Imported Upstream version 2.15.0
[platform/upstream/git.git] / refs.c
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index f0bd7ac..c590a99 100644 (file)
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
+/*
+ * The backend-independent part of the reference module.
+ */
+
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "lockfile.h"
+#include "iterator.h"
 #include "refs.h"
+#include "refs/refs-internal.h"
 #include "object.h"
 #include "tag.h"
-#include "dir.h"
-#include "string-list.h"
+#include "submodule.h"
+#include "worktree.h"
 
 /*
- * Make sure "ref" is something reasonable to have under ".git/refs/";
- * We do not like it if:
- *
- * - any path component of it begins with ".", or
- * - it has double dots "..", or
- * - it has ASCII control character, "~", "^", ":" or SP, anywhere, or
- * - it ends with a "/".
- * - it ends with ".lock"
- * - it contains a "\" (backslash)
+ * List of all available backends
  */
+static struct ref_storage_be *refs_backends = &refs_be_files;
 
-/* Return true iff ch is not allowed in reference names. */
-static inline int bad_ref_char(int ch)
+static struct ref_storage_be *find_ref_storage_backend(const char *name)
 {
-       if (((unsigned) ch) <= ' ' || ch == 0x7f ||
-           ch == '~' || ch == '^' || ch == ':' || ch == '\\')
-               return 1;
-       /* 2.13 Pattern Matching Notation */
-       if (ch == '*' || ch == '?' || ch == '[') /* Unsupported */
-               return 1;
-       return 0;
+       struct ref_storage_be *be;
+       for (be = refs_backends; be; be = be->next)
+               if (!strcmp(be->name, name))
+                       return be;
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+int ref_storage_backend_exists(const char *name)
+{
+       return find_ref_storage_backend(name) != NULL;
 }
 
 /*
- * Try to read one refname component from the front of refname.  Return
- * the length of the component found, or -1 if the component is not
- * legal.
+ * How to handle various characters in refnames:
+ * 0: An acceptable character for refs
+ * 1: End-of-component
+ * 2: ., look for a preceding . to reject .. in refs
+ * 3: {, look for a preceding @ to reject @{ in refs
+ * 4: A bad character: ASCII control characters, and
+ *    ":", "?", "[", "\", "^", "~", SP, or TAB
+ * 5: *, reject unless REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN is set
+ */
+static unsigned char refname_disposition[256] = {
+       1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
+       4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
+       4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 4, 0,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 4
+};
+
+/*
+ * Try to read one refname component from the front of refname.
+ * Return the length of the component found, or -1 if the component is
+ * not legal.  It is legal if it is something reasonable to have under
+ * ".git/refs/"; We do not like it if:
+ *
+ * - any path component of it begins with ".", or
+ * - it has double dots "..", or
+ * - it has ASCII control characters, or
+ * - it has ":", "?", "[", "\", "^", "~", SP, or TAB anywhere, or
+ * - it has "*" anywhere unless REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN is set, or
+ * - it ends with a "/", or
+ * - it ends with ".lock", or
+ * - it contains a "@{" portion
  */
-static int check_refname_component(const char *refname, int flags)
+static int check_refname_component(const char *refname, int *flags)
 {
        const char *cp;
        char last = '\0';
 
        for (cp = refname; ; cp++) {
-               char ch = *cp;
-               if (ch == '\0' || ch == '/')
+               int ch = *cp & 255;
+               unsigned char disp = refname_disposition[ch];
+               switch (disp) {
+               case 1:
+                       goto out;
+               case 2:
+                       if (last == '.')
+                               return -1; /* Refname contains "..". */
+                       break;
+               case 3:
+                       if (last == '@')
+                               return -1; /* Refname contains "@{". */
+                       break;
+               case 4:
+                       return -1;
+               case 5:
+                       if (!(*flags & REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN))
+                               return -1; /* refspec can't be a pattern */
+
+                       /*
+                        * Unset the pattern flag so that we only accept
+                        * a single asterisk for one side of refspec.
+                        */
+                       *flags &= ~ REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN;
                        break;
-               if (bad_ref_char(ch))
-                       return -1; /* Illegal character in refname. */
-               if (last == '.' && ch == '.')
-                       return -1; /* Refname contains "..". */
-               if (last == '@' && ch == '{')
-                       return -1; /* Refname contains "@{". */
+               }
                last = ch;
        }
+out:
        if (cp == refname)
                return 0; /* Component has zero length. */
-       if (refname[0] == '.') {
-               if (!(flags & REFNAME_DOT_COMPONENT))
-                       return -1; /* Component starts with '.'. */
-               /*
-                * Even if leading dots are allowed, don't allow "."
-                * as a component (".." is prevented by a rule above).
-                */
-               if (refname[1] == '\0')
-                       return -1; /* Component equals ".". */
-       }
-       if (cp - refname >= 5 && !memcmp(cp - 5, ".lock", 5))
+       if (refname[0] == '.')
+               return -1; /* Component starts with '.'. */
+       if (cp - refname >= LOCK_SUFFIX_LEN &&
+           !memcmp(cp - LOCK_SUFFIX_LEN, LOCK_SUFFIX, LOCK_SUFFIX_LEN))
                return -1; /* Refname ends with ".lock". */
        return cp - refname;
 }
@@ -78,18 +124,10 @@ int check_refname_format(const char *refname, int flags)
 
        while (1) {
                /* We are at the start of a path component. */
-               component_len = check_refname_component(refname, flags);
-               if (component_len <= 0) {
-                       if ((flags & REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN) &&
-                                       refname[0] == '*' &&
-                                       (refname[1] == '\0' || refname[1] == '/')) {
-                               /* Accept one wildcard as a full refname component. */
-                               flags &= ~REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN;
-                               component_len = 1;
-                       } else {
-                               return -1;
-                       }
-               }
+               component_len = check_refname_component(refname, &flags);
+               if (component_len <= 0)
+                       return -1;
+
                component_count++;
                if (refname[component_len] == '\0')
                        break;
@@ -104,3428 +142,1941 @@ int check_refname_format(const char *refname, int flags)
        return 0;
 }
 
-struct ref_entry;
-
-/*
- * Information used (along with the information in ref_entry) to
- * describe a single cached reference.  This data structure only
- * occurs embedded in a union in struct ref_entry, and only when
- * (ref_entry->flag & REF_DIR) is zero.
- */
-struct ref_value {
-       /*
-        * The name of the object to which this reference resolves
-        * (which may be a tag object).  If REF_ISBROKEN, this is
-        * null.  If REF_ISSYMREF, then this is the name of the object
-        * referred to by the last reference in the symlink chain.
-        */
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-
-       /*
-        * If REF_KNOWS_PEELED, then this field holds the peeled value
-        * of this reference, or null if the reference is known not to
-        * be peelable.  See the documentation for peel_ref() for an
-        * exact definition of "peelable".
-        */
-       unsigned char peeled[20];
-};
-
-struct ref_cache;
-
-/*
- * Information used (along with the information in ref_entry) to
- * describe a level in the hierarchy of references.  This data
- * structure only occurs embedded in a union in struct ref_entry, and
- * only when (ref_entry.flag & REF_DIR) is set.  In that case,
- * (ref_entry.flag & REF_INCOMPLETE) determines whether the references
- * in the directory have already been read:
- *
- *     (ref_entry.flag & REF_INCOMPLETE) unset -- a directory of loose
- *         or packed references, already read.
- *
- *     (ref_entry.flag & REF_INCOMPLETE) set -- a directory of loose
- *         references that hasn't been read yet (nor has any of its
- *         subdirectories).
- *
- * Entries within a directory are stored within a growable array of
- * pointers to ref_entries (entries, nr, alloc).  Entries 0 <= i <
- * sorted are sorted by their component name in strcmp() order and the
- * remaining entries are unsorted.
- *
- * Loose references are read lazily, one directory at a time.  When a
- * directory of loose references is read, then all of the references
- * in that directory are stored, and REF_INCOMPLETE stubs are created
- * for any subdirectories, but the subdirectories themselves are not
- * read.  The reading is triggered by get_ref_dir().
- */
-struct ref_dir {
-       int nr, alloc;
-
-       /*
-        * Entries with index 0 <= i < sorted are sorted by name.  New
-        * entries are appended to the list unsorted, and are sorted
-        * only when required; thus we avoid the need to sort the list
-        * after the addition of every reference.
-        */
-       int sorted;
-
-       /* A pointer to the ref_cache that contains this ref_dir. */
-       struct ref_cache *ref_cache;
-
-       struct ref_entry **entries;
-};
+int refname_is_safe(const char *refname)
+{
+       const char *rest;
 
-/*
- * Bit values for ref_entry::flag.  REF_ISSYMREF=0x01,
- * REF_ISPACKED=0x02, and REF_ISBROKEN=0x04 are public values; see
- * refs.h.
- */
+       if (skip_prefix(refname, "refs/", &rest)) {
+               char *buf;
+               int result;
+               size_t restlen = strlen(rest);
 
-/*
- * The field ref_entry->u.value.peeled of this value entry contains
- * the correct peeled value for the reference, which might be
- * null_sha1 if the reference is not a tag or if it is broken.
- */
-#define REF_KNOWS_PEELED 0x08
+               /* rest must not be empty, or start or end with "/" */
+               if (!restlen || *rest == '/' || rest[restlen - 1] == '/')
+                       return 0;
 
-/* ref_entry represents a directory of references */
-#define REF_DIR 0x10
+               /*
+                * Does the refname try to escape refs/?
+                * For example: refs/foo/../bar is safe but refs/foo/../../bar
+                * is not.
+                */
+               buf = xmallocz(restlen);
+               result = !normalize_path_copy(buf, rest) && !strcmp(buf, rest);
+               free(buf);
+               return result;
+       }
 
-/*
- * Entry has not yet been read from disk (used only for REF_DIR
- * entries representing loose references)
- */
-#define REF_INCOMPLETE 0x20
+       do {
+               if (!isupper(*refname) && *refname != '_')
+                       return 0;
+               refname++;
+       } while (*refname);
+       return 1;
+}
 
 /*
- * A ref_entry represents either a reference or a "subdirectory" of
- * references.
- *
- * Each directory in the reference namespace is represented by a
- * ref_entry with (flags & REF_DIR) set and containing a subdir member
- * that holds the entries in that directory that have been read so
- * far.  If (flags & REF_INCOMPLETE) is set, then the directory and
- * its subdirectories haven't been read yet.  REF_INCOMPLETE is only
- * used for loose reference directories.
- *
- * References are represented by a ref_entry with (flags & REF_DIR)
- * unset and a value member that describes the reference's value.  The
- * flag member is at the ref_entry level, but it is also needed to
- * interpret the contents of the value field (in other words, a
- * ref_value object is not very much use without the enclosing
- * ref_entry).
- *
- * Reference names cannot end with slash and directories' names are
- * always stored with a trailing slash (except for the top-level
- * directory, which is always denoted by "").  This has two nice
- * consequences: (1) when the entries in each subdir are sorted
- * lexicographically by name (as they usually are), the references in
- * a whole tree can be generated in lexicographic order by traversing
- * the tree in left-to-right, depth-first order; (2) the names of
- * references and subdirectories cannot conflict, and therefore the
- * presence of an empty subdirectory does not block the creation of a
- * similarly-named reference.  (The fact that reference names with the
- * same leading components can conflict *with each other* is a
- * separate issue that is regulated by is_refname_available().)
- *
- * Please note that the name field contains the fully-qualified
- * reference (or subdirectory) name.  Space could be saved by only
- * storing the relative names.  But that would require the full names
- * to be generated on the fly when iterating in do_for_each_ref(), and
- * would break callback functions, who have always been able to assume
- * that the name strings that they are passed will not be freed during
- * the iteration.
+ * Return true if refname, which has the specified oid and flags, can
+ * be resolved to an object in the database. If the referred-to object
+ * does not exist, emit a warning and return false.
  */
-struct ref_entry {
-       unsigned char flag; /* ISSYMREF? ISPACKED? */
-       union {
-               struct ref_value value; /* if not (flags&REF_DIR) */
-               struct ref_dir subdir; /* if (flags&REF_DIR) */
-       } u;
-       /*
-        * The full name of the reference (e.g., "refs/heads/master")
-        * or the full name of the directory with a trailing slash
-        * (e.g., "refs/heads/"):
-        */
-       char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
-};
-
-static void read_loose_refs(const char *dirname, struct ref_dir *dir);
-
-static struct ref_dir *get_ref_dir(struct ref_entry *entry)
+int ref_resolves_to_object(const char *refname,
+                          const struct object_id *oid,
+                          unsigned int flags)
 {
-       struct ref_dir *dir;
-       assert(entry->flag & REF_DIR);
-       dir = &entry->u.subdir;
-       if (entry->flag & REF_INCOMPLETE) {
-               read_loose_refs(entry->name, dir);
-               entry->flag &= ~REF_INCOMPLETE;
+       if (flags & REF_ISBROKEN)
+               return 0;
+       if (!has_sha1_file(oid->hash)) {
+               error("%s does not point to a valid object!", refname);
+               return 0;
        }
-       return dir;
+       return 1;
 }
 
-static struct ref_entry *create_ref_entry(const char *refname,
-                                         const unsigned char *sha1, int flag,
-                                         int check_name)
+char *refs_resolve_refdup(struct ref_store *refs,
+                         const char *refname, int resolve_flags,
+                         unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
 {
-       int len;
-       struct ref_entry *ref;
+       const char *result;
 
-       if (check_name &&
-           check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL|REFNAME_DOT_COMPONENT))
-               die("Reference has invalid format: '%s'", refname);
-       len = strlen(refname) + 1;
-       ref = xmalloc(sizeof(struct ref_entry) + len);
-       hashcpy(ref->u.value.sha1, sha1);
-       hashclr(ref->u.value.peeled);
-       memcpy(ref->name, refname, len);
-       ref->flag = flag;
-       return ref;
+       result = refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(refs, refname, resolve_flags,
+                                        sha1, flags);
+       return xstrdup_or_null(result);
 }
 
-static void clear_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir);
-
-static void free_ref_entry(struct ref_entry *entry)
+char *resolve_refdup(const char *refname, int resolve_flags,
+                    unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
 {
-       if (entry->flag & REF_DIR) {
-               /*
-                * Do not use get_ref_dir() here, as that might
-                * trigger the reading of loose refs.
-                */
-               clear_ref_dir(&entry->u.subdir);
-       }
-       free(entry);
+       return refs_resolve_refdup(get_main_ref_store(),
+                                  refname, resolve_flags,
+                                  sha1, flags);
 }
 
-/*
- * Add a ref_entry to the end of dir (unsorted).  Entry is always
- * stored directly in dir; no recursion into subdirectories is
- * done.
- */
-static void add_entry_to_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, struct ref_entry *entry)
+/* The argument to filter_refs */
+struct ref_filter {
+       const char *pattern;
+       each_ref_fn *fn;
+       void *cb_data;
+};
+
+int refs_read_ref_full(struct ref_store *refs, const char *refname,
+                      int resolve_flags, unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
 {
-       ALLOC_GROW(dir->entries, dir->nr + 1, dir->alloc);
-       dir->entries[dir->nr++] = entry;
-       /* optimize for the case that entries are added in order */
-       if (dir->nr == 1 ||
-           (dir->nr == dir->sorted + 1 &&
-            strcmp(dir->entries[dir->nr - 2]->name,
-                   dir->entries[dir->nr - 1]->name) < 0))
-               dir->sorted = dir->nr;
+       if (refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(refs, refname, resolve_flags, sha1, flags))
+               return 0;
+       return -1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Clear and free all entries in dir, recursively.
- */
-static void clear_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir)
+int read_ref_full(const char *refname, int resolve_flags, unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
 {
-       int i;
-       for (i = 0; i < dir->nr; i++)
-               free_ref_entry(dir->entries[i]);
-       free(dir->entries);
-       dir->sorted = dir->nr = dir->alloc = 0;
-       dir->entries = NULL;
+       return refs_read_ref_full(get_main_ref_store(), refname,
+                                 resolve_flags, sha1, flags);
 }
 
-/*
- * Create a struct ref_entry object for the specified dirname.
- * dirname is the name of the directory with a trailing slash (e.g.,
- * "refs/heads/") or "" for the top-level directory.
- */
-static struct ref_entry *create_dir_entry(struct ref_cache *ref_cache,
-                                         const char *dirname, size_t len,
-                                         int incomplete)
+int read_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       struct ref_entry *direntry;
-       direntry = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_entry) + len + 1);
-       memcpy(direntry->name, dirname, len);
-       direntry->name[len] = '\0';
-       direntry->u.subdir.ref_cache = ref_cache;
-       direntry->flag = REF_DIR | (incomplete ? REF_INCOMPLETE : 0);
-       return direntry;
+       return read_ref_full(refname, RESOLVE_REF_READING, sha1, NULL);
 }
 
-static int ref_entry_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+int ref_exists(const char *refname)
 {
-       struct ref_entry *one = *(struct ref_entry **)a;
-       struct ref_entry *two = *(struct ref_entry **)b;
-       return strcmp(one->name, two->name);
+       return !!resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, RESOLVE_REF_READING, NULL, NULL);
 }
 
-static void sort_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir);
-
-struct string_slice {
-       size_t len;
-       const char *str;
-};
-
-static int ref_entry_cmp_sslice(const void *key_, const void *ent_)
+static int filter_refs(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
+                          int flags, void *data)
 {
-       const struct string_slice *key = key_;
-       const struct ref_entry *ent = *(const struct ref_entry * const *)ent_;
-       int cmp = strncmp(key->str, ent->name, key->len);
-       if (cmp)
-               return cmp;
-       return '\0' - (unsigned char)ent->name[key->len];
+       struct ref_filter *filter = (struct ref_filter *)data;
+
+       if (wildmatch(filter->pattern, refname, 0))
+               return 0;
+       return filter->fn(refname, oid, flags, filter->cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Return the index of the entry with the given refname from the
- * ref_dir (non-recursively), sorting dir if necessary.  Return -1 if
- * no such entry is found.  dir must already be complete.
- */
-static int search_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *refname, size_t len)
+enum peel_status peel_object(const unsigned char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       struct ref_entry **r;
-       struct string_slice key;
+       struct object *o = lookup_unknown_object(name);
 
-       if (refname == NULL || !dir->nr)
-               return -1;
+       if (o->type == OBJ_NONE) {
+               int type = sha1_object_info(name, NULL);
+               if (type < 0 || !object_as_type(o, type, 0))
+                       return PEEL_INVALID;
+       }
 
-       sort_ref_dir(dir);
-       key.len = len;
-       key.str = refname;
-       r = bsearch(&key, dir->entries, dir->nr, sizeof(*dir->entries),
-                   ref_entry_cmp_sslice);
+       if (o->type != OBJ_TAG)
+               return PEEL_NON_TAG;
 
-       if (r == NULL)
-               return -1;
+       o = deref_tag_noverify(o);
+       if (!o)
+               return PEEL_INVALID;
 
-       return r - dir->entries;
+       hashcpy(sha1, o->oid.hash);
+       return PEEL_PEELED;
 }
 
-/*
- * Search for a directory entry directly within dir (without
- * recursing).  Sort dir if necessary.  subdirname must be a directory
- * name (i.e., end in '/').  If mkdir is set, then create the
- * directory if it is missing; otherwise, return NULL if the desired
- * directory cannot be found.  dir must already be complete.
- */
-static struct ref_dir *search_for_subdir(struct ref_dir *dir,
-                                        const char *subdirname, size_t len,
-                                        int mkdir)
-{
-       int entry_index = search_ref_dir(dir, subdirname, len);
-       struct ref_entry *entry;
-       if (entry_index == -1) {
-               if (!mkdir)
-                       return NULL;
-               /*
-                * Since dir is complete, the absence of a subdir
-                * means that the subdir really doesn't exist;
-                * therefore, create an empty record for it but mark
-                * the record complete.
-                */
-               entry = create_dir_entry(dir->ref_cache, subdirname, len, 0);
-               add_entry_to_dir(dir, entry);
-       } else {
-               entry = dir->entries[entry_index];
-       }
-       return get_ref_dir(entry);
-}
+struct warn_if_dangling_data {
+       FILE *fp;
+       const char *refname;
+       const struct string_list *refnames;
+       const char *msg_fmt;
+};
 
-/*
- * If refname is a reference name, find the ref_dir within the dir
- * tree that should hold refname.  If refname is a directory name
- * (i.e., ends in '/'), then return that ref_dir itself.  dir must
- * represent the top-level directory and must already be complete.
- * Sort ref_dirs and recurse into subdirectories as necessary.  If
- * mkdir is set, then create any missing directories; otherwise,
- * return NULL if the desired directory cannot be found.
- */
-static struct ref_dir *find_containing_dir(struct ref_dir *dir,
-                                          const char *refname, int mkdir)
+static int warn_if_dangling_symref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
+                                  int flags, void *cb_data)
 {
-       const char *slash;
-       for (slash = strchr(refname, '/'); slash; slash = strchr(slash + 1, '/')) {
-               size_t dirnamelen = slash - refname + 1;
-               struct ref_dir *subdir;
-               subdir = search_for_subdir(dir, refname, dirnamelen, mkdir);
-               if (!subdir) {
-                       dir = NULL;
-                       break;
-               }
-               dir = subdir;
+       struct warn_if_dangling_data *d = cb_data;
+       const char *resolves_to;
+
+       if (!(flags & REF_ISSYMREF))
+               return 0;
+
+       resolves_to = resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, 0, NULL, NULL);
+       if (!resolves_to
+           || (d->refname
+               ? strcmp(resolves_to, d->refname)
+               : !string_list_has_string(d->refnames, resolves_to))) {
+               return 0;
        }
 
-       return dir;
+       fprintf(d->fp, d->msg_fmt, refname);
+       fputc('\n', d->fp);
+       return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Find the value entry with the given name in dir, sorting ref_dirs
- * and recursing into subdirectories as necessary.  If the name is not
- * found or it corresponds to a directory entry, return NULL.
- */
-static struct ref_entry *find_ref(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *refname)
+void warn_dangling_symref(FILE *fp, const char *msg_fmt, const char *refname)
 {
-       int entry_index;
-       struct ref_entry *entry;
-       dir = find_containing_dir(dir, refname, 0);
-       if (!dir)
-               return NULL;
-       entry_index = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, strlen(refname));
-       if (entry_index == -1)
-               return NULL;
-       entry = dir->entries[entry_index];
-       return (entry->flag & REF_DIR) ? NULL : entry;
+       struct warn_if_dangling_data data;
+
+       data.fp = fp;
+       data.refname = refname;
+       data.refnames = NULL;
+       data.msg_fmt = msg_fmt;
+       for_each_rawref(warn_if_dangling_symref, &data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Remove the entry with the given name from dir, recursing into
- * subdirectories as necessary.  If refname is the name of a directory
- * (i.e., ends with '/'), then remove the directory and its contents.
- * If the removal was successful, return the number of entries
- * remaining in the directory entry that contained the deleted entry.
- * If the name was not found, return -1.  Please note that this
- * function only deletes the entry from the cache; it does not delete
- * it from the filesystem or ensure that other cache entries (which
- * might be symbolic references to the removed entry) are updated.
- * Nor does it remove any containing dir entries that might be made
- * empty by the removal.  dir must represent the top-level directory
- * and must already be complete.
- */
-static int remove_entry(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *refname)
+void warn_dangling_symrefs(FILE *fp, const char *msg_fmt, const struct string_list *refnames)
 {
-       int refname_len = strlen(refname);
-       int entry_index;
-       struct ref_entry *entry;
-       int is_dir = refname[refname_len - 1] == '/';
-       if (is_dir) {
-               /*
-                * refname represents a reference directory.  Remove
-                * the trailing slash; otherwise we will get the
-                * directory *representing* refname rather than the
-                * one *containing* it.
-                */
-               char *dirname = xmemdupz(refname, refname_len - 1);
-               dir = find_containing_dir(dir, dirname, 0);
-               free(dirname);
-       } else {
-               dir = find_containing_dir(dir, refname, 0);
-       }
-       if (!dir)
-               return -1;
-       entry_index = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, refname_len);
-       if (entry_index == -1)
-               return -1;
-       entry = dir->entries[entry_index];
+       struct warn_if_dangling_data data;
 
-       memmove(&dir->entries[entry_index],
-               &dir->entries[entry_index + 1],
-               (dir->nr - entry_index - 1) * sizeof(*dir->entries)
-               );
-       dir->nr--;
-       if (dir->sorted > entry_index)
-               dir->sorted--;
-       free_ref_entry(entry);
-       return dir->nr;
+       data.fp = fp;
+       data.refname = NULL;
+       data.refnames = refnames;
+       data.msg_fmt = msg_fmt;
+       for_each_rawref(warn_if_dangling_symref, &data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Add a ref_entry to the ref_dir (unsorted), recursing into
- * subdirectories as necessary.  dir must represent the top-level
- * directory.  Return 0 on success.
- */
-static int add_ref(struct ref_dir *dir, struct ref_entry *ref)
+int refs_for_each_tag_ref(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       dir = find_containing_dir(dir, ref->name, 1);
-       if (!dir)
-               return -1;
-       add_entry_to_dir(dir, ref);
-       return 0;
+       return refs_for_each_ref_in(refs, "refs/tags/", fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Emit a warning and return true iff ref1 and ref2 have the same name
- * and the same sha1.  Die if they have the same name but different
- * sha1s.
- */
-static int is_dup_ref(const struct ref_entry *ref1, const struct ref_entry *ref2)
+int for_each_tag_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       if (strcmp(ref1->name, ref2->name))
-               return 0;
-
-       /* Duplicate name; make sure that they don't conflict: */
-
-       if ((ref1->flag & REF_DIR) || (ref2->flag & REF_DIR))
-               /* This is impossible by construction */
-               die("Reference directory conflict: %s", ref1->name);
-
-       if (hashcmp(ref1->u.value.sha1, ref2->u.value.sha1))
-               die("Duplicated ref, and SHA1s don't match: %s", ref1->name);
-
-       warning("Duplicated ref: %s", ref1->name);
-       return 1;
+       return refs_for_each_tag_ref(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Sort the entries in dir non-recursively (if they are not already
- * sorted) and remove any duplicate entries.
- */
-static void sort_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir)
+int refs_for_each_branch_ref(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       int i, j;
-       struct ref_entry *last = NULL;
-
-       /*
-        * This check also prevents passing a zero-length array to qsort(),
-        * which is a problem on some platforms.
-        */
-       if (dir->sorted == dir->nr)
-               return;
-
-       qsort(dir->entries, dir->nr, sizeof(*dir->entries), ref_entry_cmp);
-
-       /* Remove any duplicates: */
-       for (i = 0, j = 0; j < dir->nr; j++) {
-               struct ref_entry *entry = dir->entries[j];
-               if (last && is_dup_ref(last, entry))
-                       free_ref_entry(entry);
-               else
-                       last = dir->entries[i++] = entry;
-       }
-       dir->sorted = dir->nr = i;
+       return refs_for_each_ref_in(refs, "refs/heads/", fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/* Include broken references in a do_for_each_ref*() iteration: */
-#define DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN 0x01
-
-/*
- * Return true iff the reference described by entry can be resolved to
- * an object in the database.  Emit a warning if the referred-to
- * object does not exist.
- */
-static int ref_resolves_to_object(struct ref_entry *entry)
+int for_each_branch_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN)
-               return 0;
-       if (!has_sha1_file(entry->u.value.sha1)) {
-               error("%s does not point to a valid object!", entry->name);
-               return 0;
-       }
-       return 1;
+       return refs_for_each_branch_ref(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * current_ref is a performance hack: when iterating over references
- * using the for_each_ref*() functions, current_ref is set to the
- * current reference's entry before calling the callback function.  If
- * the callback function calls peel_ref(), then peel_ref() first
- * checks whether the reference to be peeled is the current reference
- * (it usually is) and if so, returns that reference's peeled version
- * if it is available.  This avoids a refname lookup in a common case.
- */
-static struct ref_entry *current_ref;
-
-typedef int each_ref_entry_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data);
-
-struct ref_entry_cb {
-       const char *base;
-       int trim;
-       int flags;
-       each_ref_fn *fn;
-       void *cb_data;
-};
-
-/*
- * Handle one reference in a do_for_each_ref*()-style iteration,
- * calling an each_ref_fn for each entry.
- */
-static int do_one_ref(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+int refs_for_each_remote_ref(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct ref_entry_cb *data = cb_data;
-       struct ref_entry *old_current_ref;
-       int retval;
-
-       if (!starts_with(entry->name, data->base))
-               return 0;
-
-       if (!(data->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN) &&
-             !ref_resolves_to_object(entry))
-               return 0;
-
-       /* Store the old value, in case this is a recursive call: */
-       old_current_ref = current_ref;
-       current_ref = entry;
-       retval = data->fn(entry->name + data->trim, entry->u.value.sha1,
-                         entry->flag, data->cb_data);
-       current_ref = old_current_ref;
-       return retval;
+       return refs_for_each_ref_in(refs, "refs/remotes/", fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Call fn for each reference in dir that has index in the range
- * offset <= index < dir->nr.  Recurse into subdirectories that are in
- * that index range, sorting them before iterating.  This function
- * does not sort dir itself; it should be sorted beforehand.  fn is
- * called for all references, including broken ones.
- */
-static int do_for_each_entry_in_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, int offset,
-                                   each_ref_entry_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int for_each_remote_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       int i;
-       assert(dir->sorted == dir->nr);
-       for (i = offset; i < dir->nr; i++) {
-               struct ref_entry *entry = dir->entries[i];
-               int retval;
-               if (entry->flag & REF_DIR) {
-                       struct ref_dir *subdir = get_ref_dir(entry);
-                       sort_ref_dir(subdir);
-                       retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(subdir, 0, fn, cb_data);
-               } else {
-                       retval = fn(entry, cb_data);
-               }
-               if (retval)
-                       return retval;
-       }
-       return 0;
+       return refs_for_each_remote_ref(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Call fn for each reference in the union of dir1 and dir2, in order
- * by refname.  Recurse into subdirectories.  If a value entry appears
- * in both dir1 and dir2, then only process the version that is in
- * dir2.  The input dirs must already be sorted, but subdirs will be
- * sorted as needed.  fn is called for all references, including
- * broken ones.
- */
-static int do_for_each_entry_in_dirs(struct ref_dir *dir1,
-                                    struct ref_dir *dir2,
-                                    each_ref_entry_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int head_ref_namespaced(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       int retval;
-       int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ret = 0;
+       struct object_id oid;
+       int flag;
 
-       assert(dir1->sorted == dir1->nr);
-       assert(dir2->sorted == dir2->nr);
-       while (1) {
-               struct ref_entry *e1, *e2;
-               int cmp;
-               if (i1 == dir1->nr) {
-                       return do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir2, i2, fn, cb_data);
-               }
-               if (i2 == dir2->nr) {
-                       return do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir1, i1, fn, cb_data);
-               }
-               e1 = dir1->entries[i1];
-               e2 = dir2->entries[i2];
-               cmp = strcmp(e1->name, e2->name);
-               if (cmp == 0) {
-                       if ((e1->flag & REF_DIR) && (e2->flag & REF_DIR)) {
-                               /* Both are directories; descend them in parallel. */
-                               struct ref_dir *subdir1 = get_ref_dir(e1);
-                               struct ref_dir *subdir2 = get_ref_dir(e2);
-                               sort_ref_dir(subdir1);
-                               sort_ref_dir(subdir2);
-                               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dirs(
-                                               subdir1, subdir2, fn, cb_data);
-                               i1++;
-                               i2++;
-                       } else if (!(e1->flag & REF_DIR) && !(e2->flag & REF_DIR)) {
-                               /* Both are references; ignore the one from dir1. */
-                               retval = fn(e2, cb_data);
-                               i1++;
-                               i2++;
-                       } else {
-                               die("conflict between reference and directory: %s",
-                                   e1->name);
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       struct ref_entry *e;
-                       if (cmp < 0) {
-                               e = e1;
-                               i1++;
-                       } else {
-                               e = e2;
-                               i2++;
-                       }
-                       if (e->flag & REF_DIR) {
-                               struct ref_dir *subdir = get_ref_dir(e);
-                               sort_ref_dir(subdir);
-                               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(
-                                               subdir, 0, fn, cb_data);
-                       } else {
-                               retval = fn(e, cb_data);
-                       }
-               }
-               if (retval)
-                       return retval;
-       }
-}
+       strbuf_addf(&buf, "%sHEAD", get_git_namespace());
+       if (!read_ref_full(buf.buf, RESOLVE_REF_READING, oid.hash, &flag))
+               ret = fn(buf.buf, &oid, flag, cb_data);
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
 
-/*
- * Load all of the refs from the dir into our in-memory cache. The hard work
- * of loading loose refs is done by get_ref_dir(), so we just need to recurse
- * through all of the sub-directories. We do not even need to care about
- * sorting, as traversal order does not matter to us.
- */
-static void prime_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir)
-{
-       int i;
-       for (i = 0; i < dir->nr; i++) {
-               struct ref_entry *entry = dir->entries[i];
-               if (entry->flag & REF_DIR)
-                       prime_ref_dir(get_ref_dir(entry));
-       }
+       return ret;
 }
-/*
- * Return true iff refname1 and refname2 conflict with each other.
- * Two reference names conflict if one of them exactly matches the
- * leading components of the other; e.g., "foo/bar" conflicts with
- * both "foo" and with "foo/bar/baz" but not with "foo/bar" or
- * "foo/barbados".
- */
-static int names_conflict(const char *refname1, const char *refname2)
+
+int for_each_glob_ref_in(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern,
+       const char *prefix, void *cb_data)
 {
-       for (; *refname1 && *refname1 == *refname2; refname1++, refname2++)
-               ;
-       return (*refname1 == '\0' && *refname2 == '/')
-               || (*refname1 == '/' && *refname2 == '\0');
-}
+       struct strbuf real_pattern = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct ref_filter filter;
+       int ret;
 
-struct name_conflict_cb {
-       const char *refname;
-       const char *oldrefname;
-       const char *conflicting_refname;
-};
+       if (!prefix && !starts_with(pattern, "refs/"))
+               strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, "refs/");
+       else if (prefix)
+               strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, prefix);
+       strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, pattern);
 
-static int name_conflict_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
-{
-       struct name_conflict_cb *data = (struct name_conflict_cb *)cb_data;
-       if (data->oldrefname && !strcmp(data->oldrefname, entry->name))
-               return 0;
-       if (names_conflict(data->refname, entry->name)) {
-               data->conflicting_refname = entry->name;
-               return 1;
+       if (!has_glob_specials(pattern)) {
+               /* Append implied '/' '*' if not present. */
+               strbuf_complete(&real_pattern, '/');
+               /* No need to check for '*', there is none. */
+               strbuf_addch(&real_pattern, '*');
        }
-       return 0;
-}
 
-/*
- * Return true iff a reference named refname could be created without
- * conflicting with the name of an existing reference in dir.  If
- * oldrefname is non-NULL, ignore potential conflicts with oldrefname
- * (e.g., because oldrefname is scheduled for deletion in the same
- * operation).
- */
-static int is_refname_available(const char *refname, const char *oldrefname,
-                               struct ref_dir *dir)
-{
-       struct name_conflict_cb data;
-       data.refname = refname;
-       data.oldrefname = oldrefname;
-       data.conflicting_refname = NULL;
+       filter.pattern = real_pattern.buf;
+       filter.fn = fn;
+       filter.cb_data = cb_data;
+       ret = for_each_ref(filter_refs, &filter);
 
-       sort_ref_dir(dir);
-       if (do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir, 0, name_conflict_fn, &data)) {
-               error("'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'",
-                     data.conflicting_refname, refname);
-               return 0;
-       }
-       return 1;
+       strbuf_release(&real_pattern);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-struct packed_ref_cache {
-       struct ref_entry *root;
-
-       /*
-        * Count of references to the data structure in this instance,
-        * including the pointer from ref_cache::packed if any.  The
-        * data will not be freed as long as the reference count is
-        * nonzero.
-        */
-       unsigned int referrers;
+int for_each_glob_ref(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern, void *cb_data)
+{
+       return for_each_glob_ref_in(fn, pattern, NULL, cb_data);
+}
 
-       /*
-        * Iff the packed-refs file associated with this instance is
-        * currently locked for writing, this points at the associated
-        * lock (which is owned by somebody else).  The referrer count
-        * is also incremented when the file is locked and decremented
-        * when it is unlocked.
-        */
-       struct lock_file *lock;
+const char *prettify_refname(const char *name)
+{
+       if (skip_prefix(name, "refs/heads/", &name) ||
+           skip_prefix(name, "refs/tags/", &name) ||
+           skip_prefix(name, "refs/remotes/", &name))
+               ; /* nothing */
+       return name;
+}
 
-       /* The metadata from when this packed-refs cache was read */
-       struct stat_validity validity;
+static const char *ref_rev_parse_rules[] = {
+       "%.*s",
+       "refs/%.*s",
+       "refs/tags/%.*s",
+       "refs/heads/%.*s",
+       "refs/remotes/%.*s",
+       "refs/remotes/%.*s/HEAD",
+       NULL
 };
 
-/*
- * Future: need to be in "struct repository"
- * when doing a full libification.
- */
-static struct ref_cache {
-       struct ref_cache *next;
-       struct ref_entry *loose;
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed;
-       /*
-        * The submodule name, or "" for the main repo.  We allocate
-        * length 1 rather than FLEX_ARRAY so that the main ref_cache
-        * is initialized correctly.
-        */
-       char name[1];
-} ref_cache, *submodule_ref_caches;
+int refname_match(const char *abbrev_name, const char *full_name)
+{
+       const char **p;
+       const int abbrev_name_len = strlen(abbrev_name);
 
-/* Lock used for the main packed-refs file: */
-static struct lock_file packlock;
+       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
+               if (!strcmp(full_name, mkpath(*p, abbrev_name_len, abbrev_name))) {
+                       return 1;
+               }
+       }
 
-/*
- * Increment the reference count of *packed_refs.
- */
-static void acquire_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
-{
-       packed_refs->referrers++;
+       return 0;
 }
 
 /*
- * Decrease the reference count of *packed_refs.  If it goes to zero,
- * free *packed_refs and return true; otherwise return false.
+ * *string and *len will only be substituted, and *string returned (for
+ * later free()ing) if the string passed in is a magic short-hand form
+ * to name a branch.
  */
-static int release_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
-{
-       if (!--packed_refs->referrers) {
-               free_ref_entry(packed_refs->root);
-               stat_validity_clear(&packed_refs->validity);
-               free(packed_refs);
-               return 1;
-       } else {
-               return 0;
-       }
-}
-
-static void clear_packed_ref_cache(struct ref_cache *refs)
+static char *substitute_branch_name(const char **string, int *len)
 {
-       if (refs->packed) {
-               struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs = refs->packed;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ret = interpret_branch_name(*string, *len, &buf, 0);
 
-               if (packed_refs->lock)
-                       die("internal error: packed-ref cache cleared while locked");
-               refs->packed = NULL;
-               release_packed_ref_cache(packed_refs);
+       if (ret == *len) {
+               size_t size;
+               *string = strbuf_detach(&buf, &size);
+               *len = size;
+               return (char *)*string;
        }
-}
 
-static void clear_loose_ref_cache(struct ref_cache *refs)
-{
-       if (refs->loose) {
-               free_ref_entry(refs->loose);
-               refs->loose = NULL;
-       }
+       return NULL;
 }
 
-static struct ref_cache *create_ref_cache(const char *submodule)
+int dwim_ref(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **ref)
 {
-       int len;
-       struct ref_cache *refs;
-       if (!submodule)
-               submodule = "";
-       len = strlen(submodule) + 1;
-       refs = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_cache) + len);
-       memcpy(refs->name, submodule, len);
-       return refs;
+       char *last_branch = substitute_branch_name(&str, &len);
+       int   refs_found  = expand_ref(str, len, sha1, ref);
+       free(last_branch);
+       return refs_found;
 }
 
-/*
- * Return a pointer to a ref_cache for the specified submodule. For
- * the main repository, use submodule==NULL. The returned structure
- * will be allocated and initialized but not necessarily populated; it
- * should not be freed.
- */
-static struct ref_cache *get_ref_cache(const char *submodule)
+int expand_ref(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **ref)
 {
-       struct ref_cache *refs;
-
-       if (!submodule || !*submodule)
-               return &ref_cache;
+       const char **p, *r;
+       int refs_found = 0;
+       struct strbuf fullref = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       for (refs = submodule_ref_caches; refs; refs = refs->next)
-               if (!strcmp(submodule, refs->name))
-                       return refs;
+       *ref = NULL;
+       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
+               unsigned char sha1_from_ref[20];
+               unsigned char *this_result;
+               int flag;
 
-       refs = create_ref_cache(submodule);
-       refs->next = submodule_ref_caches;
-       submodule_ref_caches = refs;
-       return refs;
+               this_result = refs_found ? sha1_from_ref : sha1;
+               strbuf_reset(&fullref);
+               strbuf_addf(&fullref, *p, len, str);
+               r = resolve_ref_unsafe(fullref.buf, RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+                                      this_result, &flag);
+               if (r) {
+                       if (!refs_found++)
+                               *ref = xstrdup(r);
+                       if (!warn_ambiguous_refs)
+                               break;
+               } else if ((flag & REF_ISSYMREF) && strcmp(fullref.buf, "HEAD")) {
+                       warning("ignoring dangling symref %s.", fullref.buf);
+               } else if ((flag & REF_ISBROKEN) && strchr(fullref.buf, '/')) {
+                       warning("ignoring broken ref %s.", fullref.buf);
+               }
+       }
+       strbuf_release(&fullref);
+       return refs_found;
 }
 
-/* The length of a peeled reference line in packed-refs, including EOL: */
-#define PEELED_LINE_LENGTH 42
-
-/*
- * The packed-refs header line that we write out.  Perhaps other
- * traits will be added later.  The trailing space is required.
- */
-static const char PACKED_REFS_HEADER[] =
-       "# pack-refs with: peeled fully-peeled \n";
-
-/*
- * Parse one line from a packed-refs file.  Write the SHA1 to sha1.
- * Return a pointer to the refname within the line (null-terminated),
- * or NULL if there was a problem.
- */
-static const char *parse_ref_line(char *line, unsigned char *sha1)
+int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **log)
 {
-       /*
-        * 42: the answer to everything.
-        *
-        * In this case, it happens to be the answer to
-        *  40 (length of sha1 hex representation)
-        *  +1 (space in between hex and name)
-        *  +1 (newline at the end of the line)
-        */
-       int len = strlen(line) - 42;
-
-       if (len <= 0)
-               return NULL;
-       if (get_sha1_hex(line, sha1) < 0)
-               return NULL;
-       if (!isspace(line[40]))
-               return NULL;
-       line += 41;
-       if (isspace(*line))
-               return NULL;
-       if (line[len] != '\n')
-               return NULL;
-       line[len] = 0;
+       char *last_branch = substitute_branch_name(&str, &len);
+       const char **p;
+       int logs_found = 0;
+       struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       return line;
-}
+       *log = NULL;
+       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
+               unsigned char hash[20];
+               const char *ref, *it;
 
-/*
- * Read f, which is a packed-refs file, into dir.
- *
- * A comment line of the form "# pack-refs with: " may contain zero or
- * more traits. We interpret the traits as follows:
- *
- *   No traits:
- *
- *      Probably no references are peeled. But if the file contains a
- *      peeled value for a reference, we will use it.
- *
- *   peeled:
- *
- *      References under "refs/tags/", if they *can* be peeled, *are*
- *      peeled in this file. References outside of "refs/tags/" are
- *      probably not peeled even if they could have been, but if we find
- *      a peeled value for such a reference we will use it.
- *
- *   fully-peeled:
- *
- *      All references in the file that can be peeled are peeled.
- *      Inversely (and this is more important), any references in the
- *      file for which no peeled value is recorded is not peelable. This
- *      trait should typically be written alongside "peeled" for
- *      compatibility with older clients, but we do not require it
- *      (i.e., "peeled" is a no-op if "fully-peeled" is set).
- */
-static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
-{
-       struct ref_entry *last = NULL;
-       char refline[PATH_MAX];
-       enum { PEELED_NONE, PEELED_TAGS, PEELED_FULLY } peeled = PEELED_NONE;
-
-       while (fgets(refline, sizeof(refline), f)) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
-               const char *refname;
-               static const char header[] = "# pack-refs with:";
-
-               if (!strncmp(refline, header, sizeof(header)-1)) {
-                       const char *traits = refline + sizeof(header) - 1;
-                       if (strstr(traits, " fully-peeled "))
-                               peeled = PEELED_FULLY;
-                       else if (strstr(traits, " peeled "))
-                               peeled = PEELED_TAGS;
-                       /* perhaps other traits later as well */
+               strbuf_reset(&path);
+               strbuf_addf(&path, *p, len, str);
+               ref = resolve_ref_unsafe(path.buf, RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+                                        hash, NULL);
+               if (!ref)
                        continue;
-               }
-
-               refname = parse_ref_line(refline, sha1);
-               if (refname) {
-                       last = create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1);
-                       if (peeled == PEELED_FULLY ||
-                           (peeled == PEELED_TAGS && starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/")))
-                               last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-                       add_ref(dir, last);
+               if (reflog_exists(path.buf))
+                       it = path.buf;
+               else if (strcmp(ref, path.buf) && reflog_exists(ref))
+                       it = ref;
+               else
                        continue;
+               if (!logs_found++) {
+                       *log = xstrdup(it);
+                       hashcpy(sha1, hash);
                }
-               if (last &&
-                   refline[0] == '^' &&
-                   strlen(refline) == PEELED_LINE_LENGTH &&
-                   refline[PEELED_LINE_LENGTH - 1] == '\n' &&
-                   !get_sha1_hex(refline + 1, sha1)) {
-                       hashcpy(last->u.value.peeled, sha1);
-                       /*
-                        * Regardless of what the file header said,
-                        * we definitely know the value of *this*
-                        * reference:
-                        */
-                       last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-               }
+               if (!warn_ambiguous_refs)
+                       break;
        }
+       strbuf_release(&path);
+       free(last_branch);
+       return logs_found;
 }
 
-/*
- * Get the packed_ref_cache for the specified ref_cache, creating it
- * if necessary.
- */
-static struct packed_ref_cache *get_packed_ref_cache(struct ref_cache *refs)
+static int is_per_worktree_ref(const char *refname)
 {
-       const char *packed_refs_file;
-
-       if (*refs->name)
-               packed_refs_file = git_path_submodule(refs->name, "packed-refs");
-       else
-               packed_refs_file = git_path("packed-refs");
-
-       if (refs->packed &&
-           !stat_validity_check(&refs->packed->validity, packed_refs_file))
-               clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-
-       if (!refs->packed) {
-               FILE *f;
-
-               refs->packed = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*refs->packed));
-               acquire_packed_ref_cache(refs->packed);
-               refs->packed->root = create_dir_entry(refs, "", 0, 0);
-               f = fopen(packed_refs_file, "r");
-               if (f) {
-                       stat_validity_update(&refs->packed->validity, fileno(f));
-                       read_packed_refs(f, get_ref_dir(refs->packed->root));
-                       fclose(f);
-               }
-       }
-       return refs->packed;
+       return !strcmp(refname, "HEAD") ||
+               starts_with(refname, "refs/bisect/");
 }
 
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_ref_dir(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache)
+static int is_pseudoref_syntax(const char *refname)
 {
-       return get_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache->root);
+       const char *c;
+
+       for (c = refname; *c; c++) {
+               if (!isupper(*c) && *c != '-' && *c != '_')
+                       return 0;
+       }
+
+       return 1;
 }
 
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_refs(struct ref_cache *refs)
+enum ref_type ref_type(const char *refname)
 {
-       return get_packed_ref_dir(get_packed_ref_cache(refs));
+       if (is_per_worktree_ref(refname))
+               return REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE;
+       if (is_pseudoref_syntax(refname))
+               return REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF;
+       return REF_TYPE_NORMAL;
 }
 
-void add_packed_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1)
+long get_files_ref_lock_timeout_ms(void)
 {
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
-               get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+       static int configured = 0;
+
+       /* The default timeout is 100 ms: */
+       static int timeout_ms = 100;
+
+       if (!configured) {
+               git_config_get_int("core.filesreflocktimeout", &timeout_ms);
+               configured = 1;
+       }
 
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed refs not locked");
-       add_ref(get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache),
-               create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1));
+       return timeout_ms;
 }
 
-/*
- * Read the loose references from the namespace dirname into dir
- * (without recursing).  dirname must end with '/'.  dir must be the
- * directory entry corresponding to dirname.
- */
-static void read_loose_refs(const char *dirname, struct ref_dir *dir)
+static int write_pseudoref(const char *pseudoref, const unsigned char *sha1,
+                          const unsigned char *old_sha1, struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       struct ref_cache *refs = dir->ref_cache;
-       DIR *d;
-       const char *path;
-       struct dirent *de;
-       int dirnamelen = strlen(dirname);
-       struct strbuf refname;
-
-       if (*refs->name)
-               path = git_path_submodule(refs->name, "%s", dirname);
-       else
-               path = git_path("%s", dirname);
+       const char *filename;
+       int fd;
+       static struct lock_file lock;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ret = -1;
 
-       d = opendir(path);
-       if (!d)
-               return;
+       strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 
-       strbuf_init(&refname, dirnamelen + 257);
-       strbuf_add(&refname, dirname, dirnamelen);
+       filename = git_path("%s", pseudoref);
+       fd = hold_lock_file_for_update_timeout(&lock, filename,
+                                              LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR,
+                                              get_files_ref_lock_timeout_ms());
+       if (fd < 0) {
+               strbuf_addf(err, "could not open '%s' for writing: %s",
+                           filename, strerror(errno));
+               goto done;
+       }
 
-       while ((de = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
-               struct stat st;
-               int flag;
-               const char *refdir;
+       if (old_sha1) {
+               unsigned char actual_old_sha1[20];
 
-               if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
-                       continue;
-               if (has_extension(de->d_name, ".lock"))
-                       continue;
-               strbuf_addstr(&refname, de->d_name);
-               refdir = *refs->name
-                       ? git_path_submodule(refs->name, "%s", refname.buf)
-                       : git_path("%s", refname.buf);
-               if (stat(refdir, &st) < 0) {
-                       ; /* silently ignore */
-               } else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-                       strbuf_addch(&refname, '/');
-                       add_entry_to_dir(dir,
-                                        create_dir_entry(refs, refname.buf,
-                                                         refname.len, 1));
-               } else {
-                       if (*refs->name) {
-                               hashclr(sha1);
-                               flag = 0;
-                               if (resolve_gitlink_ref(refs->name, refname.buf, sha1) < 0) {
-                                       hashclr(sha1);
-                                       flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-                               }
-                       } else if (read_ref_full(refname.buf, sha1, 1, &flag)) {
-                               hashclr(sha1);
-                               flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-                       }
-                       add_entry_to_dir(dir,
-                                        create_ref_entry(refname.buf, sha1, flag, 1));
+               if (read_ref(pseudoref, actual_old_sha1))
+                       die("could not read ref '%s'", pseudoref);
+               if (hashcmp(actual_old_sha1, old_sha1)) {
+                       strbuf_addf(err, "unexpected sha1 when writing '%s'", pseudoref);
+                       rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+                       goto done;
                }
-               strbuf_setlen(&refname, dirnamelen);
        }
-       strbuf_release(&refname);
-       closedir(d);
-}
 
-static struct ref_dir *get_loose_refs(struct ref_cache *refs)
-{
-       if (!refs->loose) {
-               /*
-                * Mark the top-level directory complete because we
-                * are about to read the only subdirectory that can
-                * hold references:
-                */
-               refs->loose = create_dir_entry(refs, "", 0, 0);
-               /*
-                * Create an incomplete entry for "refs/":
-                */
-               add_entry_to_dir(get_ref_dir(refs->loose),
-                                create_dir_entry(refs, "refs/", 5, 1));
+       if (write_in_full(fd, buf.buf, buf.len) < 0) {
+               strbuf_addf(err, "could not write to '%s'", filename);
+               rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+               goto done;
        }
-       return get_ref_dir(refs->loose);
-}
-
-/* We allow "recursive" symbolic refs. Only within reason, though */
-#define MAXDEPTH 5
-#define MAXREFLEN (1024)
 
-/*
- * Called by resolve_gitlink_ref_recursive() after it failed to read
- * from the loose refs in ref_cache refs. Find <refname> in the
- * packed-refs file for the submodule.
- */
-static int resolve_gitlink_packed_ref(struct ref_cache *refs,
-                                     const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       struct ref_entry *ref;
-       struct ref_dir *dir = get_packed_refs(refs);
-
-       ref = find_ref(dir, refname);
-       if (ref == NULL)
-               return -1;
-
-       hashcpy(sha1, ref->u.value.sha1);
-       return 0;
+       commit_lock_file(&lock);
+       ret = 0;
+done:
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static int resolve_gitlink_ref_recursive(struct ref_cache *refs,
-                                        const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1,
-                                        int recursion)
+static int delete_pseudoref(const char *pseudoref, const unsigned char *old_sha1)
 {
-       int fd, len;
-       char buffer[128], *p;
-       char *path;
+       static struct lock_file lock;
+       const char *filename;
 
-       if (recursion > MAXDEPTH || strlen(refname) > MAXREFLEN)
-               return -1;
-       path = *refs->name
-               ? git_path_submodule(refs->name, "%s", refname)
-               : git_path("%s", refname);
-       fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
-       if (fd < 0)
-               return resolve_gitlink_packed_ref(refs, refname, sha1);
-
-       len = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
-       close(fd);
-       if (len < 0)
-               return -1;
-       while (len && isspace(buffer[len-1]))
-               len--;
-       buffer[len] = 0;
+       filename = git_path("%s", pseudoref);
 
-       /* Was it a detached head or an old-fashioned symlink? */
-       if (!get_sha1_hex(buffer, sha1))
-               return 0;
+       if (old_sha1 && !is_null_sha1(old_sha1)) {
+               int fd;
+               unsigned char actual_old_sha1[20];
+
+               fd = hold_lock_file_for_update_timeout(
+                               &lock, filename, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR,
+                               get_files_ref_lock_timeout_ms());
+               if (fd < 0)
+                       die_errno(_("Could not open '%s' for writing"), filename);
+               if (read_ref(pseudoref, actual_old_sha1))
+                       die("could not read ref '%s'", pseudoref);
+               if (hashcmp(actual_old_sha1, old_sha1)) {
+                       warning("Unexpected sha1 when deleting %s", pseudoref);
+                       rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+                       return -1;
+               }
 
-       /* Symref? */
-       if (strncmp(buffer, "ref:", 4))
-               return -1;
-       p = buffer + 4;
-       while (isspace(*p))
-               p++;
+               unlink(filename);
+               rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+       } else {
+               unlink(filename);
+       }
 
-       return resolve_gitlink_ref_recursive(refs, p, sha1, recursion+1);
+       return 0;
 }
 
-int resolve_gitlink_ref(const char *path, const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
+int refs_delete_ref(struct ref_store *refs, const char *msg,
+                   const char *refname,
+                   const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                   unsigned int flags)
 {
-       int len = strlen(path), retval;
-       char *submodule;
-       struct ref_cache *refs;
+       struct ref_transaction *transaction;
+       struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       while (len && path[len-1] == '/')
-               len--;
-       if (!len)
-               return -1;
-       submodule = xstrndup(path, len);
-       refs = get_ref_cache(submodule);
-       free(submodule);
+       if (ref_type(refname) == REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF) {
+               assert(refs == get_main_ref_store());
+               return delete_pseudoref(refname, old_sha1);
+       }
 
-       retval = resolve_gitlink_ref_recursive(refs, refname, sha1, 0);
-       return retval;
+       transaction = ref_store_transaction_begin(refs, &err);
+       if (!transaction ||
+           ref_transaction_delete(transaction, refname, old_sha1,
+                                  flags, msg, &err) ||
+           ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &err)) {
+               error("%s", err.buf);
+               ref_transaction_free(transaction);
+               strbuf_release(&err);
+               return 1;
+       }
+       ref_transaction_free(transaction);
+       strbuf_release(&err);
+       return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Return the ref_entry for the given refname from the packed
- * references.  If it does not exist, return NULL.
- */
-static struct ref_entry *get_packed_ref(const char *refname)
+int delete_ref(const char *msg, const char *refname,
+              const unsigned char *old_sha1, unsigned int flags)
 {
-       return find_ref(get_packed_refs(&ref_cache), refname);
+       return refs_delete_ref(get_main_ref_store(), msg, refname,
+                              old_sha1, flags);
 }
 
-/*
- * A loose ref file doesn't exist; check for a packed ref.  The
- * options are forwarded from resolve_safe_unsafe().
- */
-static const char *handle_missing_loose_ref(const char *refname,
-                                           unsigned char *sha1,
-                                           int reading,
-                                           int *flag)
+int copy_reflog_msg(char *buf, const char *msg)
 {
-       struct ref_entry *entry;
-
-       /*
-        * The loose reference file does not exist; check for a packed
-        * reference.
-        */
-       entry = get_packed_ref(refname);
-       if (entry) {
-               hashcpy(sha1, entry->u.value.sha1);
-               if (flag)
-                       *flag |= REF_ISPACKED;
-               return refname;
-       }
-       /* The reference is not a packed reference, either. */
-       if (reading) {
-               return NULL;
-       } else {
-               hashclr(sha1);
-               return refname;
-       }
-}
-
-const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int reading, int *flag)
-{
-       int depth = MAXDEPTH;
-       ssize_t len;
-       char buffer[256];
-       static char refname_buffer[256];
-
-       if (flag)
-               *flag = 0;
-
-       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL))
-               return NULL;
-
-       for (;;) {
-               char path[PATH_MAX];
-               struct stat st;
-               char *buf;
-               int fd;
-
-               if (--depth < 0)
-                       return NULL;
-
-               git_snpath(path, sizeof(path), "%s", refname);
-
-               /*
-                * We might have to loop back here to avoid a race
-                * condition: first we lstat() the file, then we try
-                * to read it as a link or as a file.  But if somebody
-                * changes the type of the file (file <-> directory
-                * <-> symlink) between the lstat() and reading, then
-                * we don't want to report that as an error but rather
-                * try again starting with the lstat().
-                */
-       stat_ref:
-               if (lstat(path, &st) < 0) {
-                       if (errno == ENOENT)
-                               return handle_missing_loose_ref(refname, sha1,
-                                                               reading, flag);
-                       else
-                               return NULL;
-               }
-
-               /* Follow "normalized" - ie "refs/.." symlinks by hand */
-               if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
-                       len = readlink(path, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
-                       if (len < 0) {
-                               if (errno == ENOENT || errno == EINVAL)
-                                       /* inconsistent with lstat; retry */
-                                       goto stat_ref;
-                               else
-                                       return NULL;
-                       }
-                       buffer[len] = 0;
-                       if (starts_with(buffer, "refs/") &&
-                                       !check_refname_format(buffer, 0)) {
-                               strcpy(refname_buffer, buffer);
-                               refname = refname_buffer;
-                               if (flag)
-                                       *flag |= REF_ISSYMREF;
-                               continue;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               /* Is it a directory? */
-               if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-                       errno = EISDIR;
-                       return NULL;
-               }
-
-               /*
-                * Anything else, just open it and try to use it as
-                * a ref
-                */
-               fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
-               if (fd < 0) {
-                       if (errno == ENOENT)
-                               /* inconsistent with lstat; retry */
-                               goto stat_ref;
-                       else
-                               return NULL;
-               }
-               len = read_in_full(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
-               close(fd);
-               if (len < 0)
-                       return NULL;
-               while (len && isspace(buffer[len-1]))
-                       len--;
-               buffer[len] = '\0';
+       char *cp = buf;
+       char c;
+       int wasspace = 1;
 
-               /*
-                * Is it a symbolic ref?
-                */
-               if (!starts_with(buffer, "ref:")) {
-                       /*
-                        * Please note that FETCH_HEAD has a second
-                        * line containing other data.
-                        */
-                       if (get_sha1_hex(buffer, sha1) ||
-                           (buffer[40] != '\0' && !isspace(buffer[40]))) {
-                               if (flag)
-                                       *flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-                               return NULL;
-                       }
-                       return refname;
-               }
-               if (flag)
-                       *flag |= REF_ISSYMREF;
-               buf = buffer + 4;
-               while (isspace(*buf))
-                       buf++;
-               if (check_refname_format(buf, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
-                       if (flag)
-                               *flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-                       return NULL;
-               }
-               refname = strcpy(refname_buffer, buf);
+       *cp++ = '\t';
+       while ((c = *msg++)) {
+               if (wasspace && isspace(c))
+                       continue;
+               wasspace = isspace(c);
+               if (wasspace)
+                       c = ' ';
+               *cp++ = c;
        }
+       while (buf < cp && isspace(cp[-1]))
+               cp--;
+       *cp++ = '\n';
+       return cp - buf;
 }
 
-char *resolve_refdup(const char *ref, unsigned char *sha1, int reading, int *flag)
-{
-       const char *ret = resolve_ref_unsafe(ref, sha1, reading, flag);
-       return ret ? xstrdup(ret) : NULL;
-}
-
-/* The argument to filter_refs */
-struct ref_filter {
-       const char *pattern;
-       each_ref_fn *fn;
-       void *cb_data;
-};
-
-int read_ref_full(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int reading, int *flags)
+int should_autocreate_reflog(const char *refname)
 {
-       if (resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, sha1, reading, flags))
+       switch (log_all_ref_updates) {
+       case LOG_REFS_ALWAYS:
+               return 1;
+       case LOG_REFS_NORMAL:
+               return starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/") ||
+                       starts_with(refname, "refs/remotes/") ||
+                       starts_with(refname, "refs/notes/") ||
+                       !strcmp(refname, "HEAD");
+       default:
                return 0;
-       return -1;
-}
-
-int read_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       return read_ref_full(refname, sha1, 1, NULL);
-}
-
-int ref_exists(const char *refname)
-{
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       return !!resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, sha1, 1, NULL);
+       }
 }
 
-static int filter_refs(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int flags,
-                      void *data)
+int is_branch(const char *refname)
 {
-       struct ref_filter *filter = (struct ref_filter *)data;
-       if (wildmatch(filter->pattern, refname, 0, NULL))
-               return 0;
-       return filter->fn(refname, sha1, flags, filter->cb_data);
+       return !strcmp(refname, "HEAD") || starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/");
 }
 
-enum peel_status {
-       /* object was peeled successfully: */
-       PEEL_PEELED = 0,
-
-       /*
-        * object cannot be peeled because the named object (or an
-        * object referred to by a tag in the peel chain), does not
-        * exist.
-        */
-       PEEL_INVALID = -1,
-
-       /* object cannot be peeled because it is not a tag: */
-       PEEL_NON_TAG = -2,
-
-       /* ref_entry contains no peeled value because it is a symref: */
-       PEEL_IS_SYMREF = -3,
-
-       /*
-        * ref_entry cannot be peeled because it is broken (i.e., the
-        * symbolic reference cannot even be resolved to an object
-        * name):
-        */
-       PEEL_BROKEN = -4
+struct read_ref_at_cb {
+       const char *refname;
+       timestamp_t at_time;
+       int cnt;
+       int reccnt;
+       unsigned char *sha1;
+       int found_it;
+
+       unsigned char osha1[20];
+       unsigned char nsha1[20];
+       int tz;
+       timestamp_t date;
+       char **msg;
+       timestamp_t *cutoff_time;
+       int *cutoff_tz;
+       int *cutoff_cnt;
 };
 
-/*
- * Peel the named object; i.e., if the object is a tag, resolve the
- * tag recursively until a non-tag is found.  If successful, store the
- * result to sha1 and return PEEL_PEELED.  If the object is not a tag
- * or is not valid, return PEEL_NON_TAG or PEEL_INVALID, respectively,
- * and leave sha1 unchanged.
- */
-static enum peel_status peel_object(const unsigned char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       struct object *o = lookup_unknown_object(name);
-
-       if (o->type == OBJ_NONE) {
-               int type = sha1_object_info(name, NULL);
-               if (type < 0 || !object_as_type(o, type, 0))
-                       return PEEL_INVALID;
-       }
-
-       if (o->type != OBJ_TAG)
-               return PEEL_NON_TAG;
-
-       o = deref_tag_noverify(o);
-       if (!o)
-               return PEEL_INVALID;
-
-       hashcpy(sha1, o->sha1);
-       return PEEL_PEELED;
-}
-
-/*
- * Peel the entry (if possible) and return its new peel_status.  If
- * repeel is true, re-peel the entry even if there is an old peeled
- * value that is already stored in it.
- *
- * It is OK to call this function with a packed reference entry that
- * might be stale and might even refer to an object that has since
- * been garbage-collected.  In such a case, if the entry has
- * REF_KNOWS_PEELED then leave the status unchanged and return
- * PEEL_PEELED or PEEL_NON_TAG; otherwise, return PEEL_INVALID.
- */
-static enum peel_status peel_entry(struct ref_entry *entry, int repeel)
-{
-       enum peel_status status;
-
-       if (entry->flag & REF_KNOWS_PEELED) {
-               if (repeel) {
-                       entry->flag &= ~REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-                       hashclr(entry->u.value.peeled);
-               } else {
-                       return is_null_sha1(entry->u.value.peeled) ?
-                               PEEL_NON_TAG : PEEL_PEELED;
+static int read_ref_at_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
+               const char *email, timestamp_t timestamp, int tz,
+               const char *message, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct read_ref_at_cb *cb = cb_data;
+
+       cb->reccnt++;
+       cb->tz = tz;
+       cb->date = timestamp;
+
+       if (timestamp <= cb->at_time || cb->cnt == 0) {
+               if (cb->msg)
+                       *cb->msg = xstrdup(message);
+               if (cb->cutoff_time)
+                       *cb->cutoff_time = timestamp;
+               if (cb->cutoff_tz)
+                       *cb->cutoff_tz = tz;
+               if (cb->cutoff_cnt)
+                       *cb->cutoff_cnt = cb->reccnt - 1;
+               /*
+                * we have not yet updated cb->[n|o]sha1 so they still
+                * hold the values for the previous record.
+                */
+               if (!is_null_sha1(cb->osha1)) {
+                       hashcpy(cb->sha1, noid->hash);
+                       if (hashcmp(cb->osha1, noid->hash))
+                               warning("Log for ref %s has gap after %s.",
+                                       cb->refname, show_date(cb->date, cb->tz, DATE_MODE(RFC2822)));
                }
+               else if (cb->date == cb->at_time)
+                       hashcpy(cb->sha1, noid->hash);
+               else if (hashcmp(noid->hash, cb->sha1))
+                       warning("Log for ref %s unexpectedly ended on %s.",
+                               cb->refname, show_date(cb->date, cb->tz,
+                                                      DATE_MODE(RFC2822)));
+               hashcpy(cb->osha1, ooid->hash);
+               hashcpy(cb->nsha1, noid->hash);
+               cb->found_it = 1;
+               return 1;
        }
-       if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN)
-               return PEEL_BROKEN;
-       if (entry->flag & REF_ISSYMREF)
-               return PEEL_IS_SYMREF;
+       hashcpy(cb->osha1, ooid->hash);
+       hashcpy(cb->nsha1, noid->hash);
+       if (cb->cnt > 0)
+               cb->cnt--;
+       return 0;
+}
 
-       status = peel_object(entry->u.value.sha1, entry->u.value.peeled);
-       if (status == PEEL_PEELED || status == PEEL_NON_TAG)
-               entry->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-       return status;
+static int read_ref_at_ent_oldest(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
+                                 const char *email, timestamp_t timestamp,
+                                 int tz, const char *message, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct read_ref_at_cb *cb = cb_data;
+
+       if (cb->msg)
+               *cb->msg = xstrdup(message);
+       if (cb->cutoff_time)
+               *cb->cutoff_time = timestamp;
+       if (cb->cutoff_tz)
+               *cb->cutoff_tz = tz;
+       if (cb->cutoff_cnt)
+               *cb->cutoff_cnt = cb->reccnt;
+       hashcpy(cb->sha1, ooid->hash);
+       if (is_null_sha1(cb->sha1))
+               hashcpy(cb->sha1, noid->hash);
+       /* We just want the first entry */
+       return 1;
 }
 
-int peel_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
+int read_ref_at(const char *refname, unsigned int flags, timestamp_t at_time, int cnt,
+               unsigned char *sha1, char **msg,
+               timestamp_t *cutoff_time, int *cutoff_tz, int *cutoff_cnt)
 {
-       int flag;
-       unsigned char base[20];
+       struct read_ref_at_cb cb;
 
-       if (current_ref && (current_ref->name == refname
-                           || !strcmp(current_ref->name, refname))) {
-               if (peel_entry(current_ref, 0))
-                       return -1;
-               hashcpy(sha1, current_ref->u.value.peeled);
-               return 0;
-       }
+       memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
+       cb.refname = refname;
+       cb.at_time = at_time;
+       cb.cnt = cnt;
+       cb.msg = msg;
+       cb.cutoff_time = cutoff_time;
+       cb.cutoff_tz = cutoff_tz;
+       cb.cutoff_cnt = cutoff_cnt;
+       cb.sha1 = sha1;
 
-       if (read_ref_full(refname, base, 1, &flag))
-               return -1;
+       for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(refname, read_ref_at_ent, &cb);
 
-       /*
-        * If the reference is packed, read its ref_entry from the
-        * cache in the hope that we already know its peeled value.
-        * We only try this optimization on packed references because
-        * (a) forcing the filling of the loose reference cache could
-        * be expensive and (b) loose references anyway usually do not
-        * have REF_KNOWS_PEELED.
-        */
-       if (flag & REF_ISPACKED) {
-               struct ref_entry *r = get_packed_ref(refname);
-               if (r) {
-                       if (peel_entry(r, 0))
-                               return -1;
-                       hashcpy(sha1, r->u.value.peeled);
-                       return 0;
-               }
+       if (!cb.reccnt) {
+               if (flags & GET_OID_QUIETLY)
+                       exit(128);
+               else
+                       die("Log for %s is empty.", refname);
        }
-
-       return peel_object(base, sha1);
-}
-
-struct warn_if_dangling_data {
-       FILE *fp;
-       const char *refname;
-       const struct string_list *refnames;
-       const char *msg_fmt;
-};
-
-static int warn_if_dangling_symref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
-                                  int flags, void *cb_data)
-{
-       struct warn_if_dangling_data *d = cb_data;
-       const char *resolves_to;
-       unsigned char junk[20];
-
-       if (!(flags & REF_ISSYMREF))
+       if (cb.found_it)
                return 0;
 
-       resolves_to = resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, junk, 0, NULL);
-       if (!resolves_to
-           || (d->refname
-               ? strcmp(resolves_to, d->refname)
-               : !string_list_has_string(d->refnames, resolves_to))) {
-               return 0;
-       }
+       for_each_reflog_ent(refname, read_ref_at_ent_oldest, &cb);
 
-       fprintf(d->fp, d->msg_fmt, refname);
-       fputc('\n', d->fp);
-       return 0;
+       return 1;
 }
 
-void warn_dangling_symref(FILE *fp, const char *msg_fmt, const char *refname)
+struct ref_transaction *ref_store_transaction_begin(struct ref_store *refs,
+                                                   struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       struct warn_if_dangling_data data;
+       struct ref_transaction *tr;
+       assert(err);
 
-       data.fp = fp;
-       data.refname = refname;
-       data.refnames = NULL;
-       data.msg_fmt = msg_fmt;
-       for_each_rawref(warn_if_dangling_symref, &data);
+       tr = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_transaction));
+       tr->ref_store = refs;
+       return tr;
 }
 
-void warn_dangling_symrefs(FILE *fp, const char *msg_fmt, const struct string_list *refnames)
+struct ref_transaction *ref_transaction_begin(struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       struct warn_if_dangling_data data;
-
-       data.fp = fp;
-       data.refname = NULL;
-       data.refnames = refnames;
-       data.msg_fmt = msg_fmt;
-       for_each_rawref(warn_if_dangling_symref, &data);
+       return ref_store_transaction_begin(get_main_ref_store(), err);
 }
 
-/*
- * Call fn for each reference in the specified ref_cache, omitting
- * references not in the containing_dir of base.  fn is called for all
- * references, including broken ones.  If fn ever returns a non-zero
- * value, stop the iteration and return that value; otherwise, return
- * 0.
- */
-static int do_for_each_entry(struct ref_cache *refs, const char *base,
-                            each_ref_entry_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+void ref_transaction_free(struct ref_transaction *transaction)
 {
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
-       struct ref_dir *loose_dir;
-       struct ref_dir *packed_dir;
-       int retval = 0;
+       size_t i;
 
-       /*
-        * We must make sure that all loose refs are read before accessing the
-        * packed-refs file; this avoids a race condition in which loose refs
-        * are migrated to the packed-refs file by a simultaneous process, but
-        * our in-memory view is from before the migration. get_packed_ref_cache()
-        * takes care of making sure our view is up to date with what is on
-        * disk.
-        */
-       loose_dir = get_loose_refs(refs);
-       if (base && *base) {
-               loose_dir = find_containing_dir(loose_dir, base, 0);
-       }
-       if (loose_dir)
-               prime_ref_dir(loose_dir);
-
-       packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       packed_dir = get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache);
-       if (base && *base) {
-               packed_dir = find_containing_dir(packed_dir, base, 0);
-       }
+       if (!transaction)
+               return;
 
-       if (packed_dir && loose_dir) {
-               sort_ref_dir(packed_dir);
-               sort_ref_dir(loose_dir);
-               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dirs(
-                               packed_dir, loose_dir, fn, cb_data);
-       } else if (packed_dir) {
-               sort_ref_dir(packed_dir);
-               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(
-                               packed_dir, 0, fn, cb_data);
-       } else if (loose_dir) {
-               sort_ref_dir(loose_dir);
-               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(
-                               loose_dir, 0, fn, cb_data);
+       switch (transaction->state) {
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN:
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED:
+               /* OK */
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED:
+               die("BUG: free called on a prepared reference transaction");
+               break;
+       default:
+               die("BUG: unexpected reference transaction state");
+               break;
        }
 
-       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       return retval;
-}
-
-/*
- * Call fn for each reference in the specified ref_cache for which the
- * refname begins with base.  If trim is non-zero, then trim that many
- * characters off the beginning of each refname before passing the
- * refname to fn.  flags can be DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN to include
- * broken references in the iteration.  If fn ever returns a non-zero
- * value, stop the iteration and return that value; otherwise, return
- * 0.
- */
-static int do_for_each_ref(struct ref_cache *refs, const char *base,
-                          each_ref_fn fn, int trim, int flags, void *cb_data)
-{
-       struct ref_entry_cb data;
-       data.base = base;
-       data.trim = trim;
-       data.flags = flags;
-       data.fn = fn;
-       data.cb_data = cb_data;
-
-       return do_for_each_entry(refs, base, do_one_ref, &data);
-}
-
-static int do_head_ref(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       int flag;
-
-       if (submodule) {
-               if (resolve_gitlink_ref(submodule, "HEAD", sha1) == 0)
-                       return fn("HEAD", sha1, 0, cb_data);
-
-               return 0;
+       for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
+               free(transaction->updates[i]->msg);
+               free(transaction->updates[i]);
        }
-
-       if (!read_ref_full("HEAD", sha1, 1, &flag))
-               return fn("HEAD", sha1, flag, cb_data);
-
-       return 0;
+       free(transaction->updates);
+       free(transaction);
 }
 
-int head_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+struct ref_update *ref_transaction_add_update(
+               struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+               const char *refname, unsigned int flags,
+               const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+               const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+               const char *msg)
 {
-       return do_head_ref(NULL, fn, cb_data);
-}
+       struct ref_update *update;
 
-int head_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return do_head_ref(submodule, fn, cb_data);
-}
+       if (transaction->state != REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN)
+               die("BUG: update called for transaction that is not open");
 
-int for_each_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
-}
+       if ((flags & REF_ISPRUNING) && !(flags & REF_NODEREF))
+               die("BUG: REF_ISPRUNING set without REF_NODEREF");
 
-int for_each_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return do_for_each_ref(get_ref_cache(submodule), "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
-}
+       FLEX_ALLOC_STR(update, refname, refname);
+       ALLOC_GROW(transaction->updates, transaction->nr + 1, transaction->alloc);
+       transaction->updates[transaction->nr++] = update;
 
-int for_each_ref_in(const char *prefix, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
-}
+       update->flags = flags;
 
-int for_each_ref_in_submodule(const char *submodule, const char *prefix,
-               each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return do_for_each_ref(get_ref_cache(submodule), prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
+       if (flags & REF_HAVE_NEW)
+               hashcpy(update->new_oid.hash, new_sha1);
+       if (flags & REF_HAVE_OLD)
+               hashcpy(update->old_oid.hash, old_sha1);
+       update->msg = xstrdup_or_null(msg);
+       return update;
 }
 
-int for_each_tag_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int ref_transaction_update(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          const char *refname,
+                          const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+                          const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                          unsigned int flags, const char *msg,
+                          struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       return for_each_ref_in("refs/tags/", fn, cb_data);
-}
+       assert(err);
 
-int for_each_tag_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return for_each_ref_in_submodule(submodule, "refs/tags/", fn, cb_data);
-}
+       if ((new_sha1 && !is_null_sha1(new_sha1)) ?
+           check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL) :
+           !refname_is_safe(refname)) {
+               strbuf_addf(err, "refusing to update ref with bad name '%s'",
+                           refname);
+               return -1;
+       }
 
-int for_each_branch_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return for_each_ref_in("refs/heads/", fn, cb_data);
-}
+       flags &= REF_TRANSACTION_UPDATE_ALLOWED_FLAGS;
 
-int for_each_branch_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return for_each_ref_in_submodule(submodule, "refs/heads/", fn, cb_data);
-}
+       flags |= (new_sha1 ? REF_HAVE_NEW : 0) | (old_sha1 ? REF_HAVE_OLD : 0);
 
-int for_each_remote_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       return for_each_ref_in("refs/remotes/", fn, cb_data);
+       ref_transaction_add_update(transaction, refname, flags,
+                                  new_sha1, old_sha1, msg);
+       return 0;
 }
 
-int for_each_remote_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int ref_transaction_create(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          const char *refname,
+                          const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+                          unsigned int flags, const char *msg,
+                          struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       return for_each_ref_in_submodule(submodule, "refs/remotes/", fn, cb_data);
+       if (!new_sha1 || is_null_sha1(new_sha1))
+               die("BUG: create called without valid new_sha1");
+       return ref_transaction_update(transaction, refname, new_sha1,
+                                     null_sha1, flags, msg, err);
 }
 
-int for_each_replace_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int ref_transaction_delete(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          const char *refname,
+                          const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                          unsigned int flags, const char *msg,
+                          struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, "refs/replace/", fn, 13, 0, cb_data);
+       if (old_sha1 && is_null_sha1(old_sha1))
+               die("BUG: delete called with old_sha1 set to zeros");
+       return ref_transaction_update(transaction, refname,
+                                     null_sha1, old_sha1,
+                                     flags, msg, err);
 }
 
-int head_ref_namespaced(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int ref_transaction_verify(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          const char *refname,
+                          const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                          unsigned int flags,
+                          struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int ret = 0;
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       int flag;
-
-       strbuf_addf(&buf, "%sHEAD", get_git_namespace());
-       if (!read_ref_full(buf.buf, sha1, 1, &flag))
-               ret = fn(buf.buf, sha1, flag, cb_data);
-       strbuf_release(&buf);
-
-       return ret;
+       if (!old_sha1)
+               die("BUG: verify called with old_sha1 set to NULL");
+       return ref_transaction_update(transaction, refname,
+                                     NULL, old_sha1,
+                                     flags, NULL, err);
 }
 
-int for_each_namespaced_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int update_ref_oid(const char *msg, const char *refname,
+              const struct object_id *new_oid, const struct object_id *old_oid,
+              unsigned int flags, enum action_on_err onerr)
 {
-       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int ret;
-       strbuf_addf(&buf, "%srefs/", get_git_namespace());
-       ret = do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, buf.buf, fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
-       strbuf_release(&buf);
-       return ret;
+       return update_ref(msg, refname, new_oid ? new_oid->hash : NULL,
+               old_oid ? old_oid->hash : NULL, flags, onerr);
 }
 
-int for_each_glob_ref_in(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern,
-       const char *prefix, void *cb_data)
+int refs_update_ref(struct ref_store *refs, const char *msg,
+                   const char *refname, const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+                   const unsigned char *old_sha1, unsigned int flags,
+                   enum action_on_err onerr)
 {
-       struct strbuf real_pattern = STRBUF_INIT;
-       struct ref_filter filter;
-       int ret;
-
-       if (!prefix && !starts_with(pattern, "refs/"))
-               strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, "refs/");
-       else if (prefix)
-               strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, prefix);
-       strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, pattern);
+       struct ref_transaction *t = NULL;
+       struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       if (!has_glob_specials(pattern)) {
-               /* Append implied '/' '*' if not present. */
-               if (real_pattern.buf[real_pattern.len - 1] != '/')
-                       strbuf_addch(&real_pattern, '/');
-               /* No need to check for '*', there is none. */
-               strbuf_addch(&real_pattern, '*');
+       if (ref_type(refname) == REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF) {
+               assert(refs == get_main_ref_store());
+               ret = write_pseudoref(refname, new_sha1, old_sha1, &err);
+       } else {
+               t = ref_store_transaction_begin(refs, &err);
+               if (!t ||
+                   ref_transaction_update(t, refname, new_sha1, old_sha1,
+                                          flags, msg, &err) ||
+                   ref_transaction_commit(t, &err)) {
+                       ret = 1;
+                       ref_transaction_free(t);
+               }
        }
+       if (ret) {
+               const char *str = "update_ref failed for ref '%s': %s";
 
-       filter.pattern = real_pattern.buf;
-       filter.fn = fn;
-       filter.cb_data = cb_data;
-       ret = for_each_ref(filter_refs, &filter);
-
-       strbuf_release(&real_pattern);
-       return ret;
+               switch (onerr) {
+               case UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR:
+                       error(str, refname, err.buf);
+                       break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR:
+                       die(str, refname, err.buf);
+                       break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_QUIET_ON_ERR:
+                       break;
+               }
+               strbuf_release(&err);
+               return 1;
+       }
+       strbuf_release(&err);
+       if (t)
+               ref_transaction_free(t);
+       return 0;
 }
 
-int for_each_glob_ref(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern, void *cb_data)
+int update_ref(const char *msg, const char *refname,
+              const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+              const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+              unsigned int flags, enum action_on_err onerr)
 {
-       return for_each_glob_ref_in(fn, pattern, NULL, cb_data);
+       return refs_update_ref(get_main_ref_store(), msg, refname, new_sha1,
+                              old_sha1, flags, onerr);
 }
 
-int for_each_rawref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+char *shorten_unambiguous_ref(const char *refname, int strict)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, "", fn, 0,
-                              DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN, cb_data);
-}
+       int i;
+       static char **scanf_fmts;
+       static int nr_rules;
+       char *short_name;
+       struct strbuf resolved_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-const char *prettify_refname(const char *name)
-{
-       return name + (
-               starts_with(name, "refs/heads/") ? 11 :
-               starts_with(name, "refs/tags/") ? 10 :
-               starts_with(name, "refs/remotes/") ? 13 :
-               0);
-}
+       if (!nr_rules) {
+               /*
+                * Pre-generate scanf formats from ref_rev_parse_rules[].
+                * Generate a format suitable for scanf from a
+                * ref_rev_parse_rules rule by interpolating "%s" at the
+                * location of the "%.*s".
+                */
+               size_t total_len = 0;
+               size_t offset = 0;
 
-static const char *ref_rev_parse_rules[] = {
-       "%.*s",
-       "refs/%.*s",
-       "refs/tags/%.*s",
-       "refs/heads/%.*s",
-       "refs/remotes/%.*s",
-       "refs/remotes/%.*s/HEAD",
-       NULL
-};
+               /* the rule list is NULL terminated, count them first */
+               for (nr_rules = 0; ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]; nr_rules++)
+                       /* -2 for strlen("%.*s") - strlen("%s"); +1 for NUL */
+                       total_len += strlen(ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]) - 2 + 1;
 
-int refname_match(const char *abbrev_name, const char *full_name)
-{
-       const char **p;
-       const int abbrev_name_len = strlen(abbrev_name);
+               scanf_fmts = xmalloc(st_add(st_mult(sizeof(char *), nr_rules), total_len));
 
-       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
-               if (!strcmp(full_name, mkpath(*p, abbrev_name_len, abbrev_name))) {
-                       return 1;
+               offset = 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < nr_rules; i++) {
+                       assert(offset < total_len);
+                       scanf_fmts[i] = (char *)&scanf_fmts[nr_rules] + offset;
+                       offset += snprintf(scanf_fmts[i], total_len - offset,
+                                          ref_rev_parse_rules[i], 2, "%s") + 1;
                }
        }
 
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static struct ref_lock *verify_lock(struct ref_lock *lock,
-       const unsigned char *old_sha1, int mustexist)
-{
-       if (read_ref_full(lock->ref_name, lock->old_sha1, mustexist, NULL)) {
-               error("Can't verify ref %s", lock->ref_name);
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       if (hashcmp(lock->old_sha1, old_sha1)) {
-               error("Ref %s is at %s but expected %s", lock->ref_name,
-                       sha1_to_hex(lock->old_sha1), sha1_to_hex(old_sha1));
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       return lock;
-}
-
-static int remove_empty_directories(const char *file)
-{
-       /* we want to create a file but there is a directory there;
-        * if that is an empty directory (or a directory that contains
-        * only empty directories), remove them.
-        */
-       struct strbuf path;
-       int result;
-
-       strbuf_init(&path, 20);
-       strbuf_addstr(&path, file);
-
-       result = remove_dir_recursively(&path, REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY);
+       /* bail out if there are no rules */
+       if (!nr_rules)
+               return xstrdup(refname);
 
-       strbuf_release(&path);
+       /* buffer for scanf result, at most refname must fit */
+       short_name = xstrdup(refname);
 
-       return result;
-}
+       /* skip first rule, it will always match */
+       for (i = nr_rules - 1; i > 0 ; --i) {
+               int j;
+               int rules_to_fail = i;
+               int short_name_len;
 
-/*
- * *string and *len will only be substituted, and *string returned (for
- * later free()ing) if the string passed in is a magic short-hand form
- * to name a branch.
- */
-static char *substitute_branch_name(const char **string, int *len)
-{
-       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int ret = interpret_branch_name(*string, *len, &buf);
+               if (1 != sscanf(refname, scanf_fmts[i], short_name))
+                       continue;
 
-       if (ret == *len) {
-               size_t size;
-               *string = strbuf_detach(&buf, &size);
-               *len = size;
-               return (char *)*string;
-       }
+               short_name_len = strlen(short_name);
 
-       return NULL;
-}
+               /*
+                * in strict mode, all (except the matched one) rules
+                * must fail to resolve to a valid non-ambiguous ref
+                */
+               if (strict)
+                       rules_to_fail = nr_rules;
 
-int dwim_ref(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **ref)
-{
-       char *last_branch = substitute_branch_name(&str, &len);
-       const char **p, *r;
-       int refs_found = 0;
+               /*
+                * check if the short name resolves to a valid ref,
+                * but use only rules prior to the matched one
+                */
+               for (j = 0; j < rules_to_fail; j++) {
+                       const char *rule = ref_rev_parse_rules[j];
 
-       *ref = NULL;
-       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
-               char fullref[PATH_MAX];
-               unsigned char sha1_from_ref[20];
-               unsigned char *this_result;
-               int flag;
+                       /* skip matched rule */
+                       if (i == j)
+                               continue;
 
-               this_result = refs_found ? sha1_from_ref : sha1;
-               mksnpath(fullref, sizeof(fullref), *p, len, str);
-               r = resolve_ref_unsafe(fullref, this_result, 1, &flag);
-               if (r) {
-                       if (!refs_found++)
-                               *ref = xstrdup(r);
-                       if (!warn_ambiguous_refs)
+                       /*
+                        * the short name is ambiguous, if it resolves
+                        * (with this previous rule) to a valid ref
+                        * read_ref() returns 0 on success
+                        */
+                       strbuf_reset(&resolved_buf);
+                       strbuf_addf(&resolved_buf, rule,
+                                   short_name_len, short_name);
+                       if (ref_exists(resolved_buf.buf))
                                break;
-               } else if ((flag & REF_ISSYMREF) && strcmp(fullref, "HEAD")) {
-                       warning("ignoring dangling symref %s.", fullref);
-               } else if ((flag & REF_ISBROKEN) && strchr(fullref, '/')) {
-                       warning("ignoring broken ref %s.", fullref);
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * short name is non-ambiguous if all previous rules
+                * haven't resolved to a valid ref
+                */
+               if (j == rules_to_fail) {
+                       strbuf_release(&resolved_buf);
+                       return short_name;
                }
        }
-       free(last_branch);
-       return refs_found;
+
+       strbuf_release(&resolved_buf);
+       free(short_name);
+       return xstrdup(refname);
 }
 
-int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **log)
-{
-       char *last_branch = substitute_branch_name(&str, &len);
-       const char **p;
-       int logs_found = 0;
+static struct string_list *hide_refs;
 
-       *log = NULL;
-       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
-               struct stat st;
-               unsigned char hash[20];
-               char path[PATH_MAX];
-               const char *ref, *it;
+int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *section)
+{
+       const char *key;
+       if (!strcmp("transfer.hiderefs", var) ||
+           (!parse_config_key(var, section, NULL, NULL, &key) &&
+            !strcmp(key, "hiderefs"))) {
+               char *ref;
+               int len;
 
-               mksnpath(path, sizeof(path), *p, len, str);
-               ref = resolve_ref_unsafe(path, hash, 1, NULL);
-               if (!ref)
-                       continue;
-               if (!stat(git_path("logs/%s", path), &st) &&
-                   S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                       it = path;
-               else if (strcmp(ref, path) &&
-                        !stat(git_path("logs/%s", ref), &st) &&
-                        S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                       it = ref;
-               else
-                       continue;
-               if (!logs_found++) {
-                       *log = xstrdup(it);
-                       hashcpy(sha1, hash);
+               if (!value)
+                       return config_error_nonbool(var);
+               ref = xstrdup(value);
+               len = strlen(ref);
+               while (len && ref[len - 1] == '/')
+                       ref[--len] = '\0';
+               if (!hide_refs) {
+                       hide_refs = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*hide_refs));
+                       hide_refs->strdup_strings = 1;
                }
-               if (!warn_ambiguous_refs)
-                       break;
+               string_list_append(hide_refs, ref);
        }
-       free(last_branch);
-       return logs_found;
+       return 0;
 }
 
-static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
-                                           const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                                           int flags, int *type_p)
-{
-       char *ref_file;
-       const char *orig_refname = refname;
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       int last_errno = 0;
-       int type, lflags;
-       int mustexist = (old_sha1 && !is_null_sha1(old_sha1));
-       int missing = 0;
-       int attempts_remaining = 3;
-
-       lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_lock));
-       lock->lock_fd = -1;
-
-       refname = resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, lock->old_sha1, mustexist, &type);
-       if (!refname && errno == EISDIR) {
-               /* we are trying to lock foo but we used to
-                * have foo/bar which now does not exist;
-                * it is normal for the empty directory 'foo'
-                * to remain.
-                */
-               ref_file = git_path("%s", orig_refname);
-               if (remove_empty_directories(ref_file)) {
-                       last_errno = errno;
-                       error("there are still refs under '%s'", orig_refname);
-                       goto error_return;
-               }
-               refname = resolve_ref_unsafe(orig_refname, lock->old_sha1, mustexist, &type);
-       }
-       if (type_p)
-           *type_p = type;
-       if (!refname) {
-               last_errno = errno;
-               error("unable to resolve reference %s: %s",
-                       orig_refname, strerror(errno));
-               goto error_return;
-       }
-       missing = is_null_sha1(lock->old_sha1);
-       /* When the ref did not exist and we are creating it,
-        * make sure there is no existing ref that is packed
-        * whose name begins with our refname, nor a ref whose
-        * name is a proper prefix of our refname.
-        */
-       if (missing &&
-            !is_refname_available(refname, NULL, get_packed_refs(&ref_cache))) {
-               last_errno = ENOTDIR;
-               goto error_return;
-       }
+int ref_is_hidden(const char *refname, const char *refname_full)
+{
+       int i;
 
-       lock->lk = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
+       if (!hide_refs)
+               return 0;
+       for (i = hide_refs->nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+               const char *match = hide_refs->items[i].string;
+               const char *subject;
+               int neg = 0;
+               const char *p;
+
+               if (*match == '!') {
+                       neg = 1;
+                       match++;
+               }
 
-       lflags = 0;
-       if (flags & REF_NODEREF) {
-               refname = orig_refname;
-               lflags |= LOCK_NODEREF;
-       }
-       lock->ref_name = xstrdup(refname);
-       lock->orig_ref_name = xstrdup(orig_refname);
-       ref_file = git_path("%s", refname);
-       if (missing)
-               lock->force_write = 1;
-       if ((flags & REF_NODEREF) && (type & REF_ISSYMREF))
-               lock->force_write = 1;
-
- retry:
-       switch (safe_create_leading_directories(ref_file)) {
-       case SCLD_OK:
-               break; /* success */
-       case SCLD_VANISHED:
-               if (--attempts_remaining > 0)
-                       goto retry;
-               /* fall through */
-       default:
-               last_errno = errno;
-               error("unable to create directory for %s", ref_file);
-               goto error_return;
-       }
+               if (*match == '^') {
+                       subject = refname_full;
+                       match++;
+               } else {
+                       subject = refname;
+               }
 
-       lock->lock_fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock->lk, ref_file, lflags);
-       if (lock->lock_fd < 0) {
-               if (errno == ENOENT && --attempts_remaining > 0)
-                       /*
-                        * Maybe somebody just deleted one of the
-                        * directories leading to ref_file.  Try
-                        * again:
-                        */
-                       goto retry;
-               else
-                       unable_to_lock_index_die(ref_file, errno);
+               /* refname can be NULL when namespaces are used. */
+               if (subject &&
+                   skip_prefix(subject, match, &p) &&
+                   (!*p || *p == '/'))
+                       return !neg;
        }
-       return old_sha1 ? verify_lock(lock, old_sha1, mustexist) : lock;
-
- error_return:
-       unlock_ref(lock);
-       errno = last_errno;
-       return NULL;
+       return 0;
 }
 
-struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1)
+const char *find_descendant_ref(const char *dirname,
+                               const struct string_list *extras,
+                               const struct string_list *skip)
 {
-       char refpath[PATH_MAX];
-       if (check_refname_format(refname, 0))
-               return NULL;
-       strcpy(refpath, mkpath("refs/%s", refname));
-       return lock_ref_sha1_basic(refpath, old_sha1, 0, NULL);
-}
+       int pos;
 
-struct ref_lock *lock_any_ref_for_update(const char *refname,
-                                        const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                                        int flags, int *type_p)
-{
-       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL))
+       if (!extras)
                return NULL;
-       return lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, old_sha1, flags, type_p);
-}
 
-/*
- * Write an entry to the packed-refs file for the specified refname.
- * If peeled is non-NULL, write it as the entry's peeled value.
- */
-static void write_packed_entry(int fd, char *refname, unsigned char *sha1,
-                              unsigned char *peeled)
-{
-       char line[PATH_MAX + 100];
-       int len;
-
-       len = snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "%s %s\n",
-                      sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname);
-       /* this should not happen but just being defensive */
-       if (len > sizeof(line))
-               die("too long a refname '%s'", refname);
-       write_or_die(fd, line, len);
-
-       if (peeled) {
-               if (snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "^%s\n",
-                            sha1_to_hex(peeled)) != PEELED_LINE_LENGTH)
-                       die("internal error");
-               write_or_die(fd, line, PEELED_LINE_LENGTH);
+       /*
+        * Look at the place where dirname would be inserted into
+        * extras. If there is an entry at that position that starts
+        * with dirname (remember, dirname includes the trailing
+        * slash) and is not in skip, then we have a conflict.
+        */
+       for (pos = string_list_find_insert_index(extras, dirname, 0);
+            pos < extras->nr; pos++) {
+               const char *extra_refname = extras->items[pos].string;
+
+               if (!starts_with(extra_refname, dirname))
+                       break;
+
+               if (!skip || !string_list_has_string(skip, extra_refname))
+                       return extra_refname;
        }
+       return NULL;
 }
 
-/*
- * An each_ref_entry_fn that writes the entry to a packed-refs file.
- */
-static int write_packed_entry_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+int refs_rename_ref_available(struct ref_store *refs,
+                             const char *old_refname,
+                             const char *new_refname)
 {
-       int *fd = cb_data;
-       enum peel_status peel_status = peel_entry(entry, 0);
+       struct string_list skip = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+       struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ok;
 
-       if (peel_status != PEEL_PEELED && peel_status != PEEL_NON_TAG)
-               error("internal error: %s is not a valid packed reference!",
-                     entry->name);
-       write_packed_entry(*fd, entry->name, entry->u.value.sha1,
-                          peel_status == PEEL_PEELED ?
-                          entry->u.value.peeled : NULL);
-       return 0;
+       string_list_insert(&skip, old_refname);
+       ok = !refs_verify_refname_available(refs, new_refname,
+                                           NULL, &skip, &err);
+       if (!ok)
+               error("%s", err.buf);
+
+       string_list_clear(&skip, 0);
+       strbuf_release(&err);
+       return ok;
 }
 
-int lock_packed_refs(int flags)
+int refs_head_ref(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
+       struct object_id oid;
+       int flag;
+
+       if (!refs_read_ref_full(refs, "HEAD", RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+                               oid.hash, &flag))
+               return fn("HEAD", &oid, flag, cb_data);
 
-       if (hold_lock_file_for_update(&packlock, git_path("packed-refs"), flags) < 0)
-               return -1;
-       /*
-        * Get the current packed-refs while holding the lock.  If the
-        * packed-refs file has been modified since we last read it,
-        * this will automatically invalidate the cache and re-read
-        * the packed-refs file.
-        */
-       packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = &packlock;
-       /* Increment the reference count to prevent it from being freed: */
-       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
        return 0;
 }
 
-int commit_packed_refs(void)
+int head_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
-               get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
-       int error = 0;
-
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
-       write_or_die(packed_ref_cache->lock->fd,
-                    PACKED_REFS_HEADER, strlen(PACKED_REFS_HEADER));
-
-       do_for_each_entry_in_dir(get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache),
-                                0, write_packed_entry_fn,
-                                &packed_ref_cache->lock->fd);
-       if (commit_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock))
-               error = -1;
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
-       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       return error;
+       return refs_head_ref(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-void rollback_packed_refs(void)
+struct ref_iterator *refs_ref_iterator_begin(
+               struct ref_store *refs,
+               const char *prefix, int trim, int flags)
 {
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
-               get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+       struct ref_iterator *iter;
 
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
-       rollback_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock);
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
-       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       clear_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
-}
+       if (ref_paranoia < 0)
+               ref_paranoia = git_env_bool("GIT_REF_PARANOIA", 0);
+       if (ref_paranoia)
+               flags |= DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN;
 
-struct ref_to_prune {
-       struct ref_to_prune *next;
-       unsigned char sha1[20];
-       char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
-};
+       iter = refs->be->iterator_begin(refs, prefix, flags);
 
-struct pack_refs_cb_data {
-       unsigned int flags;
-       struct ref_dir *packed_refs;
-       struct ref_to_prune *ref_to_prune;
-};
+       /*
+        * `iterator_begin()` already takes care of prefix, but we
+        * might need to do some trimming:
+        */
+       if (trim)
+               iter = prefix_ref_iterator_begin(iter, "", trim);
+
+       /* Sanity check for subclasses: */
+       if (!iter->ordered)
+               BUG("reference iterator is not ordered");
+
+       return iter;
+}
 
 /*
- * An each_ref_entry_fn that is run over loose references only.  If
- * the loose reference can be packed, add an entry in the packed ref
- * cache.  If the reference should be pruned, also add it to
- * ref_to_prune in the pack_refs_cb_data.
+ * Call fn for each reference in the specified submodule for which the
+ * refname begins with prefix. If trim is non-zero, then trim that
+ * many characters off the beginning of each refname before passing
+ * the refname to fn. flags can be DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN to
+ * include broken references in the iteration. If fn ever returns a
+ * non-zero value, stop the iteration and return that value;
+ * otherwise, return 0.
  */
-static int pack_if_possible_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+static int do_for_each_ref(struct ref_store *refs, const char *prefix,
+                          each_ref_fn fn, int trim, int flags, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct pack_refs_cb_data *cb = cb_data;
-       enum peel_status peel_status;
-       struct ref_entry *packed_entry;
-       int is_tag_ref = starts_with(entry->name, "refs/tags/");
+       struct ref_iterator *iter;
 
-       /* ALWAYS pack tags */
-       if (!(cb->flags & PACK_REFS_ALL) && !is_tag_ref)
+       if (!refs)
                return 0;
 
-       /* Do not pack symbolic or broken refs: */
-       if ((entry->flag & REF_ISSYMREF) || !ref_resolves_to_object(entry))
-               return 0;
+       iter = refs_ref_iterator_begin(refs, prefix, trim, flags);
 
-       /* Add a packed ref cache entry equivalent to the loose entry. */
-       peel_status = peel_entry(entry, 1);
-       if (peel_status != PEEL_PEELED && peel_status != PEEL_NON_TAG)
-               die("internal error peeling reference %s (%s)",
-                   entry->name, sha1_to_hex(entry->u.value.sha1));
-       packed_entry = find_ref(cb->packed_refs, entry->name);
-       if (packed_entry) {
-               /* Overwrite existing packed entry with info from loose entry */
-               packed_entry->flag = REF_ISPACKED | REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-               hashcpy(packed_entry->u.value.sha1, entry->u.value.sha1);
-       } else {
-               packed_entry = create_ref_entry(entry->name, entry->u.value.sha1,
-                                               REF_ISPACKED | REF_KNOWS_PEELED, 0);
-               add_ref(cb->packed_refs, packed_entry);
-       }
-       hashcpy(packed_entry->u.value.peeled, entry->u.value.peeled);
-
-       /* Schedule the loose reference for pruning if requested. */
-       if ((cb->flags & PACK_REFS_PRUNE)) {
-               int namelen = strlen(entry->name) + 1;
-               struct ref_to_prune *n = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*n) + namelen);
-               hashcpy(n->sha1, entry->u.value.sha1);
-               strcpy(n->name, entry->name);
-               n->next = cb->ref_to_prune;
-               cb->ref_to_prune = n;
-       }
-       return 0;
+       return do_for_each_ref_iterator(iter, fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-/*
- * Remove empty parents, but spare refs/ and immediate subdirs.
- * Note: munges *name.
- */
-static void try_remove_empty_parents(char *name)
+int refs_for_each_ref(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       char *p, *q;
-       int i;
-       p = name;
-       for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { /* refs/{heads,tags,...}/ */
-               while (*p && *p != '/')
-                       p++;
-               /* tolerate duplicate slashes; see check_refname_format() */
-               while (*p == '/')
-                       p++;
-       }
-       for (q = p; *q; q++)
-               ;
-       while (1) {
-               while (q > p && *q != '/')
-                       q--;
-               while (q > p && *(q-1) == '/')
-                       q--;
-               if (q == p)
-                       break;
-               *q = '\0';
-               if (rmdir(git_path("%s", name)))
-                       break;
-       }
+       return do_for_each_ref(refs, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
-/* make sure nobody touched the ref, and unlink */
-static void prune_ref(struct ref_to_prune *r)
+int for_each_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct ref_lock *lock = lock_ref_sha1(r->name + 5, r->sha1);
+       return refs_for_each_ref(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
+}
 
-       if (lock) {
-               unlink_or_warn(git_path("%s", r->name));
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               try_remove_empty_parents(r->name);
-       }
+int refs_for_each_ref_in(struct ref_store *refs, const char *prefix,
+                        each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       return do_for_each_ref(refs, prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
 }
 
-static void prune_refs(struct ref_to_prune *r)
+int for_each_ref_in(const char *prefix, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       while (r) {
-               prune_ref(r);
-               r = r->next;
-       }
+       return refs_for_each_ref_in(get_main_ref_store(), prefix, fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-int pack_refs(unsigned int flags)
+int for_each_fullref_in(const char *prefix, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data, unsigned int broken)
 {
-       struct pack_refs_cb_data cbdata;
+       unsigned int flag = 0;
 
-       memset(&cbdata, 0, sizeof(cbdata));
-       cbdata.flags = flags;
+       if (broken)
+               flag = DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN;
+       return do_for_each_ref(get_main_ref_store(),
+                              prefix, fn, 0, flag, cb_data);
+}
 
-       lock_packed_refs(LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-       cbdata.packed_refs = get_packed_refs(&ref_cache);
+int refs_for_each_fullref_in(struct ref_store *refs, const char *prefix,
+                            each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data,
+                            unsigned int broken)
+{
+       unsigned int flag = 0;
 
-       do_for_each_entry_in_dir(get_loose_refs(&ref_cache), 0,
-                                pack_if_possible_fn, &cbdata);
+       if (broken)
+               flag = DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN;
+       return do_for_each_ref(refs, prefix, fn, 0, flag, cb_data);
+}
 
-       if (commit_packed_refs())
-               die_errno("unable to overwrite old ref-pack file");
+int for_each_replace_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       return do_for_each_ref(get_main_ref_store(),
+                              git_replace_ref_base, fn,
+                              strlen(git_replace_ref_base),
+                              DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN, cb_data);
+}
 
-       prune_refs(cbdata.ref_to_prune);
-       return 0;
+int for_each_namespaced_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ret;
+       strbuf_addf(&buf, "%srefs/", get_git_namespace());
+       ret = do_for_each_ref(get_main_ref_store(),
+                             buf.buf, fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-/*
- * If entry is no longer needed in packed-refs, add it to the string
- * list pointed to by cb_data.  Reasons for deleting entries:
- *
- * - Entry is broken.
- * - Entry is overridden by a loose ref.
- * - Entry does not point at a valid object.
- *
- * In the first and third cases, also emit an error message because these
- * are indications of repository corruption.
- */
-static int curate_packed_ref_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+int refs_for_each_rawref(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct string_list *refs_to_delete = cb_data;
+       return do_for_each_ref(refs, "", fn, 0,
+                              DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN, cb_data);
+}
 
-       if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN) {
-               /* This shouldn't happen to packed refs. */
-               error("%s is broken!", entry->name);
-               string_list_append(refs_to_delete, entry->name);
-               return 0;
-       }
-       if (!has_sha1_file(entry->u.value.sha1)) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
-               int flags;
-
-               if (read_ref_full(entry->name, sha1, 0, &flags))
-                       /* We should at least have found the packed ref. */
-                       die("Internal error");
-               if ((flags & REF_ISSYMREF) || !(flags & REF_ISPACKED)) {
-                       /*
-                        * This packed reference is overridden by a
-                        * loose reference, so it is OK that its value
-                        * is no longer valid; for example, it might
-                        * refer to an object that has been garbage
-                        * collected.  For this purpose we don't even
-                        * care whether the loose reference itself is
-                        * invalid, broken, symbolic, etc.  Silently
-                        * remove the packed reference.
-                        */
-                       string_list_append(refs_to_delete, entry->name);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-               /*
-                * There is no overriding loose reference, so the fact
-                * that this reference doesn't refer to a valid object
-                * indicates some kind of repository corruption.
-                * Report the problem, then omit the reference from
-                * the output.
-                */
-               error("%s does not point to a valid object!", entry->name);
-               string_list_append(refs_to_delete, entry->name);
-               return 0;
-       }
+int for_each_rawref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       return refs_for_each_rawref(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
+}
 
-       return 0;
+int refs_read_raw_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                     const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1,
+                     struct strbuf *referent, unsigned int *type)
+{
+       return ref_store->be->read_raw_ref(ref_store, refname, sha1, referent, type);
 }
 
-int repack_without_refs(const char **refnames, int n)
+/* This function needs to return a meaningful errno on failure */
+const char *refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(struct ref_store *refs,
+                                   const char *refname,
+                                   int resolve_flags,
+                                   unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
 {
-       struct ref_dir *packed;
-       struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
-       struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
-       int i, removed = 0;
+       static struct strbuf sb_refname = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct object_id unused_oid;
+       int unused_flags;
+       int symref_count;
 
-       /* Look for a packed ref */
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-               if (get_packed_ref(refnames[i]))
-                       break;
+       if (!sha1)
+               sha1 = unused_oid.hash;
+       if (!flags)
+               flags = &unused_flags;
 
-       /* Avoid locking if we have nothing to do */
-       if (i == n)
-               return 0; /* no refname exists in packed refs */
+       *flags = 0;
 
-       if (lock_packed_refs(0)) {
-               unable_to_lock_error(git_path("packed-refs"), errno);
-               return error("cannot delete '%s' from packed refs", refnames[i]);
-       }
-       packed = get_packed_refs(&ref_cache);
+       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
+               if (!(resolve_flags & RESOLVE_REF_ALLOW_BAD_NAME) ||
+                   !refname_is_safe(refname)) {
+                       errno = EINVAL;
+                       return NULL;
+               }
 
-       /* Remove refnames from the cache */
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-               if (remove_entry(packed, refnames[i]) != -1)
-                       removed = 1;
-       if (!removed) {
                /*
-                * All packed entries disappeared while we were
-                * acquiring the lock.
+                * dwim_ref() uses REF_ISBROKEN to distinguish between
+                * missing refs and refs that were present but invalid,
+                * to complain about the latter to stderr.
+                *
+                * We don't know whether the ref exists, so don't set
+                * REF_ISBROKEN yet.
                 */
-               rollback_packed_refs();
-               return 0;
+               *flags |= REF_BAD_NAME;
        }
 
-       /* Remove any other accumulated cruft */
-       do_for_each_entry_in_dir(packed, 0, curate_packed_ref_fn, &refs_to_delete);
-       for_each_string_list_item(ref_to_delete, &refs_to_delete) {
-               if (remove_entry(packed, ref_to_delete->string) == -1)
-                       die("internal error");
-       }
+       for (symref_count = 0; symref_count < SYMREF_MAXDEPTH; symref_count++) {
+               unsigned int read_flags = 0;
 
-       /* Write what remains */
-       return commit_packed_refs();
-}
+               if (refs_read_raw_ref(refs, refname,
+                                     sha1, &sb_refname, &read_flags)) {
+                       *flags |= read_flags;
 
-static int repack_without_ref(const char *refname)
-{
-       return repack_without_refs(&refname, 1);
-}
+                       /* In reading mode, refs must eventually resolve */
+                       if (resolve_flags & RESOLVE_REF_READING)
+                               return NULL;
 
-static int delete_ref_loose(struct ref_lock *lock, int flag)
-{
-       if (!(flag & REF_ISPACKED) || flag & REF_ISSYMREF) {
-               /* loose */
-               int err, i = strlen(lock->lk->filename) - 5; /* .lock */
+                       /*
+                        * Otherwise a missing ref is OK. But the files backend
+                        * may show errors besides ENOENT if there are
+                        * similarly-named refs.
+                        */
+                       if (errno != ENOENT &&
+                           errno != EISDIR &&
+                           errno != ENOTDIR)
+                               return NULL;
 
-               lock->lk->filename[i] = 0;
-               err = unlink_or_warn(lock->lk->filename);
-               lock->lk->filename[i] = '.';
-               if (err && errno != ENOENT)
-                       return 1;
+                       hashclr(sha1);
+                       if (*flags & REF_BAD_NAME)
+                               *flags |= REF_ISBROKEN;
+                       return refname;
+               }
+
+               *flags |= read_flags;
+
+               if (!(read_flags & REF_ISSYMREF)) {
+                       if (*flags & REF_BAD_NAME) {
+                               hashclr(sha1);
+                               *flags |= REF_ISBROKEN;
+                       }
+                       return refname;
+               }
+
+               refname = sb_refname.buf;
+               if (resolve_flags & RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE) {
+                       hashclr(sha1);
+                       return refname;
+               }
+               if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
+                       if (!(resolve_flags & RESOLVE_REF_ALLOW_BAD_NAME) ||
+                           !refname_is_safe(refname)) {
+                               errno = EINVAL;
+                               return NULL;
+                       }
+
+                       *flags |= REF_ISBROKEN | REF_BAD_NAME;
+               }
        }
-       return 0;
+
+       errno = ELOOP;
+       return NULL;
 }
 
-int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int delopt)
+/* backend functions */
+int refs_init_db(struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       int ret = 0, flag = 0;
+       struct ref_store *refs = get_main_ref_store();
 
-       lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, sha1, delopt, &flag);
-       if (!lock)
-               return 1;
-       ret |= delete_ref_loose(lock, flag);
-
-       /* removing the loose one could have resurrected an earlier
-        * packed one.  Also, if it was not loose we need to repack
-        * without it.
-        */
-       ret |= repack_without_ref(lock->ref_name);
-
-       unlink_or_warn(git_path("logs/%s", lock->ref_name));
-       clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
-       unlock_ref(lock);
-       return ret;
+       return refs->be->init_db(refs, err);
 }
 
-/*
- * People using contrib's git-new-workdir have .git/logs/refs ->
- * /some/other/path/.git/logs/refs, and that may live on another device.
- *
- * IOW, to avoid cross device rename errors, the temporary renamed log must
- * live into logs/refs.
- */
-#define TMP_RENAMED_LOG  "logs/refs/.tmp-renamed-log"
+const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, int resolve_flags,
+                              unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
+{
+       return refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(get_main_ref_store(), refname,
+                                      resolve_flags, sha1, flags);
+}
 
-static int rename_tmp_log(const char *newrefname)
+int resolve_gitlink_ref(const char *submodule, const char *refname,
+                       unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       int attempts_remaining = 4;
+       struct ref_store *refs;
+       int flags;
 
- retry:
-       switch (safe_create_leading_directories(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
-       case SCLD_OK:
-               break; /* success */
-       case SCLD_VANISHED:
-               if (--attempts_remaining > 0)
-                       goto retry;
-               /* fall through */
-       default:
-               error("unable to create directory for %s", newrefname);
+       refs = get_submodule_ref_store(submodule);
+
+       if (!refs)
                return -1;
-       }
 
-       if (rename(git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
-               if ((errno==EISDIR || errno==ENOTDIR) && --attempts_remaining > 0) {
-                       /*
-                        * rename(a, b) when b is an existing
-                        * directory ought to result in ISDIR, but
-                        * Solaris 5.8 gives ENOTDIR.  Sheesh.
-                        */
-                       if (remove_empty_directories(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
-                               error("Directory not empty: logs/%s", newrefname);
-                               return -1;
-                       }
-                       goto retry;
-               } else if (errno == ENOENT && --attempts_remaining > 0) {
-                       /*
-                        * Maybe another process just deleted one of
-                        * the directories in the path to newrefname.
-                        * Try again from the beginning.
-                        */
-                       goto retry;
-               } else {
-                       error("unable to move logfile "TMP_RENAMED_LOG" to logs/%s: %s",
-                               newrefname, strerror(errno));
-                       return -1;
-               }
-       }
+       if (!refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(refs, refname, 0, sha1, &flags) ||
+           is_null_sha1(sha1))
+               return -1;
        return 0;
 }
 
-int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logmsg)
+struct ref_store_hash_entry
 {
-       unsigned char sha1[20], orig_sha1[20];
-       int flag = 0, logmoved = 0;
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       struct stat loginfo;
-       int log = !lstat(git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname), &loginfo);
-       const char *symref = NULL;
+       struct hashmap_entry ent; /* must be the first member! */
 
-       if (log && S_ISLNK(loginfo.st_mode))
-               return error("reflog for %s is a symlink", oldrefname);
+       struct ref_store *refs;
 
-       symref = resolve_ref_unsafe(oldrefname, orig_sha1, 1, &flag);
-       if (flag & REF_ISSYMREF)
-               return error("refname %s is a symbolic ref, renaming it is not supported",
-                       oldrefname);
-       if (!symref)
-               return error("refname %s not found", oldrefname);
-
-       if (!is_refname_available(newrefname, oldrefname, get_packed_refs(&ref_cache)))
-               return 1;
-
-       if (!is_refname_available(newrefname, oldrefname, get_loose_refs(&ref_cache)))
-               return 1;
+       /* NUL-terminated identifier of the ref store: */
+       char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
 
-       if (log && rename(git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname), git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG)))
-               return error("unable to move logfile logs/%s to "TMP_RENAMED_LOG": %s",
-                       oldrefname, strerror(errno));
+static int ref_store_hash_cmp(const void *unused_cmp_data,
+                             const void *entry, const void *entry_or_key,
+                             const void *keydata)
+{
+       const struct ref_store_hash_entry *e1 = entry, *e2 = entry_or_key;
+       const char *name = keydata ? keydata : e2->name;
 
-       if (delete_ref(oldrefname, orig_sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
-               error("unable to delete old %s", oldrefname);
-               goto rollback;
-       }
+       return strcmp(e1->name, name);
+}
 
-       if (!read_ref_full(newrefname, sha1, 1, &flag) &&
-           delete_ref(newrefname, sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
-               if (errno==EISDIR) {
-                       if (remove_empty_directories(git_path("%s", newrefname))) {
-                               error("Directory not empty: %s", newrefname);
-                               goto rollback;
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       error("unable to delete existing %s", newrefname);
-                       goto rollback;
-               }
-       }
+static struct ref_store_hash_entry *alloc_ref_store_hash_entry(
+               const char *name, struct ref_store *refs)
+{
+       struct ref_store_hash_entry *entry;
 
-       if (log && rename_tmp_log(newrefname))
-               goto rollback;
+       FLEX_ALLOC_STR(entry, name, name);
+       hashmap_entry_init(entry, strhash(name));
+       entry->refs = refs;
+       return entry;
+}
 
-       logmoved = log;
+/* A pointer to the ref_store for the main repository: */
+static struct ref_store *main_ref_store;
 
-       lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(newrefname, NULL, 0, NULL);
-       if (!lock) {
-               error("unable to lock %s for update", newrefname);
-               goto rollback;
-       }
-       lock->force_write = 1;
-       hashcpy(lock->old_sha1, orig_sha1);
-       if (write_ref_sha1(lock, orig_sha1, logmsg)) {
-               error("unable to write current sha1 into %s", newrefname);
-               goto rollback;
-       }
+/* A hashmap of ref_stores, stored by submodule name: */
+static struct hashmap submodule_ref_stores;
 
-       return 0;
+/* A hashmap of ref_stores, stored by worktree id: */
+static struct hashmap worktree_ref_stores;
 
- rollback:
-       lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(oldrefname, NULL, 0, NULL);
-       if (!lock) {
-               error("unable to lock %s for rollback", oldrefname);
-               goto rollbacklog;
-       }
+/*
+ * Look up a ref store by name. If that ref_store hasn't been
+ * registered yet, return NULL.
+ */
+static struct ref_store *lookup_ref_store_map(struct hashmap *map,
+                                             const char *name)
+{
+       struct ref_store_hash_entry *entry;
 
-       lock->force_write = 1;
-       flag = log_all_ref_updates;
-       log_all_ref_updates = 0;
-       if (write_ref_sha1(lock, orig_sha1, NULL))
-               error("unable to write current sha1 into %s", oldrefname);
-       log_all_ref_updates = flag;
-
- rollbacklog:
-       if (logmoved && rename(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname), git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname)))
-               error("unable to restore logfile %s from %s: %s",
-                       oldrefname, newrefname, strerror(errno));
-       if (!logmoved && log &&
-           rename(git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname)))
-               error("unable to restore logfile %s from "TMP_RENAMED_LOG": %s",
-                       oldrefname, strerror(errno));
+       if (!map->tablesize)
+               /* It's initialized on demand in register_ref_store(). */
+               return NULL;
 
-       return 1;
+       entry = hashmap_get_from_hash(map, strhash(name), name);
+       return entry ? entry->refs : NULL;
 }
 
-int close_ref(struct ref_lock *lock)
+/*
+ * Create, record, and return a ref_store instance for the specified
+ * gitdir.
+ */
+static struct ref_store *ref_store_init(const char *gitdir,
+                                       unsigned int flags)
 {
-       if (close_lock_file(lock->lk))
-               return -1;
-       lock->lock_fd = -1;
-       return 0;
-}
+       const char *be_name = "files";
+       struct ref_storage_be *be = find_ref_storage_backend(be_name);
+       struct ref_store *refs;
 
-int commit_ref(struct ref_lock *lock)
-{
-       if (commit_lock_file(lock->lk))
-               return -1;
-       lock->lock_fd = -1;
-       return 0;
+       if (!be)
+               die("BUG: reference backend %s is unknown", be_name);
+
+       refs = be->init(gitdir, flags);
+       return refs;
 }
 
-void unlock_ref(struct ref_lock *lock)
+struct ref_store *get_main_ref_store(void)
 {
-       /* Do not free lock->lk -- atexit() still looks at them */
-       if (lock->lk)
-               rollback_lock_file(lock->lk);
-       free(lock->ref_name);
-       free(lock->orig_ref_name);
-       free(lock);
+       if (main_ref_store)
+               return main_ref_store;
+
+       main_ref_store = ref_store_init(get_git_dir(), REF_STORE_ALL_CAPS);
+       return main_ref_store;
 }
 
 /*
- * copy the reflog message msg to buf, which has been allocated sufficiently
- * large, while cleaning up the whitespaces.  Especially, convert LF to space,
- * because reflog file is one line per entry.
+ * Associate a ref store with a name. It is a fatal error to call this
+ * function twice for the same name.
  */
-static int copy_msg(char *buf, const char *msg)
+static void register_ref_store_map(struct hashmap *map,
+                                  const char *type,
+                                  struct ref_store *refs,
+                                  const char *name)
 {
-       char *cp = buf;
-       char c;
-       int wasspace = 1;
+       if (!map->tablesize)
+               hashmap_init(map, ref_store_hash_cmp, NULL, 0);
 
-       *cp++ = '\t';
-       while ((c = *msg++)) {
-               if (wasspace && isspace(c))
-                       continue;
-               wasspace = isspace(c);
-               if (wasspace)
-                       c = ' ';
-               *cp++ = c;
-       }
-       while (buf < cp && isspace(cp[-1]))
-               cp--;
-       *cp++ = '\n';
-       return cp - buf;
+       if (hashmap_put(map, alloc_ref_store_hash_entry(name, refs)))
+               die("BUG: %s ref_store '%s' initialized twice", type, name);
 }
 
-int log_ref_setup(const char *refname, char *logfile, int bufsize)
+struct ref_store *get_submodule_ref_store(const char *submodule)
 {
-       int logfd, oflags = O_APPEND | O_WRONLY;
+       struct strbuf submodule_sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct ref_store *refs;
+       char *to_free = NULL;
+       size_t len;
 
-       git_snpath(logfile, bufsize, "logs/%s", refname);
-       if (log_all_ref_updates &&
-           (starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/") ||
-            starts_with(refname, "refs/remotes/") ||
-            starts_with(refname, "refs/notes/") ||
-            !strcmp(refname, "HEAD"))) {
-               if (safe_create_leading_directories(logfile) < 0)
-                       return error("unable to create directory for %s",
-                                    logfile);
-               oflags |= O_CREAT;
-       }
+       if (!submodule)
+               return NULL;
 
-       logfd = open(logfile, oflags, 0666);
-       if (logfd < 0) {
-               if (!(oflags & O_CREAT) && errno == ENOENT)
-                       return 0;
+       len = strlen(submodule);
+       while (len && is_dir_sep(submodule[len - 1]))
+               len--;
+       if (!len)
+               return NULL;
 
-               if ((oflags & O_CREAT) && errno == EISDIR) {
-                       if (remove_empty_directories(logfile)) {
-                               return error("There are still logs under '%s'",
-                                            logfile);
-                       }
-                       logfd = open(logfile, oflags, 0666);
-               }
+       if (submodule[len])
+               /* We need to strip off one or more trailing slashes */
+               submodule = to_free = xmemdupz(submodule, len);
 
-               if (logfd < 0)
-                       return error("Unable to append to %s: %s",
-                                    logfile, strerror(errno));
-       }
+       refs = lookup_ref_store_map(&submodule_ref_stores, submodule);
+       if (refs)
+               goto done;
 
-       adjust_shared_perm(logfile);
-       close(logfd);
-       return 0;
+       strbuf_addstr(&submodule_sb, submodule);
+       if (!is_nonbare_repository_dir(&submodule_sb))
+               goto done;
+
+       if (submodule_to_gitdir(&submodule_sb, submodule))
+               goto done;
+
+       /* assume that add_submodule_odb() has been called */
+       refs = ref_store_init(submodule_sb.buf,
+                             REF_STORE_READ | REF_STORE_ODB);
+       register_ref_store_map(&submodule_ref_stores, "submodule",
+                              refs, submodule);
+
+done:
+       strbuf_release(&submodule_sb);
+       free(to_free);
+
+       return refs;
+}
+
+struct ref_store *get_worktree_ref_store(const struct worktree *wt)
+{
+       struct ref_store *refs;
+       const char *id;
+
+       if (wt->is_current)
+               return get_main_ref_store();
+
+       id = wt->id ? wt->id : "/";
+       refs = lookup_ref_store_map(&worktree_ref_stores, id);
+       if (refs)
+               return refs;
+
+       if (wt->id)
+               refs = ref_store_init(git_common_path("worktrees/%s", wt->id),
+                                     REF_STORE_ALL_CAPS);
+       else
+               refs = ref_store_init(get_git_common_dir(),
+                                     REF_STORE_ALL_CAPS);
+
+       if (refs)
+               register_ref_store_map(&worktree_ref_stores, "worktree",
+                                      refs, id);
+       return refs;
+}
+
+void base_ref_store_init(struct ref_store *refs,
+                        const struct ref_storage_be *be)
+{
+       refs->be = be;
 }
 
-static int log_ref_write(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                        const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg)
+/* backend functions */
+int refs_pack_refs(struct ref_store *refs, unsigned int flags)
 {
-       int logfd, result, written, oflags = O_APPEND | O_WRONLY;
-       unsigned maxlen, len;
-       int msglen;
-       char log_file[PATH_MAX];
-       char *logrec;
-       const char *committer;
+       return refs->be->pack_refs(refs, flags);
+}
+
+int refs_peel_ref(struct ref_store *refs, const char *refname,
+                 unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       int flag;
+       unsigned char base[20];
+
+       if (current_ref_iter && current_ref_iter->refname == refname) {
+               struct object_id peeled;
 
-       if (log_all_ref_updates < 0)
-               log_all_ref_updates = !is_bare_repository();
+               if (ref_iterator_peel(current_ref_iter, &peeled))
+                       return -1;
+               hashcpy(sha1, peeled.hash);
+               return 0;
+       }
 
-       result = log_ref_setup(refname, log_file, sizeof(log_file));
-       if (result)
-               return result;
+       if (refs_read_ref_full(refs, refname,
+                              RESOLVE_REF_READING, base, &flag))
+               return -1;
 
-       logfd = open(log_file, oflags);
-       if (logfd < 0)
-               return 0;
-       msglen = msg ? strlen(msg) : 0;
-       committer = git_committer_info(0);
-       maxlen = strlen(committer) + msglen + 100;
-       logrec = xmalloc(maxlen);
-       len = sprintf(logrec, "%s %s %s\n",
-                     sha1_to_hex(old_sha1),
-                     sha1_to_hex(new_sha1),
-                     committer);
-       if (msglen)
-               len += copy_msg(logrec + len - 1, msg) - 1;
-       written = len <= maxlen ? write_in_full(logfd, logrec, len) : -1;
-       free(logrec);
-       if (close(logfd) != 0 || written != len)
-               return error("Unable to append to %s", log_file);
-       return 0;
+       return peel_object(base, sha1);
 }
 
-static int is_branch(const char *refname)
+int peel_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       return !strcmp(refname, "HEAD") || starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/");
+       return refs_peel_ref(get_main_ref_store(), refname, sha1);
 }
 
-int write_ref_sha1(struct ref_lock *lock,
-       const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg)
+int refs_create_symref(struct ref_store *refs,
+                      const char *ref_target,
+                      const char *refs_heads_master,
+                      const char *logmsg)
 {
-       static char term = '\n';
-       struct object *o;
-
-       if (!lock)
-               return -1;
-       if (!lock->force_write && !hashcmp(lock->old_sha1, sha1)) {
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return 0;
-       }
-       o = parse_object(sha1);
-       if (!o) {
-               error("Trying to write ref %s with nonexistent object %s",
-                       lock->ref_name, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       if (o->type != OBJ_COMMIT && is_branch(lock->ref_name)) {
-               error("Trying to write non-commit object %s to branch %s",
-                       sha1_to_hex(sha1), lock->ref_name);
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       if (write_in_full(lock->lock_fd, sha1_to_hex(sha1), 40) != 40 ||
-           write_in_full(lock->lock_fd, &term, 1) != 1
-               || close_ref(lock) < 0) {
-               error("Couldn't write %s", lock->lk->filename);
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
-       if (log_ref_write(lock->ref_name, lock->old_sha1, sha1, logmsg) < 0 ||
-           (strcmp(lock->ref_name, lock->orig_ref_name) &&
-            log_ref_write(lock->orig_ref_name, lock->old_sha1, sha1, logmsg) < 0)) {
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       if (strcmp(lock->orig_ref_name, "HEAD") != 0) {
-               /*
-                * Special hack: If a branch is updated directly and HEAD
-                * points to it (may happen on the remote side of a push
-                * for example) then logically the HEAD reflog should be
-                * updated too.
-                * A generic solution implies reverse symref information,
-                * but finding all symrefs pointing to the given branch
-                * would be rather costly for this rare event (the direct
-                * update of a branch) to be worth it.  So let's cheat and
-                * check with HEAD only which should cover 99% of all usage
-                * scenarios (even 100% of the default ones).
-                */
-               unsigned char head_sha1[20];
-               int head_flag;
-               const char *head_ref;
-               head_ref = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", head_sha1, 1, &head_flag);
-               if (head_ref && (head_flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
-                   !strcmp(head_ref, lock->ref_name))
-                       log_ref_write("HEAD", lock->old_sha1, sha1, logmsg);
-       }
-       if (commit_ref(lock)) {
-               error("Couldn't set %s", lock->ref_name);
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       unlock_ref(lock);
-       return 0;
+       return refs->be->create_symref(refs, ref_target,
+                                      refs_heads_master,
+                                      logmsg);
 }
 
 int create_symref(const char *ref_target, const char *refs_heads_master,
                  const char *logmsg)
 {
-       const char *lockpath;
-       char ref[1000];
-       int fd, len, written;
-       char *git_HEAD = git_pathdup("%s", ref_target);
-       unsigned char old_sha1[20], new_sha1[20];
+       return refs_create_symref(get_main_ref_store(), ref_target,
+                                 refs_heads_master, logmsg);
+}
 
-       if (logmsg && read_ref(ref_target, old_sha1))
-               hashclr(old_sha1);
+int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct string_list *refnames,
+                                struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       size_t i, n = refnames->nr;
 
-       if (safe_create_leading_directories(git_HEAD) < 0)
-               return error("unable to create directory for %s", git_HEAD);
+       assert(err);
 
-#ifndef NO_SYMLINK_HEAD
-       if (prefer_symlink_refs) {
-               unlink(git_HEAD);
-               if (!symlink(refs_heads_master, git_HEAD))
-                       goto done;
-               fprintf(stderr, "no symlink - falling back to symbolic ref\n");
-       }
-#endif
+       for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+               int cmp = strcmp(refnames->items[i - 1].string,
+                                refnames->items[i].string);
 
-       len = snprintf(ref, sizeof(ref), "ref: %s\n", refs_heads_master);
-       if (sizeof(ref) <= len) {
-               error("refname too long: %s", refs_heads_master);
-               goto error_free_return;
-       }
-       lockpath = mkpath("%s.lock", git_HEAD);
-       fd = open(lockpath, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_WRONLY, 0666);
-       if (fd < 0) {
-               error("Unable to open %s for writing", lockpath);
-               goto error_free_return;
-       }
-       written = write_in_full(fd, ref, len);
-       if (close(fd) != 0 || written != len) {
-               error("Unable to write to %s", lockpath);
-               goto error_unlink_return;
+               if (!cmp) {
+                       strbuf_addf(err,
+                                   "multiple updates for ref '%s' not allowed.",
+                                   refnames->items[i].string);
+                       return 1;
+               } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                       die("BUG: ref_update_reject_duplicates() received unsorted list");
+               }
        }
-       if (rename(lockpath, git_HEAD) < 0) {
-               error("Unable to create %s", git_HEAD);
-               goto error_unlink_return;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int ref_transaction_prepare(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                           struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct ref_store *refs = transaction->ref_store;
+
+       switch (transaction->state) {
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN:
+               /* Good. */
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED:
+               die("BUG: prepare called twice on reference transaction");
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED:
+               die("BUG: prepare called on a closed reference transaction");
+               break;
+       default:
+               die("BUG: unexpected reference transaction state");
+               break;
        }
-       if (adjust_shared_perm(git_HEAD)) {
-               error("Unable to fix permissions on %s", lockpath);
-       error_unlink_return:
-               unlink_or_warn(lockpath);
-       error_free_return:
-               free(git_HEAD);
+
+       if (getenv(GIT_QUARANTINE_ENVIRONMENT)) {
+               strbuf_addstr(err,
+                             _("ref updates forbidden inside quarantine environment"));
                return -1;
        }
 
-#ifndef NO_SYMLINK_HEAD
-       done:
-#endif
-       if (logmsg && !read_ref(refs_heads_master, new_sha1))
-               log_ref_write(ref_target, old_sha1, new_sha1, logmsg);
-
-       free(git_HEAD);
-       return 0;
+       return refs->be->transaction_prepare(refs, transaction, err);
 }
 
-static char *ref_msg(const char *line, const char *endp)
+int ref_transaction_abort(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                         struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       const char *ep;
-       line += 82;
-       ep = memchr(line, '\n', endp - line);
-       if (!ep)
-               ep = endp;
-       return xmemdupz(line, ep - line);
-}
+       struct ref_store *refs = transaction->ref_store;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-int read_ref_at(const char *refname, unsigned long at_time, int cnt,
-               unsigned char *sha1, char **msg,
-               unsigned long *cutoff_time, int *cutoff_tz, int *cutoff_cnt)
-{
-       const char *logfile, *logdata, *logend, *rec, *lastgt, *lastrec;
-       char *tz_c;
-       int logfd, tz, reccnt = 0;
-       struct stat st;
-       unsigned long date;
-       unsigned char logged_sha1[20];
-       void *log_mapped;
-       size_t mapsz;
-
-       logfile = git_path("logs/%s", refname);
-       logfd = open(logfile, O_RDONLY, 0);
-       if (logfd < 0)
-               die_errno("Unable to read log '%s'", logfile);
-       fstat(logfd, &st);
-       if (!st.st_size)
-               die("Log %s is empty.", logfile);
-       mapsz = xsize_t(st.st_size);
-       log_mapped = xmmap(NULL, mapsz, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, logfd, 0);
-       logdata = log_mapped;
-       close(logfd);
-
-       lastrec = NULL;
-       rec = logend = logdata + st.st_size;
-       while (logdata < rec) {
-               reccnt++;
-               if (logdata < rec && *(rec-1) == '\n')
-                       rec--;
-               lastgt = NULL;
-               while (logdata < rec && *(rec-1) != '\n') {
-                       rec--;
-                       if (*rec == '>')
-                               lastgt = rec;
-               }
-               if (!lastgt)
-                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-               date = strtoul(lastgt + 1, &tz_c, 10);
-               if (date <= at_time || cnt == 0) {
-                       tz = strtoul(tz_c, NULL, 10);
-                       if (msg)
-                               *msg = ref_msg(rec, logend);
-                       if (cutoff_time)
-                               *cutoff_time = date;
-                       if (cutoff_tz)
-                               *cutoff_tz = tz;
-                       if (cutoff_cnt)
-                               *cutoff_cnt = reccnt - 1;
-                       if (lastrec) {
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(lastrec, logged_sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(rec + 41, sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                               if (hashcmp(logged_sha1, sha1)) {
-                                       warning("Log %s has gap after %s.",
-                                               logfile, show_date(date, tz, DATE_RFC2822));
-                               }
-                       }
-                       else if (date == at_time) {
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(rec + 41, sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                       }
-                       else {
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(rec + 41, logged_sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                               if (hashcmp(logged_sha1, sha1)) {
-                                       warning("Log %s unexpectedly ended on %s.",
-                                               logfile, show_date(date, tz, DATE_RFC2822));
-                               }
-                       }
-                       munmap(log_mapped, mapsz);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-               lastrec = rec;
-               if (cnt > 0)
-                       cnt--;
+       switch (transaction->state) {
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN:
+               /* No need to abort explicitly. */
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED:
+               ret = refs->be->transaction_abort(refs, transaction, err);
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED:
+               die("BUG: abort called on a closed reference transaction");
+               break;
+       default:
+               die("BUG: unexpected reference transaction state");
+               break;
        }
 
-       rec = logdata;
-       while (rec < logend && *rec != '>' && *rec != '\n')
-               rec++;
-       if (rec == logend || *rec == '\n')
-               die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-       date = strtoul(rec + 1, &tz_c, 10);
-       tz = strtoul(tz_c, NULL, 10);
-       if (get_sha1_hex(logdata, sha1))
-               die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-       if (is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
-               if (get_sha1_hex(logdata + 41, sha1))
-                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-       }
-       if (msg)
-               *msg = ref_msg(logdata, logend);
-       munmap(log_mapped, mapsz);
-
-       if (cutoff_time)
-               *cutoff_time = date;
-       if (cutoff_tz)
-               *cutoff_tz = tz;
-       if (cutoff_cnt)
-               *cutoff_cnt = reccnt;
-       return 1;
+       ref_transaction_free(transaction);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static int show_one_reflog_ent(struct strbuf *sb, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+int ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       unsigned char osha1[20], nsha1[20];
-       char *email_end, *message;
-       unsigned long timestamp;
-       int tz;
+       struct ref_store *refs = transaction->ref_store;
+       int ret;
 
-       /* old SP new SP name <email> SP time TAB msg LF */
-       if (sb->len < 83 || sb->buf[sb->len - 1] != '\n' ||
-           get_sha1_hex(sb->buf, osha1) || sb->buf[40] != ' ' ||
-           get_sha1_hex(sb->buf + 41, nsha1) || sb->buf[81] != ' ' ||
-           !(email_end = strchr(sb->buf + 82, '>')) ||
-           email_end[1] != ' ' ||
-           !(timestamp = strtoul(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
-           !message || message[0] != ' ' ||
-           (message[1] != '+' && message[1] != '-') ||
-           !isdigit(message[2]) || !isdigit(message[3]) ||
-           !isdigit(message[4]) || !isdigit(message[5]))
-               return 0; /* corrupt? */
-       email_end[1] = '\0';
-       tz = strtol(message + 1, NULL, 10);
-       if (message[6] != '\t')
-               message += 6;
-       else
-               message += 7;
-       return fn(osha1, nsha1, sb->buf + 82, timestamp, tz, message, cb_data);
+       switch (transaction->state) {
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN:
+               /* Need to prepare first. */
+               ret = ref_transaction_prepare(transaction, err);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED:
+               /* Fall through to finish. */
+               break;
+       case REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED:
+               die("BUG: commit called on a closed reference transaction");
+               break;
+       default:
+               die("BUG: unexpected reference transaction state");
+               break;
+       }
+
+       return refs->be->transaction_finish(refs, transaction, err);
 }
 
-static char *find_beginning_of_line(char *bob, char *scan)
+int refs_verify_refname_available(struct ref_store *refs,
+                                 const char *refname,
+                                 const struct string_list *extras,
+                                 const struct string_list *skip,
+                                 struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       while (bob < scan && *(--scan) != '\n')
-               ; /* keep scanning backwards */
+       const char *slash;
+       const char *extra_refname;
+       struct strbuf dirname = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct strbuf referent = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct object_id oid;
+       unsigned int type;
+       struct ref_iterator *iter;
+       int ok;
+       int ret = -1;
+
        /*
-        * Return either beginning of the buffer, or LF at the end of
-        * the previous line.
+        * For the sake of comments in this function, suppose that
+        * refname is "refs/foo/bar".
         */
-       return scan;
-}
 
-int for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-       FILE *logfp;
-       long pos;
-       int ret = 0, at_tail = 1;
+       assert(err);
 
-       logfp = fopen(git_path("logs/%s", refname), "r");
-       if (!logfp)
-               return -1;
+       strbuf_grow(&dirname, strlen(refname) + 1);
+       for (slash = strchr(refname, '/'); slash; slash = strchr(slash + 1, '/')) {
+               /* Expand dirname to the new prefix, not including the trailing slash: */
+               strbuf_add(&dirname, refname + dirname.len, slash - refname - dirname.len);
 
-       /* Jump to the end */
-       if (fseek(logfp, 0, SEEK_END) < 0)
-               return error("cannot seek back reflog for %s: %s",
-                            refname, strerror(errno));
-       pos = ftell(logfp);
-       while (!ret && 0 < pos) {
-               int cnt;
-               size_t nread;
-               char buf[BUFSIZ];
-               char *endp, *scanp;
-
-               /* Fill next block from the end */
-               cnt = (sizeof(buf) < pos) ? sizeof(buf) : pos;
-               if (fseek(logfp, pos - cnt, SEEK_SET))
-                       return error("cannot seek back reflog for %s: %s",
-                                    refname, strerror(errno));
-               nread = fread(buf, cnt, 1, logfp);
-               if (nread != 1)
-                       return error("cannot read %d bytes from reflog for %s: %s",
-                                    cnt, refname, strerror(errno));
-               pos -= cnt;
-
-               scanp = endp = buf + cnt;
-               if (at_tail && scanp[-1] == '\n')
-                       /* Looking at the final LF at the end of the file */
-                       scanp--;
-               at_tail = 0;
-
-               while (buf < scanp) {
-                       /*
-                        * terminating LF of the previous line, or the beginning
-                        * of the buffer.
-                        */
-                       char *bp;
-
-                       bp = find_beginning_of_line(buf, scanp);
-
-                       if (*bp != '\n') {
-                               strbuf_splice(&sb, 0, 0, buf, endp - buf);
-                               if (pos)
-                                       break; /* need to fill another block */
-                               scanp = buf - 1; /* leave loop */
-                       } else {
-                               /*
-                                * (bp + 1) thru endp is the beginning of the
-                                * current line we have in sb
-                                */
-                               strbuf_splice(&sb, 0, 0, bp + 1, endp - (bp + 1));
-                               scanp = bp;
-                               endp = bp + 1;
-                       }
-                       ret = show_one_reflog_ent(&sb, fn, cb_data);
-                       strbuf_reset(&sb);
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
+               /*
+                * We are still at a leading dir of the refname (e.g.,
+                * "refs/foo"; if there is a reference with that name,
+                * it is a conflict, *unless* it is in skip.
+                */
+               if (skip && string_list_has_string(skip, dirname.buf))
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!refs_read_raw_ref(refs, dirname.buf, oid.hash, &referent, &type)) {
+                       strbuf_addf(err, "'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'",
+                                   dirname.buf, refname);
+                       goto cleanup;
                }
 
+               if (extras && string_list_has_string(extras, dirname.buf)) {
+                       strbuf_addf(err, "cannot process '%s' and '%s' at the same time",
+                                   refname, dirname.buf);
+                       goto cleanup;
+               }
        }
-       if (!ret && sb.len)
-               ret = show_one_reflog_ent(&sb, fn, cb_data);
 
-       fclose(logfp);
-       strbuf_release(&sb);
-       return ret;
-}
+       /*
+        * We are at the leaf of our refname (e.g., "refs/foo/bar").
+        * There is no point in searching for a reference with that
+        * name, because a refname isn't considered to conflict with
+        * itself. But we still need to check for references whose
+        * names are in the "refs/foo/bar/" namespace, because they
+        * *do* conflict.
+        */
+       strbuf_addstr(&dirname, refname + dirname.len);
+       strbuf_addch(&dirname, '/');
+
+       iter = refs_ref_iterator_begin(refs, dirname.buf, 0,
+                                      DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN);
+       while ((ok = ref_iterator_advance(iter)) == ITER_OK) {
+               if (skip &&
+                   string_list_has_string(skip, iter->refname))
+                       continue;
 
-int for_each_reflog_ent(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       FILE *logfp;
-       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int ret = 0;
+               strbuf_addf(err, "'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'",
+                           iter->refname, refname);
+               ref_iterator_abort(iter);
+               goto cleanup;
+       }
 
-       logfp = fopen(git_path("logs/%s", refname), "r");
-       if (!logfp)
-               return -1;
+       if (ok != ITER_DONE)
+               die("BUG: error while iterating over references");
+
+       extra_refname = find_descendant_ref(dirname.buf, extras, skip);
+       if (extra_refname)
+               strbuf_addf(err, "cannot process '%s' and '%s' at the same time",
+                           refname, extra_refname);
+       else
+               ret = 0;
 
-       while (!ret && !strbuf_getwholeline(&sb, logfp, '\n'))
-               ret = show_one_reflog_ent(&sb, fn, cb_data);
-       fclose(logfp);
-       strbuf_release(&sb);
+cleanup:
+       strbuf_release(&referent);
+       strbuf_release(&dirname);
        return ret;
 }
-/*
- * Call fn for each reflog in the namespace indicated by name.  name
- * must be empty or end with '/'.  Name will be used as a scratch
- * space, but its contents will be restored before return.
- */
-static int do_for_each_reflog(struct strbuf *name, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
-{
-       DIR *d = opendir(git_path("logs/%s", name->buf));
-       int retval = 0;
-       struct dirent *de;
-       int oldlen = name->len;
 
-       if (!d)
-               return name->len ? errno : 0;
+int refs_for_each_reflog(struct ref_store *refs, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct ref_iterator *iter;
 
-       while ((de = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
-               struct stat st;
+       iter = refs->be->reflog_iterator_begin(refs);
 
-               if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
-                       continue;
-               if (has_extension(de->d_name, ".lock"))
-                       continue;
-               strbuf_addstr(name, de->d_name);
-               if (stat(git_path("logs/%s", name->buf), &st) < 0) {
-                       ; /* silently ignore */
-               } else {
-                       if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-                               strbuf_addch(name, '/');
-                               retval = do_for_each_reflog(name, fn, cb_data);
-                       } else {
-                               unsigned char sha1[20];
-                               if (read_ref_full(name->buf, sha1, 0, NULL))
-                                       retval = error("bad ref for %s", name->buf);
-                               else
-                                       retval = fn(name->buf, sha1, 0, cb_data);
-                       }
-                       if (retval)
-                               break;
-               }
-               strbuf_setlen(name, oldlen);
-       }
-       closedir(d);
-       return retval;
+       return do_for_each_ref_iterator(iter, fn, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_reflog(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       int retval;
-       struct strbuf name;
-       strbuf_init(&name, PATH_MAX);
-       retval = do_for_each_reflog(&name, fn, cb_data);
-       strbuf_release(&name);
-       return retval;
+       return refs_for_each_reflog(get_main_ref_store(), fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-static struct ref_lock *update_ref_lock(const char *refname,
-                                       const unsigned char *oldval,
-                                       int flags, int *type_p,
-                                       enum action_on_err onerr)
+int refs_for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(struct ref_store *refs,
+                                    const char *refname,
+                                    each_reflog_ent_fn fn,
+                                    void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       lock = lock_any_ref_for_update(refname, oldval, flags, type_p);
-       if (!lock) {
-               const char *str = "Cannot lock the ref '%s'.";
-               switch (onerr) {
-               case MSG_ON_ERR: error(str, refname); break;
-               case DIE_ON_ERR: die(str, refname); break;
-               case QUIET_ON_ERR: break;
-               }
-       }
-       return lock;
+       return refs->be->for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(refs, refname,
+                                                    fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-static int update_ref_write(const char *action, const char *refname,
-                           const unsigned char *sha1, struct ref_lock *lock,
-                           enum action_on_err onerr)
+int for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn,
+                               void *cb_data)
 {
-       if (write_ref_sha1(lock, sha1, action) < 0) {
-               const char *str = "Cannot update the ref '%s'.";
-               switch (onerr) {
-               case MSG_ON_ERR: error(str, refname); break;
-               case DIE_ON_ERR: die(str, refname); break;
-               case QUIET_ON_ERR: break;
-               }
-               return 1;
-       }
-       return 0;
+       return refs_for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(get_main_ref_store(),
+                                               refname, fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-int update_ref(const char *action, const char *refname,
-              const unsigned char *sha1, const unsigned char *oldval,
-              int flags, enum action_on_err onerr)
+int refs_for_each_reflog_ent(struct ref_store *refs, const char *refname,
+                            each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       lock = update_ref_lock(refname, oldval, flags, NULL, onerr);
-       if (!lock)
-               return 1;
-       return update_ref_write(action, refname, sha1, lock, onerr);
+       return refs->be->for_each_reflog_ent(refs, refname, fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-static int ref_update_compare(const void *r1, const void *r2)
+int for_each_reflog_ent(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn,
+                       void *cb_data)
 {
-       const struct ref_update * const *u1 = r1;
-       const struct ref_update * const *u2 = r2;
-       return strcmp((*u1)->ref_name, (*u2)->ref_name);
+       return refs_for_each_reflog_ent(get_main_ref_store(), refname,
+                                       fn, cb_data);
 }
 
-static int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct ref_update **updates, int n,
-                                       enum action_on_err onerr)
+int refs_reflog_exists(struct ref_store *refs, const char *refname)
 {
-       int i;
-       for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
-               if (!strcmp(updates[i - 1]->ref_name, updates[i]->ref_name)) {
-                       const char *str =
-                               "Multiple updates for ref '%s' not allowed.";
-                       switch (onerr) {
-                       case MSG_ON_ERR:
-                               error(str, updates[i]->ref_name); break;
-                       case DIE_ON_ERR:
-                               die(str, updates[i]->ref_name); break;
-                       case QUIET_ON_ERR:
-                               break;
-                       }
-                       return 1;
-               }
-       return 0;
+       return refs->be->reflog_exists(refs, refname);
 }
 
-int update_refs(const char *action, const struct ref_update **updates_orig,
-               int n, enum action_on_err onerr)
+int reflog_exists(const char *refname)
 {
-       int ret = 0, delnum = 0, i;
-       struct ref_update **updates;
-       int *types;
-       struct ref_lock **locks;
-       const char **delnames;
-
-       if (!updates_orig || !n)
-               return 0;
-
-       /* Allocate work space */
-       updates = xmalloc(sizeof(*updates) * n);
-       types = xmalloc(sizeof(*types) * n);
-       locks = xcalloc(n, sizeof(*locks));
-       delnames = xmalloc(sizeof(*delnames) * n);
-
-       /* Copy, sort, and reject duplicate refs */
-       memcpy(updates, updates_orig, sizeof(*updates) * n);
-       qsort(updates, n, sizeof(*updates), ref_update_compare);
-       ret = ref_update_reject_duplicates(updates, n, onerr);
-       if (ret)
-               goto cleanup;
-
-       /* Acquire all locks while verifying old values */
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-               locks[i] = update_ref_lock(updates[i]->ref_name,
-                                          (updates[i]->have_old ?
-                                           updates[i]->old_sha1 : NULL),
-                                          updates[i]->flags,
-                                          &types[i], onerr);
-               if (!locks[i]) {
-                       ret = 1;
-                       goto cleanup;
-               }
-       }
-
-       /* Perform updates first so live commits remain referenced */
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-               if (!is_null_sha1(updates[i]->new_sha1)) {
-                       ret = update_ref_write(action,
-                                              updates[i]->ref_name,
-                                              updates[i]->new_sha1,
-                                              locks[i], onerr);
-                       locks[i] = NULL; /* freed by update_ref_write */
-                       if (ret)
-                               goto cleanup;
-               }
-
-       /* Perform deletes now that updates are safely completed */
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-               if (locks[i]) {
-                       delnames[delnum++] = locks[i]->ref_name;
-                       ret |= delete_ref_loose(locks[i], types[i]);
-               }
-       ret |= repack_without_refs(delnames, delnum);
-       for (i = 0; i < delnum; i++)
-               unlink_or_warn(git_path("logs/%s", delnames[i]));
-       clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
-
-cleanup:
-       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-               if (locks[i])
-                       unlock_ref(locks[i]);
-       free(updates);
-       free(types);
-       free(locks);
-       free(delnames);
-       return ret;
+       return refs_reflog_exists(get_main_ref_store(), refname);
 }
 
-char *shorten_unambiguous_ref(const char *refname, int strict)
+int refs_create_reflog(struct ref_store *refs, const char *refname,
+                      int force_create, struct strbuf *err)
 {
-       int i;
-       static char **scanf_fmts;
-       static int nr_rules;
-       char *short_name;
-
-       if (!nr_rules) {
-               /*
-                * Pre-generate scanf formats from ref_rev_parse_rules[].
-                * Generate a format suitable for scanf from a
-                * ref_rev_parse_rules rule by interpolating "%s" at the
-                * location of the "%.*s".
-                */
-               size_t total_len = 0;
-               size_t offset = 0;
-
-               /* the rule list is NULL terminated, count them first */
-               for (nr_rules = 0; ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]; nr_rules++)
-                       /* -2 for strlen("%.*s") - strlen("%s"); +1 for NUL */
-                       total_len += strlen(ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]) - 2 + 1;
-
-               scanf_fmts = xmalloc(nr_rules * sizeof(char *) + total_len);
-
-               offset = 0;
-               for (i = 0; i < nr_rules; i++) {
-                       assert(offset < total_len);
-                       scanf_fmts[i] = (char *)&scanf_fmts[nr_rules] + offset;
-                       offset += snprintf(scanf_fmts[i], total_len - offset,
-                                          ref_rev_parse_rules[i], 2, "%s") + 1;
-               }
-       }
-
-       /* bail out if there are no rules */
-       if (!nr_rules)
-               return xstrdup(refname);
-
-       /* buffer for scanf result, at most refname must fit */
-       short_name = xstrdup(refname);
-
-       /* skip first rule, it will always match */
-       for (i = nr_rules - 1; i > 0 ; --i) {
-               int j;
-               int rules_to_fail = i;
-               int short_name_len;
+       return refs->be->create_reflog(refs, refname, force_create, err);
+}
 
-               if (1 != sscanf(refname, scanf_fmts[i], short_name))
-                       continue;
+int safe_create_reflog(const char *refname, int force_create,
+                      struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       return refs_create_reflog(get_main_ref_store(), refname,
+                                 force_create, err);
+}
 
-               short_name_len = strlen(short_name);
+int refs_delete_reflog(struct ref_store *refs, const char *refname)
+{
+       return refs->be->delete_reflog(refs, refname);
+}
 
-               /*
-                * in strict mode, all (except the matched one) rules
-                * must fail to resolve to a valid non-ambiguous ref
-                */
-               if (strict)
-                       rules_to_fail = nr_rules;
+int delete_reflog(const char *refname)
+{
+       return refs_delete_reflog(get_main_ref_store(), refname);
+}
 
-               /*
-                * check if the short name resolves to a valid ref,
-                * but use only rules prior to the matched one
-                */
-               for (j = 0; j < rules_to_fail; j++) {
-                       const char *rule = ref_rev_parse_rules[j];
-                       char refname[PATH_MAX];
+int refs_reflog_expire(struct ref_store *refs,
+                      const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
+                      unsigned int flags,
+                      reflog_expiry_prepare_fn prepare_fn,
+                      reflog_expiry_should_prune_fn should_prune_fn,
+                      reflog_expiry_cleanup_fn cleanup_fn,
+                      void *policy_cb_data)
+{
+       return refs->be->reflog_expire(refs, refname, sha1, flags,
+                                      prepare_fn, should_prune_fn,
+                                      cleanup_fn, policy_cb_data);
+}
 
-                       /* skip matched rule */
-                       if (i == j)
-                               continue;
+int reflog_expire(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
+                 unsigned int flags,
+                 reflog_expiry_prepare_fn prepare_fn,
+                 reflog_expiry_should_prune_fn should_prune_fn,
+                 reflog_expiry_cleanup_fn cleanup_fn,
+                 void *policy_cb_data)
+{
+       return refs_reflog_expire(get_main_ref_store(),
+                                 refname, sha1, flags,
+                                 prepare_fn, should_prune_fn,
+                                 cleanup_fn, policy_cb_data);
+}
 
-                       /*
-                        * the short name is ambiguous, if it resolves
-                        * (with this previous rule) to a valid ref
-                        * read_ref() returns 0 on success
-                        */
-                       mksnpath(refname, sizeof(refname),
-                                rule, short_name_len, short_name);
-                       if (ref_exists(refname))
-                               break;
-               }
+int initial_ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                  struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct ref_store *refs = transaction->ref_store;
 
-               /*
-                * short name is non-ambiguous if all previous rules
-                * haven't resolved to a valid ref
-                */
-               if (j == rules_to_fail)
-                       return short_name;
-       }
+       return refs->be->initial_transaction_commit(refs, transaction, err);
+}
 
-       free(short_name);
-       return xstrdup(refname);
+int refs_delete_refs(struct ref_store *refs, const char *msg,
+                    struct string_list *refnames, unsigned int flags)
+{
+       return refs->be->delete_refs(refs, msg, refnames, flags);
 }
 
-static struct string_list *hide_refs;
+int delete_refs(const char *msg, struct string_list *refnames,
+               unsigned int flags)
+{
+       return refs_delete_refs(get_main_ref_store(), msg, refnames, flags);
+}
 
-int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *section)
+int refs_rename_ref(struct ref_store *refs, const char *oldref,
+                   const char *newref, const char *logmsg)
 {
-       if (!strcmp("transfer.hiderefs", var) ||
-           /* NEEDSWORK: use parse_config_key() once both are merged */
-           (starts_with(var, section) && var[strlen(section)] == '.' &&
-            !strcmp(var + strlen(section), ".hiderefs"))) {
-               char *ref;
-               int len;
+       return refs->be->rename_ref(refs, oldref, newref, logmsg);
+}
 
-               if (!value)
-                       return config_error_nonbool(var);
-               ref = xstrdup(value);
-               len = strlen(ref);
-               while (len && ref[len - 1] == '/')
-                       ref[--len] = '\0';
-               if (!hide_refs) {
-                       hide_refs = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*hide_refs));
-                       hide_refs->strdup_strings = 1;
-               }
-               string_list_append(hide_refs, ref);
-       }
-       return 0;
+int rename_ref(const char *oldref, const char *newref, const char *logmsg)
+{
+       return refs_rename_ref(get_main_ref_store(), oldref, newref, logmsg);
 }
 
-int ref_is_hidden(const char *refname)
+int refs_copy_existing_ref(struct ref_store *refs, const char *oldref,
+                   const char *newref, const char *logmsg)
 {
-       struct string_list_item *item;
+       return refs->be->copy_ref(refs, oldref, newref, logmsg);
+}
 
-       if (!hide_refs)
-               return 0;
-       for_each_string_list_item(item, hide_refs) {
-               int len;
-               if (!starts_with(refname, item->string))
-                       continue;
-               len = strlen(item->string);
-               if (!refname[len] || refname[len] == '/')
-                       return 1;
-       }
-       return 0;
+int copy_existing_ref(const char *oldref, const char *newref, const char *logmsg)
+{
+       return refs_copy_existing_ref(get_main_ref_store(), oldref, newref, logmsg);
 }