1 <chapter id="chapter-dataaccess">
2 <title>Pipeline manipulation</title>
4 This chapter will discuss how you can manipulate your pipeline in several
5 ways from your application on. Parts of this chapter are downright
6 hackish, so be assured that you'll need some programming knowledge
7 before you start reading this.
10 Topics that will be discussed here include how you can insert data into
11 a pipeline from your application, how to read data from a pipeline,
12 how to manipulate the pipeline's speed, length, starting point and how
13 to listen to a pipeline's data processing.
16 <sect1 id="section-data-probe">
17 <title>Data probing</title>
19 Probing is best envisioned as a pad listener. Technically, a probe is
20 nothing more than a signal callback that can be attached to a pad.
21 Those signals are by default not fired at all (since that may have a
22 negative impact on performance), but can be enabled by attaching a
23 probe using <function>gst_pad_add_buffer_probe ()</function>,
24 <function>gst_pad_add_event_probe ()</function>, or
25 <function>gst_pad_add_data_probe ()</function>.
26 Those functions attach the signal handler and
27 enable the actual signal emission. Similarly, one can use the
28 <function>gst_pad_remove_buffer_probe ()</function>,
29 <function>gst_pad_remove_event_probe ()</function>, or
30 <function>gst_pad_remove_data_probe ()</function>
31 to remove the signal handlers again.
34 Probes run in pipeline threading context, so callbacks should try to
35 not block and generally not do any weird stuff, since this could
36 have a negative impact on pipeline performance or, in case of bugs,
37 cause deadlocks or crashes. More precisely, one should usually not
38 call any GUI-related functions from within a probe callback, nor try
39 to change the state of the pipeline. An application may post custom
40 messages on the pipeline's bus though to communicate with the main
41 application thread and have it do things like stop the pipeline.
44 In any case, most common buffer operations
45 that elements can do in <function>_chain ()</function> functions, can
46 be done in probe callbacks as well. The example below gives a short
47 impression on how to use them (even if this usage is not entirely
48 correct, but more on that below):
50 <programlisting><!-- example-begin probe.c -->
51 #include <gst/gst.h>
54 cb_have_data (GstPad *pad,
62 gst_buffer_map (buffer, &info, GST_MAP_WRITE);
66 for (y = 0; y < 288; y++) {
67 for (x = 0; x < 384 / 2; x++) {
69 ptr[384 - 1 - x] = ptr[x];
74 gst_buffer_unmap (buffer, &info);
84 GstElement *pipeline, *src, *sink, *filter, *csp;
89 gst_init (&argc, &argv);
90 loop = g_main_loop_new (NULL, FALSE);
93 pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("my-pipeline");
94 src = gst_element_factory_make ("videotestsrc", "src");
96 g_error ("Could not create 'videotestsrc' element");
98 filter = gst_element_factory_make ("capsfilter", "filter");
99 g_assert (filter != NULL); /* should always exist */
101 csp = gst_element_factory_make ("ffmpegcolorspace", "csp");
103 g_error ("Could not create 'ffmpegcolorspace' element");
105 sink = gst_element_factory_make ("xvimagesink", "sink");
107 sink = gst_element_factory_make ("ximagesink", "sink");
109 g_error ("Could not create neither 'xvimagesink' nor 'ximagesink' element");
112 gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), src, filter, csp, sink, NULL);
113 gst_element_link_many (src, filter, csp, sink, NULL);
114 filtercaps = gst_caps_new_simple ("video/x-raw-rgb",
115 "width", G_TYPE_INT, 384,
116 "height", G_TYPE_INT, 288,
117 "framerate", GST_TYPE_FRACTION, 25, 1,
118 "bpp", G_TYPE_INT, 16,
119 "depth", G_TYPE_INT, 16,
120 "endianness", G_TYPE_INT, G_BYTE_ORDER,
122 g_object_set (G_OBJECT (filter), "caps", filtercaps, NULL);
123 gst_caps_unref (filtercaps);
125 pad = gst_element_get_pad (src, "src");
126 gst_pad_add_buffer_probe (pad, G_CALLBACK (cb_have_data), NULL);
127 gst_object_unref (pad);
130 gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
132 /* wait until it's up and running or failed */
133 if (gst_element_get_state (pipeline, NULL, NULL, -1) == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
134 g_error ("Failed to go into PLAYING state");
137 g_print ("Running ...\n");
138 g_main_loop_run (loop);
141 gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
142 gst_object_unref (pipeline);
146 <!-- example-end probe.c --></programlisting>
148 Compare that output with the output of <quote>gst-launch-0.10
149 videotestsrc ! xvimagesink</quote>, just so you know what you're
153 The above example is not really correct though. Strictly speaking, a
154 pad probe callback is only allowed to modify the buffer content if the
155 buffer is writable, and it is only allowed to modify buffer metadata like
156 timestamps, caps, etc. if the buffer metadata is writable. Whether this
157 is the case or not depends a lot on the pipeline and the elements
158 involved. Often enough, this is the case, but sometimes it is not,
159 and if it is not then unexpected modification of the data or metadata
160 can introduce bugs that are very hard to debug and track down. You can
161 check if a buffer and its metadata are writable with
162 <function>gst_buffer_is_writable ()</function> and
163 <function>gst_buffer_is_metadata_writable ()</function>. Since you
164 can't pass back a different buffer than the one passed in, there is no
165 point of making a buffer writable in the callback function.
168 Pad probes are suited best for looking at data as it passes through
169 the pipeline. If you need to modify data, you should write your own
170 GStreamer element. Base classes like GstAudioFilter, GstVideoFilter or
171 GstBaseTransform make this fairly easy.
174 If you just want to inspect buffers as they pass through the pipeline,
175 you don't even need to set up pad probes. You could also just insert
176 an identity element into the pipeline and connect to its "handoff"
177 signal. The identity element also provides a few useful debugging tools
178 like the "dump" property or the "last-message" property (the latter is
179 enabled by passing the '-v' switch to gst-launch).
183 <sect1 id="section-data-spoof">
184 <title>Manually adding or removing data from/to a pipeline</title>
186 Many people have expressed the wish to use their own sources to inject
187 data into a pipeline. Some people have also expressed the wish to grab
188 the output in a pipeline and take care of the actual output inside
189 their application. While either of these methods are stongly
190 discouraged, &GStreamer; offers hacks to do this. <emphasis>However,
191 there is no support for those methods.</emphasis> If it doesn't work,
192 you're on your own. Also, synchronization, thread-safety and other
193 things that you've been able to take for granted so far are no longer
194 guaranteed if you use any of those methods. It's always better to
195 simply write a plugin and have the pipeline schedule and manage it.
196 See the Plugin Writer's Guide for more information on this topic. Also
197 see the next section, which will explain how to embed plugins statically
202 url="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/gst-plugins-base-libs/html/gstreamer-app.html">New
203 API</ulink> was developed to make data insertion and extraction easy
204 for applications. It can be found as GstAppSrc and GstAppSink in the
206 url="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/modules/gst-plugins-base.html">
207 gst-plugins-base</ulink> module.
210 After all those disclaimers, let's start. There's three possible
211 elements that you can use for the above-mentioned purposes. Those are
212 called <quote>fakesrc</quote> (an imaginary source),
213 <quote>fakesink</quote> (an imaginary sink) and <quote>identity</quote>
214 (an imaginary filter). The same method applies to each of those
215 elements. Here, we will discuss how to use those elements to insert
216 (using fakesrc) or grab (using fakesink or identity) data from a
217 pipeline, and how to set negotiation.
220 Those who're paying close attention will notice that the purpose
221 of identity is almost identical to that of probes. Indeed, this is
222 true. Probes allow for the same purpose, and a bunch more, and
223 with less overhead plus dynamic removing/adding of handlers, but
224 apart from those, probes and identity have the same purpose, just
225 in a completely different implementation type.
228 <sect2 id="section-spoof-handoff">
229 <title>Inserting or grabbing data</title>
231 The three before-mentioned elements (fakesrc, fakesink and identity)
232 each have a <quote>handoff</quote> signal that will be called in
233 the <function>_get ()</function>- (fakesrc) or <function>_chain
234 ()</function>-function (identity, fakesink). In the signal handler,
235 you can set (fakesrc) or get (identity, fakesink) data to/from the
236 provided buffer. Note that in the case of fakesrc, you have to set
237 the size of the provided buffer using the <quote>sizemax</quote>
238 property. For both fakesrc and fakesink, you also have to set the
239 <quote>signal-handoffs</quote> property for this method to work.
242 Note that your handoff function should <emphasis>not</emphasis>
243 block, since this will block pipeline iteration. Also, do not try
244 to use all sort of weird hacks in such functions to accomplish
245 something that looks like synchronization or so; it's not the right
246 way and will lead to issues elsewhere. If you're doing any of this,
247 you're basically misunderstanding the &GStreamer; design.
251 <sect2 id="section-spoof-format">
252 <title>Forcing a format</title>
254 Sometimes, when using fakesrc as a source in your pipeline, you'll
255 want to set a specific format, for example a video size and format
256 or an audio bitsize and number of channels. You can do this by
257 forcing a specific <classname>GstCaps</classname> on the pipeline,
258 which is possible by using <emphasis>filtered caps</emphasis>. You
259 can set a filtered caps on a link by using the
260 <quote>capsfilter</quote> element in between the two elements, and
261 specifying a <classname>GstCaps</classname> as
262 <quote>caps</quote> property on this element. It will then
263 only allow types matching that specified capability set for
264 negotiation. See also <xref linkend="section-caps-filter"/>.
268 <sect2 id="section-spoof-example">
269 <title>Example application</title>
271 This example application will generate black/white (it switches
272 every second) video to an X-window output by using fakesrc as a
273 source and using filtered caps to force a format. Since the depth
274 of the image depends on your X-server settings, we use a colorspace
275 conversion element to make sure that the output to your X server
276 will have the correct bitdepth. You can also set timestamps on the
277 provided buffers to override the fixed framerate.
279 <programlisting><!-- example-begin fakesrc.c -->
280 #include <string.h> /* for memset () */
281 #include <gst/gst.h>
284 cb_handoff (GstElement *fakesrc,
289 static gboolean white = FALSE;
292 gst_buffer_map (buffer, &info, GST_MAP_WRITE);
294 /* this makes the image black/white */
295 memset (info.data, white ? 0xff : 0x0, info.size);
298 gst_buffer_unmap (buffer, &info);
305 GstElement *pipeline, *fakesrc, *flt, *conv, *videosink;
309 gst_init (&argc, &argv);
310 loop = g_main_loop_new (NULL, FALSE);
313 pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("pipeline");
314 fakesrc = gst_element_factory_make ("fakesrc", "source");
315 flt = gst_element_factory_make ("capsfilter", "flt");
316 conv = gst_element_factory_make ("ffmpegcolorspace", "conv");
317 videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("xvimagesink", "videosink");
320 g_object_set (G_OBJECT (flt), "caps",
321 gst_caps_new_simple ("video/x-raw-rgb",
322 "width", G_TYPE_INT, 384,
323 "height", G_TYPE_INT, 288,
324 "framerate", GST_TYPE_FRACTION, 1, 1,
325 "bpp", G_TYPE_INT, 16,
326 "depth", G_TYPE_INT, 16,
327 "endianness", G_TYPE_INT, G_BYTE_ORDER,
329 gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), fakesrc, flt, conv, videosink, NULL);
330 gst_element_link_many (fakesrc, flt, conv, videosink, NULL);
332 /* setup fake source */
333 g_object_set (G_OBJECT (fakesrc),
334 "signal-handoffs", TRUE,
335 "sizemax", 384 * 288 * 2,
336 "sizetype", 2, NULL);
337 g_signal_connect (fakesrc, "handoff", G_CALLBACK (cb_handoff), NULL);
340 gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
341 g_main_loop_run (loop);
344 gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
345 gst_object_unref (GST_OBJECT (pipeline));
349 <!-- example-end fakesrc.c --></programlisting>
353 <sect1 id="section-data-manager">
354 <title>Embedding static elements in your application</title>
356 The <ulink type="http"
357 url="http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/pwg/html/index.html">Plugin
358 Writer's Guide</ulink> describes in great detail how to write elements
359 for the &GStreamer; framework. In this section, we will solely discuss
360 how to embed such elements statically in your application. This can be
361 useful for application-specific elements that have no use elsewhere in
365 Dynamically loaded plugins contain a structure that's defined using
366 <function>GST_PLUGIN_DEFINE ()</function>. This structure is loaded
367 when the plugin is loaded by the &GStreamer; core. The structure
368 contains an initialization function (usually called
369 <function>plugin_init</function>) that will be called right after that.
370 It's purpose is to register the elements provided by the plugin with
371 the &GStreamer; framework. If you want to embed elements directly in
372 your application, the only thing you need to do is to replace
373 <function>GST_PLUGIN_DEFINE ()</function> with
374 <function>GST_PLUGIN_DEFINE_STATIC ()</function>. This will cause the
375 elements to be registered when your application loads, and the elements
376 will from then on be available like any other element, without them
377 having to be dynamically loadable libraries. In the example below, you
378 would be able to call <function>gst_element_factory_make
379 ("my-element-name", "some-name")</function> to create an instance of the
385 * Here, you would write the actual plugin code.
391 register_elements (GstPlugin *plugin)
393 return gst_element_register (plugin, "my-element-name",
394 GST_RANK_NONE, MY_PLUGIN_TYPE);
397 GST_PLUGIN_DEFINE_STATIC (
400 "my-private-plugins",
401 "Private elements of my application",
406 "http://www.my-application.net/"