Imported Upstream version 2.25.1
[platform/upstream/git.git] / merge-recursive.c
index 680937c..10dca56 100644 (file)
  * Fredrik Kuivinen.
  * The thieves were Alex Riesen and Johannes Schindelin, in June/July 2006
  */
-#include "advice.h"
 #include "cache.h"
-#include "cache-tree.h"
-#include "commit.h"
+#include "merge-recursive.h"
+
+#include "advice.h"
+#include "alloc.h"
+#include "attr.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
-#include "tree-walk.h"
+#include "cache-tree.h"
+#include "commit.h"
+#include "commit-reach.h"
+#include "config.h"
 #include "diff.h"
 #include "diffcore.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "ll-merge.h"
+#include "lockfile.h"
+#include "object-store.h"
+#include "repository.h"
+#include "revision.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
+#include "submodule.h"
 #include "tag.h"
+#include "tree-walk.h"
 #include "unpack-trees.h"
-#include "string-list.h"
 #include "xdiff-interface.h"
-#include "ll-merge.h"
-#include "attr.h"
-#include "merge-recursive.h"
-#include "dir.h"
-#include "submodule.h"
 
-static struct tree *shift_tree_object(struct tree *one, struct tree *two,
+struct merge_options_internal {
+       int call_depth;
+       int needed_rename_limit;
+       struct hashmap current_file_dir_set;
+       struct string_list df_conflict_file_set;
+       struct unpack_trees_options unpack_opts;
+       struct index_state orig_index;
+};
+
+struct path_hashmap_entry {
+       struct hashmap_entry e;
+       char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+static int path_hashmap_cmp(const void *cmp_data,
+                           const struct hashmap_entry *eptr,
+                           const struct hashmap_entry *entry_or_key,
+                           const void *keydata)
+{
+       const struct path_hashmap_entry *a, *b;
+       const char *key = keydata;
+
+       a = container_of(eptr, const struct path_hashmap_entry, e);
+       b = container_of(entry_or_key, const struct path_hashmap_entry, e);
+
+       if (ignore_case)
+               return strcasecmp(a->path, key ? key : b->path);
+       else
+               return strcmp(a->path, key ? key : b->path);
+}
+
+static unsigned int path_hash(const char *path)
+{
+       return ignore_case ? strihash(path) : strhash(path);
+}
+
+/*
+ * For dir_rename_entry, directory names are stored as a full path from the
+ * toplevel of the repository and do not include a trailing '/'.  Also:
+ *
+ *   dir:                original name of directory being renamed
+ *   non_unique_new_dir: if true, could not determine new_dir
+ *   new_dir:            final name of directory being renamed
+ *   possible_new_dirs:  temporary used to help determine new_dir; see comments
+ *                       in get_directory_renames() for details
+ */
+struct dir_rename_entry {
+       struct hashmap_entry ent;
+       char *dir;
+       unsigned non_unique_new_dir:1;
+       struct strbuf new_dir;
+       struct string_list possible_new_dirs;
+};
+
+static struct dir_rename_entry *dir_rename_find_entry(struct hashmap *hashmap,
+                                                     char *dir)
+{
+       struct dir_rename_entry key;
+
+       if (dir == NULL)
+               return NULL;
+       hashmap_entry_init(&key.ent, strhash(dir));
+       key.dir = dir;
+       return hashmap_get_entry(hashmap, &key, ent, NULL);
+}
+
+static int dir_rename_cmp(const void *unused_cmp_data,
+                         const struct hashmap_entry *eptr,
+                         const struct hashmap_entry *entry_or_key,
+                         const void *unused_keydata)
+{
+       const struct dir_rename_entry *e1, *e2;
+
+       e1 = container_of(eptr, const struct dir_rename_entry, ent);
+       e2 = container_of(entry_or_key, const struct dir_rename_entry, ent);
+
+       return strcmp(e1->dir, e2->dir);
+}
+
+static void dir_rename_init(struct hashmap *map)
+{
+       hashmap_init(map, dir_rename_cmp, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static void dir_rename_entry_init(struct dir_rename_entry *entry,
+                                 char *directory)
+{
+       hashmap_entry_init(&entry->ent, strhash(directory));
+       entry->dir = directory;
+       entry->non_unique_new_dir = 0;
+       strbuf_init(&entry->new_dir, 0);
+       string_list_init(&entry->possible_new_dirs, 0);
+}
+
+struct collision_entry {
+       struct hashmap_entry ent;
+       char *target_file;
+       struct string_list source_files;
+       unsigned reported_already:1;
+};
+
+static struct collision_entry *collision_find_entry(struct hashmap *hashmap,
+                                                   char *target_file)
+{
+       struct collision_entry key;
+
+       hashmap_entry_init(&key.ent, strhash(target_file));
+       key.target_file = target_file;
+       return hashmap_get_entry(hashmap, &key, ent, NULL);
+}
+
+static int collision_cmp(const void *unused_cmp_data,
+                        const struct hashmap_entry *eptr,
+                        const struct hashmap_entry *entry_or_key,
+                        const void *unused_keydata)
+{
+       const struct collision_entry *e1, *e2;
+
+       e1 = container_of(eptr, const struct collision_entry, ent);
+       e2 = container_of(entry_or_key, const struct collision_entry, ent);
+
+       return strcmp(e1->target_file, e2->target_file);
+}
+
+static void collision_init(struct hashmap *map)
+{
+       hashmap_init(map, collision_cmp, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static void flush_output(struct merge_options *opt)
+{
+       if (opt->buffer_output < 2 && opt->obuf.len) {
+               fputs(opt->obuf.buf, stdout);
+               strbuf_reset(&opt->obuf);
+       }
+}
+
+static int err(struct merge_options *opt, const char *err, ...)
+{
+       va_list params;
+
+       if (opt->buffer_output < 2)
+               flush_output(opt);
+       else {
+               strbuf_complete(&opt->obuf, '\n');
+               strbuf_addstr(&opt->obuf, "error: ");
+       }
+       va_start(params, err);
+       strbuf_vaddf(&opt->obuf, err, params);
+       va_end(params);
+       if (opt->buffer_output > 1)
+               strbuf_addch(&opt->obuf, '\n');
+       else {
+               error("%s", opt->obuf.buf);
+               strbuf_reset(&opt->obuf);
+       }
+
+       return -1;
+}
+
+static struct tree *shift_tree_object(struct repository *repo,
+                                     struct tree *one, struct tree *two,
                                      const char *subtree_shift)
 {
-       unsigned char shifted[20];
+       struct object_id shifted;
 
        if (!*subtree_shift) {
-               shift_tree(one->object.sha1, two->object.sha1, shifted, 0);
+               shift_tree(repo, &one->object.oid, &two->object.oid, &shifted, 0);
        } else {
-               shift_tree_by(one->object.sha1, two->object.sha1, shifted,
+               shift_tree_by(repo, &one->object.oid, &two->object.oid, &shifted,
                              subtree_shift);
        }
-       if (!hashcmp(two->object.sha1, shifted))
+       if (oideq(&two->object.oid, &shifted))
                return two;
-       return lookup_tree(shifted);
+       return lookup_tree(repo, &shifted);
 }
 
-static struct commit *make_virtual_commit(struct tree *tree, const char *comment)
+static inline void set_commit_tree(struct commit *c, struct tree *t)
 {
-       struct commit *commit = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct commit));
-       struct merge_remote_desc *desc = xmalloc(sizeof(*desc));
-
-       desc->name = comment;
-       desc->obj = (struct object *)commit;
-       commit->tree = tree;
-       commit->util = desc;
-       commit->object.parsed = 1;
-       return commit;
+       c->maybe_tree = t;
 }
 
-/*
- * Since we use get_tree_entry(), which does not put the read object into
- * the object pool, we cannot rely on a == b.
- */
-static int sha_eq(const unsigned char *a, const unsigned char *b)
+static struct commit *make_virtual_commit(struct repository *repo,
+                                         struct tree *tree,
+                                         const char *comment)
 {
-       if (!a && !b)
-               return 2;
-       return a && b && hashcmp(a, b) == 0;
+       struct commit *commit = alloc_commit_node(repo);
+
+       set_merge_remote_desc(commit, comment, (struct object *)commit);
+       set_commit_tree(commit, tree);
+       commit->object.parsed = 1;
+       return commit;
 }
 
 enum rename_type {
        RENAME_NORMAL = 0,
+       RENAME_VIA_DIR,
+       RENAME_ADD,
        RENAME_DELETE,
        RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE,
        RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO,
        RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE
 };
 
-struct rename_conflict_info {
-       enum rename_type rename_type;
-       struct diff_filepair *pair1;
-       struct diff_filepair *pair2;
-       const char *branch1;
-       const char *branch2;
-       struct stage_data *dst_entry1;
-       struct stage_data *dst_entry2;
-       struct diff_filespec ren1_other;
-       struct diff_filespec ren2_other;
-};
-
 /*
  * Since we want to write the index eventually, we cannot reuse the index
  * for these (temporary) data.
  */
 struct stage_data {
-       struct {
-               unsigned mode;
-               unsigned char sha[20];
-       } stages[4];
+       struct diff_filespec stages[4]; /* mostly for oid & mode; maybe path */
        struct rename_conflict_info *rename_conflict_info;
        unsigned processed:1;
 };
 
-static inline void setup_rename_conflict_info(enum rename_type rename_type,
-                                             struct diff_filepair *pair1,
-                                             struct diff_filepair *pair2,
-                                             const char *branch1,
-                                             const char *branch2,
-                                             struct stage_data *dst_entry1,
-                                             struct stage_data *dst_entry2,
-                                             struct merge_options *o,
-                                             struct stage_data *src_entry1,
-                                             struct stage_data *src_entry2)
-{
-       struct rename_conflict_info *ci = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct rename_conflict_info));
-       ci->rename_type = rename_type;
-       ci->pair1 = pair1;
-       ci->branch1 = branch1;
-       ci->branch2 = branch2;
+struct rename {
+       unsigned processed:1;
+       struct diff_filepair *pair;
+       const char *branch; /* branch that the rename occurred on */
+       /*
+        * If directory rename detection affected this rename, what was its
+        * original type ('A' or 'R') and it's original destination before
+        * the directory rename (otherwise, '\0' and NULL for these two vars).
+        */
+       char dir_rename_original_type;
+       char *dir_rename_original_dest;
+       /*
+        * Purpose of src_entry and dst_entry:
+        *
+        * If 'before' is renamed to 'after' then src_entry will contain
+        * the versions of 'before' from the merge_base, HEAD, and MERGE in
+        * stages 1, 2, and 3; dst_entry will contain the respective
+        * versions of 'after' in corresponding locations.  Thus, we have a
+        * total of six modes and oids, though some will be null.  (Stage 0
+        * is ignored; we're interested in handling conflicts.)
+        *
+        * Since we don't turn on break-rewrites by default, neither
+        * src_entry nor dst_entry can have all three of their stages have
+        * non-null oids, meaning at most four of the six will be non-null.
+        * Also, since this is a rename, both src_entry and dst_entry will
+        * have at least one non-null oid, meaning at least two will be
+        * non-null.  Of the six oids, a typical rename will have three be
+        * non-null.  Only two implies a rename/delete, and four implies a
+        * rename/add.
+        */
+       struct stage_data *src_entry;
+       struct stage_data *dst_entry;
+};
 
-       ci->dst_entry1 = dst_entry1;
-       dst_entry1->rename_conflict_info = ci;
-       dst_entry1->processed = 0;
+struct rename_conflict_info {
+       enum rename_type rename_type;
+       struct rename *ren1;
+       struct rename *ren2;
+};
 
-       assert(!pair2 == !dst_entry2);
-       if (dst_entry2) {
-               ci->dst_entry2 = dst_entry2;
-               ci->pair2 = pair2;
-               dst_entry2->rename_conflict_info = ci;
-       }
+static inline void setup_rename_conflict_info(enum rename_type rename_type,
+                                             struct merge_options *opt,
+                                             struct rename *ren1,
+                                             struct rename *ren2)
+{
+       struct rename_conflict_info *ci;
 
-       if (rename_type == RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE) {
-               /*
-                * For each rename, there could have been
-                * modifications on the side of history where that
-                * file was not renamed.
-                */
-               int ostage1 = o->branch1 == branch1 ? 3 : 2;
-               int ostage2 = ostage1 ^ 1;
+       /*
+        * When we have two renames involved, it's easiest to get the
+        * correct things into stage 2 and 3, and to make sure that the
+        * content merge puts HEAD before the other branch if we just
+        * ensure that branch1 == opt->branch1.  So, simply flip arguments
+        * around if we don't have that.
+        */
+       if (ren2 && ren1->branch != opt->branch1) {
+               setup_rename_conflict_info(rename_type, opt, ren2, ren1);
+               return;
+       }
 
-               ci->ren1_other.path = pair1->one->path;
-               hashcpy(ci->ren1_other.sha1, src_entry1->stages[ostage1].sha);
-               ci->ren1_other.mode = src_entry1->stages[ostage1].mode;
+       ci = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct rename_conflict_info));
+       ci->rename_type = rename_type;
+       ci->ren1 = ren1;
+       ci->ren2 = ren2;
 
-               ci->ren2_other.path = pair2->one->path;
-               hashcpy(ci->ren2_other.sha1, src_entry2->stages[ostage2].sha);
-               ci->ren2_other.mode = src_entry2->stages[ostage2].mode;
+       ci->ren1->dst_entry->processed = 0;
+       ci->ren1->dst_entry->rename_conflict_info = ci;
+       if (ren2) {
+               ci->ren2->dst_entry->rename_conflict_info = ci;
        }
 }
 
-static int show(struct merge_options *o, int v)
+static int show(struct merge_options *opt, int v)
 {
-       return (!o->call_depth && o->verbosity >= v) || o->verbosity >= 5;
-}
-
-static void flush_output(struct merge_options *o)
-{
-       if (o->obuf.len) {
-               fputs(o->obuf.buf, stdout);
-               strbuf_reset(&o->obuf);
-       }
+       return (!opt->priv->call_depth && opt->verbosity >= v) ||
+               opt->verbosity >= 5;
 }
 
 __attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)))
-static void output(struct merge_options *o, int v, const char *fmt, ...)
+static void output(struct merge_options *opt, int v, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
        va_list ap;
 
-       if (!show(o, v))
+       if (!show(opt, v))
                return;
 
-       strbuf_grow(&o->obuf, o->call_depth * 2 + 2);
-       memset(o->obuf.buf + o->obuf.len, ' ', o->call_depth * 2);
-       strbuf_setlen(&o->obuf, o->obuf.len + o->call_depth * 2);
+       strbuf_addchars(&opt->obuf, ' ', opt->priv->call_depth * 2);
 
        va_start(ap, fmt);
-       strbuf_vaddf(&o->obuf, fmt, ap);
+       strbuf_vaddf(&opt->obuf, fmt, ap);
        va_end(ap);
 
-       strbuf_add(&o->obuf, "\n", 1);
-       if (!o->buffer_output)
-               flush_output(o);
+       strbuf_addch(&opt->obuf, '\n');
+       if (!opt->buffer_output)
+               flush_output(opt);
 }
 
-static void output_commit_title(struct merge_options *o, struct commit *commit)
+static void output_commit_title(struct merge_options *opt, struct commit *commit)
 {
-       int i;
-       flush_output(o);
-       for (i = o->call_depth; i--;)
-               fputs("  ", stdout);
-       if (commit->util)
-               printf("virtual %s\n", merge_remote_util(commit)->name);
+       struct merge_remote_desc *desc;
+
+       strbuf_addchars(&opt->obuf, ' ', opt->priv->call_depth * 2);
+       desc = merge_remote_util(commit);
+       if (desc)
+               strbuf_addf(&opt->obuf, "virtual %s\n", desc->name);
        else {
-               printf("%s ", find_unique_abbrev(commit->object.sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV));
+               strbuf_add_unique_abbrev(&opt->obuf, &commit->object.oid,
+                                        DEFAULT_ABBREV);
+               strbuf_addch(&opt->obuf, ' ');
                if (parse_commit(commit) != 0)
-                       printf("(bad commit)\n");
+                       strbuf_addstr(&opt->obuf, _("(bad commit)\n"));
                else {
                        const char *title;
-                       int len = find_commit_subject(commit->buffer, &title);
+                       const char *msg = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+                       int len = find_commit_subject(msg, &title);
                        if (len)
-                               printf("%.*s\n", len, title);
+                               strbuf_addf(&opt->obuf, "%.*s\n", len, title);
+                       unuse_commit_buffer(commit, msg);
                }
        }
+       flush_output(opt);
 }
 
-static int add_cacheinfo(unsigned int mode, const unsigned char *sha1,
-               const char *path, int stage, int refresh, int options)
+static int add_cacheinfo(struct merge_options *opt,
+                        const struct diff_filespec *blob,
+                        const char *path, int stage, int refresh, int options)
 {
+       struct index_state *istate = opt->repo->index;
        struct cache_entry *ce;
-       ce = make_cache_entry(mode, sha1 ? sha1 : null_sha1, path, stage, refresh);
+       int ret;
+
+       ce = make_cache_entry(istate, blob->mode, &blob->oid, path, stage, 0);
        if (!ce)
-               return error("addinfo_cache failed for path '%s'", path);
-       return add_cache_entry(ce, options);
+               return err(opt, _("add_cacheinfo failed for path '%s'; merge aborting."), path);
+
+       ret = add_index_entry(istate, ce, options);
+       if (refresh) {
+               struct cache_entry *nce;
+
+               nce = refresh_cache_entry(istate, ce,
+                                         CE_MATCH_REFRESH | CE_MATCH_IGNORE_MISSING);
+               if (!nce)
+                       return err(opt, _("add_cacheinfo failed to refresh for path '%s'; merge aborting."), path);
+               if (nce != ce)
+                       ret = add_index_entry(istate, nce, options);
+       }
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static inline int merge_detect_rename(struct merge_options *opt)
+{
+       return (opt->detect_renames >= 0) ? opt->detect_renames : 1;
 }
 
 static void init_tree_desc_from_tree(struct tree_desc *desc, struct tree *tree)
@@ -213,113 +403,109 @@ static void init_tree_desc_from_tree(struct tree_desc *desc, struct tree *tree)
        init_tree_desc(desc, tree->buffer, tree->size);
 }
 
-static int git_merge_trees(int index_only,
-                          struct tree *common,
-                          struct tree *head,
-                          struct tree *merge)
+static int unpack_trees_start(struct merge_options *opt,
+                             struct tree *common,
+                             struct tree *head,
+                             struct tree *merge)
 {
        int rc;
        struct tree_desc t[3];
-       struct unpack_trees_options opts;
+       struct index_state tmp_index = { NULL };
 
-       memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
-       if (index_only)
-               opts.index_only = 1;
+       memset(&opt->priv->unpack_opts, 0, sizeof(opt->priv->unpack_opts));
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth)
+               opt->priv->unpack_opts.index_only = 1;
        else
-               opts.update = 1;
-       opts.merge = 1;
-       opts.head_idx = 2;
-       opts.fn = threeway_merge;
-       opts.src_index = &the_index;
-       opts.dst_index = &the_index;
-       setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(&opts, "merge");
+               opt->priv->unpack_opts.update = 1;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.merge = 1;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.head_idx = 2;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.fn = threeway_merge;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.src_index = opt->repo->index;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.dst_index = &tmp_index;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.aggressive = !merge_detect_rename(opt);
+       setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(&opt->priv->unpack_opts, "merge");
 
        init_tree_desc_from_tree(t+0, common);
        init_tree_desc_from_tree(t+1, head);
        init_tree_desc_from_tree(t+2, merge);
 
-       rc = unpack_trees(3, t, &opts);
-       cache_tree_free(&active_cache_tree);
+       rc = unpack_trees(3, t, &opt->priv->unpack_opts);
+       cache_tree_free(&opt->repo->index->cache_tree);
+
+       /*
+        * Update opt->repo->index to match the new results, AFTER saving a
+        * copy in opt->priv->orig_index.  Update src_index to point to the
+        * saved copy.  (verify_uptodate() checks src_index, and the original
+        * index is the one that had the necessary modification timestamps.)
+        */
+       opt->priv->orig_index = *opt->repo->index;
+       *opt->repo->index = tmp_index;
+       opt->priv->unpack_opts.src_index = &opt->priv->orig_index;
+
        return rc;
 }
 
-struct tree *write_tree_from_memory(struct merge_options *o)
+static void unpack_trees_finish(struct merge_options *opt)
 {
-       struct tree *result = NULL;
-
-       if (unmerged_cache()) {
-               int i;
-               fprintf(stderr, "BUG: There are unmerged index entries:\n");
-               for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-                       struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
-                       if (ce_stage(ce))
-                               fprintf(stderr, "BUG: %d %.*s\n", ce_stage(ce),
-                                       (int)ce_namelen(ce), ce->name);
-               }
-               die("Bug in merge-recursive.c");
-       }
-
-       if (!active_cache_tree)
-               active_cache_tree = cache_tree();
-
-       if (!cache_tree_fully_valid(active_cache_tree) &&
-           cache_tree_update(active_cache_tree,
-                             active_cache, active_nr, 0) < 0)
-               die("error building trees");
-
-       result = lookup_tree(active_cache_tree->sha1);
-
-       return result;
+       discard_index(&opt->priv->orig_index);
+       clear_unpack_trees_porcelain(&opt->priv->unpack_opts);
 }
 
-static int save_files_dirs(const unsigned char *sha1,
-               const char *base, int baselen, const char *path,
-               unsigned int mode, int stage, void *context)
+static int save_files_dirs(const struct object_id *oid,
+                          struct strbuf *base, const char *path,
+                          unsigned int mode, int stage, void *context)
 {
-       int len = strlen(path);
-       char *newpath = xmalloc(baselen + len + 1);
-       struct merge_options *o = context;
+       struct path_hashmap_entry *entry;
+       int baselen = base->len;
+       struct merge_options *opt = context;
 
-       memcpy(newpath, base, baselen);
-       memcpy(newpath + baselen, path, len);
-       newpath[baselen + len] = '\0';
+       strbuf_addstr(base, path);
 
-       if (S_ISDIR(mode))
-               string_list_insert(&o->current_directory_set, newpath);
-       else
-               string_list_insert(&o->current_file_set, newpath);
-       free(newpath);
+       FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(entry, path, base->buf, base->len);
+       hashmap_entry_init(&entry->e, path_hash(entry->path));
+       hashmap_add(&opt->priv->current_file_dir_set, &entry->e);
 
+       strbuf_setlen(base, baselen);
        return (S_ISDIR(mode) ? READ_TREE_RECURSIVE : 0);
 }
 
-static int get_files_dirs(struct merge_options *o, struct tree *tree)
+static void get_files_dirs(struct merge_options *opt, struct tree *tree)
 {
-       int n;
        struct pathspec match_all;
-       init_pathspec(&match_all, NULL);
-       if (read_tree_recursive(tree, "", 0, 0, &match_all, save_files_dirs, o))
-               return 0;
-       n = o->current_file_set.nr + o->current_directory_set.nr;
-       return n;
+       memset(&match_all, 0, sizeof(match_all));
+       read_tree_recursive(opt->repo, tree, "", 0, 0,
+                           &match_all, save_files_dirs, opt);
+}
+
+static int get_tree_entry_if_blob(struct repository *r,
+                                 const struct object_id *tree,
+                                 const char *path,
+                                 struct diff_filespec *dfs)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = get_tree_entry(r, tree, path, &dfs->oid, &dfs->mode);
+       if (S_ISDIR(dfs->mode)) {
+               oidcpy(&dfs->oid, &null_oid);
+               dfs->mode = 0;
+       }
+       return ret;
 }
 
 /*
  * Returns an index_entry instance which doesn't have to correspond to
  * a real cache entry in Git's index.
  */
-static struct stage_data *insert_stage_data(const char *path,
+static struct stage_data *insert_stage_data(struct repository *r,
+               const char *path,
                struct tree *o, struct tree *a, struct tree *b,
                struct string_list *entries)
 {
        struct string_list_item *item;
        struct stage_data *e = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct stage_data));
-       get_tree_entry(o->object.sha1, path,
-                       e->stages[1].sha, &e->stages[1].mode);
-       get_tree_entry(a->object.sha1, path,
-                       e->stages[2].sha, &e->stages[2].mode);
-       get_tree_entry(b->object.sha1, path,
-                       e->stages[3].sha, &e->stages[3].mode);
+       get_tree_entry_if_blob(r, &o->object.oid, path, &e->stages[1]);
+       get_tree_entry_if_blob(r, &a->object.oid, path, &e->stages[2]);
+       get_tree_entry_if_blob(r, &b->object.oid, path, &e->stages[3]);
        item = string_list_insert(entries, path);
        item->util = e;
        return e;
@@ -329,17 +515,17 @@ static struct stage_data *insert_stage_data(const char *path,
  * Create a dictionary mapping file names to stage_data objects. The
  * dictionary contains one entry for every path with a non-zero stage entry.
  */
-static struct string_list *get_unmerged(void)
+static struct string_list *get_unmerged(struct index_state *istate)
 {
        struct string_list *unmerged = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct string_list));
        int i;
 
        unmerged->strdup_strings = 1;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
+       for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
                struct string_list_item *item;
                struct stage_data *e;
-               struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+               const struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[i];
                if (!ce_stage(ce))
                        continue;
 
@@ -350,18 +536,16 @@ static struct string_list *get_unmerged(void)
                }
                e = item->util;
                e->stages[ce_stage(ce)].mode = ce->ce_mode;
-               hashcpy(e->stages[ce_stage(ce)].sha, ce->sha1);
+               oidcpy(&e->stages[ce_stage(ce)].oid, &ce->oid);
        }
 
        return unmerged;
 }
 
-static int string_list_df_name_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
+static int string_list_df_name_compare(const char *one, const char *two)
 {
-       const struct string_list_item *one = a;
-       const struct string_list_item *two = b;
-       int onelen = strlen(one->string);
-       int twolen = strlen(two->string);
+       int onelen = strlen(one);
+       int twolen = strlen(two);
        /*
         * Here we only care that entries for D/F conflicts are
         * adjacent, in particular with the file of the D/F conflict
@@ -374,8 +558,8 @@ static int string_list_df_name_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
         * since in other cases any changes in their order due to
         * sorting cause no problems for us.
         */
-       int cmp = df_name_compare(one->string, onelen, S_IFDIR,
-                                 two->string, twolen, S_IFDIR);
+       int cmp = df_name_compare(one, onelen, S_IFDIR,
+                                 two, twolen, S_IFDIR);
        /*
         * Now that 'foo' and 'foo/bar' compare equal, we have to make sure
         * that 'foo' comes before 'foo/bar'.
@@ -385,11 +569,11 @@ static int string_list_df_name_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
        return onelen - twolen;
 }
 
-static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *o,
+static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *opt,
                                     struct string_list *entries)
 {
        /* If there is a D/F conflict and the file for such a conflict
-        * currently exist in the working tree, we want to allow it to be
+        * currently exists in the working tree, we want to allow it to be
         * removed to make room for the corresponding directory if needed.
         * The files underneath the directories of such D/F conflicts will
         * be processed before the corresponding file involved in the D/F
@@ -401,7 +585,7 @@ static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *o,
         * and the file need to be present, then the D/F file will be
         * reinstated with a new unique name at the time it is processed.
         */
-       struct string_list df_sorted_entries;
+       struct string_list df_sorted_entries = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
        const char *last_file = NULL;
        int last_len = 0;
        int i;
@@ -410,20 +594,19 @@ static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *o,
         * If we're merging merge-bases, we don't want to bother with
         * any working directory changes.
         */
-       if (o->call_depth)
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth)
                return;
 
        /* Ensure D/F conflicts are adjacent in the entries list. */
-       memset(&df_sorted_entries, 0, sizeof(struct string_list));
        for (i = 0; i < entries->nr; i++) {
                struct string_list_item *next = &entries->items[i];
                string_list_append(&df_sorted_entries, next->string)->util =
                                   next->util;
        }
-       qsort(df_sorted_entries.items, entries->nr, sizeof(*entries->items),
-             string_list_df_name_compare);
+       df_sorted_entries.cmp = string_list_df_name_compare;
+       string_list_sort(&df_sorted_entries);
 
-       string_list_clear(&o->df_conflict_file_set, 1);
+       string_list_clear(&opt->priv->df_conflict_file_set, 1);
        for (i = 0; i < df_sorted_entries.nr; i++) {
                const char *path = df_sorted_entries.items[i].string;
                int len = strlen(path);
@@ -439,7 +622,7 @@ static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *o,
                    len > last_len &&
                    memcmp(path, last_file, last_len) == 0 &&
                    path[last_len] == '/') {
-                       string_list_insert(&o->df_conflict_file_set, last_file);
+                       string_list_insert(&opt->priv->df_conflict_file_set, last_file);
                }
 
                /*
@@ -458,81 +641,8 @@ static void record_df_conflict_files(struct merge_options *o,
        string_list_clear(&df_sorted_entries, 0);
 }
 
-struct rename {
-       struct diff_filepair *pair;
-       struct stage_data *src_entry;
-       struct stage_data *dst_entry;
-       unsigned processed:1;
-};
-
-/*
- * Get information of all renames which occurred between 'o_tree' and
- * 'tree'. We need the three trees in the merge ('o_tree', 'a_tree' and
- * 'b_tree') to be able to associate the correct cache entries with
- * the rename information. 'tree' is always equal to either a_tree or b_tree.
- */
-static struct string_list *get_renames(struct merge_options *o,
-                                      struct tree *tree,
-                                      struct tree *o_tree,
-                                      struct tree *a_tree,
-                                      struct tree *b_tree,
-                                      struct string_list *entries)
-{
-       int i;
-       struct string_list *renames;
-       struct diff_options opts;
-
-       renames = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct string_list));
-       diff_setup(&opts);
-       DIFF_OPT_SET(&opts, RECURSIVE);
-       DIFF_OPT_CLR(&opts, RENAME_EMPTY);
-       opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
-       opts.rename_limit = o->merge_rename_limit >= 0 ? o->merge_rename_limit :
-                           o->diff_rename_limit >= 0 ? o->diff_rename_limit :
-                           1000;
-       opts.rename_score = o->rename_score;
-       opts.show_rename_progress = o->show_rename_progress;
-       opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
-       if (diff_setup_done(&opts) < 0)
-               die("diff setup failed");
-       diff_tree_sha1(o_tree->object.sha1, tree->object.sha1, "", &opts);
-       diffcore_std(&opts);
-       if (opts.needed_rename_limit > o->needed_rename_limit)
-               o->needed_rename_limit = opts.needed_rename_limit;
-       for (i = 0; i < diff_queued_diff.nr; ++i) {
-               struct string_list_item *item;
-               struct rename *re;
-               struct diff_filepair *pair = diff_queued_diff.queue[i];
-               if (pair->status != 'R') {
-                       diff_free_filepair(pair);
-                       continue;
-               }
-               re = xmalloc(sizeof(*re));
-               re->processed = 0;
-               re->pair = pair;
-               item = string_list_lookup(entries, re->pair->one->path);
-               if (!item)
-                       re->src_entry = insert_stage_data(re->pair->one->path,
-                                       o_tree, a_tree, b_tree, entries);
-               else
-                       re->src_entry = item->util;
-
-               item = string_list_lookup(entries, re->pair->two->path);
-               if (!item)
-                       re->dst_entry = insert_stage_data(re->pair->two->path,
-                                       o_tree, a_tree, b_tree, entries);
-               else
-                       re->dst_entry = item->util;
-               item = string_list_insert(renames, pair->one->path);
-               item->util = re;
-       }
-       opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
-       diff_queued_diff.nr = 0;
-       diff_flush(&opts);
-       return renames;
-}
-
-static int update_stages(const char *path, const struct diff_filespec *o,
+static int update_stages(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path,
+                        const struct diff_filespec *o,
                         const struct diff_filespec *a,
                         const struct diff_filespec *b)
 {
@@ -548,16 +658,16 @@ static int update_stages(const char *path, const struct diff_filespec *o,
        int clear = 1;
        int options = ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_SKIP_DFCHECK;
        if (clear)
-               if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
+               if (remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, path))
                        return -1;
        if (o)
-               if (add_cacheinfo(o->mode, o->sha1, path, 1, 0, options))
+               if (add_cacheinfo(opt, o, path, 1, 0, options))
                        return -1;
        if (a)
-               if (add_cacheinfo(a->mode, a->sha1, path, 2, 0, options))
+               if (add_cacheinfo(opt, a, path, 2, 0, options))
                        return -1;
        if (b)
-               if (add_cacheinfo(b->mode, b->sha1, path, 3, 0, options))
+               if (add_cacheinfo(opt, b, path, 3, 0, options))
                        return -1;
        return 0;
 }
@@ -571,137 +681,211 @@ static void update_entry(struct stage_data *entry,
        entry->stages[1].mode = o->mode;
        entry->stages[2].mode = a->mode;
        entry->stages[3].mode = b->mode;
-       hashcpy(entry->stages[1].sha, o->sha1);
-       hashcpy(entry->stages[2].sha, a->sha1);
-       hashcpy(entry->stages[3].sha, b->sha1);
+       oidcpy(&entry->stages[1].oid, &o->oid);
+       oidcpy(&entry->stages[2].oid, &a->oid);
+       oidcpy(&entry->stages[3].oid, &b->oid);
 }
 
-static int remove_file(struct merge_options *o, int clean,
+static int remove_file(struct merge_options *opt, int clean,
                       const char *path, int no_wd)
 {
-       int update_cache = o->call_depth || clean;
-       int update_working_directory = !o->call_depth && !no_wd;
+       int update_cache = opt->priv->call_depth || clean;
+       int update_working_directory = !opt->priv->call_depth && !no_wd;
 
        if (update_cache) {
-               if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
+               if (remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, path))
                        return -1;
        }
        if (update_working_directory) {
+               if (ignore_case) {
+                       struct cache_entry *ce;
+                       ce = index_file_exists(opt->repo->index, path, strlen(path),
+                                              ignore_case);
+                       if (ce && ce_stage(ce) == 0 && strcmp(path, ce->name))
+                               return 0;
+               }
                if (remove_path(path))
                        return -1;
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
-static char *unique_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path, const char *branch)
+/* add a string to a strbuf, but converting "/" to "_" */
+static void add_flattened_path(struct strbuf *out, const char *s)
+{
+       size_t i = out->len;
+       strbuf_addstr(out, s);
+       for (; i < out->len; i++)
+               if (out->buf[i] == '/')
+                       out->buf[i] = '_';
+}
+
+static char *unique_path(struct merge_options *opt,
+                        const char *path,
+                        const char *branch)
 {
-       char *newpath = xmalloc(strlen(path) + 1 + strlen(branch) + 8 + 1);
+       struct path_hashmap_entry *entry;
+       struct strbuf newpath = STRBUF_INIT;
        int suffix = 0;
-       struct stat st;
-       char *p = newpath + strlen(path);
-       strcpy(newpath, path);
-       *(p++) = '~';
-       strcpy(p, branch);
-       for (; *p; ++p)
-               if ('/' == *p)
-                       *p = '_';
-       while (string_list_has_string(&o->current_file_set, newpath) ||
-              string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, newpath) ||
-              lstat(newpath, &st) == 0)
-               sprintf(p, "_%d", suffix++);
-
-       string_list_insert(&o->current_file_set, newpath);
-       return newpath;
-}
-
-static void flush_buffer(int fd, const char *buf, unsigned long size)
-{
-       while (size > 0) {
-               long ret = write_in_full(fd, buf, size);
-               if (ret < 0) {
-                       /* Ignore epipe */
-                       if (errno == EPIPE)
-                               break;
-                       die_errno("merge-recursive");
-               } else if (!ret) {
-                       die("merge-recursive: disk full?");
-               }
-               size -= ret;
-               buf += ret;
+       size_t base_len;
+
+       strbuf_addf(&newpath, "%s~", path);
+       add_flattened_path(&newpath, branch);
+
+       base_len = newpath.len;
+       while (hashmap_get_from_hash(&opt->priv->current_file_dir_set,
+                                    path_hash(newpath.buf), newpath.buf) ||
+              (!opt->priv->call_depth && file_exists(newpath.buf))) {
+               strbuf_setlen(&newpath, base_len);
+               strbuf_addf(&newpath, "_%d", suffix++);
        }
+
+       FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(entry, path, newpath.buf, newpath.len);
+       hashmap_entry_init(&entry->e, path_hash(entry->path));
+       hashmap_add(&opt->priv->current_file_dir_set, &entry->e);
+       return strbuf_detach(&newpath, NULL);
 }
 
-static int dir_in_way(const char *path, int check_working_copy)
+/**
+ * Check whether a directory in the index is in the way of an incoming
+ * file.  Return 1 if so.  If check_working_copy is non-zero, also
+ * check the working directory.  If empty_ok is non-zero, also return
+ * 0 in the case where the working-tree dir exists but is empty.
+ */
+static int dir_in_way(struct index_state *istate, const char *path,
+                     int check_working_copy, int empty_ok)
 {
-       int pos, pathlen = strlen(path);
-       char *dirpath = xmalloc(pathlen + 2);
+       int pos;
+       struct strbuf dirpath = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct stat st;
 
-       strcpy(dirpath, path);
-       dirpath[pathlen] = '/';
-       dirpath[pathlen+1] = '\0';
+       strbuf_addstr(&dirpath, path);
+       strbuf_addch(&dirpath, '/');
 
-       pos = cache_name_pos(dirpath, pathlen+1);
+       pos = index_name_pos(istate, dirpath.buf, dirpath.len);
 
        if (pos < 0)
                pos = -1 - pos;
-       if (pos < active_nr &&
-           !strncmp(dirpath, active_cache[pos]->name, pathlen+1)) {
-               free(dirpath);
+       if (pos < istate->cache_nr &&
+           !strncmp(dirpath.buf, istate->cache[pos]->name, dirpath.len)) {
+               strbuf_release(&dirpath);
                return 1;
        }
 
-       free(dirpath);
-       return check_working_copy && !lstat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
+       strbuf_release(&dirpath);
+       return check_working_copy && !lstat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) &&
+               !(empty_ok && is_empty_dir(path)) &&
+               !has_symlink_leading_path(path, strlen(path));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns whether path was tracked in the index before the merge started,
+ * and its oid and mode match the specified values
+ */
+static int was_tracked_and_matches(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path,
+                                  const struct diff_filespec *blob)
+{
+       int pos = index_name_pos(&opt->priv->orig_index, path, strlen(path));
+       struct cache_entry *ce;
+
+       if (0 > pos)
+               /* we were not tracking this path before the merge */
+               return 0;
+
+       /* See if the file we were tracking before matches */
+       ce = opt->priv->orig_index.cache[pos];
+       return (oideq(&ce->oid, &blob->oid) && ce->ce_mode == blob->mode);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns whether path was tracked in the index before the merge started
+ */
+static int was_tracked(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path)
+{
+       int pos = index_name_pos(&opt->priv->orig_index, path, strlen(path));
+
+       if (0 <= pos)
+               /* we were tracking this path before the merge */
+               return 1;
+
+       return 0;
 }
 
-static int was_tracked(const char *path)
+static int would_lose_untracked(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path)
 {
-       int pos = cache_name_pos(path, strlen(path));
+       struct index_state *istate = opt->repo->index;
+
+       /*
+        * This may look like it can be simplified to:
+        *   return !was_tracked(opt, path) && file_exists(path)
+        * but it can't.  This function needs to know whether path was in
+        * the working tree due to EITHER having been tracked in the index
+        * before the merge OR having been put into the working copy and
+        * index by unpack_trees().  Due to that either-or requirement, we
+        * check the current index instead of the original one.
+        *
+        * Note that we do not need to worry about merge-recursive itself
+        * updating the index after unpack_trees() and before calling this
+        * function, because we strictly require all code paths in
+        * merge-recursive to update the working tree first and the index
+        * second.  Doing otherwise would break
+        * update_file()/would_lose_untracked(); see every comment in this
+        * file which mentions "update_stages".
+        */
+       int pos = index_name_pos(istate, path, strlen(path));
 
        if (pos < 0)
                pos = -1 - pos;
-       while (pos < active_nr &&
-              !strcmp(path, active_cache[pos]->name)) {
+       while (pos < istate->cache_nr &&
+              !strcmp(path, istate->cache[pos]->name)) {
                /*
                 * If stage #0, it is definitely tracked.
                 * If it has stage #2 then it was tracked
                 * before this merge started.  All other
                 * cases the path was not tracked.
                 */
-               switch (ce_stage(active_cache[pos])) {
+               switch (ce_stage(istate->cache[pos])) {
                case 0:
                case 2:
-                       return 1;
+                       return 0;
                }
                pos++;
        }
-       return 0;
+       return file_exists(path);
 }
 
-static int would_lose_untracked(const char *path)
+static int was_dirty(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path)
 {
-       return !was_tracked(path) && file_exists(path);
+       struct cache_entry *ce;
+       int dirty = 1;
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth || !was_tracked(opt, path))
+               return !dirty;
+
+       ce = index_file_exists(opt->priv->unpack_opts.src_index,
+                              path, strlen(path), ignore_case);
+       dirty = verify_uptodate(ce, &opt->priv->unpack_opts) != 0;
+       return dirty;
 }
 
-static int make_room_for_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path)
+static int make_room_for_path(struct merge_options *opt, const char *path)
 {
        int status, i;
-       const char *msg = "failed to create path '%s'%s";
+       const char *msg = _("failed to create path '%s'%s");
 
        /* Unlink any D/F conflict files that are in the way */
-       for (i = 0; i < o->df_conflict_file_set.nr; i++) {
-               const char *df_path = o->df_conflict_file_set.items[i].string;
+       for (i = 0; i < opt->priv->df_conflict_file_set.nr; i++) {
+               const char *df_path = opt->priv->df_conflict_file_set.items[i].string;
                size_t pathlen = strlen(path);
                size_t df_pathlen = strlen(df_path);
                if (df_pathlen < pathlen &&
                    path[df_pathlen] == '/' &&
                    strncmp(path, df_path, df_pathlen) == 0) {
-                       output(o, 3,
-                              "Removing %s to make room for subdirectory\n",
+                       output(opt, 3,
+                              _("Removing %s to make room for subdirectory\n"),
                               df_path);
                        unlink(df_path);
-                       unsorted_string_list_delete_item(&o->df_conflict_file_set,
+                       unsorted_string_list_delete_item(&opt->priv->df_conflict_file_set,
                                                         i, 0);
                        break;
                }
@@ -710,21 +894,19 @@ static int make_room_for_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path)
        /* Make sure leading directories are created */
        status = safe_create_leading_directories_const(path);
        if (status) {
-               if (status == -3) {
+               if (status == SCLD_EXISTS)
                        /* something else exists */
-                       error(msg, path, ": perhaps a D/F conflict?");
-                       return -1;
-               }
-               die(msg, path, "");
+                       return err(opt, msg, path, _(": perhaps a D/F conflict?"));
+               return err(opt, msg, path, "");
        }
 
        /*
         * Do not unlink a file in the work tree if we are not
         * tracking it.
         */
-       if (would_lose_untracked(path))
-               return error("refusing to lose untracked file at '%s'",
-                            path);
+       if (would_lose_untracked(opt, path))
+               return err(opt, _("refusing to lose untracked file at '%s'"),
+                          path);
 
        /* Successful unlink is good.. */
        if (!unlink(path))
@@ -733,17 +915,18 @@ static int make_room_for_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path)
        if (errno == ENOENT)
                return 0;
        /* .. but not some other error (who really cares what?) */
-       return error(msg, path, ": perhaps a D/F conflict?");
+       return err(opt, msg, path, _(": perhaps a D/F conflict?"));
 }
 
-static void update_file_flags(struct merge_options *o,
-                             const unsigned char *sha,
-                             unsigned mode,
-                             const char *path,
-                             int update_cache,
-                             int update_wd)
+static int update_file_flags(struct merge_options *opt,
+                            const struct diff_filespec *contents,
+                            const char *path,
+                            int update_cache,
+                            int update_wd)
 {
-       if (o->call_depth)
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth)
                update_wd = 0;
 
        if (update_wd) {
@@ -751,7 +934,7 @@ static void update_file_flags(struct merge_options *o,
                void *buf;
                unsigned long size;
 
-               if (S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
+               if (S_ISGITLINK(contents->mode)) {
                        /*
                         * We may later decide to recursively descend into
                         * the submodule directory and update its index
@@ -761,96 +944,111 @@ static void update_file_flags(struct merge_options *o,
                        goto update_index;
                }
 
-               buf = read_sha1_file(sha, &type, &size);
-               if (!buf)
-                       die("cannot read object %s '%s'", sha1_to_hex(sha), path);
-               if (type != OBJ_BLOB)
-                       die("blob expected for %s '%s'", sha1_to_hex(sha), path);
-               if (S_ISREG(mode)) {
+               buf = read_object_file(&contents->oid, &type, &size);
+               if (!buf) {
+                       ret = err(opt, _("cannot read object %s '%s'"),
+                                 oid_to_hex(&contents->oid), path);
+                       goto free_buf;
+               }
+               if (type != OBJ_BLOB) {
+                       ret = err(opt, _("blob expected for %s '%s'"),
+                                 oid_to_hex(&contents->oid), path);
+                       goto free_buf;
+               }
+               if (S_ISREG(contents->mode)) {
                        struct strbuf strbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
-                       if (convert_to_working_tree(path, buf, size, &strbuf)) {
+                       if (convert_to_working_tree(opt->repo->index,
+                                                   path, buf, size, &strbuf)) {
                                free(buf);
                                size = strbuf.len;
                                buf = strbuf_detach(&strbuf, NULL);
                        }
                }
 
-               if (make_room_for_path(o, path) < 0) {
+               if (make_room_for_path(opt, path) < 0) {
                        update_wd = 0;
-                       free(buf);
-                       goto update_index;
+                       goto free_buf;
                }
-               if (S_ISREG(mode) || (!has_symlinks && S_ISLNK(mode))) {
+               if (S_ISREG(contents->mode) ||
+                   (!has_symlinks && S_ISLNK(contents->mode))) {
                        int fd;
-                       if (mode & 0100)
-                               mode = 0777;
-                       else
-                               mode = 0666;
+                       int mode = (contents->mode & 0100 ? 0777 : 0666);
+
                        fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT, mode);
-                       if (fd < 0)
-                               die_errno("failed to open '%s'", path);
-                       flush_buffer(fd, buf, size);
+                       if (fd < 0) {
+                               ret = err(opt, _("failed to open '%s': %s"),
+                                         path, strerror(errno));
+                               goto free_buf;
+                       }
+                       write_in_full(fd, buf, size);
                        close(fd);
-               } else if (S_ISLNK(mode)) {
+               } else if (S_ISLNK(contents->mode)) {
                        char *lnk = xmemdupz(buf, size);
                        safe_create_leading_directories_const(path);
                        unlink(path);
                        if (symlink(lnk, path))
-                               die_errno("failed to symlink '%s'", path);
+                               ret = err(opt, _("failed to symlink '%s': %s"),
+                                         path, strerror(errno));
                        free(lnk);
                } else
-                       die("do not know what to do with %06o %s '%s'",
-                           mode, sha1_to_hex(sha), path);
+                       ret = err(opt,
+                                 _("do not know what to do with %06o %s '%s'"),
+                                 contents->mode, oid_to_hex(&contents->oid), path);
+       free_buf:
                free(buf);
        }
- update_index:
-       if (update_cache)
-               add_cacheinfo(mode, sha, path, 0, update_wd, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD);
+update_index:
+       if (!ret && update_cache)
+               if (add_cacheinfo(opt, contents, path, 0, update_wd,
+                                 ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
+                       return -1;
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static void update_file(struct merge_options *o,
-                       int clean,
-                       const unsigned char *sha,
-                       unsigned mode,
-                       const char *path)
+static int update_file(struct merge_options *opt,
+                      int clean,
+                      const struct diff_filespec *contents,
+                      const char *path)
 {
-       update_file_flags(o, sha, mode, path, o->call_depth || clean, !o->call_depth);
+       return update_file_flags(opt, contents, path,
+                                opt->priv->call_depth || clean, !opt->priv->call_depth);
 }
 
 /* Low level file merging, update and removal */
 
 struct merge_file_info {
-       unsigned char sha[20];
-       unsigned mode;
+       struct diff_filespec blob; /* mostly use oid & mode; sometimes path */
        unsigned clean:1,
                 merge:1;
 };
 
-static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *o,
+static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *opt,
                      mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
-                     const struct diff_filespec *one,
+                     const struct diff_filespec *o,
                      const struct diff_filespec *a,
                      const struct diff_filespec *b,
                      const char *branch1,
-                     const char *branch2)
+                     const char *branch2,
+                     const int extra_marker_size)
 {
        mmfile_t orig, src1, src2;
        struct ll_merge_options ll_opts = {0};
-       char *base_name, *name1, *name2;
+       char *base, *name1, *name2;
        int merge_status;
 
-       ll_opts.renormalize = o->renormalize;
-       ll_opts.xdl_opts = o->xdl_opts;
+       ll_opts.renormalize = opt->renormalize;
+       ll_opts.extra_marker_size = extra_marker_size;
+       ll_opts.xdl_opts = opt->xdl_opts;
 
-       if (o->call_depth) {
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
                ll_opts.virtual_ancestor = 1;
                ll_opts.variant = 0;
        } else {
-               switch (o->recursive_variant) {
-               case MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS:
+               switch (opt->recursive_variant) {
+               case MERGE_VARIANT_OURS:
                        ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS;
                        break;
-               case MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS:
+               case MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS:
                        ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS;
                        break;
                default:
@@ -859,26 +1057,26 @@ static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *o,
                }
        }
 
-       if (strcmp(a->path, b->path) ||
-           (o->ancestor != NULL && strcmp(a->path, one->path) != 0)) {
-               base_name = o->ancestor == NULL ? NULL :
-                       xstrdup(mkpath("%s:%s", o->ancestor, one->path));
-               name1 = xstrdup(mkpath("%s:%s", branch1, a->path));
-               name2 = xstrdup(mkpath("%s:%s", branch2, b->path));
+       assert(a->path && b->path && o->path && opt->ancestor);
+       if (strcmp(a->path, b->path) || strcmp(a->path, o->path) != 0) {
+               base  = mkpathdup("%s:%s", opt->ancestor, o->path);
+               name1 = mkpathdup("%s:%s", branch1, a->path);
+               name2 = mkpathdup("%s:%s", branch2, b->path);
        } else {
-               base_name = o->ancestor == NULL ? NULL :
-                       xstrdup(mkpath("%s", o->ancestor));
-               name1 = xstrdup(mkpath("%s", branch1));
-               name2 = xstrdup(mkpath("%s", branch2));
+               base  = mkpathdup("%s", opt->ancestor);
+               name1 = mkpathdup("%s", branch1);
+               name2 = mkpathdup("%s", branch2);
        }
 
-       read_mmblob(&orig, one->sha1);
-       read_mmblob(&src1, a->sha1);
-       read_mmblob(&src2, b->sha1);
+       read_mmblob(&orig, &o->oid);
+       read_mmblob(&src1, &a->oid);
+       read_mmblob(&src2, &b->oid);
 
-       merge_status = ll_merge(result_buf, a->path, &orig, base_name,
-                               &src1, name1, &src2, name2, &ll_opts);
+       merge_status = ll_merge(result_buf, a->path, &orig, base,
+                               &src1, name1, &src2, name2,
+                               opt->repo->index, &ll_opts);
 
+       free(base);
        free(name1);
        free(name2);
        free(orig.ptr);
@@ -887,382 +1085,1612 @@ static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *o,
        return merge_status;
 }
 
-static struct merge_file_info merge_file_1(struct merge_options *o,
-                                          const struct diff_filespec *one,
-                                          const struct diff_filespec *a,
-                                          const struct diff_filespec *b,
-                                          const char *branch1,
-                                          const char *branch2)
+static int find_first_merges(struct repository *repo,
+                            struct object_array *result, const char *path,
+                            struct commit *a, struct commit *b)
 {
-       struct merge_file_info result;
-       result.merge = 0;
-       result.clean = 1;
+       int i, j;
+       struct object_array merges = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
+       struct commit *commit;
+       int contains_another;
+
+       char merged_revision[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 2];
+       const char *rev_args[] = { "rev-list", "--merges", "--ancestry-path",
+                                  "--all", merged_revision, NULL };
+       struct rev_info revs;
+       struct setup_revision_opt rev_opts;
+
+       memset(result, 0, sizeof(struct object_array));
+       memset(&rev_opts, 0, sizeof(rev_opts));
+
+       /* get all revisions that merge commit a */
+       xsnprintf(merged_revision, sizeof(merged_revision), "^%s",
+                 oid_to_hex(&a->object.oid));
+       repo_init_revisions(repo, &revs, NULL);
+       rev_opts.submodule = path;
+       /* FIXME: can't handle linked worktrees in submodules yet */
+       revs.single_worktree = path != NULL;
+       setup_revisions(ARRAY_SIZE(rev_args)-1, rev_args, &revs, &rev_opts);
+
+       /* save all revisions from the above list that contain b */
+       if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
+               die("revision walk setup failed");
+       while ((commit = get_revision(&revs)) != NULL) {
+               struct object *o = &(commit->object);
+               if (in_merge_bases(b, commit))
+                       add_object_array(o, NULL, &merges);
+       }
+       reset_revision_walk();
 
-       if ((S_IFMT & a->mode) != (S_IFMT & b->mode)) {
-               result.clean = 0;
-               if (S_ISREG(a->mode)) {
-                       result.mode = a->mode;
-                       hashcpy(result.sha, a->sha1);
-               } else {
-                       result.mode = b->mode;
-                       hashcpy(result.sha, b->sha1);
+       /* Now we've got all merges that contain a and b. Prune all
+        * merges that contain another found merge and save them in
+        * result.
+        */
+       for (i = 0; i < merges.nr; i++) {
+               struct commit *m1 = (struct commit *) merges.objects[i].item;
+
+               contains_another = 0;
+               for (j = 0; j < merges.nr; j++) {
+                       struct commit *m2 = (struct commit *) merges.objects[j].item;
+                       if (i != j && in_merge_bases(m2, m1)) {
+                               contains_another = 1;
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (!contains_another)
+                       add_object_array(merges.objects[i].item, NULL, result);
+       }
+
+       object_array_clear(&merges);
+       return result->nr;
+}
+
+static void print_commit(struct commit *commit)
+{
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
+       ctx.date_mode.type = DATE_NORMAL;
+       format_commit_message(commit, " %h: %m %s", &sb, &ctx);
+       fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", sb.buf);
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
+}
+
+static int is_valid(const struct diff_filespec *dfs)
+{
+       return dfs->mode != 0 && !is_null_oid(&dfs->oid);
+}
+
+static int merge_submodule(struct merge_options *opt,
+                          struct object_id *result, const char *path,
+                          const struct object_id *base, const struct object_id *a,
+                          const struct object_id *b)
+{
+       struct commit *commit_base, *commit_a, *commit_b;
+       int parent_count;
+       struct object_array merges;
+
+       int i;
+       int search = !opt->priv->call_depth;
+
+       /* store a in result in case we fail */
+       oidcpy(result, a);
+
+       /* we can not handle deletion conflicts */
+       if (is_null_oid(base))
+               return 0;
+       if (is_null_oid(a))
+               return 0;
+       if (is_null_oid(b))
+               return 0;
+
+       if (add_submodule_odb(path)) {
+               output(opt, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (not checked out)"), path);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (!(commit_base = lookup_commit_reference(opt->repo, base)) ||
+           !(commit_a = lookup_commit_reference(opt->repo, a)) ||
+           !(commit_b = lookup_commit_reference(opt->repo, b))) {
+               output(opt, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (commits not present)"), path);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* check whether both changes are forward */
+       if (!in_merge_bases(commit_base, commit_a) ||
+           !in_merge_bases(commit_base, commit_b)) {
+               output(opt, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (commits don't follow merge-base)"), path);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* Case #1: a is contained in b or vice versa */
+       if (in_merge_bases(commit_a, commit_b)) {
+               oidcpy(result, b);
+               if (show(opt, 3)) {
+                       output(opt, 3, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s to the following commit:"), path);
+                       output_commit_title(opt, commit_b);
+               } else if (show(opt, 2))
+                       output(opt, 2, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s"), path);
+               else
+                       ; /* no output */
+
+               return 1;
+       }
+       if (in_merge_bases(commit_b, commit_a)) {
+               oidcpy(result, a);
+               if (show(opt, 3)) {
+                       output(opt, 3, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s to the following commit:"), path);
+                       output_commit_title(opt, commit_a);
+               } else if (show(opt, 2))
+                       output(opt, 2, _("Fast-forwarding submodule %s"), path);
+               else
+                       ; /* no output */
+
+               return 1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Case #2: There are one or more merges that contain a and b in
+        * the submodule. If there is only one, then present it as a
+        * suggestion to the user, but leave it marked unmerged so the
+        * user needs to confirm the resolution.
+        */
+
+       /* Skip the search if makes no sense to the calling context.  */
+       if (!search)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* find commit which merges them */
+       parent_count = find_first_merges(opt->repo, &merges, path,
+                                        commit_a, commit_b);
+       switch (parent_count) {
+       case 0:
+               output(opt, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (merge following commits not found)"), path);
+               break;
+
+       case 1:
+               output(opt, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (not fast-forward)"), path);
+               output(opt, 2, _("Found a possible merge resolution for the submodule:\n"));
+               print_commit((struct commit *) merges.objects[0].item);
+               output(opt, 2, _(
+                      "If this is correct simply add it to the index "
+                      "for example\n"
+                      "by using:\n\n"
+                      "  git update-index --cacheinfo 160000 %s \"%s\"\n\n"
+                      "which will accept this suggestion.\n"),
+                      oid_to_hex(&merges.objects[0].item->oid), path);
+               break;
+
+       default:
+               output(opt, 1, _("Failed to merge submodule %s (multiple merges found)"), path);
+               for (i = 0; i < merges.nr; i++)
+                       print_commit((struct commit *) merges.objects[i].item);
+       }
+
+       object_array_clear(&merges);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int merge_mode_and_contents(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                  const struct diff_filespec *o,
+                                  const struct diff_filespec *a,
+                                  const struct diff_filespec *b,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  const char *branch1,
+                                  const char *branch2,
+                                  const int extra_marker_size,
+                                  struct merge_file_info *result)
+{
+       if (opt->branch1 != branch1) {
+               /*
+                * It's weird getting a reverse merge with HEAD on the bottom
+                * side of the conflict markers and the other branch on the
+                * top.  Fix that.
+                */
+               return merge_mode_and_contents(opt, o, b, a,
+                                              filename,
+                                              branch2, branch1,
+                                              extra_marker_size, result);
+       }
+
+       result->merge = 0;
+       result->clean = 1;
+
+       if ((S_IFMT & a->mode) != (S_IFMT & b->mode)) {
+               result->clean = 0;
+               if (S_ISREG(a->mode)) {
+                       result->blob.mode = a->mode;
+                       oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &a->oid);
+               } else {
+                       result->blob.mode = b->mode;
+                       oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &b->oid);
                }
        } else {
-               if (!sha_eq(a->sha1, one->sha1) && !sha_eq(b->sha1, one->sha1))
-                       result.merge = 1;
+               if (!oideq(&a->oid, &o->oid) && !oideq(&b->oid, &o->oid))
+                       result->merge = 1;
 
                /*
                 * Merge modes
                 */
-               if (a->mode == b->mode || a->mode == one->mode)
-                       result.mode = b->mode;
+               if (a->mode == b->mode || a->mode == o->mode)
+                       result->blob.mode = b->mode;
                else {
-                       result.mode = a->mode;
-                       if (b->mode != one->mode) {
-                               result.clean = 0;
-                               result.merge = 1;
+                       result->blob.mode = a->mode;
+                       if (b->mode != o->mode) {
+                               result->clean = 0;
+                               result->merge = 1;
                        }
                }
 
-               if (sha_eq(a->sha1, b->sha1) || sha_eq(a->sha1, one->sha1))
-                       hashcpy(result.sha, b->sha1);
-               else if (sha_eq(b->sha1, one->sha1))
-                       hashcpy(result.sha, a->sha1);
+               if (oideq(&a->oid, &b->oid) || oideq(&a->oid, &o->oid))
+                       oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &b->oid);
+               else if (oideq(&b->oid, &o->oid))
+                       oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &a->oid);
                else if (S_ISREG(a->mode)) {
                        mmbuffer_t result_buf;
-                       int merge_status;
+                       int ret = 0, merge_status;
 
-                       merge_status = merge_3way(o, &result_buf, one, a, b,
-                                                 branch1, branch2);
+                       merge_status = merge_3way(opt, &result_buf, o, a, b,
+                                                 branch1, branch2,
+                                                 extra_marker_size);
 
                        if ((merge_status < 0) || !result_buf.ptr)
-                               die("Failed to execute internal merge");
+                               ret = err(opt, _("Failed to execute internal merge"));
 
-                       if (write_sha1_file(result_buf.ptr, result_buf.size,
-                                           blob_type, result.sha))
-                               die("Unable to add %s to database",
-                                   a->path);
+                       if (!ret &&
+                           write_object_file(result_buf.ptr, result_buf.size,
+                                             blob_type, &result->blob.oid))
+                               ret = err(opt, _("Unable to add %s to database"),
+                                         a->path);
 
                        free(result_buf.ptr);
-                       result.clean = (merge_status == 0);
+                       if (ret)
+                               return ret;
+                       result->clean = (merge_status == 0);
                } else if (S_ISGITLINK(a->mode)) {
-                       result.clean = merge_submodule(result.sha,
-                                                      one->path, one->sha1,
-                                                      a->sha1, b->sha1,
-                                                      !o->call_depth);
+                       result->clean = merge_submodule(opt, &result->blob.oid,
+                                                       o->path,
+                                                       &o->oid,
+                                                       &a->oid,
+                                                       &b->oid);
                } else if (S_ISLNK(a->mode)) {
-                       hashcpy(result.sha, a->sha1);
+                       switch (opt->recursive_variant) {
+                       case MERGE_VARIANT_NORMAL:
+                               oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &a->oid);
+                               if (!oideq(&a->oid, &b->oid))
+                                       result->clean = 0;
+                               break;
+                       case MERGE_VARIANT_OURS:
+                               oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &a->oid);
+                               break;
+                       case MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS:
+                               oidcpy(&result->blob.oid, &b->oid);
+                               break;
+                       }
+               } else
+                       BUG("unsupported object type in the tree");
+       }
+
+       if (result->merge)
+               output(opt, 2, _("Auto-merging %s"), filename);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int handle_rename_via_dir(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+{
+       /*
+        * Handle file adds that need to be renamed due to directory rename
+        * detection.  This differs from handle_rename_normal, because
+        * there is no content merge to do; just move the file into the
+        * desired final location.
+        */
+       const struct rename *ren = ci->ren1;
+       const struct diff_filespec *dest = ren->pair->two;
+       char *file_path = dest->path;
+       int mark_conflicted = (opt->detect_directory_renames ==
+                              MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_CONFLICT);
+       assert(ren->dir_rename_original_dest);
+
+       if (!opt->priv->call_depth && would_lose_untracked(opt, dest->path)) {
+               mark_conflicted = 1;
+               file_path = unique_path(opt, dest->path, ren->branch);
+               output(opt, 1, _("Error: Refusing to lose untracked file at %s; "
+                                "writing to %s instead."),
+                      dest->path, file_path);
+       }
+
+       if (mark_conflicted) {
+               /*
+                * Write the file in worktree at file_path.  In the index,
+                * only record the file at dest->path in the appropriate
+                * higher stage.
+                */
+               if (update_file(opt, 0, dest, file_path))
+                       return -1;
+               if (file_path != dest->path)
+                       free(file_path);
+               if (update_stages(opt, dest->path, NULL,
+                                 ren->branch == opt->branch1 ? dest : NULL,
+                                 ren->branch == opt->branch1 ? NULL : dest))
+                       return -1;
+               return 0; /* not clean, but conflicted */
+       } else {
+               /* Update dest->path both in index and in worktree */
+               if (update_file(opt, 1, dest, dest->path))
+                       return -1;
+               return 1; /* clean */
+       }
+}
 
-                       if (!sha_eq(a->sha1, b->sha1))
-                               result.clean = 0;
+static int handle_change_delete(struct merge_options *opt,
+                               const char *path, const char *old_path,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *o,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *changed,
+                               const char *change_branch,
+                               const char *delete_branch,
+                               const char *change, const char *change_past)
+{
+       char *alt_path = NULL;
+       const char *update_path = path;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (dir_in_way(opt->repo->index, path, !opt->priv->call_depth, 0) ||
+           (!opt->priv->call_depth && would_lose_untracked(opt, path))) {
+               update_path = alt_path = unique_path(opt, path, change_branch);
+       }
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
+               /*
+                * We cannot arbitrarily accept either a_sha or b_sha as
+                * correct; since there is no true "middle point" between
+                * them, simply reuse the base version for virtual merge base.
+                */
+               ret = remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, path);
+               if (!ret)
+                       ret = update_file(opt, 0, o, update_path);
+       } else {
+               /*
+                * Despite the four nearly duplicate messages and argument
+                * lists below and the ugliness of the nested if-statements,
+                * having complete messages makes the job easier for
+                * translators.
+                *
+                * The slight variance among the cases is due to the fact
+                * that:
+                *   1) directory/file conflicts (in effect if
+                *      !alt_path) could cause us to need to write the
+                *      file to a different path.
+                *   2) renames (in effect if !old_path) could mean that
+                *      there are two names for the path that the user
+                *      may know the file by.
+                */
+               if (!alt_path) {
+                       if (!old_path) {
+                               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+                                      "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
+                                      change, path, delete_branch, change_past,
+                                      change_branch, change_branch, path);
+                       } else {
+                               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+                                      "and %s to %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
+                                      change, old_path, delete_branch, change_past, path,
+                                      change_branch, change_branch, path);
+                       }
                } else {
-                       die("unsupported object type in the tree");
+                       if (!old_path) {
+                               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+                                      "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
+                                      change, path, delete_branch, change_past,
+                                      change_branch, change_branch, path, alt_path);
+                       } else {
+                               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+                                      "and %s to %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
+                                      change, old_path, delete_branch, change_past, path,
+                                      change_branch, change_branch, path, alt_path);
+                       }
                }
+               /*
+                * No need to call update_file() on path when change_branch ==
+                * opt->branch1 && !alt_path, since that would needlessly touch
+                * path.  We could call update_file_flags() with update_cache=0
+                * and update_wd=0, but that's a no-op.
+                */
+               if (change_branch != opt->branch1 || alt_path)
+                       ret = update_file(opt, 0, changed, update_path);
        }
+       free(alt_path);
 
-       return result;
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static struct merge_file_info
-merge_file_special_markers(struct merge_options *o,
-                          const struct diff_filespec *one,
-                          const struct diff_filespec *a,
-                          const struct diff_filespec *b,
-                          const char *branch1,
-                          const char *filename1,
-                          const char *branch2,
-                          const char *filename2)
+static int handle_rename_delete(struct merge_options *opt,
+                               struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+{
+       const struct rename *ren = ci->ren1;
+       const struct diff_filespec *orig = ren->pair->one;
+       const struct diff_filespec *dest = ren->pair->two;
+       const char *rename_branch = ren->branch;
+       const char *delete_branch = (opt->branch1 == ren->branch ?
+                                    opt->branch2 : opt->branch1);
+
+       if (handle_change_delete(opt,
+                                opt->priv->call_depth ? orig->path : dest->path,
+                                opt->priv->call_depth ? NULL : orig->path,
+                                orig, dest,
+                                rename_branch, delete_branch,
+                                _("rename"), _("renamed")))
+               return -1;
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth)
+               return remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, dest->path);
+       else
+               return update_stages(opt, dest->path, NULL,
+                                    rename_branch == opt->branch1 ? dest : NULL,
+                                    rename_branch == opt->branch1 ? NULL : dest);
+}
+
+static int handle_file_collision(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                const char *collide_path,
+                                const char *prev_path1,
+                                const char *prev_path2,
+                                const char *branch1, const char *branch2,
+                                struct diff_filespec *a,
+                                struct diff_filespec *b)
 {
-       char *side1 = NULL;
-       char *side2 = NULL;
        struct merge_file_info mfi;
+       struct diff_filespec null;
+       char *alt_path = NULL;
+       const char *update_path = collide_path;
+
+       /*
+        * It's easiest to get the correct things into stage 2 and 3, and
+        * to make sure that the content merge puts HEAD before the other
+        * branch if we just ensure that branch1 == opt->branch1.  So, simply
+        * flip arguments around if we don't have that.
+        */
+       if (branch1 != opt->branch1) {
+               return handle_file_collision(opt, collide_path,
+                                            prev_path2, prev_path1,
+                                            branch2, branch1,
+                                            b, a);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * In the recursive case, we just opt to undo renames
+        */
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth && (prev_path1 || prev_path2)) {
+               /* Put first file (a->oid, a->mode) in its original spot */
+               if (prev_path1) {
+                       if (update_file(opt, 1, a, prev_path1))
+                               return -1;
+               } else {
+                       if (update_file(opt, 1, a, collide_path))
+                               return -1;
+               }
 
-       if (filename1) {
-               side1 = xmalloc(strlen(branch1) + strlen(filename1) + 2);
-               sprintf(side1, "%s:%s", branch1, filename1);
+               /* Put second file (b->oid, b->mode) in its original spot */
+               if (prev_path2) {
+                       if (update_file(opt, 1, b, prev_path2))
+                               return -1;
+               } else {
+                       if (update_file(opt, 1, b, collide_path))
+                               return -1;
+               }
+
+               /* Don't leave something at collision path if unrenaming both */
+               if (prev_path1 && prev_path2)
+                       remove_file(opt, 1, collide_path, 0);
+
+               return 0;
        }
-       if (filename2) {
-               side2 = xmalloc(strlen(branch2) + strlen(filename2) + 2);
-               sprintf(side2, "%s:%s", branch2, filename2);
+
+       /* Remove rename sources if rename/add or rename/rename(2to1) */
+       if (prev_path1)
+               remove_file(opt, 1, prev_path1,
+                           opt->priv->call_depth || would_lose_untracked(opt, prev_path1));
+       if (prev_path2)
+               remove_file(opt, 1, prev_path2,
+                           opt->priv->call_depth || would_lose_untracked(opt, prev_path2));
+
+       /*
+        * Remove the collision path, if it wouldn't cause dirty contents
+        * or an untracked file to get lost.  We'll either overwrite with
+        * merged contents, or just write out to differently named files.
+        */
+       if (was_dirty(opt, collide_path)) {
+               output(opt, 1, _("Refusing to lose dirty file at %s"),
+                      collide_path);
+               update_path = alt_path = unique_path(opt, collide_path, "merged");
+       } else if (would_lose_untracked(opt, collide_path)) {
+               /*
+                * Only way we get here is if both renames were from
+                * a directory rename AND user had an untracked file
+                * at the location where both files end up after the
+                * two directory renames.  See testcase 10d of t6043.
+                */
+               output(opt, 1, _("Refusing to lose untracked file at "
+                              "%s, even though it's in the way."),
+                      collide_path);
+               update_path = alt_path = unique_path(opt, collide_path, "merged");
+       } else {
+               /*
+                * FIXME: It's possible that the two files are identical
+                * and that the current working copy happens to match, in
+                * which case we are unnecessarily touching the working
+                * tree file.  It's not a likely enough scenario that I
+                * want to code up the checks for it and a better fix is
+                * available if we restructure how unpack_trees() and
+                * merge-recursive interoperate anyway, so punting for
+                * now...
+                */
+               remove_file(opt, 0, collide_path, 0);
        }
 
-       mfi = merge_file_1(o, one, a, b,
-                          side1 ? side1 : branch1, side2 ? side2 : branch2);
-       free(side1);
-       free(side2);
-       return mfi;
+       /* Store things in diff_filespecs for functions that need it */
+       null.path = (char *)collide_path;
+       oidcpy(&null.oid, &null_oid);
+       null.mode = 0;
+
+       if (merge_mode_and_contents(opt, &null, a, b, collide_path,
+                                   branch1, branch2, opt->priv->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
+               return -1;
+       mfi.clean &= !alt_path;
+       if (update_file(opt, mfi.clean, &mfi.blob, update_path))
+               return -1;
+       if (!mfi.clean && !opt->priv->call_depth &&
+           update_stages(opt, collide_path, NULL, a, b))
+               return -1;
+       free(alt_path);
+       /*
+        * FIXME: If both a & b both started with conflicts (only possible
+        * if they came from a rename/rename(2to1)), but had IDENTICAL
+        * contents including those conflicts, then in the next line we claim
+        * it was clean.  If someone cares about this case, we should have the
+        * caller notify us if we started with conflicts.
+        */
+       return mfi.clean;
 }
 
-static struct merge_file_info merge_file(struct merge_options *o,
-                                        const char *path,
-                                        const unsigned char *o_sha, int o_mode,
-                                        const unsigned char *a_sha, int a_mode,
-                                        const unsigned char *b_sha, int b_mode,
-                                        const char *branch1,
-                                        const char *branch2)
+static int handle_rename_add(struct merge_options *opt,
+                            struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
 {
-       struct diff_filespec one, a, b;
+       /* a was renamed to c, and a separate c was added. */
+       struct diff_filespec *a = ci->ren1->pair->one;
+       struct diff_filespec *c = ci->ren1->pair->two;
+       char *path = c->path;
+       char *prev_path_desc;
+       struct merge_file_info mfi;
 
-       one.path = a.path = b.path = (char *)path;
-       hashcpy(one.sha1, o_sha);
-       one.mode = o_mode;
-       hashcpy(a.sha1, a_sha);
-       a.mode = a_mode;
-       hashcpy(b.sha1, b_sha);
-       b.mode = b_mode;
-       return merge_file_1(o, &one, &a, &b, branch1, branch2);
+       const char *rename_branch = ci->ren1->branch;
+       const char *add_branch = (opt->branch1 == rename_branch ?
+                                 opt->branch2 : opt->branch1);
+       int other_stage = (ci->ren1->branch == opt->branch1 ? 3 : 2);
+
+       output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/add): "
+              "Rename %s->%s in %s.  Added %s in %s"),
+              a->path, c->path, rename_branch,
+              c->path, add_branch);
+
+       prev_path_desc = xstrfmt("version of %s from %s", path, a->path);
+       ci->ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].path = a->path;
+       if (merge_mode_and_contents(opt, a, c,
+                                   &ci->ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage],
+                                   prev_path_desc,
+                                   opt->branch1, opt->branch2,
+                                   1 + opt->priv->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
+               return -1;
+       free(prev_path_desc);
+
+       ci->ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].path = mfi.blob.path = c->path;
+       return handle_file_collision(opt,
+                                    c->path, a->path, NULL,
+                                    rename_branch, add_branch,
+                                    &mfi.blob,
+                                    &ci->ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage]);
 }
 
-static void handle_change_delete(struct merge_options *o,
-                                const char *path,
-                                const unsigned char *o_sha, int o_mode,
-                                const unsigned char *a_sha, int a_mode,
-                                const unsigned char *b_sha, int b_mode,
-                                const char *change, const char *change_past)
+static char *find_path_for_conflict(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                   const char *path,
+                                   const char *branch1,
+                                   const char *branch2)
 {
-       char *renamed = NULL;
-       if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth)) {
-               renamed = unique_path(o, path, a_sha ? o->branch1 : o->branch2);
+       char *new_path = NULL;
+       if (dir_in_way(opt->repo->index, path, !opt->priv->call_depth, 0)) {
+               new_path = unique_path(opt, path, branch1);
+               output(opt, 1, _("%s is a directory in %s adding "
+                              "as %s instead"),
+                      path, branch2, new_path);
+       } else if (would_lose_untracked(opt, path)) {
+               new_path = unique_path(opt, path, branch1);
+               output(opt, 1, _("Refusing to lose untracked file"
+                              " at %s; adding as %s instead"),
+                      path, new_path);
        }
 
-       if (o->call_depth) {
+       return new_path;
+}
+
+static int handle_rename_rename_1to2(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                    struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+{
+       /* One file was renamed in both branches, but to different names. */
+       struct merge_file_info mfi;
+       struct diff_filespec *add;
+       struct diff_filespec *o = ci->ren1->pair->one;
+       struct diff_filespec *a = ci->ren1->pair->two;
+       struct diff_filespec *b = ci->ren2->pair->two;
+       char *path_desc;
+
+       output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
+              "Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" "
+              "rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"),
+              o->path, a->path, ci->ren1->branch,
+              o->path, b->path, ci->ren2->branch,
+              opt->priv->call_depth ? _(" (left unresolved)") : "");
+
+       path_desc = xstrfmt("%s and %s, both renamed from %s",
+                           a->path, b->path, o->path);
+       if (merge_mode_and_contents(opt, o, a, b, path_desc,
+                                   ci->ren1->branch, ci->ren2->branch,
+                                   opt->priv->call_depth * 2, &mfi))
+               return -1;
+       free(path_desc);
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
                /*
-                * We cannot arbitrarily accept either a_sha or b_sha as
-                * correct; since there is no true "middle point" between
-                * them, simply reuse the base version for virtual merge base.
+                * FIXME: For rename/add-source conflicts (if we could detect
+                * such), this is wrong.  We should instead find a unique
+                * pathname and then either rename the add-source file to that
+                * unique path, or use that unique path instead of src here.
+                */
+               if (update_file(opt, 0, &mfi.blob, o->path))
+                       return -1;
+
+               /*
+                * Above, we put the merged content at the merge-base's
+                * path.  Now we usually need to delete both a->path and
+                * b->path.  However, the rename on each side of the merge
+                * could also be involved in a rename/add conflict.  In
+                * such cases, we should keep the added file around,
+                * resolving the conflict at that path in its favor.
                 */
-               remove_file_from_cache(path);
-               update_file(o, 0, o_sha, o_mode, renamed ? renamed : path);
-       } else if (!a_sha) {
-               output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
-                      "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree%s%s.",
-                      change, path, o->branch1,
-                      change_past, o->branch2, o->branch2, path,
-                      NULL == renamed ? "" : " at ",
-                      NULL == renamed ? "" : renamed);
-               update_file(o, 0, b_sha, b_mode, renamed ? renamed : path);
+               add = &ci->ren1->dst_entry->stages[2 ^ 1];
+               if (is_valid(add)) {
+                       if (update_file(opt, 0, add, a->path))
+                               return -1;
+               }
+               else
+                       remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, a->path);
+               add = &ci->ren2->dst_entry->stages[3 ^ 1];
+               if (is_valid(add)) {
+                       if (update_file(opt, 0, add, b->path))
+                               return -1;
+               }
+               else
+                       remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, b->path);
        } else {
-               output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
-                      "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree%s%s.",
-                      change, path, o->branch2,
-                      change_past, o->branch1, o->branch1, path,
-                      NULL == renamed ? "" : " at ",
-                      NULL == renamed ? "" : renamed);
-               if (renamed)
-                       update_file(o, 0, a_sha, a_mode, renamed);
                /*
-                * No need to call update_file() on path when !renamed, since
-                * that would needlessly touch path.  We could call
-                * update_file_flags() with update_cache=0 and update_wd=0,
-                * but that's a no-op.
+                * For each destination path, we need to see if there is a
+                * rename/add collision.  If not, we can write the file out
+                * to the specified location.
                 */
+               add = &ci->ren1->dst_entry->stages[2 ^ 1];
+               if (is_valid(add)) {
+                       add->path = mfi.blob.path = a->path;
+                       if (handle_file_collision(opt, a->path,
+                                                 NULL, NULL,
+                                                 ci->ren1->branch,
+                                                 ci->ren2->branch,
+                                                 &mfi.blob, add) < 0)
+                               return -1;
+               } else {
+                       char *new_path = find_path_for_conflict(opt, a->path,
+                                                               ci->ren1->branch,
+                                                               ci->ren2->branch);
+                       if (update_file(opt, 0, &mfi.blob,
+                                       new_path ? new_path : a->path))
+                               return -1;
+                       free(new_path);
+                       if (update_stages(opt, a->path, NULL, a, NULL))
+                               return -1;
+               }
+
+               add = &ci->ren2->dst_entry->stages[3 ^ 1];
+               if (is_valid(add)) {
+                       add->path = mfi.blob.path = b->path;
+                       if (handle_file_collision(opt, b->path,
+                                                 NULL, NULL,
+                                                 ci->ren1->branch,
+                                                 ci->ren2->branch,
+                                                 add, &mfi.blob) < 0)
+                               return -1;
+               } else {
+                       char *new_path = find_path_for_conflict(opt, b->path,
+                                                               ci->ren2->branch,
+                                                               ci->ren1->branch);
+                       if (update_file(opt, 0, &mfi.blob,
+                                       new_path ? new_path : b->path))
+                               return -1;
+                       free(new_path);
+                       if (update_stages(opt, b->path, NULL, NULL, b))
+                               return -1;
+               }
        }
-       free(renamed);
+
+       return 0;
 }
 
-static void conflict_rename_delete(struct merge_options *o,
-                                  struct diff_filepair *pair,
-                                  const char *rename_branch,
-                                  const char *other_branch)
+static int handle_rename_rename_2to1(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                    struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
 {
-       const struct diff_filespec *orig = pair->one;
-       const struct diff_filespec *dest = pair->two;
-       const unsigned char *a_sha = NULL;
-       const unsigned char *b_sha = NULL;
-       int a_mode = 0;
-       int b_mode = 0;
+       /* Two files, a & b, were renamed to the same thing, c. */
+       struct diff_filespec *a = ci->ren1->pair->one;
+       struct diff_filespec *b = ci->ren2->pair->one;
+       struct diff_filespec *c1 = ci->ren1->pair->two;
+       struct diff_filespec *c2 = ci->ren2->pair->two;
+       char *path = c1->path; /* == c2->path */
+       char *path_side_1_desc;
+       char *path_side_2_desc;
+       struct merge_file_info mfi_c1;
+       struct merge_file_info mfi_c2;
+       int ostage1, ostage2;
 
-       if (rename_branch == o->branch1) {
-               a_sha = dest->sha1;
-               a_mode = dest->mode;
-       } else {
-               b_sha = dest->sha1;
-               b_mode = dest->mode;
+       output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
+              "Rename %s->%s in %s. "
+              "Rename %s->%s in %s"),
+              a->path, c1->path, ci->ren1->branch,
+              b->path, c2->path, ci->ren2->branch);
+
+       path_side_1_desc = xstrfmt("version of %s from %s", path, a->path);
+       path_side_2_desc = xstrfmt("version of %s from %s", path, b->path);
+       ostage1 = ci->ren1->branch == opt->branch1 ? 3 : 2;
+       ostage2 = ostage1 ^ 1;
+       ci->ren1->src_entry->stages[ostage1].path = a->path;
+       ci->ren2->src_entry->stages[ostage2].path = b->path;
+       if (merge_mode_and_contents(opt, a, c1,
+                                   &ci->ren1->src_entry->stages[ostage1],
+                                   path_side_1_desc,
+                                   opt->branch1, opt->branch2,
+                                   1 + opt->priv->call_depth * 2, &mfi_c1) ||
+           merge_mode_and_contents(opt, b,
+                                   &ci->ren2->src_entry->stages[ostage2],
+                                   c2, path_side_2_desc,
+                                   opt->branch1, opt->branch2,
+                                   1 + opt->priv->call_depth * 2, &mfi_c2))
+               return -1;
+       free(path_side_1_desc);
+       free(path_side_2_desc);
+       mfi_c1.blob.path = path;
+       mfi_c2.blob.path = path;
+
+       return handle_file_collision(opt, path, a->path, b->path,
+                                    ci->ren1->branch, ci->ren2->branch,
+                                    &mfi_c1.blob, &mfi_c2.blob);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the diff_filepairs changed between o_tree and tree.
+ */
+static struct diff_queue_struct *get_diffpairs(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                              struct tree *o_tree,
+                                              struct tree *tree)
+{
+       struct diff_queue_struct *ret;
+       struct diff_options opts;
+
+       repo_diff_setup(opt->repo, &opts);
+       opts.flags.recursive = 1;
+       opts.flags.rename_empty = 0;
+       opts.detect_rename = merge_detect_rename(opt);
+       /*
+        * We do not have logic to handle the detection of copies.  In
+        * fact, it may not even make sense to add such logic: would we
+        * really want a change to a base file to be propagated through
+        * multiple other files by a merge?
+        */
+       if (opts.detect_rename > DIFF_DETECT_RENAME)
+               opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
+       opts.rename_limit = (opt->rename_limit >= 0) ? opt->rename_limit : 1000;
+       opts.rename_score = opt->rename_score;
+       opts.show_rename_progress = opt->show_rename_progress;
+       opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
+       diff_setup_done(&opts);
+       diff_tree_oid(&o_tree->object.oid, &tree->object.oid, "", &opts);
+       diffcore_std(&opts);
+       if (opts.needed_rename_limit > opt->priv->needed_rename_limit)
+               opt->priv->needed_rename_limit = opts.needed_rename_limit;
+
+       ret = xmalloc(sizeof(*ret));
+       *ret = diff_queued_diff;
+
+       opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
+       diff_queued_diff.nr = 0;
+       diff_queued_diff.queue = NULL;
+       diff_flush(&opts);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int tree_has_path(struct repository *r, struct tree *tree,
+                        const char *path)
+{
+       struct object_id hashy;
+       unsigned short mode_o;
+
+       return !get_tree_entry(r,
+                              &tree->object.oid, path,
+                              &hashy, &mode_o);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a new string that replaces the beginning portion (which matches
+ * entry->dir), with entry->new_dir.  In perl-speak:
+ *   new_path_name = (old_path =~ s/entry->dir/entry->new_dir/);
+ * NOTE:
+ *   Caller must ensure that old_path starts with entry->dir + '/'.
+ */
+static char *apply_dir_rename(struct dir_rename_entry *entry,
+                             const char *old_path)
+{
+       struct strbuf new_path = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int oldlen, newlen;
+
+       if (entry->non_unique_new_dir)
+               return NULL;
+
+       oldlen = strlen(entry->dir);
+       if (entry->new_dir.len == 0)
+               /*
+                * If someone renamed/merged a subdirectory into the root
+                * directory (e.g. 'some/subdir' -> ''), then we want to
+                * avoid returning
+                *     '' + '/filename'
+                * as the rename; we need to make old_path + oldlen advance
+                * past the '/' character.
+                */
+               oldlen++;
+       newlen = entry->new_dir.len + (strlen(old_path) - oldlen) + 1;
+       strbuf_grow(&new_path, newlen);
+       strbuf_addbuf(&new_path, &entry->new_dir);
+       strbuf_addstr(&new_path, &old_path[oldlen]);
+
+       return strbuf_detach(&new_path, NULL);
+}
+
+static void get_renamed_dir_portion(const char *old_path, const char *new_path,
+                                   char **old_dir, char **new_dir)
+{
+       char *end_of_old, *end_of_new;
+
+       /* Default return values: NULL, meaning no rename */
+       *old_dir = NULL;
+       *new_dir = NULL;
+
+       /*
+        * For
+        *    "a/b/c/d/e/foo.c" -> "a/b/some/thing/else/e/foo.c"
+        * the "e/foo.c" part is the same, we just want to know that
+        *    "a/b/c/d" was renamed to "a/b/some/thing/else"
+        * so, for this example, this function returns "a/b/c/d" in
+        * *old_dir and "a/b/some/thing/else" in *new_dir.
+        */
+
+       /*
+        * If the basename of the file changed, we don't care.  We want
+        * to know which portion of the directory, if any, changed.
+        */
+       end_of_old = strrchr(old_path, '/');
+       end_of_new = strrchr(new_path, '/');
+
+       /*
+        * If end_of_old is NULL, old_path wasn't in a directory, so there
+        * could not be a directory rename (our rule elsewhere that a
+        * directory which still exists is not considered to have been
+        * renamed means the root directory can never be renamed -- because
+        * the root directory always exists).
+        */
+       if (end_of_old == NULL)
+               return; /* Note: *old_dir and *new_dir are still NULL */
+
+       /*
+        * If new_path contains no directory (end_of_new is NULL), then we
+        * have a rename of old_path's directory to the root directory.
+        */
+       if (end_of_new == NULL) {
+               *old_dir = xstrndup(old_path, end_of_old - old_path);
+               *new_dir = xstrdup("");
+               return;
        }
 
-       handle_change_delete(o,
-                            o->call_depth ? orig->path : dest->path,
-                            orig->sha1, orig->mode,
-                            a_sha, a_mode,
-                            b_sha, b_mode,
-                            "rename", "renamed");
+       /* Find the first non-matching character traversing backwards */
+       while (*--end_of_new == *--end_of_old &&
+              end_of_old != old_path &&
+              end_of_new != new_path)
+               ; /* Do nothing; all in the while loop */
 
-       if (o->call_depth) {
-               remove_file_from_cache(dest->path);
-       } else {
-               update_stages(dest->path, NULL,
-                             rename_branch == o->branch1 ? dest : NULL,
-                             rename_branch == o->branch1 ? NULL : dest);
+       /*
+        * If both got back to the beginning of their strings, then the
+        * directory didn't change at all, only the basename did.
+        */
+       if (end_of_old == old_path && end_of_new == new_path &&
+           *end_of_old == *end_of_new)
+               return; /* Note: *old_dir and *new_dir are still NULL */
+
+       /*
+        * If end_of_new got back to the beginning of its string, and
+        * end_of_old got back to the beginning of some subdirectory, then
+        * we have a rename/merge of a subdirectory into the root, which
+        * needs slightly special handling.
+        *
+        * Note: There is no need to consider the opposite case, with a
+        * rename/merge of the root directory into some subdirectory
+        * because as noted above the root directory always exists so it
+        * cannot be considered to be renamed.
+        */
+       if (end_of_new == new_path &&
+           end_of_old != old_path && end_of_old[-1] == '/') {
+               *old_dir = xstrndup(old_path, --end_of_old - old_path);
+               *new_dir = xstrdup("");
+               return;
        }
 
+       /*
+        * We've found the first non-matching character in the directory
+        * paths.  That means the current characters we were looking at
+        * were part of the first non-matching subdir name going back from
+        * the end of the strings.  Get the whole name by advancing both
+        * end_of_old and end_of_new to the NEXT '/' character.  That will
+        * represent the entire directory rename.
+        *
+        * The reason for the increment is cases like
+        *    a/b/star/foo/whatever.c -> a/b/tar/foo/random.c
+        * After dropping the basename and going back to the first
+        * non-matching character, we're now comparing:
+        *    a/b/s          and         a/b/
+        * and we want to be comparing:
+        *    a/b/star/      and         a/b/tar/
+        * but without the pre-increment, the one on the right would stay
+        * a/b/.
+        */
+       end_of_old = strchr(++end_of_old, '/');
+       end_of_new = strchr(++end_of_new, '/');
+
+       /* Copy the old and new directories into *old_dir and *new_dir. */
+       *old_dir = xstrndup(old_path, end_of_old - old_path);
+       *new_dir = xstrndup(new_path, end_of_new - new_path);
+}
+
+static void remove_hashmap_entries(struct hashmap *dir_renames,
+                                  struct string_list *items_to_remove)
+{
+       int i;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *entry;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < items_to_remove->nr; i++) {
+               entry = items_to_remove->items[i].util;
+               hashmap_remove(dir_renames, &entry->ent, NULL);
+       }
+       string_list_clear(items_to_remove, 0);
 }
 
-static struct diff_filespec *filespec_from_entry(struct diff_filespec *target,
-                                                struct stage_data *entry,
-                                                int stage)
+/*
+ * See if there is a directory rename for path, and if there are any file
+ * level conflicts for the renamed location.  If there is a rename and
+ * there are no conflicts, return the new name.  Otherwise, return NULL.
+ */
+static char *handle_path_level_conflicts(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                        const char *path,
+                                        struct dir_rename_entry *entry,
+                                        struct hashmap *collisions,
+                                        struct tree *tree)
 {
-       unsigned char *sha = entry->stages[stage].sha;
-       unsigned mode = entry->stages[stage].mode;
-       if (mode == 0 || is_null_sha1(sha))
+       char *new_path = NULL;
+       struct collision_entry *collision_ent;
+       int clean = 1;
+       struct strbuf collision_paths = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       /*
+        * entry has the mapping of old directory name to new directory name
+        * that we want to apply to path.
+        */
+       new_path = apply_dir_rename(entry, path);
+
+       if (!new_path) {
+               /* This should only happen when entry->non_unique_new_dir set */
+               if (!entry->non_unique_new_dir)
+                       BUG("entry->non_unqiue_dir not set and !new_path");
+               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (directory rename split): "
+                              "Unclear where to place %s because directory "
+                              "%s was renamed to multiple other directories, "
+                              "with no destination getting a majority of the "
+                              "files."),
+                      path, entry->dir);
+               clean = 0;
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * The caller needs to have ensured that it has pre-populated
+        * collisions with all paths that map to new_path.  Do a quick check
+        * to ensure that's the case.
+        */
+       collision_ent = collision_find_entry(collisions, new_path);
+       if (collision_ent == NULL)
+               BUG("collision_ent is NULL");
+
+       /*
+        * Check for one-sided add/add/.../add conflicts, i.e.
+        * where implicit renames from the other side doing
+        * directory rename(s) can affect this side of history
+        * to put multiple paths into the same location.  Warn
+        * and bail on directory renames for such paths.
+        */
+       if (collision_ent->reported_already) {
+               clean = 0;
+       } else if (tree_has_path(opt->repo, tree, new_path)) {
+               collision_ent->reported_already = 1;
+               strbuf_add_separated_string_list(&collision_paths, ", ",
+                                                &collision_ent->source_files);
+               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (implicit dir rename): Existing "
+                              "file/dir at %s in the way of implicit "
+                              "directory rename(s) putting the following "
+                              "path(s) there: %s."),
+                      new_path, collision_paths.buf);
+               clean = 0;
+       } else if (collision_ent->source_files.nr > 1) {
+               collision_ent->reported_already = 1;
+               strbuf_add_separated_string_list(&collision_paths, ", ",
+                                                &collision_ent->source_files);
+               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (implicit dir rename): Cannot map "
+                              "more than one path to %s; implicit directory "
+                              "renames tried to put these paths there: %s"),
+                      new_path, collision_paths.buf);
+               clean = 0;
+       }
+
+       /* Free memory we no longer need */
+       strbuf_release(&collision_paths);
+       if (!clean && new_path) {
+               free(new_path);
                return NULL;
-       hashcpy(target->sha1, sha);
-       target->mode = mode;
-       return target;
+       }
+
+       return new_path;
 }
 
-static void handle_file(struct merge_options *o,
-                       struct diff_filespec *rename,
-                       int stage,
-                       struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+/*
+ * There are a couple things we want to do at the directory level:
+ *   1. Check for both sides renaming to the same thing, in order to avoid
+ *      implicit renaming of files that should be left in place.  (See
+ *      testcase 6b in t6043 for details.)
+ *   2. Prune directory renames if there are still files left in the
+ *      the original directory.  These represent a partial directory rename,
+ *      i.e. a rename where only some of the files within the directory
+ *      were renamed elsewhere.  (Technically, this could be done earlier
+ *      in get_directory_renames(), except that would prevent us from
+ *      doing the previous check and thus failing testcase 6b.)
+ *   3. Check for rename/rename(1to2) conflicts (at the directory level).
+ *      In the future, we could potentially record this info as well and
+ *      omit reporting rename/rename(1to2) conflicts for each path within
+ *      the affected directories, thus cleaning up the merge output.
+ *   NOTE: We do NOT check for rename/rename(2to1) conflicts at the
+ *         directory level, because merging directories is fine.  If it
+ *         causes conflicts for files within those merged directories, then
+ *         that should be detected at the individual path level.
+ */
+static void handle_directory_level_conflicts(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                            struct hashmap *dir_re_head,
+                                            struct tree *head,
+                                            struct hashmap *dir_re_merge,
+                                            struct tree *merge)
 {
-       char *dst_name = rename->path;
-       struct stage_data *dst_entry;
-       const char *cur_branch, *other_branch;
-       struct diff_filespec other;
-       struct diff_filespec *add;
+       struct hashmap_iter iter;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *head_ent;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *merge_ent;
+
+       struct string_list remove_from_head = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+       struct string_list remove_from_merge = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+
+       hashmap_for_each_entry(dir_re_head, &iter, head_ent,
+                               ent /* member name */) {
+               merge_ent = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_re_merge, head_ent->dir);
+               if (merge_ent &&
+                   !head_ent->non_unique_new_dir &&
+                   !merge_ent->non_unique_new_dir &&
+                   !strbuf_cmp(&head_ent->new_dir, &merge_ent->new_dir)) {
+                       /* 1. Renamed identically; remove it from both sides */
+                       string_list_append(&remove_from_head,
+                                          head_ent->dir)->util = head_ent;
+                       strbuf_release(&head_ent->new_dir);
+                       string_list_append(&remove_from_merge,
+                                          merge_ent->dir)->util = merge_ent;
+                       strbuf_release(&merge_ent->new_dir);
+               } else if (tree_has_path(opt->repo, head, head_ent->dir)) {
+                       /* 2. This wasn't a directory rename after all */
+                       string_list_append(&remove_from_head,
+                                          head_ent->dir)->util = head_ent;
+                       strbuf_release(&head_ent->new_dir);
+               }
+       }
 
-       if (stage == 2) {
-               dst_entry = ci->dst_entry1;
-               cur_branch = ci->branch1;
-               other_branch = ci->branch2;
-       } else {
-               dst_entry = ci->dst_entry2;
-               cur_branch = ci->branch2;
-               other_branch = ci->branch1;
+       remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_head, &remove_from_head);
+       remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_merge, &remove_from_merge);
+
+       hashmap_for_each_entry(dir_re_merge, &iter, merge_ent,
+                               ent /* member name */) {
+               head_ent = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_re_head, merge_ent->dir);
+               if (tree_has_path(opt->repo, merge, merge_ent->dir)) {
+                       /* 2. This wasn't a directory rename after all */
+                       string_list_append(&remove_from_merge,
+                                          merge_ent->dir)->util = merge_ent;
+               } else if (head_ent &&
+                          !head_ent->non_unique_new_dir &&
+                          !merge_ent->non_unique_new_dir) {
+                       /* 3. rename/rename(1to2) */
+                       /*
+                        * We can assume it's not rename/rename(1to1) because
+                        * that was case (1), already checked above.  So we
+                        * know that head_ent->new_dir and merge_ent->new_dir
+                        * are different strings.
+                        */
+                       output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
+                                      "Rename directory %s->%s in %s. "
+                                      "Rename directory %s->%s in %s"),
+                              head_ent->dir, head_ent->new_dir.buf, opt->branch1,
+                              head_ent->dir, merge_ent->new_dir.buf, opt->branch2);
+                       string_list_append(&remove_from_head,
+                                          head_ent->dir)->util = head_ent;
+                       strbuf_release(&head_ent->new_dir);
+                       string_list_append(&remove_from_merge,
+                                          merge_ent->dir)->util = merge_ent;
+                       strbuf_release(&merge_ent->new_dir);
+               }
        }
 
-       add = filespec_from_entry(&other, dst_entry, stage ^ 1);
-       if (add) {
-               char *add_name = unique_path(o, rename->path, other_branch);
-               update_file(o, 0, add->sha1, add->mode, add_name);
+       remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_head, &remove_from_head);
+       remove_hashmap_entries(dir_re_merge, &remove_from_merge);
+}
 
-               remove_file(o, 0, rename->path, 0);
-               dst_name = unique_path(o, rename->path, cur_branch);
-       } else {
-               if (dir_in_way(rename->path, !o->call_depth)) {
-                       dst_name = unique_path(o, rename->path, cur_branch);
-                       output(o, 1, "%s is a directory in %s adding as %s instead",
-                              rename->path, other_branch, dst_name);
+static struct hashmap *get_directory_renames(struct diff_queue_struct *pairs)
+{
+       struct hashmap *dir_renames;
+       struct hashmap_iter iter;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *entry;
+       int i;
+
+       /*
+        * Typically, we think of a directory rename as all files from a
+        * certain directory being moved to a target directory.  However,
+        * what if someone first moved two files from the original
+        * directory in one commit, and then renamed the directory
+        * somewhere else in a later commit?  At merge time, we just know
+        * that files from the original directory went to two different
+        * places, and that the bulk of them ended up in the same place.
+        * We want each directory rename to represent where the bulk of the
+        * files from that directory end up; this function exists to find
+        * where the bulk of the files went.
+        *
+        * The first loop below simply iterates through the list of file
+        * renames, finding out how often each directory rename pair
+        * possibility occurs.
+        */
+       dir_renames = xmalloc(sizeof(*dir_renames));
+       dir_rename_init(dir_renames);
+       for (i = 0; i < pairs->nr; ++i) {
+               struct string_list_item *item;
+               int *count;
+               struct diff_filepair *pair = pairs->queue[i];
+               char *old_dir, *new_dir;
+
+               /* File not part of directory rename if it wasn't renamed */
+               if (pair->status != 'R')
+                       continue;
+
+               get_renamed_dir_portion(pair->one->path, pair->two->path,
+                                       &old_dir,        &new_dir);
+               if (!old_dir)
+                       /* Directory didn't change at all; ignore this one. */
+                       continue;
+
+               entry = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_renames, old_dir);
+               if (!entry) {
+                       entry = xmalloc(sizeof(*entry));
+                       dir_rename_entry_init(entry, old_dir);
+                       hashmap_put(dir_renames, &entry->ent);
+               } else {
+                       free(old_dir);
+               }
+               item = string_list_lookup(&entry->possible_new_dirs, new_dir);
+               if (!item) {
+                       item = string_list_insert(&entry->possible_new_dirs,
+                                                 new_dir);
+                       item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(int));
+               } else {
+                       free(new_dir);
                }
+               count = item->util;
+               *count += 1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * For each directory with files moved out of it, we find out which
+        * target directory received the most files so we can declare it to
+        * be the "winning" target location for the directory rename.  This
+        * winner gets recorded in new_dir.  If there is no winner
+        * (multiple target directories received the same number of files),
+        * we set non_unique_new_dir.  Once we've determined the winner (or
+        * that there is no winner), we no longer need possible_new_dirs.
+        */
+       hashmap_for_each_entry(dir_renames, &iter, entry,
+                               ent /* member name */) {
+               int max = 0;
+               int bad_max = 0;
+               char *best = NULL;
+
+               for (i = 0; i < entry->possible_new_dirs.nr; i++) {
+                       int *count = entry->possible_new_dirs.items[i].util;
+
+                       if (*count == max)
+                               bad_max = max;
+                       else if (*count > max) {
+                               max = *count;
+                               best = entry->possible_new_dirs.items[i].string;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (bad_max == max)
+                       entry->non_unique_new_dir = 1;
+               else {
+                       assert(entry->new_dir.len == 0);
+                       strbuf_addstr(&entry->new_dir, best);
+               }
+               /*
+                * The relevant directory sub-portion of the original full
+                * filepaths were xstrndup'ed before inserting into
+                * possible_new_dirs, and instead of manually iterating the
+                * list and free'ing each, just lie and tell
+                * possible_new_dirs that it did the strdup'ing so that it
+                * will free them for us.
+                */
+               entry->possible_new_dirs.strdup_strings = 1;
+               string_list_clear(&entry->possible_new_dirs, 1);
        }
-       update_file(o, 0, rename->sha1, rename->mode, dst_name);
-       if (stage == 2)
-               update_stages(rename->path, NULL, rename, add);
-       else
-               update_stages(rename->path, NULL, add, rename);
 
-       if (dst_name != rename->path)
-               free(dst_name);
+       return dir_renames;
 }
 
-static void conflict_rename_rename_1to2(struct merge_options *o,
-                                       struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+static struct dir_rename_entry *check_dir_renamed(const char *path,
+                                                 struct hashmap *dir_renames)
 {
-       /* One file was renamed in both branches, but to different names. */
-       struct diff_filespec *one = ci->pair1->one;
-       struct diff_filespec *a = ci->pair1->two;
-       struct diff_filespec *b = ci->pair2->two;
+       char *temp = xstrdup(path);
+       char *end;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *entry = NULL;
+
+       while ((end = strrchr(temp, '/'))) {
+               *end = '\0';
+               entry = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_renames, temp);
+               if (entry)
+                       break;
+       }
+       free(temp);
+       return entry;
+}
+
+static void compute_collisions(struct hashmap *collisions,
+                              struct hashmap *dir_renames,
+                              struct diff_queue_struct *pairs)
+{
+       int i;
+
+       /*
+        * Multiple files can be mapped to the same path due to directory
+        * renames done by the other side of history.  Since that other
+        * side of history could have merged multiple directories into one,
+        * if our side of history added the same file basename to each of
+        * those directories, then all N of them would get implicitly
+        * renamed by the directory rename detection into the same path,
+        * and we'd get an add/add/.../add conflict, and all those adds
+        * from *this* side of history.  This is not representable in the
+        * index, and users aren't going to easily be able to make sense of
+        * it.  So we need to provide a good warning about what's
+        * happening, and fall back to no-directory-rename detection
+        * behavior for those paths.
+        *
+        * See testcases 9e and all of section 5 from t6043 for examples.
+        */
+       collision_init(collisions);
+
+       for (i = 0; i < pairs->nr; ++i) {
+               struct dir_rename_entry *dir_rename_ent;
+               struct collision_entry *collision_ent;
+               char *new_path;
+               struct diff_filepair *pair = pairs->queue[i];
+
+               if (pair->status != 'A' && pair->status != 'R')
+                       continue;
+               dir_rename_ent = check_dir_renamed(pair->two->path,
+                                                  dir_renames);
+               if (!dir_rename_ent)
+                       continue;
+
+               new_path = apply_dir_rename(dir_rename_ent, pair->two->path);
+               if (!new_path)
+                       /*
+                        * dir_rename_ent->non_unique_new_path is true, which
+                        * means there is no directory rename for us to use,
+                        * which means it won't cause us any additional
+                        * collisions.
+                        */
+                       continue;
+               collision_ent = collision_find_entry(collisions, new_path);
+               if (!collision_ent) {
+                       collision_ent = xcalloc(1,
+                                               sizeof(struct collision_entry));
+                       hashmap_entry_init(&collision_ent->ent,
+                                               strhash(new_path));
+                       hashmap_put(collisions, &collision_ent->ent);
+                       collision_ent->target_file = new_path;
+               } else {
+                       free(new_path);
+               }
+               string_list_insert(&collision_ent->source_files,
+                                  pair->two->path);
+       }
+}
+
+static char *check_for_directory_rename(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                       const char *path,
+                                       struct tree *tree,
+                                       struct hashmap *dir_renames,
+                                       struct hashmap *dir_rename_exclusions,
+                                       struct hashmap *collisions,
+                                       int *clean_merge)
+{
+       char *new_path = NULL;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *entry = check_dir_renamed(path, dir_renames);
+       struct dir_rename_entry *oentry = NULL;
+
+       if (!entry)
+               return new_path;
+
+       /*
+        * This next part is a little weird.  We do not want to do an
+        * implicit rename into a directory we renamed on our side, because
+        * that will result in a spurious rename/rename(1to2) conflict.  An
+        * example:
+        *   Base commit: dumbdir/afile, otherdir/bfile
+        *   Side 1:      smrtdir/afile, otherdir/bfile
+        *   Side 2:      dumbdir/afile, dumbdir/bfile
+        * Here, while working on Side 1, we could notice that otherdir was
+        * renamed/merged to dumbdir, and change the diff_filepair for
+        * otherdir/bfile into a rename into dumbdir/bfile.  However, Side
+        * 2 will notice the rename from dumbdir to smrtdir, and do the
+        * transitive rename to move it from dumbdir/bfile to
+        * smrtdir/bfile.  That gives us bfile in dumbdir vs being in
+        * smrtdir, a rename/rename(1to2) conflict.  We really just want
+        * the file to end up in smrtdir.  And the way to achieve that is
+        * to not let Side1 do the rename to dumbdir, since we know that is
+        * the source of one of our directory renames.
+        *
+        * That's why oentry and dir_rename_exclusions is here.
+        *
+        * As it turns out, this also prevents N-way transient rename
+        * confusion; See testcases 9c and 9d of t6043.
+        */
+       oentry = dir_rename_find_entry(dir_rename_exclusions, entry->new_dir.buf);
+       if (oentry) {
+               output(opt, 1, _("WARNING: Avoiding applying %s -> %s rename "
+                              "to %s, because %s itself was renamed."),
+                      entry->dir, entry->new_dir.buf, path, entry->new_dir.buf);
+       } else {
+               new_path = handle_path_level_conflicts(opt, path, entry,
+                                                      collisions, tree);
+               *clean_merge &= (new_path != NULL);
+       }
+
+       return new_path;
+}
+
+static void apply_directory_rename_modifications(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                                struct diff_filepair *pair,
+                                                char *new_path,
+                                                struct rename *re,
+                                                struct tree *tree,
+                                                struct tree *o_tree,
+                                                struct tree *a_tree,
+                                                struct tree *b_tree,
+                                                struct string_list *entries)
+{
+       struct string_list_item *item;
+       int stage = (tree == a_tree ? 2 : 3);
+       int update_wd;
 
-       output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
-              "Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" "
-              "rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s",
-              one->path, a->path, ci->branch1,
-              one->path, b->path, ci->branch2,
-              o->call_depth ? " (left unresolved)" : "");
-       if (o->call_depth) {
-               struct merge_file_info mfi;
-               struct diff_filespec other;
-               struct diff_filespec *add;
-               mfi = merge_file(o, one->path,
-                                one->sha1, one->mode,
-                                a->sha1, a->mode,
-                                b->sha1, b->mode,
-                                ci->branch1, ci->branch2);
+       /*
+        * In all cases where we can do directory rename detection,
+        * unpack_trees() will have read pair->two->path into the
+        * index and the working copy.  We need to remove it so that
+        * we can instead place it at new_path.  It is guaranteed to
+        * not be untracked (unpack_trees() would have errored out
+        * saying the file would have been overwritten), but it might
+        * be dirty, though.
+        */
+       update_wd = !was_dirty(opt, pair->two->path);
+       if (!update_wd)
+               output(opt, 1, _("Refusing to lose dirty file at %s"),
+                      pair->two->path);
+       remove_file(opt, 1, pair->two->path, !update_wd);
+
+       /* Find or create a new re->dst_entry */
+       item = string_list_lookup(entries, new_path);
+       if (item) {
                /*
-                * FIXME: For rename/add-source conflicts (if we could detect
-                * such), this is wrong.  We should instead find a unique
-                * pathname and then either rename the add-source file to that
-                * unique path, or use that unique path instead of src here.
+                * Since we're renaming on this side of history, and it's
+                * due to a directory rename on the other side of history
+                * (which we only allow when the directory in question no
+                * longer exists on the other side of history), the
+                * original entry for re->dst_entry is no longer
+                * necessary...
                 */
-               update_file(o, 0, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, one->path);
+               re->dst_entry->processed = 1;
 
                /*
-                * Above, we put the merged content at the merge-base's
-                * path.  Now we usually need to delete both a->path and
-                * b->path.  However, the rename on each side of the merge
-                * could also be involved in a rename/add conflict.  In
-                * such cases, we should keep the added file around,
-                * resolving the conflict at that path in its favor.
+                * ...because we'll be using this new one.
                 */
-               add = filespec_from_entry(&other, ci->dst_entry1, 2 ^ 1);
-               if (add)
-                       update_file(o, 0, add->sha1, add->mode, a->path);
-               else
-                       remove_file_from_cache(a->path);
-               add = filespec_from_entry(&other, ci->dst_entry2, 3 ^ 1);
-               if (add)
-                       update_file(o, 0, add->sha1, add->mode, b->path);
-               else
-                       remove_file_from_cache(b->path);
+               re->dst_entry = item->util;
        } else {
-               handle_file(o, a, 2, ci);
-               handle_file(o, b, 3, ci);
+               /*
+                * re->dst_entry is for the before-dir-rename path, and we
+                * need it to hold information for the after-dir-rename
+                * path.  Before creating a new entry, we need to mark the
+                * old one as unnecessary (...unless it is shared by
+                * src_entry, i.e. this didn't use to be a rename, in which
+                * case we can just allow the normal processing to happen
+                * for it).
+                */
+               if (pair->status == 'R')
+                       re->dst_entry->processed = 1;
+
+               re->dst_entry = insert_stage_data(opt->repo, new_path,
+                                                 o_tree, a_tree, b_tree,
+                                                 entries);
+               item = string_list_insert(entries, new_path);
+               item->util = re->dst_entry;
        }
+
+       /*
+        * Update the stage_data with the information about the path we are
+        * moving into place.  That slot will be empty and available for us
+        * to write to because of the collision checks in
+        * handle_path_level_conflicts().  In other words,
+        * re->dst_entry->stages[stage].oid will be the null_oid, so it's
+        * open for us to write to.
+        *
+        * It may be tempting to actually update the index at this point as
+        * well, using update_stages_for_stage_data(), but as per the big
+        * "NOTE" in update_stages(), doing so will modify the current
+        * in-memory index which will break calls to would_lose_untracked()
+        * that we need to make.  Instead, we need to just make sure that
+        * the various handle_rename_*() functions update the index
+        * explicitly rather than relying on unpack_trees() to have done it.
+        */
+       get_tree_entry(opt->repo,
+                      &tree->object.oid,
+                      pair->two->path,
+                      &re->dst_entry->stages[stage].oid,
+                      &re->dst_entry->stages[stage].mode);
+
+       /*
+        * Record the original change status (or 'type' of change).  If it
+        * was originally an add ('A'), this lets us differentiate later
+        * between a RENAME_DELETE conflict and RENAME_VIA_DIR (they
+        * otherwise look the same).  If it was originally a rename ('R'),
+        * this lets us remember and report accurately about the transitive
+        * renaming that occurred via the directory rename detection.  Also,
+        * record the original destination name.
+        */
+       re->dir_rename_original_type = pair->status;
+       re->dir_rename_original_dest = pair->two->path;
+
+       /*
+        * We don't actually look at pair->status again, but it seems
+        * pedagogically correct to adjust it.
+        */
+       pair->status = 'R';
+
+       /*
+        * Finally, record the new location.
+        */
+       pair->two->path = new_path;
 }
 
-static void conflict_rename_rename_2to1(struct merge_options *o,
-                                       struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+/*
+ * Get information of all renames which occurred in 'pairs', making use of
+ * any implicit directory renames inferred from the other side of history.
+ * We need the three trees in the merge ('o_tree', 'a_tree' and 'b_tree')
+ * to be able to associate the correct cache entries with the rename
+ * information; tree is always equal to either a_tree or b_tree.
+ */
+static struct string_list *get_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                      const char *branch,
+                                      struct diff_queue_struct *pairs,
+                                      struct hashmap *dir_renames,
+                                      struct hashmap *dir_rename_exclusions,
+                                      struct tree *tree,
+                                      struct tree *o_tree,
+                                      struct tree *a_tree,
+                                      struct tree *b_tree,
+                                      struct string_list *entries,
+                                      int *clean_merge)
 {
-       /* Two files, a & b, were renamed to the same thing, c. */
-       struct diff_filespec *a = ci->pair1->one;
-       struct diff_filespec *b = ci->pair2->one;
-       struct diff_filespec *c1 = ci->pair1->two;
-       struct diff_filespec *c2 = ci->pair2->two;
-       char *path = c1->path; /* == c2->path */
-       struct merge_file_info mfi_c1;
-       struct merge_file_info mfi_c2;
+       int i;
+       struct hashmap collisions;
+       struct hashmap_iter iter;
+       struct collision_entry *e;
+       struct string_list *renames;
 
-       output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
-              "Rename %s->%s in %s. "
-              "Rename %s->%s in %s",
-              a->path, c1->path, ci->branch1,
-              b->path, c2->path, ci->branch2);
+       compute_collisions(&collisions, dir_renames, pairs);
+       renames = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct string_list));
 
-       remove_file(o, 1, a->path, would_lose_untracked(a->path));
-       remove_file(o, 1, b->path, would_lose_untracked(b->path));
+       for (i = 0; i < pairs->nr; ++i) {
+               struct string_list_item *item;
+               struct rename *re;
+               struct diff_filepair *pair = pairs->queue[i];
+               char *new_path; /* non-NULL only with directory renames */
+
+               if (pair->status != 'A' && pair->status != 'R') {
+                       diff_free_filepair(pair);
+                       continue;
+               }
+               new_path = check_for_directory_rename(opt, pair->two->path, tree,
+                                                     dir_renames,
+                                                     dir_rename_exclusions,
+                                                     &collisions,
+                                                     clean_merge);
+               if (pair->status != 'R' && !new_path) {
+                       diff_free_filepair(pair);
+                       continue;
+               }
 
-       mfi_c1 = merge_file_special_markers(o, a, c1, &ci->ren1_other,
-                                           o->branch1, c1->path,
-                                           o->branch2, ci->ren1_other.path);
-       mfi_c2 = merge_file_special_markers(o, b, &ci->ren2_other, c2,
-                                           o->branch1, ci->ren2_other.path,
-                                           o->branch2, c2->path);
+               re = xmalloc(sizeof(*re));
+               re->processed = 0;
+               re->pair = pair;
+               re->branch = branch;
+               re->dir_rename_original_type = '\0';
+               re->dir_rename_original_dest = NULL;
+               item = string_list_lookup(entries, re->pair->one->path);
+               if (!item)
+                       re->src_entry = insert_stage_data(opt->repo,
+                                       re->pair->one->path,
+                                       o_tree, a_tree, b_tree, entries);
+               else
+                       re->src_entry = item->util;
 
-       if (o->call_depth) {
-               /*
-                * If mfi_c1.clean && mfi_c2.clean, then it might make
-                * sense to do a two-way merge of those results.  But, I
-                * think in all cases, it makes sense to have the virtual
-                * merge base just undo the renames; they can be detected
-                * again later for the non-recursive merge.
-                */
-               remove_file(o, 0, path, 0);
-               update_file(o, 0, mfi_c1.sha, mfi_c1.mode, a->path);
-               update_file(o, 0, mfi_c2.sha, mfi_c2.mode, b->path);
-       } else {
-               char *new_path1 = unique_path(o, path, ci->branch1);
-               char *new_path2 = unique_path(o, path, ci->branch2);
-               output(o, 1, "Renaming %s to %s and %s to %s instead",
-                      a->path, new_path1, b->path, new_path2);
-               remove_file(o, 0, path, 0);
-               update_file(o, 0, mfi_c1.sha, mfi_c1.mode, new_path1);
-               update_file(o, 0, mfi_c2.sha, mfi_c2.mode, new_path2);
-               free(new_path2);
-               free(new_path1);
+               item = string_list_lookup(entries, re->pair->two->path);
+               if (!item)
+                       re->dst_entry = insert_stage_data(opt->repo,
+                                       re->pair->two->path,
+                                       o_tree, a_tree, b_tree, entries);
+               else
+                       re->dst_entry = item->util;
+               item = string_list_insert(renames, pair->one->path);
+               item->util = re;
+               if (new_path)
+                       apply_directory_rename_modifications(opt, pair, new_path,
+                                                            re, tree, o_tree,
+                                                            a_tree, b_tree,
+                                                            entries);
+       }
+
+       hashmap_for_each_entry(&collisions, &iter, e,
+                               ent /* member name */) {
+               free(e->target_file);
+               string_list_clear(&e->source_files, 0);
        }
+       hashmap_free_entries(&collisions, struct collision_entry, ent);
+       return renames;
 }
 
-static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
+static int process_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
                           struct string_list *a_renames,
                           struct string_list *b_renames)
 {
@@ -1285,7 +2713,6 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < a_renames->nr || j < b_renames->nr;) {
                struct string_list *renames1, *renames2Dst;
                struct rename *ren1 = NULL, *ren2 = NULL;
-               const char *branch1, *branch2;
                const char *ren1_src, *ren1_dst;
                struct string_list_item *lookup;
 
@@ -1306,17 +2733,10 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                if (ren1) {
                        renames1 = a_renames;
                        renames2Dst = &b_by_dst;
-                       branch1 = o->branch1;
-                       branch2 = o->branch2;
                } else {
-                       struct rename *tmp;
                        renames1 = b_renames;
                        renames2Dst = &a_by_dst;
-                       branch1 = o->branch2;
-                       branch2 = o->branch1;
-                       tmp = ren2;
-                       ren2 = ren1;
-                       ren1 = tmp;
+                       SWAP(ren2, ren1);
                }
 
                if (ren1->processed)
@@ -1337,7 +2757,7 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                        const char *ren2_dst = ren2->pair->two->path;
                        enum rename_type rename_type;
                        if (strcmp(ren1_src, ren2_src) != 0)
-                               die("ren1_src != ren2_src");
+                               BUG("ren1_src != ren2_src");
                        ren2->dst_entry->processed = 1;
                        ren2->processed = 1;
                        if (strcmp(ren1_dst, ren2_dst) != 0) {
@@ -1349,29 +2769,20 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                                 * the base stage (think of rename +
                                 * add-source cases).
                                 */
-                               remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src, 1);
+                               remove_file(opt, 1, ren1_src, 1);
                                update_entry(ren1->dst_entry,
                                             ren1->pair->one,
                                             ren1->pair->two,
                                             ren2->pair->two);
                        }
-                       setup_rename_conflict_info(rename_type,
-                                                  ren1->pair,
-                                                  ren2->pair,
-                                                  branch1,
-                                                  branch2,
-                                                  ren1->dst_entry,
-                                                  ren2->dst_entry,
-                                                  o,
-                                                  NULL,
-                                                  NULL);
+                       setup_rename_conflict_info(rename_type, opt, ren1, ren2);
                } else if ((lookup = string_list_lookup(renames2Dst, ren1_dst))) {
                        /* Two different files renamed to the same thing */
                        char *ren2_dst;
                        ren2 = lookup->util;
                        ren2_dst = ren2->pair->two->path;
                        if (strcmp(ren1_dst, ren2_dst) != 0)
-                               die("ren1_dst != ren2_dst");
+                               BUG("ren1_dst != ren2_dst");
 
                        clean_merge = 0;
                        ren2->processed = 1;
@@ -1383,16 +2794,7 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                        ren2->src_entry->processed = 1;
 
                        setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE,
-                                                  ren1->pair,
-                                                  ren2->pair,
-                                                  branch1,
-                                                  branch2,
-                                                  ren1->dst_entry,
-                                                  ren2->dst_entry,
-                                                  o,
-                                                  ren1->src_entry,
-                                                  ren2->src_entry);
-
+                                                  opt, ren1, ren2);
                } else {
                        /* Renamed in 1, maybe changed in 2 */
                        /* we only use sha1 and mode of these */
@@ -1412,28 +2814,26 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                         * stage and in other_stage (think of rename +
                         * add-source case).
                         */
-                       remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src,
-                                   renamed_stage == 2 || !was_tracked(ren1_src));
+                       remove_file(opt, 1, ren1_src,
+                                   renamed_stage == 2 || !was_tracked(opt, ren1_src));
 
-                       hashcpy(src_other.sha1, ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].sha);
+                       oidcpy(&src_other.oid,
+                              &ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].oid);
                        src_other.mode = ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].mode;
-                       hashcpy(dst_other.sha1, ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].sha);
+                       oidcpy(&dst_other.oid,
+                              &ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].oid);
                        dst_other.mode = ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].mode;
                        try_merge = 0;
 
-                       if (sha_eq(src_other.sha1, null_sha1)) {
+                       if (oideq(&src_other.oid, &null_oid) &&
+                           ren1->dir_rename_original_type == 'A') {
+                               setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_VIA_DIR,
+                                                          opt, ren1, NULL);
+                       } else if (oideq(&src_other.oid, &null_oid)) {
                                setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_DELETE,
-                                                          ren1->pair,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          branch1,
-                                                          branch2,
-                                                          ren1->dst_entry,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          o,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          NULL);
+                                                          opt, ren1, NULL);
                        } else if ((dst_other.mode == ren1->pair->two->mode) &&
-                                  sha_eq(dst_other.sha1, ren1->pair->two->sha1)) {
+                                  oideq(&dst_other.oid, &ren1->pair->two->oid)) {
                                /*
                                 * Added file on the other side identical to
                                 * the file being renamed: clean merge.
@@ -1442,42 +2842,32 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                                 * update_file_flags() instead of
                                 * update_file().
                                 */
-                               update_file_flags(o,
-                                                 ren1->pair->two->sha1,
-                                                 ren1->pair->two->mode,
-                                                 ren1_dst,
-                                                 1, /* update_cache */
-                                                 0  /* update_wd    */);
-                       } else if (!sha_eq(dst_other.sha1, null_sha1)) {
-                               clean_merge = 0;
-                               try_merge = 1;
-                               output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/add): Rename %s->%s in %s. "
-                                      "%s added in %s",
-                                      ren1_src, ren1_dst, branch1,
-                                      ren1_dst, branch2);
-                               if (o->call_depth) {
-                                       struct merge_file_info mfi;
-                                       mfi = merge_file(o, ren1_dst, null_sha1, 0,
-                                                        ren1->pair->two->sha1, ren1->pair->two->mode,
-                                                        dst_other.sha1, dst_other.mode,
-                                                        branch1, branch2);
-                                       output(o, 1, "Adding merged %s", ren1_dst);
-                                       update_file(o, 0, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, ren1_dst);
-                                       try_merge = 0;
-                               } else {
-                                       char *new_path = unique_path(o, ren1_dst, branch2);
-                                       output(o, 1, "Adding as %s instead", new_path);
-                                       update_file(o, 0, dst_other.sha1, dst_other.mode, new_path);
-                                       free(new_path);
-                               }
+                               if (update_file_flags(opt,
+                                                     ren1->pair->two,
+                                                     ren1_dst,
+                                                     1, /* update_cache */
+                                                     0  /* update_wd    */))
+                                       clean_merge = -1;
+                       } else if (!oideq(&dst_other.oid, &null_oid)) {
+                               /*
+                                * Probably not a clean merge, but it's
+                                * premature to set clean_merge to 0 here,
+                                * because if the rename merges cleanly and
+                                * the merge exactly matches the newly added
+                                * file, then the merge will be clean.
+                                */
+                               setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_ADD,
+                                                          opt, ren1, NULL);
                        } else
                                try_merge = 1;
 
+                       if (clean_merge < 0)
+                               goto cleanup_and_return;
                        if (try_merge) {
-                               struct diff_filespec *one, *a, *b;
+                               struct diff_filespec *o, *a, *b;
                                src_other.path = (char *)ren1_src;
 
-                               one = ren1->pair->one;
+                               o = ren1->pair->one;
                                if (a_renames == renames1) {
                                        a = ren1->pair->two;
                                        b = &src_other;
@@ -1485,384 +2875,679 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
                                        b = ren1->pair->two;
                                        a = &src_other;
                                }
-                               update_entry(ren1->dst_entry, one, a, b);
+                               update_entry(ren1->dst_entry, o, a, b);
                                setup_rename_conflict_info(RENAME_NORMAL,
-                                                          ren1->pair,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          branch1,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          ren1->dst_entry,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          o,
-                                                          NULL,
-                                                          NULL);
+                                                          opt, ren1, NULL);
                        }
                }
        }
+cleanup_and_return:
        string_list_clear(&a_by_dst, 0);
        string_list_clear(&b_by_dst, 0);
 
        return clean_merge;
 }
 
-static unsigned char *stage_sha(const unsigned char *sha, unsigned mode)
+struct rename_info {
+       struct string_list *head_renames;
+       struct string_list *merge_renames;
+};
+
+static void initial_cleanup_rename(struct diff_queue_struct *pairs,
+                                  struct hashmap *dir_renames)
+{
+       struct hashmap_iter iter;
+       struct dir_rename_entry *e;
+
+       hashmap_for_each_entry(dir_renames, &iter, e,
+                               ent /* member name */) {
+               free(e->dir);
+               strbuf_release(&e->new_dir);
+               /* possible_new_dirs already cleared in get_directory_renames */
+       }
+       hashmap_free_entries(dir_renames, struct dir_rename_entry, ent);
+       free(dir_renames);
+
+       free(pairs->queue);
+       free(pairs);
+}
+
+static int detect_and_process_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                     struct tree *common,
+                                     struct tree *head,
+                                     struct tree *merge,
+                                     struct string_list *entries,
+                                     struct rename_info *ri)
+{
+       struct diff_queue_struct *head_pairs, *merge_pairs;
+       struct hashmap *dir_re_head, *dir_re_merge;
+       int clean = 1;
+
+       ri->head_renames = NULL;
+       ri->merge_renames = NULL;
+
+       if (!merge_detect_rename(opt))
+               return 1;
+
+       head_pairs = get_diffpairs(opt, common, head);
+       merge_pairs = get_diffpairs(opt, common, merge);
+
+       if ((opt->detect_directory_renames == MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_TRUE) ||
+           (opt->detect_directory_renames == MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_CONFLICT &&
+            !opt->priv->call_depth)) {
+               dir_re_head = get_directory_renames(head_pairs);
+               dir_re_merge = get_directory_renames(merge_pairs);
+
+               handle_directory_level_conflicts(opt,
+                                                dir_re_head, head,
+                                                dir_re_merge, merge);
+       } else {
+               dir_re_head  = xmalloc(sizeof(*dir_re_head));
+               dir_re_merge = xmalloc(sizeof(*dir_re_merge));
+               dir_rename_init(dir_re_head);
+               dir_rename_init(dir_re_merge);
+       }
+
+       ri->head_renames  = get_renames(opt, opt->branch1, head_pairs,
+                                       dir_re_merge, dir_re_head, head,
+                                       common, head, merge, entries,
+                                       &clean);
+       if (clean < 0)
+               goto cleanup;
+       ri->merge_renames = get_renames(opt, opt->branch2, merge_pairs,
+                                       dir_re_head, dir_re_merge, merge,
+                                       common, head, merge, entries,
+                                       &clean);
+       if (clean < 0)
+               goto cleanup;
+       clean &= process_renames(opt, ri->head_renames, ri->merge_renames);
+
+cleanup:
+       /*
+        * Some cleanup is deferred until cleanup_renames() because the
+        * data structures are still needed and referenced in
+        * process_entry().  But there are a few things we can free now.
+        */
+       initial_cleanup_rename(head_pairs, dir_re_head);
+       initial_cleanup_rename(merge_pairs, dir_re_merge);
+
+       return clean;
+}
+
+static void final_cleanup_rename(struct string_list *rename)
+{
+       const struct rename *re;
+       int i;
+
+       if (rename == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < rename->nr; i++) {
+               re = rename->items[i].util;
+               diff_free_filepair(re->pair);
+       }
+       string_list_clear(rename, 1);
+       free(rename);
+}
+
+static void final_cleanup_renames(struct rename_info *re_info)
 {
-       return (is_null_sha1(sha) || mode == 0) ? NULL: (unsigned char *)sha;
+       final_cleanup_rename(re_info->head_renames);
+       final_cleanup_rename(re_info->merge_renames);
 }
 
-static int read_sha1_strbuf(const unsigned char *sha1, struct strbuf *dst)
+static int read_oid_strbuf(struct merge_options *opt,
+                          const struct object_id *oid,
+                          struct strbuf *dst)
 {
        void *buf;
        enum object_type type;
        unsigned long size;
-       buf = read_sha1_file(sha1, &type, &size);
+       buf = read_object_file(oid, &type, &size);
        if (!buf)
-               return error("cannot read object %s", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+               return err(opt, _("cannot read object %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
        if (type != OBJ_BLOB) {
                free(buf);
-               return error("object %s is not a blob", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+               return err(opt, _("object %s is not a blob"), oid_to_hex(oid));
        }
        strbuf_attach(dst, buf, size, size + 1);
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int blob_unchanged(const unsigned char *o_sha,
-                         const unsigned char *a_sha,
+static int blob_unchanged(struct merge_options *opt,
+                         const struct diff_filespec *o,
+                         const struct diff_filespec *a,
                          int renormalize, const char *path)
 {
-       struct strbuf o = STRBUF_INIT;
-       struct strbuf a = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct strbuf obuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct strbuf abuf = STRBUF_INIT;
        int ret = 0; /* assume changed for safety */
+       const struct index_state *idx = opt->repo->index;
 
-       if (sha_eq(o_sha, a_sha))
+       if (a->mode != o->mode)
+               return 0;
+       if (oideq(&o->oid, &a->oid))
                return 1;
        if (!renormalize)
                return 0;
 
-       assert(o_sha && a_sha);
-       if (read_sha1_strbuf(o_sha, &o) || read_sha1_strbuf(a_sha, &a))
+       if (read_oid_strbuf(opt, &o->oid, &obuf) ||
+           read_oid_strbuf(opt, &a->oid, &abuf))
                goto error_return;
        /*
         * Note: binary | is used so that both renormalizations are
         * performed.  Comparison can be skipped if both files are
         * unchanged since their sha1s have already been compared.
         */
-       if (renormalize_buffer(path, o.buf, o.len, &o) |
-           renormalize_buffer(path, a.buf, o.len, &a))
-               ret = (o.len == a.len && !memcmp(o.buf, a.buf, o.len));
+       if (renormalize_buffer(idx, path, obuf.buf, obuf.len, &obuf) |
+           renormalize_buffer(idx, path, abuf.buf, abuf.len, &abuf))
+               ret = (obuf.len == abuf.len && !memcmp(obuf.buf, abuf.buf, obuf.len));
 
 error_return:
-       strbuf_release(&o);
-       strbuf_release(&a);
+       strbuf_release(&obuf);
+       strbuf_release(&abuf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static void handle_modify_delete(struct merge_options *o,
-                                const char *path,
-                                unsigned char *o_sha, int o_mode,
-                                unsigned char *a_sha, int a_mode,
-                                unsigned char *b_sha, int b_mode)
+static int handle_modify_delete(struct merge_options *opt,
+                               const char *path,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *o,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *a,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *b)
 {
-       handle_change_delete(o,
-                            path,
-                            o_sha, o_mode,
-                            a_sha, a_mode,
-                            b_sha, b_mode,
-                            "modify", "modified");
+       const char *modify_branch, *delete_branch;
+       const struct diff_filespec *changed;
+
+       if (is_valid(a)) {
+               modify_branch = opt->branch1;
+               delete_branch = opt->branch2;
+               changed = a;
+       } else {
+               modify_branch = opt->branch2;
+               delete_branch = opt->branch1;
+               changed = b;
+       }
+
+       return handle_change_delete(opt,
+                                   path, NULL,
+                                   o, changed,
+                                   modify_branch, delete_branch,
+                                   _("modify"), _("modified"));
 }
 
-static int merge_content(struct merge_options *o,
-                        const char *path,
-                        unsigned char *o_sha, int o_mode,
-                        unsigned char *a_sha, int a_mode,
-                        unsigned char *b_sha, int b_mode,
-                        struct rename_conflict_info *rename_conflict_info)
+static int handle_content_merge(struct merge_file_info *mfi,
+                               struct merge_options *opt,
+                               const char *path,
+                               int is_dirty,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *o,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *a,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *b,
+                               struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
 {
-       const char *reason = "content";
-       const char *path1 = NULL, *path2 = NULL;
-       struct merge_file_info mfi;
-       struct diff_filespec one, a, b;
+       const char *reason = _("content");
        unsigned df_conflict_remains = 0;
 
-       if (!o_sha) {
-               reason = "add/add";
-               o_sha = (unsigned char *)null_sha1;
-       }
-       one.path = a.path = b.path = (char *)path;
-       hashcpy(one.sha1, o_sha);
-       one.mode = o_mode;
-       hashcpy(a.sha1, a_sha);
-       a.mode = a_mode;
-       hashcpy(b.sha1, b_sha);
-       b.mode = b_mode;
-
-       if (rename_conflict_info) {
-               struct diff_filepair *pair1 = rename_conflict_info->pair1;
-
-               path1 = (o->branch1 == rename_conflict_info->branch1) ?
-                       pair1->two->path : pair1->one->path;
-               /* If rename_conflict_info->pair2 != NULL, we are in
-                * RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE case.  Otherwise, we have a
-                * normal rename.
-                */
-               path2 = (rename_conflict_info->pair2 ||
-                        o->branch2 == rename_conflict_info->branch1) ?
-                       pair1->two->path : pair1->one->path;
+       if (!is_valid(o))
+               reason = _("add/add");
 
-               if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth))
-                       df_conflict_remains = 1;
-       }
-       mfi = merge_file_special_markers(o, &one, &a, &b,
-                                        o->branch1, path1,
-                                        o->branch2, path2);
+       assert(o->path && a->path && b->path);
+       if (ci && dir_in_way(opt->repo->index, path, !opt->priv->call_depth,
+                            S_ISGITLINK(ci->ren1->pair->two->mode)))
+               df_conflict_remains = 1;
+
+       if (merge_mode_and_contents(opt, o, a, b, path,
+                                   opt->branch1, opt->branch2,
+                                   opt->priv->call_depth * 2, mfi))
+               return -1;
 
-       if (mfi.clean && !df_conflict_remains &&
-           sha_eq(mfi.sha, a_sha) && mfi.mode == a_mode) {
-               int path_renamed_outside_HEAD;
-               output(o, 3, "Skipped %s (merged same as existing)", path);
+       /*
+        * We can skip updating the working tree file iff:
+        *   a) The merge is clean
+        *   b) The merge matches what was in HEAD (content, mode, pathname)
+        *   c) The target path is usable (i.e. not involved in D/F conflict)
+        */
+       if (mfi->clean && was_tracked_and_matches(opt, path, &mfi->blob) &&
+           !df_conflict_remains) {
+               int pos;
+               struct cache_entry *ce;
+
+               output(opt, 3, _("Skipped %s (merged same as existing)"), path);
+               if (add_cacheinfo(opt, &mfi->blob, path,
+                                 0, (!opt->priv->call_depth && !is_dirty), 0))
+                       return -1;
                /*
-                * The content merge resulted in the same file contents we
-                * already had.  We can return early if those file contents
-                * are recorded at the correct path (which may not be true
-                * if the merge involves a rename).
+                * However, add_cacheinfo() will delete the old cache entry
+                * and add a new one.  We need to copy over any skip_worktree
+                * flag to avoid making the file appear as if it were
+                * deleted by the user.
                 */
-               path_renamed_outside_HEAD = !path2 || !strcmp(path, path2);
-               if (!path_renamed_outside_HEAD) {
-                       add_cacheinfo(mfi.mode, mfi.sha, path,
-                                     0, (!o->call_depth), 0);
-                       return mfi.clean;
+               pos = index_name_pos(&opt->priv->orig_index, path, strlen(path));
+               ce = opt->priv->orig_index.cache[pos];
+               if (ce_skip_worktree(ce)) {
+                       pos = index_name_pos(opt->repo->index, path, strlen(path));
+                       ce = opt->repo->index->cache[pos];
+                       ce->ce_flags |= CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
                }
-       } else
-               output(o, 2, "Auto-merging %s", path);
+               return mfi->clean;
+       }
 
-       if (!mfi.clean) {
-               if (S_ISGITLINK(mfi.mode))
-                       reason = "submodule";
-               output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s): Merge conflict in %s",
+       if (!mfi->clean) {
+               if (S_ISGITLINK(mfi->blob.mode))
+                       reason = _("submodule");
+               output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s): Merge conflict in %s"),
                                reason, path);
-               if (rename_conflict_info && !df_conflict_remains)
-                       update_stages(path, &one, &a, &b);
+               if (ci && !df_conflict_remains)
+                       if (update_stages(opt, path, o, a, b))
+                               return -1;
        }
 
-       if (df_conflict_remains) {
+       if (df_conflict_remains || is_dirty) {
                char *new_path;
-               if (o->call_depth) {
-                       remove_file_from_cache(path);
+               if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
+                       remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, path);
                } else {
-                       if (!mfi.clean)
-                               update_stages(path, &one, &a, &b);
-                       else {
-                               int file_from_stage2 = was_tracked(path);
-                               struct diff_filespec merged;
-                               hashcpy(merged.sha1, mfi.sha);
-                               merged.mode = mfi.mode;
-
-                               update_stages(path, NULL,
-                                             file_from_stage2 ? &merged : NULL,
-                                             file_from_stage2 ? NULL : &merged);
+                       if (!mfi->clean) {
+                               if (update_stages(opt, path, o, a, b))
+                                       return -1;
+                       } else {
+                               int file_from_stage2 = was_tracked(opt, path);
+
+                               if (update_stages(opt, path, NULL,
+                                                 file_from_stage2 ? &mfi->blob : NULL,
+                                                 file_from_stage2 ? NULL : &mfi->blob))
+                                       return -1;
                        }
 
                }
-               new_path = unique_path(o, path, rename_conflict_info->branch1);
-               output(o, 1, "Adding as %s instead", new_path);
-               update_file(o, 0, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, new_path);
+               new_path = unique_path(opt, path, ci->ren1->branch);
+               if (is_dirty) {
+                       output(opt, 1, _("Refusing to lose dirty file at %s"),
+                              path);
+               }
+               output(opt, 1, _("Adding as %s instead"), new_path);
+               if (update_file(opt, 0, &mfi->blob, new_path)) {
+                       free(new_path);
+                       return -1;
+               }
                free(new_path);
-               mfi.clean = 0;
+               mfi->clean = 0;
+       } else if (update_file(opt, mfi->clean, &mfi->blob, path))
+               return -1;
+       return !is_dirty && mfi->clean;
+}
+
+static int handle_rename_normal(struct merge_options *opt,
+                               const char *path,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *o,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *a,
+                               const struct diff_filespec *b,
+                               struct rename_conflict_info *ci)
+{
+       struct rename *ren = ci->ren1;
+       struct merge_file_info mfi;
+       int clean;
+       int side = (ren->branch == opt->branch1 ? 2 : 3);
+
+       /* Merge the content and write it out */
+       clean = handle_content_merge(&mfi, opt, path, was_dirty(opt, path),
+                                    o, a, b, ci);
+
+       if (clean &&
+           opt->detect_directory_renames == MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_CONFLICT &&
+           ren->dir_rename_original_dest) {
+               if (update_stages(opt, path,
+                                 NULL,
+                                 side == 2 ? &mfi.blob : NULL,
+                                 side == 2 ? NULL : &mfi.blob))
+                       return -1;
+               clean = 0; /* not clean, but conflicted */
+       }
+       return clean;
+}
+
+static void dir_rename_warning(const char *msg,
+                              int is_add,
+                              int clean,
+                              struct merge_options *opt,
+                              struct rename *ren)
+{
+       const char *other_branch;
+       other_branch = (ren->branch == opt->branch1 ?
+                       opt->branch2 : opt->branch1);
+       if (is_add) {
+               output(opt, clean ? 2 : 1, msg,
+                      ren->pair->one->path, ren->branch,
+                      other_branch, ren->pair->two->path);
+               return;
+       }
+       output(opt, clean ? 2 : 1, msg,
+              ren->pair->one->path, ren->dir_rename_original_dest, ren->branch,
+              other_branch, ren->pair->two->path);
+}
+static int warn_about_dir_renamed_entries(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                         struct rename *ren)
+{
+       const char *msg;
+       int clean = 1, is_add;
+
+       if (!ren)
+               return clean;
+
+       /* Return early if ren was not affected/created by a directory rename */
+       if (!ren->dir_rename_original_dest)
+               return clean;
+
+       /* Sanity checks */
+       assert(opt->detect_directory_renames > MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_NONE);
+       assert(ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'A' ||
+              ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'R');
+
+       /* Check whether to treat directory renames as a conflict */
+       clean = (opt->detect_directory_renames == MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_TRUE);
+
+       is_add = (ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'A');
+       if (ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'A' && clean) {
+               msg = _("Path updated: %s added in %s inside a "
+                       "directory that was renamed in %s; moving it to %s.");
+       } else if (ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'A' && !clean) {
+               msg = _("CONFLICT (file location): %s added in %s "
+                       "inside a directory that was renamed in %s, "
+                       "suggesting it should perhaps be moved to %s.");
+       } else if (ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'R' && clean) {
+               msg = _("Path updated: %s renamed to %s in %s, inside a "
+                       "directory that was renamed in %s; moving it to %s.");
+       } else if (ren->dir_rename_original_type == 'R' && !clean) {
+               msg = _("CONFLICT (file location): %s renamed to %s in %s, "
+                       "inside a directory that was renamed in %s, "
+                       "suggesting it should perhaps be moved to %s.");
        } else {
-               update_file(o, mfi.clean, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, path);
+               BUG("Impossible dir_rename_original_type/clean combination");
        }
-       return mfi.clean;
+       dir_rename_warning(msg, is_add, clean, opt, ren);
 
+       return clean;
 }
 
 /* Per entry merge function */
-static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
+static int process_entry(struct merge_options *opt,
                         const char *path, struct stage_data *entry)
 {
-       /*
-       printf("processing entry, clean cache: %s\n", index_only ? "yes": "no");
-       print_index_entry("\tpath: ", entry);
-       */
        int clean_merge = 1;
-       int normalize = o->renormalize;
-       unsigned o_mode = entry->stages[1].mode;
-       unsigned a_mode = entry->stages[2].mode;
-       unsigned b_mode = entry->stages[3].mode;
-       unsigned char *o_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[1].sha, o_mode);
-       unsigned char *a_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[2].sha, a_mode);
-       unsigned char *b_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[3].sha, b_mode);
+       int normalize = opt->renormalize;
+
+       struct diff_filespec *o = &entry->stages[1];
+       struct diff_filespec *a = &entry->stages[2];
+       struct diff_filespec *b = &entry->stages[3];
+       int o_valid = is_valid(o);
+       int a_valid = is_valid(a);
+       int b_valid = is_valid(b);
+       o->path = a->path = b->path = (char*)path;
 
        entry->processed = 1;
        if (entry->rename_conflict_info) {
-               struct rename_conflict_info *conflict_info = entry->rename_conflict_info;
-               switch (conflict_info->rename_type) {
+               struct rename_conflict_info *ci = entry->rename_conflict_info;
+               struct diff_filespec *temp;
+               int path_clean;
+
+               path_clean = warn_about_dir_renamed_entries(opt, ci->ren1);
+               path_clean &= warn_about_dir_renamed_entries(opt, ci->ren2);
+
+               /*
+                * For cases with a single rename, {o,a,b}->path have all been
+                * set to the rename target path; we need to set two of these
+                * back to the rename source.
+                * For rename/rename conflicts, we'll manually fix paths below.
+                */
+               temp = (opt->branch1 == ci->ren1->branch) ? b : a;
+               o->path = temp->path = ci->ren1->pair->one->path;
+               if (ci->ren2) {
+                       assert(opt->branch1 == ci->ren1->branch);
+               }
+
+               switch (ci->rename_type) {
                case RENAME_NORMAL:
                case RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_ONE:
-                       clean_merge = merge_content(o, path,
-                                                   o_sha, o_mode, a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode,
-                                                   conflict_info);
+                       clean_merge = handle_rename_normal(opt, path, o, a, b,
+                                                          ci);
+                       break;
+               case RENAME_VIA_DIR:
+                       clean_merge = handle_rename_via_dir(opt, ci);
+                       break;
+               case RENAME_ADD:
+                       /*
+                        * Probably unclean merge, but if the renamed file
+                        * merges cleanly and the result can then be
+                        * two-way merged cleanly with the added file, I
+                        * guess it's a clean merge?
+                        */
+                       clean_merge = handle_rename_add(opt, ci);
                        break;
                case RENAME_DELETE:
                        clean_merge = 0;
-                       conflict_rename_delete(o, conflict_info->pair1,
-                                              conflict_info->branch1,
-                                              conflict_info->branch2);
+                       if (handle_rename_delete(opt, ci))
+                               clean_merge = -1;
                        break;
                case RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO:
+                       /*
+                        * Manually fix up paths; note:
+                        * ren[12]->pair->one->path are equal.
+                        */
+                       o->path = ci->ren1->pair->one->path;
+                       a->path = ci->ren1->pair->two->path;
+                       b->path = ci->ren2->pair->two->path;
+
                        clean_merge = 0;
-                       conflict_rename_rename_1to2(o, conflict_info);
+                       if (handle_rename_rename_1to2(opt, ci))
+                               clean_merge = -1;
                        break;
                case RENAME_TWO_FILES_TO_ONE:
-                       clean_merge = 0;
-                       conflict_rename_rename_2to1(o, conflict_info);
+                       /*
+                        * Manually fix up paths; note,
+                        * ren[12]->pair->two->path are actually equal.
+                        */
+                       o->path = NULL;
+                       a->path = ci->ren1->pair->two->path;
+                       b->path = ci->ren2->pair->two->path;
+
+                       /*
+                        * Probably unclean merge, but if the two renamed
+                        * files merge cleanly and the two resulting files
+                        * can then be two-way merged cleanly, I guess it's
+                        * a clean merge?
+                        */
+                       clean_merge = handle_rename_rename_2to1(opt, ci);
                        break;
                default:
                        entry->processed = 0;
                        break;
                }
-       } else if (o_sha && (!a_sha || !b_sha)) {
+               if (path_clean < clean_merge)
+                       clean_merge = path_clean;
+       } else if (o_valid && (!a_valid || !b_valid)) {
                /* Case A: Deleted in one */
-               if ((!a_sha && !b_sha) ||
-                   (!b_sha && blob_unchanged(o_sha, a_sha, normalize, path)) ||
-                   (!a_sha && blob_unchanged(o_sha, b_sha, normalize, path))) {
+               if ((!a_valid && !b_valid) ||
+                   (!b_valid && blob_unchanged(opt, o, a, normalize, path)) ||
+                   (!a_valid && blob_unchanged(opt, o, b, normalize, path))) {
                        /* Deleted in both or deleted in one and
                         * unchanged in the other */
-                       if (a_sha)
-                               output(o, 2, "Removing %s", path);
+                       if (a_valid)
+                               output(opt, 2, _("Removing %s"), path);
                        /* do not touch working file if it did not exist */
-                       remove_file(o, 1, path, !a_sha);
+                       remove_file(opt, 1, path, !a_valid);
                } else {
                        /* Modify/delete; deleted side may have put a directory in the way */
                        clean_merge = 0;
-                       handle_modify_delete(o, path, o_sha, o_mode,
-                                            a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode);
+                       if (handle_modify_delete(opt, path, o, a, b))
+                               clean_merge = -1;
                }
-       } else if ((!o_sha && a_sha && !b_sha) ||
-                  (!o_sha && !a_sha && b_sha)) {
+       } else if ((!o_valid && a_valid && !b_valid) ||
+                  (!o_valid && !a_valid && b_valid)) {
                /* Case B: Added in one. */
                /* [nothing|directory] -> ([nothing|directory], file) */
 
                const char *add_branch;
                const char *other_branch;
-               unsigned mode;
-               const unsigned char *sha;
                const char *conf;
+               const struct diff_filespec *contents;
 
-               if (a_sha) {
-                       add_branch = o->branch1;
-                       other_branch = o->branch2;
-                       mode = a_mode;
-                       sha = a_sha;
-                       conf = "file/directory";
+               if (a_valid) {
+                       add_branch = opt->branch1;
+                       other_branch = opt->branch2;
+                       contents = a;
+                       conf = _("file/directory");
                } else {
-                       add_branch = o->branch2;
-                       other_branch = o->branch1;
-                       mode = b_mode;
-                       sha = b_sha;
-                       conf = "directory/file";
+                       add_branch = opt->branch2;
+                       other_branch = opt->branch1;
+                       contents = b;
+                       conf = _("directory/file");
                }
-               if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth)) {
-                       char *new_path = unique_path(o, path, add_branch);
+               if (dir_in_way(opt->repo->index, path,
+                              !opt->priv->call_depth && !S_ISGITLINK(a->mode),
+                              0)) {
+                       char *new_path = unique_path(opt, path, add_branch);
                        clean_merge = 0;
-                       output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s): There is a directory with name %s in %s. "
-                              "Adding %s as %s",
+                       output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s): There is a directory with name %s in %s. "
+                              "Adding %s as %s"),
                               conf, path, other_branch, path, new_path);
-                       if (o->call_depth)
-                               remove_file_from_cache(path);
-                       update_file(o, 0, sha, mode, new_path);
-                       if (o->call_depth)
-                               remove_file_from_cache(path);
+                       if (update_file(opt, 0, contents, new_path))
+                               clean_merge = -1;
+                       else if (opt->priv->call_depth)
+                               remove_file_from_index(opt->repo->index, path);
                        free(new_path);
                } else {
-                       output(o, 2, "Adding %s", path);
+                       output(opt, 2, _("Adding %s"), path);
                        /* do not overwrite file if already present */
-                       update_file_flags(o, sha, mode, path, 1, !a_sha);
+                       if (update_file_flags(opt, contents, path, 1, !a_valid))
+                               clean_merge = -1;
+               }
+       } else if (a_valid && b_valid) {
+               if (!o_valid) {
+                       /* Case C: Added in both (check for same permissions) */
+                       output(opt, 1,
+                              _("CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in %s"),
+                              path);
+                       clean_merge = handle_file_collision(opt,
+                                                           path, NULL, NULL,
+                                                           opt->branch1,
+                                                           opt->branch2,
+                                                           a, b);
+               } else {
+                       /* case D: Modified in both, but differently. */
+                       struct merge_file_info mfi;
+                       int is_dirty = 0; /* unpack_trees would have bailed if dirty */
+                       clean_merge = handle_content_merge(&mfi, opt, path,
+                                                          is_dirty,
+                                                          o, a, b, NULL);
                }
-       } else if (a_sha && b_sha) {
-               /* Case C: Added in both (check for same permissions) and */
-               /* case D: Modified in both, but differently. */
-               clean_merge = merge_content(o, path,
-                                           o_sha, o_mode, a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode,
-                                           NULL);
-       } else if (!o_sha && !a_sha && !b_sha) {
+       } else if (!o_valid && !a_valid && !b_valid) {
                /*
                 * this entry was deleted altogether. a_mode == 0 means
                 * we had that path and want to actively remove it.
                 */
-               remove_file(o, 1, path, !a_mode);
+               remove_file(opt, 1, path, !a->mode);
        } else
-               die("Fatal merge failure, shouldn't happen.");
+               BUG("fatal merge failure, shouldn't happen.");
 
        return clean_merge;
 }
 
-int merge_trees(struct merge_options *o,
-               struct tree *head,
-               struct tree *merge,
-               struct tree *common,
-               struct tree **result)
+static int merge_trees_internal(struct merge_options *opt,
+                               struct tree *head,
+                               struct tree *merge,
+                               struct tree *merge_base,
+                               struct tree **result)
 {
+       struct index_state *istate = opt->repo->index;
        int code, clean;
 
-       if (o->subtree_shift) {
-               merge = shift_tree_object(head, merge, o->subtree_shift);
-               common = shift_tree_object(head, common, o->subtree_shift);
+       if (opt->subtree_shift) {
+               merge = shift_tree_object(opt->repo, head, merge,
+                                         opt->subtree_shift);
+               merge_base = shift_tree_object(opt->repo, head, merge_base,
+                                              opt->subtree_shift);
        }
 
-       if (sha_eq(common->object.sha1, merge->object.sha1)) {
-               output(o, 0, "Already up-to-date!");
+       if (oideq(&merge_base->object.oid, &merge->object.oid)) {
+               output(opt, 0, _("Already up to date!"));
                *result = head;
                return 1;
        }
 
-       code = git_merge_trees(o->call_depth, common, head, merge);
+       code = unpack_trees_start(opt, merge_base, head, merge);
 
        if (code != 0) {
-               if (show(o, 4) || o->call_depth)
-                       die("merging of trees %s and %s failed",
-                           sha1_to_hex(head->object.sha1),
-                           sha1_to_hex(merge->object.sha1));
-               else
-                       exit(128);
+               if (show(opt, 4) || opt->priv->call_depth)
+                       err(opt, _("merging of trees %s and %s failed"),
+                           oid_to_hex(&head->object.oid),
+                           oid_to_hex(&merge->object.oid));
+               unpack_trees_finish(opt);
+               return -1;
        }
 
-       if (unmerged_cache()) {
-               struct string_list *entries, *re_head, *re_merge;
+       if (unmerged_index(istate)) {
+               struct string_list *entries;
+               struct rename_info re_info;
                int i;
-               string_list_clear(&o->current_file_set, 1);
-               string_list_clear(&o->current_directory_set, 1);
-               get_files_dirs(o, head);
-               get_files_dirs(o, merge);
-
-               entries = get_unmerged();
-               record_df_conflict_files(o, entries);
-               re_head  = get_renames(o, head, common, head, merge, entries);
-               re_merge = get_renames(o, merge, common, head, merge, entries);
-               clean = process_renames(o, re_head, re_merge);
+               /*
+                * Only need the hashmap while processing entries, so
+                * initialize it here and free it when we are done running
+                * through the entries. Keeping it in the merge_options as
+                * opposed to decaring a local hashmap is for convenience
+                * so that we don't have to pass it to around.
+                */
+               hashmap_init(&opt->priv->current_file_dir_set, path_hashmap_cmp,
+                            NULL, 512);
+               get_files_dirs(opt, head);
+               get_files_dirs(opt, merge);
+
+               entries = get_unmerged(opt->repo->index);
+               clean = detect_and_process_renames(opt, merge_base, head, merge,
+                                                  entries, &re_info);
+               record_df_conflict_files(opt, entries);
+               if (clean < 0)
+                       goto cleanup;
                for (i = entries->nr-1; 0 <= i; i--) {
                        const char *path = entries->items[i].string;
                        struct stage_data *e = entries->items[i].util;
-                       if (!e->processed
-                               && !process_entry(o, path, e))
-                               clean = 0;
+                       if (!e->processed) {
+                               int ret = process_entry(opt, path, e);
+                               if (!ret)
+                                       clean = 0;
+                               else if (ret < 0) {
+                                       clean = ret;
+                                       goto cleanup;
+                               }
+                       }
                }
                for (i = 0; i < entries->nr; i++) {
                        struct stage_data *e = entries->items[i].util;
                        if (!e->processed)
-                               die("Unprocessed path??? %s",
+                               BUG("unprocessed path??? %s",
                                    entries->items[i].string);
                }
 
-               string_list_clear(re_merge, 0);
-               string_list_clear(re_head, 0);
+       cleanup:
+               final_cleanup_renames(&re_info);
+
                string_list_clear(entries, 1);
+               free(entries);
 
+               hashmap_free_entries(&opt->priv->current_file_dir_set,
+                                       struct path_hashmap_entry, e);
+
+               if (clean < 0) {
+                       unpack_trees_finish(opt);
+                       return clean;
+               }
        }
        else
                clean = 1;
 
-       if (o->call_depth)
-               *result = write_tree_from_memory(o);
+       unpack_trees_finish(opt);
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth &&
+           !(*result = write_in_core_index_as_tree(opt->repo)))
+               return -1;
 
        return clean;
 }
@@ -1882,97 +3567,213 @@ static struct commit_list *reverse_commit_list(struct commit_list *list)
  * Merge the commits h1 and h2, return the resulting virtual
  * commit object and a flag indicating the cleanness of the merge.
  */
-int merge_recursive(struct merge_options *o,
-                   struct commit *h1,
-                   struct commit *h2,
-                   struct commit_list *ca,
-                   struct commit **result)
+static int merge_recursive_internal(struct merge_options *opt,
+                                   struct commit *h1,
+                                   struct commit *h2,
+                                   struct commit_list *merge_bases,
+                                   struct commit **result)
 {
        struct commit_list *iter;
-       struct commit *merged_common_ancestors;
-       struct tree *mrtree = mrtree;
+       struct commit *merged_merge_bases;
+       struct tree *result_tree;
        int clean;
+       const char *ancestor_name;
+       struct strbuf merge_base_abbrev = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       if (show(o, 4)) {
-               output(o, 4, "Merging:");
-               output_commit_title(o, h1);
-               output_commit_title(o, h2);
+       if (show(opt, 4)) {
+               output(opt, 4, _("Merging:"));
+               output_commit_title(opt, h1);
+               output_commit_title(opt, h2);
        }
 
-       if (!ca) {
-               ca = get_merge_bases(h1, h2, 1);
-               ca = reverse_commit_list(ca);
+       if (!merge_bases) {
+               merge_bases = get_merge_bases(h1, h2);
+               merge_bases = reverse_commit_list(merge_bases);
        }
 
-       if (show(o, 5)) {
-               output(o, 5, "found %u common ancestor(s):", commit_list_count(ca));
-               for (iter = ca; iter; iter = iter->next)
-                       output_commit_title(o, iter->item);
+       if (show(opt, 5)) {
+               unsigned cnt = commit_list_count(merge_bases);
+
+               output(opt, 5, Q_("found %u common ancestor:",
+                               "found %u common ancestors:", cnt), cnt);
+               for (iter = merge_bases; iter; iter = iter->next)
+                       output_commit_title(opt, iter->item);
        }
 
-       merged_common_ancestors = pop_commit(&ca);
-       if (merged_common_ancestors == NULL) {
+       merged_merge_bases = pop_commit(&merge_bases);
+       if (merged_merge_bases == NULL) {
                /* if there is no common ancestor, use an empty tree */
                struct tree *tree;
 
-               tree = lookup_tree(EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);
-               merged_common_ancestors = make_virtual_commit(tree, "ancestor");
+               tree = lookup_tree(opt->repo, opt->repo->hash_algo->empty_tree);
+               merged_merge_bases = make_virtual_commit(opt->repo, tree,
+                                                        "ancestor");
+               ancestor_name = "empty tree";
+       } else if (opt->ancestor && !opt->priv->call_depth) {
+               ancestor_name = opt->ancestor;
+       } else if (merge_bases) {
+               ancestor_name = "merged common ancestors";
+       } else {
+               strbuf_add_unique_abbrev(&merge_base_abbrev,
+                                        &merged_merge_bases->object.oid,
+                                        DEFAULT_ABBREV);
+               ancestor_name = merge_base_abbrev.buf;
        }
 
-       for (iter = ca; iter; iter = iter->next) {
+       for (iter = merge_bases; iter; iter = iter->next) {
                const char *saved_b1, *saved_b2;
-               o->call_depth++;
+               opt->priv->call_depth++;
                /*
                 * When the merge fails, the result contains files
                 * with conflict markers. The cleanness flag is
-                * ignored, it was never actually used, as result of
-                * merge_trees has always overwritten it: the committed
-                * "conflicts" were already resolved.
+                * ignored (unless indicating an error), it was never
+                * actually used, as result of merge_trees has always
+                * overwritten it: the committed "conflicts" were
+                * already resolved.
                 */
-               discard_cache();
-               saved_b1 = o->branch1;
-               saved_b2 = o->branch2;
-               o->branch1 = "Temporary merge branch 1";
-               o->branch2 = "Temporary merge branch 2";
-               merge_recursive(o, merged_common_ancestors, iter->item,
-                               NULL, &merged_common_ancestors);
-               o->branch1 = saved_b1;
-               o->branch2 = saved_b2;
-               o->call_depth--;
-
-               if (!merged_common_ancestors)
-                       die("merge returned no commit");
-       }
-
-       discard_cache();
-       if (!o->call_depth)
-               read_cache();
-
-       o->ancestor = "merged common ancestors";
-       clean = merge_trees(o, h1->tree, h2->tree, merged_common_ancestors->tree,
-                           &mrtree);
-
-       if (o->call_depth) {
-               *result = make_virtual_commit(mrtree, "merged tree");
+               discard_index(opt->repo->index);
+               saved_b1 = opt->branch1;
+               saved_b2 = opt->branch2;
+               opt->branch1 = "Temporary merge branch 1";
+               opt->branch2 = "Temporary merge branch 2";
+               if (merge_recursive_internal(opt, merged_merge_bases, iter->item,
+                                            NULL, &merged_merge_bases) < 0)
+                       return -1;
+               opt->branch1 = saved_b1;
+               opt->branch2 = saved_b2;
+               opt->priv->call_depth--;
+
+               if (!merged_merge_bases)
+                       return err(opt, _("merge returned no commit"));
+       }
+
+       discard_index(opt->repo->index);
+       if (!opt->priv->call_depth)
+               repo_read_index(opt->repo);
+
+       opt->ancestor = ancestor_name;
+       clean = merge_trees_internal(opt,
+                                    repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo, h1),
+                                    repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo, h2),
+                                    repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo,
+                                                         merged_merge_bases),
+                                    &result_tree);
+       strbuf_release(&merge_base_abbrev);
+       opt->ancestor = NULL;  /* avoid accidental re-use of opt->ancestor */
+       if (clean < 0) {
+               flush_output(opt);
+               return clean;
+       }
+
+       if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
+               *result = make_virtual_commit(opt->repo, result_tree,
+                                             "merged tree");
                commit_list_insert(h1, &(*result)->parents);
                commit_list_insert(h2, &(*result)->parents->next);
        }
-       flush_output(o);
-       if (show(o, 2))
+       return clean;
+}
+
+static int merge_start(struct merge_options *opt, struct tree *head)
+{
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       /* Sanity checks on opt */
+       assert(opt->repo);
+
+       assert(opt->branch1 && opt->branch2);
+
+       assert(opt->detect_renames >= -1 &&
+              opt->detect_renames <= DIFF_DETECT_COPY);
+       assert(opt->detect_directory_renames >= MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_NONE &&
+              opt->detect_directory_renames <= MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_TRUE);
+       assert(opt->rename_limit >= -1);
+       assert(opt->rename_score >= 0 && opt->rename_score <= MAX_SCORE);
+       assert(opt->show_rename_progress >= 0 && opt->show_rename_progress <= 1);
+
+       assert(opt->xdl_opts >= 0);
+       assert(opt->recursive_variant >= MERGE_VARIANT_NORMAL &&
+              opt->recursive_variant <= MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS);
+
+       assert(opt->verbosity >= 0 && opt->verbosity <= 5);
+       assert(opt->buffer_output <= 2);
+       assert(opt->obuf.len == 0);
+
+       assert(opt->priv == NULL);
+
+       /* Sanity check on repo state; index must match head */
+       if (repo_index_has_changes(opt->repo, head, &sb)) {
+               err(opt, _("Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:\n  %s"),
+                   sb.buf);
+               strbuf_release(&sb);
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       opt->priv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*opt->priv));
+       string_list_init(&opt->priv->df_conflict_file_set, 1);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static void merge_finalize(struct merge_options *opt)
+{
+       flush_output(opt);
+       if (!opt->priv->call_depth && opt->buffer_output < 2)
+               strbuf_release(&opt->obuf);
+       if (show(opt, 2))
                diff_warn_rename_limit("merge.renamelimit",
-                                      o->needed_rename_limit, 0);
+                                      opt->priv->needed_rename_limit, 0);
+       FREE_AND_NULL(opt->priv);
+}
+
+int merge_trees(struct merge_options *opt,
+               struct tree *head,
+               struct tree *merge,
+               struct tree *merge_base)
+{
+       int clean;
+       struct tree *ignored;
+
+       assert(opt->ancestor != NULL);
+
+       if (merge_start(opt, head))
+               return -1;
+       clean = merge_trees_internal(opt, head, merge, merge_base, &ignored);
+       merge_finalize(opt);
+
+       return clean;
+}
+
+int merge_recursive(struct merge_options *opt,
+                   struct commit *h1,
+                   struct commit *h2,
+                   struct commit_list *merge_bases,
+                   struct commit **result)
+{
+       int clean;
+
+       assert(opt->ancestor == NULL ||
+              !strcmp(opt->ancestor, "constructed merge base"));
+
+       if (merge_start(opt, repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo, h1)))
+               return -1;
+       clean = merge_recursive_internal(opt, h1, h2, merge_bases, result);
+       merge_finalize(opt);
+
        return clean;
 }
 
-static struct commit *get_ref(const unsigned char *sha1, const char *name)
+static struct commit *get_ref(struct repository *repo,
+                             const struct object_id *oid,
+                             const char *name)
 {
        struct object *object;
 
-       object = deref_tag(parse_object(sha1), name, strlen(name));
+       object = deref_tag(repo, parse_object(repo, oid),
+                          name, strlen(name));
        if (!object)
                return NULL;
        if (object->type == OBJ_TREE)
-               return make_virtual_commit((struct tree*)object, name);
+               return make_virtual_commit(repo, (struct tree*)object, name);
        if (object->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
                return NULL;
        if (parse_commit((struct commit *)object))
@@ -1980,113 +3781,158 @@ static struct commit *get_ref(const unsigned char *sha1, const char *name)
        return (struct commit *)object;
 }
 
-int merge_recursive_generic(struct merge_options *o,
-                           const unsigned char *head,
-                           const unsigned char *merge,
-                           int num_base_list,
-                           const unsigned char **base_list,
+int merge_recursive_generic(struct merge_options *opt,
+                           const struct object_id *head,
+                           const struct object_id *merge,
+                           int num_merge_bases,
+                           const struct object_id **merge_bases,
                            struct commit **result)
 {
-       int clean, index_fd;
-       struct lock_file *lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
-       struct commit *head_commit = get_ref(head, o->branch1);
-       struct commit *next_commit = get_ref(merge, o->branch2);
+       int clean;
+       struct lock_file lock = LOCK_INIT;
+       struct commit *head_commit = get_ref(opt->repo, head, opt->branch1);
+       struct commit *next_commit = get_ref(opt->repo, merge, opt->branch2);
        struct commit_list *ca = NULL;
 
-       if (base_list) {
+       if (merge_bases) {
                int i;
-               for (i = 0; i < num_base_list; ++i) {
+               for (i = 0; i < num_merge_bases; ++i) {
                        struct commit *base;
-                       if (!(base = get_ref(base_list[i], sha1_to_hex(base_list[i]))))
-                               return error("Could not parse object '%s'",
-                                       sha1_to_hex(base_list[i]));
+                       if (!(base = get_ref(opt->repo, merge_bases[i],
+                                            oid_to_hex(merge_bases[i]))))
+                               return err(opt, _("Could not parse object '%s'"),
+                                          oid_to_hex(merge_bases[i]));
                        commit_list_insert(base, &ca);
                }
+               if (num_merge_bases == 1)
+                       opt->ancestor = "constructed merge base";
        }
 
-       index_fd = hold_locked_index(lock, 1);
-       clean = merge_recursive(o, head_commit, next_commit, ca,
-                       result);
-       if (active_cache_changed &&
-                       (write_cache(index_fd, active_cache, active_nr) ||
-                        commit_locked_index(lock)))
-               return error("Unable to write index.");
+       repo_hold_locked_index(opt->repo, &lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+       clean = merge_recursive(opt, head_commit, next_commit, ca,
+                               result);
+       if (clean < 0) {
+               rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+               return clean;
+       }
+
+       if (write_locked_index(opt->repo->index, &lock,
+                              COMMIT_LOCK | SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED))
+               return err(opt, _("Unable to write index."));
 
        return clean ? 0 : 1;
 }
 
-static int merge_recursive_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
+static void merge_recursive_config(struct merge_options *opt)
 {
-       struct merge_options *o = cb;
-       if (!strcmp(var, "merge.verbosity")) {
-               o->verbosity = git_config_int(var, value);
-               return 0;
+       char *value = NULL;
+       git_config_get_int("merge.verbosity", &opt->verbosity);
+       git_config_get_int("diff.renamelimit", &opt->rename_limit);
+       git_config_get_int("merge.renamelimit", &opt->rename_limit);
+       if (!git_config_get_string("diff.renames", &value)) {
+               opt->detect_renames = git_config_rename("diff.renames", value);
+               free(value);
        }
-       if (!strcmp(var, "diff.renamelimit")) {
-               o->diff_rename_limit = git_config_int(var, value);
-               return 0;
+       if (!git_config_get_string("merge.renames", &value)) {
+               opt->detect_renames = git_config_rename("merge.renames", value);
+               free(value);
        }
-       if (!strcmp(var, "merge.renamelimit")) {
-               o->merge_rename_limit = git_config_int(var, value);
-               return 0;
+       if (!git_config_get_string("merge.directoryrenames", &value)) {
+               int boolval = git_parse_maybe_bool(value);
+               if (0 <= boolval) {
+                       opt->detect_directory_renames = boolval ?
+                               MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_TRUE :
+                               MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_NONE;
+               } else if (!strcasecmp(value, "conflict")) {
+                       opt->detect_directory_renames =
+                               MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_CONFLICT;
+               } /* avoid erroring on values from future versions of git */
+               free(value);
        }
-       return git_xmerge_config(var, value, cb);
+       git_config(git_xmerge_config, NULL);
 }
 
-void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *o)
+void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *opt,
+                       struct repository *repo)
 {
-       memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct merge_options));
-       o->verbosity = 2;
-       o->buffer_output = 1;
-       o->diff_rename_limit = -1;
-       o->merge_rename_limit = -1;
-       o->renormalize = 0;
-       git_config(merge_recursive_config, o);
-       if (getenv("GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY"))
-               o->verbosity =
-                       strtol(getenv("GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY"), NULL, 10);
-       if (o->verbosity >= 5)
-               o->buffer_output = 0;
-       strbuf_init(&o->obuf, 0);
-       memset(&o->current_file_set, 0, sizeof(struct string_list));
-       o->current_file_set.strdup_strings = 1;
-       memset(&o->current_directory_set, 0, sizeof(struct string_list));
-       o->current_directory_set.strdup_strings = 1;
-       memset(&o->df_conflict_file_set, 0, sizeof(struct string_list));
-       o->df_conflict_file_set.strdup_strings = 1;
+       const char *merge_verbosity;
+       memset(opt, 0, sizeof(struct merge_options));
+
+       opt->repo = repo;
+
+       opt->detect_renames = -1;
+       opt->detect_directory_renames = MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_CONFLICT;
+       opt->rename_limit = -1;
+
+       opt->verbosity = 2;
+       opt->buffer_output = 1;
+       strbuf_init(&opt->obuf, 0);
+
+       opt->renormalize = 0;
+
+       merge_recursive_config(opt);
+       merge_verbosity = getenv("GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY");
+       if (merge_verbosity)
+               opt->verbosity = strtol(merge_verbosity, NULL, 10);
+       if (opt->verbosity >= 5)
+               opt->buffer_output = 0;
 }
 
-int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *o, const char *s)
+int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *opt, const char *s)
 {
+       const char *arg;
+
        if (!s || !*s)
                return -1;
        if (!strcmp(s, "ours"))
-               o->recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS;
+               opt->recursive_variant = MERGE_VARIANT_OURS;
        else if (!strcmp(s, "theirs"))
-               o->recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS;
+               opt->recursive_variant = MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS;
        else if (!strcmp(s, "subtree"))
-               o->subtree_shift = "";
-       else if (!prefixcmp(s, "subtree="))
-               o->subtree_shift = s + strlen("subtree=");
+               opt->subtree_shift = "";
+       else if (skip_prefix(s, "subtree=", &arg))
+               opt->subtree_shift = arg;
        else if (!strcmp(s, "patience"))
-               o->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(o, PATIENCE_DIFF);
+               opt->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(opt, PATIENCE_DIFF);
        else if (!strcmp(s, "histogram"))
-               o->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(o, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);
+               opt->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(opt, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);
+       else if (skip_prefix(s, "diff-algorithm=", &arg)) {
+               long value = parse_algorithm_value(arg);
+               if (value < 0)
+                       return -1;
+               /* clear out previous settings */
+               DIFF_XDL_CLR(opt, NEED_MINIMAL);
+               opt->xdl_opts &= ~XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK;
+               opt->xdl_opts |= value;
+       }
        else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-change"))
-               o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE;
+               DIFF_XDL_SET(opt, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE);
        else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-all-space"))
-               o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
+               DIFF_XDL_SET(opt, IGNORE_WHITESPACE);
        else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-at-eol"))
-               o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL;
+               DIFF_XDL_SET(opt, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL);
+       else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-cr-at-eol"))
+               DIFF_XDL_SET(opt, IGNORE_CR_AT_EOL);
        else if (!strcmp(s, "renormalize"))
-               o->renormalize = 1;
+               opt->renormalize = 1;
        else if (!strcmp(s, "no-renormalize"))
-               o->renormalize = 0;
-       else if (!prefixcmp(s, "rename-threshold=")) {
-               const char *score = s + strlen("rename-threshold=");
-               if ((o->rename_score = parse_rename_score(&score)) == -1 || *score != 0)
+               opt->renormalize = 0;
+       else if (!strcmp(s, "no-renames"))
+               opt->detect_renames = 0;
+       else if (!strcmp(s, "find-renames")) {
+               opt->detect_renames = 1;
+               opt->rename_score = 0;
+       }
+       else if (skip_prefix(s, "find-renames=", &arg) ||
+                skip_prefix(s, "rename-threshold=", &arg)) {
+               if ((opt->rename_score = parse_rename_score(&arg)) == -1 || *arg != 0)
                        return -1;
+               opt->detect_renames = 1;
        }
+       /*
+        * Please update $__git_merge_strategy_options in
+        * git-completion.bash when you add new options
+        */
        else
                return -1;
        return 0;