch->refname, err);
+
+       case PUSH_DEFAULT_UPSTREAM:
+               return branch_get_upstream(branch, err);
+
+       case PUSH_DEFAULT_UNSPECIFIED:
+       case PUSH_DEFAULT_SIMPLE:
+               {
+                       const char *up, *cur;
+
+                       up = branch_get_upstream(branch, err);
+                       if (!up)
+                               return NULL;
+                       cur = tracking_for_push_dest(remote, branch->refname, err);
+                       if (!cur)
+                               return NULL;
+                       if (strcmp(cur, up))
+                               return error_buf(err,
+                                                _("cannot resolve 'simple' push to a single destination"));
+                       return cur;
+               }
+       }
+
+       BUG("unhandled push situation");
+}
+
+const char *branch_get_push(struct branch *branch, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       if (!branch)
+               return error_buf(err, _("HEAD does not point to a branch"));
+
+       if (!branch->push_tracking_ref)
+               branch->push_tracking_ref = branch_get_push_1(branch, err);
+       return branch->push_tracking_ref;
+}
+
+static int ignore_symref_update(const char *refname)
+{
+       int flag;
+
+       if (!resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, 0, NULL, &flag))
+               return 0; /* non-existing refs are OK */
+       return (flag & REF_ISSYMREF);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create and return a list of (struct ref) consisting of copies of
+ * each remote_ref that matches refspec.  refspec must be a pattern.
+ * Fill in the copies' peer_ref to describe the local tracking refs to
+ * which they map.  Omit any references that would map to an existing
+ * local symbolic ref.
+ */
 static struct ref *get_expanded_map(const struct ref *remote_refs,
-                                   const struct refspec *refspec)
+                                   const struct refspec_item *refspec)
 {
        const struct ref *ref;
        struct ref *ret = NULL;
        struct ref **tail = &ret;
 
-       char *expn_name;
-
        for (ref = remote_refs; ref; ref = ref->next) {
+               char *expn_name = NULL;
+
                if (strchr(ref->name, '^'))
                        continue; /* a dereference item */
                if (match_name_with_pattern(refspec->src, ref->name,
-                                           refspec->dst, &expn_name)) {
+                                           refspec->dst, &expn_name) &&
+                   !ignore_symref_update(expn_name)) {
                        struct ref *cpy = copy_ref(ref);
 
                        cpy->peer_ref = alloc_ref(expn_name);
-                       free(expn_name);
                        if (refspec->force)
                                cpy->peer_ref->force = 1;
                        *tail = cpy;
                        tail = &cpy->next;
                }
+               free(expn_name);
        }
 
        return ret;
@@ -1376,11 +1763,18 @@ static struct ref *get_expanded_map(const struct ref *remote_refs,
 static const struct ref *find_ref_by_name_abbrev(const struct ref *refs, const char *name)
 {
        const struct ref *ref;
+       const struct ref *best_match = NULL;
+       int best_score = 0;
+
        for (ref = refs; ref; ref = ref->next) {
-               if (refname_match(name, ref->name, ref_fetch_rules))
-                       return ref;
+               int score = refname_match(name, ref->name);
+
+               if (best_score < score) {
+                       best_match = ref;
+                       best_score = score;
+               }
        }
-       return NULL;
+       return best_match;
 }
 
 struct ref *get_remote_ref(const struct ref *remote_refs, const char *name)
@@ -1398,19 +1792,19 @@ static struct ref *get_local_ref(const char *name)
        if (!name || name[0] == '\0')
                return NULL;
 
-       if (!prefixcmp(name, "refs/"))
+       if (starts_with(name, "refs/"))
                return alloc_ref(name);
 
-       if (!prefixcmp(name, "heads/") ||
-           !prefixcmp(name, "tags/") ||
-           !prefixcmp(name, "remotes/"))
+       if (starts_with(name, "heads/") ||
+           starts_with(name, "tags/") ||
+           starts_with(name, "remotes/"))
                return alloc_ref_with_prefix("refs/", 5, name);
 
        return alloc_ref_with_prefix("refs/heads/", 11, name);
 }
 
 int get_fetch_map(const struct ref *remote_refs,
-                 const struct refspec *refspec,
+                 const struct refspec_item *refspec,
                  struct ref ***tail,
                  int missing_ok)
 {
@@ -1421,9 +1815,15 @@ int get_fetch_map(const struct ref *remote_refs,
        } else {
                const char *name = refspec->src[0] ? refspec->src : "HEAD";
 
-               ref_map = get_remote_ref(remote_refs, name);
+               if (refspec->exact_sha1) {
+                       ref_map = alloc_ref(name);
+                       get_oid_hex(name, &ref_map->old_oid);
+                       ref_map->exact_oid = 1;
+               } else {
+                       ref_map = get_remote_ref(remote_refs, name);
+               }
                if (!missing_ok && !ref_map)
-                       die("Couldn't find remote ref %s", name);
+                       die(_("couldn't find remote ref %s"), name);
                if (ref_map) {
                        ref_map->peer_ref = get_local_ref(refspec->dst);
                        if (ref_map->peer_ref && refspec->force)
@@ -1433,10 +1833,10 @@ int get_fetch_map(const struct ref *remote_refs,
 
        for (rmp = &ref_map; *rmp; ) {
                if ((*rmp)->peer_ref) {
-                       if (check_refname_format((*rmp)->peer_ref->name + 5,
-                               REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
+                       if (!starts_with((*rmp)->peer_ref->name, "refs/") ||
+                           check_refname_format((*rmp)->peer_ref->name, 0)) {
                                struct ref *ignore = *rmp;
-                               error("* Ignoring funny ref '%s' locally",
+                               error(_("* Ignoring funny ref '%s' locally"),
                                      (*rmp)->peer_ref->name);
                                *rmp = (*rmp)->next;
                                free(ignore->peer_ref);
@@ -1459,120 +1859,71 @@ int resolve_remote_symref(struct ref *ref, struct ref *list)
                return 0;
        for (; list; list = list->next)
                if (!strcmp(ref->symref, list->name)) {
-                       hashcpy(ref->old_sha1, list->old_sha1);
+                       oidcpy(&ref->old_oid, &list->old_oid);
                        return 0;
                }
        return 1;
 }
 
-static void unmark_and_free(struct commit_list *list, unsigned int mark)
-{
-       while (list) {
-               struct commit_list *temp = list;
-               temp->item->object.flags &= ~mark;
-               list = temp->next;
-               free(temp);
-       }
-}
-
-int ref_newer(const unsigned char *new_sha1, const unsigned char *old_sha1)
-{
-       struct object *o;
-       struct commit *old, *new;
-       struct commit_list *list, *used;
-       int found = 0;
-
-       /* Both new and old must be commit-ish and new is descendant of
-        * old.  Otherwise we require --force.
-        */
-       o = deref_tag(parse_object(old_sha1), NULL, 0);
-       if (!o || o->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
-               return 0;
-       old = (struct commit *) o;
-
-       o = deref_tag(parse_object(new_sha1), NULL, 0);
-       if (!o || o->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
-               return 0;
-       new = (struct commit *) o;
-
-       if (parse_commit(new) < 0)
-               return 0;
-
-       used = list = NULL;
-       commit_list_insert(new, &list);
-       while (list) {
-               new = pop_most_recent_commit(&list, TMP_MARK);
-               commit_list_insert(new, &used);
-               if (new == old) {
-                       found = 1;
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-       unmark_and_free(list, TMP_MARK);
-       unmark_and_free(used, TMP_MARK);
-       return found;
-}
-
 /*
- * Return true if there is anything to report, otherwise false.
+ * Compute the commit ahead/behind values for the pair branch_name, base.
+ *
+ * If abf is AHEAD_BEHIND_FULL, compute the full ahead/behind and return the
+ * counts in *num_ours and *num_theirs.  If abf is AHEAD_BEHIND_QUICK, skip
+ * the (potentially expensive) a/b computation (*num_ours and *num_theirs are
+ * set to zero).
+ *
+ * Returns -1 if num_ours and num_theirs could not be filled in (e.g., ref
+ * does not exist).  Returns 0 if the commits are identical.  Returns 1 if
+ * commits are different.
  */
-int stat_tracking_info(struct branch *branch, int *num_ours, int *num_theirs)
+
+static int stat_branch_pair(const char *branch_name, const char *base,
+                            int *num_ours, int *num_theirs,
+                            enum ahead_behind_flags abf)
 {
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
+       struct object_id oid;
        struct commit *ours, *theirs;
-       char symmetric[84];
        struct rev_info revs;
-       const char *rev_argv[10], *base;
-       int rev_argc;
+       struct argv_array argv = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
 
-       /*
-        * Nothing to report unless we are marked to build on top of
-        * somebody else.
-        */
-       if (!branch ||
-           !branch->merge || !branch->merge[0] || !branch->merge[0]->dst)
-               return 0;
-
-       /*
-        * If what we used to build on no longer exists, there is
-        * nothing to report.
-        */
-       base = branch->merge[0]->dst;
-       if (read_ref(base, sha1))
-               return 0;
-       theirs = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+       /* Cannot stat if what we used to build on no longer exists */
+       if (read_ref(base, &oid))
+               return -1;
+       theirs = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, &oid);
        if (!theirs)
-               return 0;
+               return -1;
 
-       if (read_ref(branch->refname, sha1))
-               return 0;
-       ours = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+       if (read_ref(branch_name, &oid))
+               return -1;
+       ours = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, &oid);
        if (!ours)
-               return 0;
+               return -1;
+
+       *num_theirs = *num_ours = 0;
 
        /* are we the same? */
        if (theirs == ours)
                return 0;
+       if (abf == AHEAD_BEHIND_QUICK)
+               return 1;
+       if (abf != AHEAD_BEHIND_FULL)
+               BUG("stat_branch_pair: invalid abf '%d'", abf);
 
        /* Run "rev-list --left-right ours...theirs" internally... */
-       rev_argc = 0;
-       rev_argv[rev_argc++] = NULL;
-       rev_argv[rev_argc++] = "--left-right";
-       rev_argv[rev_argc++] = symmetric;
-       rev_argv[rev_argc++] = "--";
-       rev_argv[rev_argc] = NULL;
-
-       strcpy(symmetric, sha1_to_hex(ours->object.sha1));
-       strcpy(symmetric + 40, "...");
-       strcpy(symmetric + 43, sha1_to_hex(theirs->object.sha1));
-
-       init_revisions(&revs, NULL);
-       setup_revisions(rev_argc, rev_argv, &revs, NULL);
-       prepare_revision_walk(&revs);
+       argv_array_push(&argv, ""); /* ignored */
+       argv_array_push(&argv, "--left-right");
+       argv_array_pushf(&argv, "%s...%s",
+                        oid_to_hex(&ours->object.oid),
+                        oid_to_hex(&theirs->object.oid));
+       argv_array_push(&argv, "--");
+
+       repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &revs, NULL);
+       setup_revisions(argv.argc, argv.argv, &revs, NULL);
+       if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
+               die(_("revision walk setup failed"));
 
        /* ... and count the commits on each side. */
-       *num_ours = 0;
-       *num_theirs = 0;
        while (1) {
                struct commit *c = get_revision(&revs);
                if (!c)
@@ -1586,37 +1937,105 @@ int stat_tracking_info(struct branch *branch, int *num_ours, int *num_theirs)
        /* clear object flags smudged by the above traversal */
        clear_commit_marks(ours, ALL_REV_FLAGS);
        clear_commit_marks(theirs, ALL_REV_FLAGS);
+
+       argv_array_clear(&argv);
        return 1;
 }
 
 /*
- * Return true when there is anything to report, otherwise false.
+ * Lookup the tracking branch for the given branch and if present, optionally
+ * compute the commit ahead/behind values for the pair.
+ *
+ * If for_push is true, the tracking branch refers to the push branch,
+ * otherwise it refers to the upstream branch.
+ *
+ * The name of the tracking branch (or NULL if it is not defined) is
+ * returned via *tracking_name, if it is not itself NULL.
+ *
+ * If abf is AHEAD_BEHIND_FULL, compute the full ahead/behind and return the
+ * counts in *num_ours and *num_theirs.  If abf is AHEAD_BEHIND_QUICK, skip
+ * the (potentially expensive) a/b computation (*num_ours and *num_theirs are
+ * set to zero).
+ *
+ * Returns -1 if num_ours and num_theirs could not be filled in (e.g., no
+ * upstream defined, or ref does not exist).  Returns 0 if the commits are
+ * identical.  Returns 1 if commits are different.
  */
-int format_tracking_info(struct branch *branch, struct strbuf *sb)
+int stat_tracking_info(struct branch *branch, int *num_ours, int *num_theirs,
+                      const char **tracking_name, int for_push,
+                      enum ahead_behind_flags abf)
 {
-       int num_ours, num_theirs;
        const char *base;
 
-       if (!stat_tracking_info(branch, &num_ours, &num_theirs))
-               return 0;
+       /* Cannot stat unless we are marked to build on top of somebody else. */
+       base = for_push ? branch_get_push(branch, NULL) :
+               branch_get_upstream(branch, NULL);
+       if (tracking_name)
+               *tracking_name = base;
+       if (!base)
+               return -1;
 
-       base = branch->merge[0]->dst;
-       base = shorten_unambiguous_ref(base, 0);
-       if (!num_theirs)
+       return stat_branch_pair(branch->refname, base, num_ours, num_theirs, abf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return true when there is anything to report, otherwise false.
+ */
+int format_tracking_info(struct branch *branch, struct strbuf *sb,
+                        enum ahead_behind_flags abf)
+{
+       int ours, theirs, sti;
+       const char *full_base;
+       char *base;
+       int upstream_is_gone = 0;
+
+       sti = stat_tracking_info(branch, &ours, &theirs, &full_base, 0, abf);
+       if (sti < 0) {
+               if (!full_base)
+                       return 0;
+               upstream_is_gone = 1;
+       }
+
+       base = shorten_unambiguous_ref(full_base, 0);
+       if (upstream_is_gone) {
+               strbuf_addf(sb,
+                       _("Your branch is based on '%s', but the upstream is gone.\n"),
+                       base);
+               if (advice_status_hints)
+                       strbuf_addstr(sb,
+                               _("  (use \"git branch --unset-upstream\" to fixup)\n"));
+       } else if (!sti) {
+               strbuf_addf(sb,
+                       _("Your branch is up to date with '%s'.\n"),
+                       base);
+       } else if (abf == AHEAD_BEHIND_QUICK) {
+               strbuf_addf(sb,
+                           _("Your branch and '%s' refer to different commits.\n"),
+                           base);
+               if (advice_status_hints)
+                       strbuf_addf(sb, _("  (use \"%s\" for details)\n"),
+                                   "git status --ahead-behind");
+       } else if (!theirs) {
                strbuf_addf(sb,
                        Q_("Your branch is ahead of '%s' by %d commit.\n",
                           "Your branch is ahead of '%s' by %d commits.\n",
-                          num_ours),
-                       base, num_ours);
-       else if (!num_ours)
+                          ours),
+                       base, ours);
+               if (advice_status_hints)
+                       strbuf_addstr(sb,
+                               _("  (use \"git push\" to publish your local commits)\n"));
+       } else if (!ours) {
                strbuf_addf(sb,
                        Q_("Your branch is behind '%s' by %d commit, "
                               "and can be fast-forwarded.\n",
                           "Your branch is behind '%s' by %d commits, "
                               "and can be fast-forwarded.\n",
-                          num_theirs),
-                       base, num_theirs);
-       else
+                          theirs),
+                       base, theirs);
+               if (advice_status_hints)
+                       strbuf_addstr(sb,
+                               _("  (use \"git pull\" to update your local branch)\n"));
+       } else {
                strbuf_addf(sb,
                        Q_("Your branch and '%s' have diverged,\n"
                               "and have %d and %d different commit each, "
@@ -1624,25 +2043,28 @@ int format_tracking_info(struct branch *branch, struct strbuf *sb)
                           "Your branch and '%s' have diverged,\n"
                               "and have %d and %d different commits each, "
                               "respectively.\n",
-                          num_theirs),
-                       base, num_ours, num_theirs);
+                          ours + theirs),
+                       base, ours, theirs);
+               if (advice_status_hints)
+                       strbuf_addstr(sb,
+                               _("  (use \"git pull\" to merge the remote branch into yours)\n"));
+       }
+       free(base);
        return 1;
 }
 
-static int one_local_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int flag, void *cb_data)
+static int one_local_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
+                        int flag, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct ref ***local_tail = cb_data;
        struct ref *ref;
-       int len;
 
        /* we already know it starts with refs/ to get here */
        if (check_refname_format(refname + 5, 0))
                return 0;
 
-       len = strlen(refname) + 1;
-       ref = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ref) + len);
-       hashcpy(ref->new_sha1, sha1);
-       memcpy(ref->name, refname, len);
+       ref = alloc_ref(refname);
+       oidcpy(&ref->new_oid, oid);
        **local_tail = ref;
        *local_tail = &ref->next;
        return 0;
@@ -1651,6 +2073,7 @@ static int one_local_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int fla
 struct ref *get_local_heads(void)
 {
        struct ref *local_refs = NULL, **local_tail = &local_refs;
+
        for_each_ref(one_local_ref, &local_tail);
        return local_refs;
 }
@@ -1674,18 +2097,26 @@ struct ref *guess_remote_head(const struct ref *head,
        if (head->symref)
                return copy_ref(find_ref_by_name(refs, head->symref));
 
-       /* If refs/heads/master could be right, it is. */
+       /* If a remote branch exists with the default branch name, let's use it. */
        if (!all) {
+               char *ref = xstrfmt("refs/heads/%s", git_default_branch_name());
+
+               r = find_ref_by_name(refs, ref);
+               free(ref);
+               if (r && oideq(&r->old_oid, &head->old_oid))
+                       return copy_ref(r);
+
+               /* Fall back to the hard-coded historical default */
                r = find_ref_by_name(refs, "refs/heads/master");
-               if (r && !hashcmp(r->old_sha1, head->old_sha1))
+               if (r && oideq(&r->old_oid, &head->old_oid))
                        return copy_ref(r);
        }
 
        /* Look for another ref that points there */
        for (r = refs; r; r = r->next) {
                if (r != head &&
-                   !prefixcmp(r->name, "refs/heads/") &&
-                   !hashcmp(r->old_sha1, head->old_sha1)) {
+                   starts_with(r->name, "refs/heads/") &&
+                   oideq(&r->old_oid, &head->old_oid)) {
                        *tail = copy_ref(r);
                        tail = &((*tail)->next);
                        if (!all)
@@ -1699,49 +2130,181 @@ struct ref *guess_remote_head(const struct ref *head,
 struct stale_heads_info {
        struct string_list *ref_names;
        struct ref **stale_refs_tail;
-       struct refspec *refs;
-       int ref_count;
+       struct refspec *rs;
 };
 
-static int get_stale_heads_cb(const char *refname,
-       const unsigned char *sha1, int flags, void *cb_data)
+static int get_stale_heads_cb(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
+                             int flags, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct stale_heads_info *info = cb_data;
-       struct refspec query;
-       memset(&query, 0, sizeof(struct refspec));
+       struct string_list matches = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+       struct refspec_item query;
+       int i, stale = 1;
+       memset(&query, 0, sizeof(struct refspec_item));
        query.dst = (char *)refname;
 
-       if (query_refspecs(info->refs, info->ref_count, &query))
-               return 0; /* No matches */
+       query_refspecs_multiple(info->rs, &query, &matches);
+       if (matches.nr == 0)
+               goto clean_exit; /* No matches */
 
        /*
         * If we did find a suitable refspec and it's not a symref and
         * it's not in the list of refs that currently exist in that
-        * remote we consider it to be stale.
+        * remote, we consider it to be stale. In order to deal with
+        * overlapping refspecs, we need to go over all of the
+        * matching refs.
         */
-       if (!((flags & REF_ISSYMREF) ||
-             string_list_has_string(info->ref_names, query.src))) {
+       if (flags & REF_ISSYMREF)
+               goto clean_exit;
+
+       for (i = 0; stale && i < matches.nr; i++)
+               if (string_list_has_string(info->ref_names, matches.items[i].string))
+                       stale = 0;
+
+       if (stale) {
                struct ref *ref = make_linked_ref(refname, &info->stale_refs_tail);
-               hashcpy(ref->new_sha1, sha1);
+               oidcpy(&ref->new_oid, oid);
        }
 
-       free(query.src);
+clean_exit:
+       string_list_clear(&matches, 0);
        return 0;
 }
 
-struct ref *get_stale_heads(struct refspec *refs, int ref_count, struct ref *fetch_map)
+struct ref *get_stale_heads(struct refspec *rs, struct ref *fetch_map)
 {
        struct ref *ref, *stale_refs = NULL;
        struct string_list ref_names = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
        struct stale_heads_info info;
+
        info.ref_names = &ref_names;
        info.stale_refs_tail = &stale_refs;
-       info.refs = refs;
-       info.ref_count = ref_count;
+       info.rs = rs;
        for (ref = fetch_map; ref; ref = ref->next)
                string_list_append(&ref_names, ref->name);
-       sort_string_list(&ref_names);
+       string_list_sort(&ref_names);
        for_each_ref(get_stale_heads_cb, &info);
        string_list_clear(&ref_names, 0);
        return stale_refs;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Compare-and-swap
+ */
+static void clear_cas_option(struct push_cas_option *cas)
+{
+       int i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < cas->nr; i++)
+               free(cas->entry[i].refname);
+       free(cas->entry);
+       memset(cas, 0, sizeof(*cas));
+}
+
+static struct push_cas *add_cas_entry(struct push_cas_option *cas,
+                                     const char *refname,
+                                     size_t refnamelen)
+{
+       struct push_cas *entry;
+       ALLOC_GROW(cas->entry, cas->nr + 1, cas->alloc);
+       entry = &cas->entry[cas->nr++];
+       memset(entry, 0, sizeof(*entry));
+       entry->refname = xmemdupz(refname, refnamelen);
+       return entry;
+}
+
+static int parse_push_cas_option(struct push_cas_option *cas, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+       const char *colon;
+       struct push_cas *entry;
+
+       if (unset) {
+               /* "--no-<option>" */
+               clear_cas_option(cas);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (!arg) {
+               /* just "--<option>" */
+               cas->use_tracking_for_rest = 1;
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* "--<option>=refname" or "--<option>=refname:value" */
+       colon = strchrnul(arg, ':');
+       entry = add_cas_entry(cas, arg, colon - arg);
+       if (!*colon)
+               entry->use_tracking = 1;
+       else if (!colon[1])
+               oidclr(&entry->expect);
+       else if (get_oid(colon + 1, &entry->expect))
+               return error(_("cannot parse expected object name '%s'"),
+                            colon + 1);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int parseopt_push_cas_option(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+       return parse_push_cas_option(opt->value, arg, unset);
+}
+
+int is_empty_cas(const struct push_cas_option *cas)
+{
+       return !cas->use_tracking_for_rest && !cas->nr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Look at remote.fetch refspec and see if we have a remote
+ * tracking branch for the refname there.  Fill its current
+ * value in sha1[].
+ * If we cannot do so, return negative to signal an error.
+ */
+static int remote_tracking(struct remote *remote, const char *refname,
+                          struct object_id *oid)
+{
+       char *dst;
+
+       dst = apply_refspecs(&remote->fetch, refname);
+       if (!dst)
+               return -1; /* no tracking ref for refname at remote */
+       if (read_ref(dst, oid))
+               return -1; /* we know what the tracking ref is but we cannot read it */
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static void apply_cas(struct push_cas_option *cas,
+                     struct remote *remote,
+                     struct ref *ref)
+{
+       int i;
+
+       /* Find an explicit --<option>=<name>[:<value>] entry */
+       for (i = 0; i < cas->nr; i++) {
+               struct push_cas *entry = &cas->entry[i];
+               if (!refname_match(entry->refname, ref->name))
+                       continue;
+               ref->expect_old_sha1 = 1;
+               if (!entry->use_tracking)
+                       oidcpy(&ref->old_oid_expect, &entry->expect);
+               else if (remote_tracking(remote, ref->name, &ref->old_oid_expect))
+                       oidclr(&ref->old_oid_expect);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       /* Are we using "--<option>" to cover all? */
+       if (!cas->use_tracking_for_rest)
+               return;
+
+       ref->expect_old_sha1 = 1;
+       if (remote_tracking(remote, ref->name, &ref->old_oid_expect))
+               oidclr(&ref->old_oid_expect);
+}
+
+void apply_push_cas(struct push_cas_option *cas,
+                   struct remote *remote,
+                   struct ref *remote_refs)
+{
+       struct ref *ref;
+       for (ref = remote_refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
+               apply_cas(cas, remote, ref);
+}