From b18c9753ca1d2294d6359059c97b56b5e57ce09c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ian Lance Taylor Date: Sat, 2 May 1998 16:06:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] add overview information and ELF segment information --- bfd/doc/bfdint.texi | 565 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 449 insertions(+), 116 deletions(-) diff --git a/bfd/doc/bfdint.texi b/bfd/doc/bfdint.texi index c26004d..952dd12 100644 --- a/bfd/doc/bfdint.texi +++ b/bfd/doc/bfdint.texi @@ -25,120 +25,187 @@ The initial version of this document was written by Ian Lance Taylor @email{ian@@cygnus.com}. @menu -* BFD glossary:: BFD glossary +* BFD overview:: BFD overview * BFD guidelines:: BFD programming guidelines * BFD target vector:: BFD target vector * BFD generated files:: BFD generated files * BFD multiple compilations:: Files compiled multiple times in BFD * BFD relocation handling:: BFD relocation handling * BFD ELF support:: BFD ELF support +* BFD glossary:: Glossary * Index:: Index @end menu -@node BFD glossary -@section BFD glossary -@cindex glossary for bfd -@cindex bfd glossary - -This is a short glossary of some BFD terms. - -@table @asis -@item a.out -The a.out object file format. The original Unix object file format. -Still used on SunOS, though not Solaris. Supports only three sections. - -@item archive -A collection of object files produced and manipulated by the @samp{ar} -program. - -@item BFD -The BFD library itself. Also, each object file, archive, or exectable -opened by the BFD library has the type @samp{bfd *}, and is sometimes -referred to as a bfd. - -@item COFF -The Common Object File Format. Used on Unix SVR3. Used by some -embedded targets, although ELF is normally better. - -@item DLL -A shared library on Windows. - -@item dynamic linker -When a program linked against a shared library is run, the dynamic -linker will locate the appropriate shared library and arrange to somehow -include it in the running image. - -@item dynamic object -Another name for an ELF shared library. - -@item ECOFF -The Extended Common Object File Format. Used on Alpha Digital Unix -(formerly OSF/1), as well as Ultrix and Irix 4. A variant of COFF. - -@item ELF -The Executable and Linking Format. The object file format used on most -modern Unix systems, including GNU/Linux, Solaris, Irix, and SVR4. Also -used on many embedded systems. - -@item executable -A program, with instructions and symbols, and perhaps dynamic linking -information. Normally produced by a linker. - -@item NLM -NetWare Loadable Module. Used to describe the format of an object which -be loaded into NetWare, which is some kind of PC based network server -program. +@node BFD overview +@section BFD overview -@item object file -A binary file including machine instructions, symbols, and relocation -information. Normally produced by an assembler. +BFD is a library which provides a single interface to read and write +object files, executables, archive files, and core files in any format. -@item object file format -The format of an object file. Typically object files and executables -for a particular system are in the same format, although executables -will not contain any relocation information. - -@item PE -The Portable Executable format. This is the object file format used for -Windows (specifically, Win32) object files. It is based closely on -COFF, but has a few significant differences. - -@item PEI -The Portable Executable Image format. This is the object file format -used for Windows (specifically, Win32) executables. It is very similar -to PE, but includes some additional header information. - -@item relocations -Information used by the linker to adjust section contents. Also called -relocs. +@menu +* BFD library interfaces:: BFD library interfaces +* BFD library users:: BFD library users +* BFD view:: The BFD view of a file +* BFD blindness:: BFD loses information +@end menu -@item section -Object files and executable are composed of sections. Sections have -optional data and optional relocation information. +@node BFD library interfaces +@subsection BFD library interfaces + +One way to look at the BFD library is to divide it into four parts by +type of interface. + +The first interface is the set of generic functions which programs using +the BFD library will call. These generic function normally translate +directly or indirectly into calls to routines which are specific to a +particular object file format. Many of these generic functions are +actually defined as macros in @file{bfd.h}. These functions comprise +the official BFD interface. + +The second interface is the set of functions which appear in the target +vectors. This is the bulk of the code in BFD. A target vector is a set +of function pointers specific to a particular object file format. The +target vector is used to implement the generic BFD functions. These +functions are always called through the target vector, and are never +called directly. The target vector is described in detail in @ref{BFD +target vector}. The set of functions which appear in a particular +target vector is often referred to as a BFD backend. + +The third interface is a set of oddball functions which are typically +specific to a particular object file format, are not generic functions, +and are called from outside of the BFD library. These are used as hooks +by the linker and the assembler when a particular object file format +requires some action which the BFD generic interface does not provide. +These functions are typically declared in @file{bfd.h}, but in many +cases they are only provided when BFD is configured with support for a +particular object file format. These functions live in a grey area, and +are not really part of the official BFD interface. + +The fourth interface is the set of BFD support functions which are +called by the other BFD functions. These manage issues like memory +allocation, error handling, file access, hash tables, swapping, and the +like. These functions are never called from outside of the BFD library. + +@node BFD library users +@subsection BFD library users + +Another way to look at the BFD library is to divide it into three parts +by the manner in which it is used. + +The first use is to read an object file. The object file readers are +programs like @samp{gdb}, @samp{nm}, @samp{objdump}, and @samp{objcopy}. +These programs use BFD to view an object file in a generic form. The +official BFD interface is normally fully adequate for these programs. + +The second use is to write an object file. The object file writers are +programs like @samp{gas} and @samp{objcopy}. These programs use BFD to +create an object file. The official BFD interface is normally adequate +for these programs, but for some object file formats the assembler needs +some additional hooks in order to set particular flags or other +information. The official BFD interface includes functions to copy +private information from one object file to another, and these functions +are used by @samp{objcopy} to avoid information loss. + +The third use is to link object files. There is only one object file +linker, @samp{ld}. Originally, @samp{ld} was an object file reader and +an object file writer, and it did the link operation using the generic +BFD structures. However, this turned out to be too slow and too memory +intensive. + +The official BFD linker functions were written to permit specific BFD +backends to perform the link without translating through the generic +structures, in the normal case where all the input files and output file +have the same object file format. Not all of the backends currently +implement the new interface, and there are default linking functions +within BFD which use the generic structures and which work with all +backends. + +For several object file formats the linker needs additional hooks which +are not provided by the official BFD interface, particularly for dynamic +linking support. These functions are typically called from the linker +emulation template. + +@node BFD view +@subsection The BFD view of a file + +BFD uses generic structures to manage information. It translates data +into the generic form when reading files, and out of the generic form +when writing files. + +BFD describes a file as a pointer to the @samp{bfd} type. A @samp{bfd} +is composed of the following elements. The BFD information can be +displayed using the @samp{objdump} program with various options. -@item shared library -A library of functions which may be used by many executables without -actually being linked into each executable. There are several different -implementations of shared libraries, each having slightly different -features. +@table @asis +@item general information +The object file format, a few general flags, the start address. +@item architecture +The architecture, including both a general processor type (m68k, MIPS +etc.) and a specific machine number (m68000, R4000, etc.). +@item sections +A list of sections. +@item symbols +A symbol table. +@end table -@item symbol -Each object file and executable may have a list of symbols, often -referred to as the symbol table. A symbol is basically a name and an -address. There may also be some additional information like the type of -symbol, although the type of a symbol is normally something simple like -function or object, and should be confused with the more complex C -notion of type. Typically every global function and variable in a C -program will have an associated symbol. +BFD represents a section as a pointer to the @samp{asection} type. Each +section has a name and a size. Most sections also have an associated +block of data, known as the section contents. Sections also have +associated flags, a virtual memory address, a load memory address, a +required alignment, a list of relocations, and other miscellaneous +information. + +BFD represents a relocation as a pointer to the @samp{arelent} type. A +relocation describes an action which the linker must take to modify the +section contents. Relocations have a symbol, an address, an addend, and +a pointer to a howto structure which describes how to perform the +relocation. For more information, see @ref{BFD relocation handling}. + +BFD represents a symbol as a pointer to the @samp{asymbol} type. A +symbol has a name, a pointer to a section, an offset within that +section, and some flags. + +Archive files do not have any sections or symbols. Instead, BFD +represents an archive file as a file which contains a list of +@samp{bfd}s. BFD also provides access to the archive symbol map, as a +list of symbol names. BFD provides a function to return the @samp{bfd} +within the archive which corresponds to a particular entry in the +archive symbol map. + +@node BFD blindness +@subsection BFD loses information + +Most object file formats have information which BFD can not represent in +its generic form, at least as currently defined. + +There is often explicit information which BFD can not represent. For +example, the COFF version stamp, or the ELF program segments. BFD +provides special hooks to handle this information when copying, +printing, or linking an object file. The BFD support for a particular +object file format will normally store this information in private data +and handle it using the special hooks. + +In some cases there is also implicit information which BFD can not +represent. For example, the MIPS processor distinguishes small and +large symbols, and requires that all small symbls be within 32K of the +GP register. This means that the MIPS assembler must be able to mark +variables as either small or large, and the MIPS linker must know to put +small symbols within range of the GP register. Since BFD can not +represent this information, this means that the assembler and linker +must have information that is specific to a particular object file +format which is outside of the BFD library. + +This loss of information indicates areas where the BFD paradigm breaks +down. It is not actually possible to represent the myriad differences +among object file formats using a single generic interface, at least not +in the manner which BFD does it today. + +Nevertheless, the BFD library does greatly simplify the task of dealing +with object files, and particular problems caused by information loss +can normally be solved using some sort of relatively constrained hook +into the library. -@item Win32 -The current Windows API, implemented by Windows 95 and later and Windows -NT 3.51 and later, but not by Windows 3.1. -@item XCOFF -The eXtended Common Object File Format. Used on AIX. A variant of -COFF, with a completely different symbol table implementation. -@end table @node BFD guidelines @section BFD programming guidelines @@ -179,9 +246,9 @@ prohibited by the ANSI standard, in practice this usage will always work, and it is required by the GNU coding standards. @item -Always remember that people can compile using --enable-targets to build -several, or all, targets at once. It must be possible to link together -the files for all targets. +Always remember that people can compile using @samp{--enable-targets} to +build several, or all, targets at once. It must be possible to link +together the files for all targets. @item BFD code should compile with few or no warnings using @samp{gcc -Wall}. @@ -232,6 +299,7 @@ use BFD, such as the @samp{-oformat} linker option. @item flavour A general description of the type of target. The following flavours are currently defined: + @table @samp @item bfd_target_unknown_flavour Undefined or unknown. @@ -323,6 +391,7 @@ representations. Every target vector has three arrays of function pointers which are indexed by the BFD format type. The BFD format types are as follows: + @table @samp @item bfd_unknown Unknown format. Not used for anything useful. @@ -335,6 +404,7 @@ Core file. @end table The three arrays of function pointers are as follows: + @table @samp @item bfd_check_format Check whether the BFD is of a particular format (object file, archive @@ -382,7 +452,7 @@ prefixed with @samp{foo}: @samp{foo_get_reloc_upper_found}, etc. The functions initialize the appropriate fields in the BFD target vector. This is done because it turns out that many different target vectors can -shared certain classes of functions. For example, archives are similar +share certain classes of functions. For example, archives are similar on most platforms, so most target vectors can use the same archive functions. Those target vectors all use @samp{BFD_JUMP_TABLE_ARCHIVE} with the same argument, calling a set of functions which is defined in @@ -438,7 +508,7 @@ corresponding field in the target vector is named @item _get_section_contents_in_window Set a @samp{bfd_window} to hold the contents of a section. This is called from @samp{bfd_get_section_contents_in_window}. The -@samp{bfd_window} idea never really caught in, and I don't think this is +@samp{bfd_window} idea never really caught on, and I don't think this is ever called. Pretty much all targets implement this as @samp{bfd_generic_get_section_contents_in_window}, which uses @samp{bfd_get_section_contents} to do the right thing. The @@ -638,6 +708,7 @@ vector is named @samp{_bfd_make_empty_symbol}. Print information about the symbol. This is called via @samp{bfd_print_symbol}. One of the arguments indicates what sort of information should be printed: + @table @samp @item bfd_print_symbol_name Just print the symbol name. @@ -898,7 +969,7 @@ BFD target vector variable names at run time. @section Files compiled multiple times in BFD Several files in BFD are compiled multiple times. By this I mean that there are header files which contain function definitions. These header -filesare included by other files, and thus the functions are compiled +files are included by other files, and thus the functions are compiled once per file which includes them. Preprocessor macros are used to control the compilation, so that each @@ -1088,11 +1159,11 @@ relocations are PC relative, so that the value to be stored in the section is the difference between the value of a symbol and the final address of the section contents. -In general, relocations can be arbitrarily complex. For -example,relocations used in dynamic linking systems often require the -linker to allocate space in a different section and use the offset -within that section as the value to store. In the IEEE object file -format, relocations may involve arbitrary expressions. +In general, relocations can be arbitrarily complex. For example, +relocations used in dynamic linking systems often require the linker to +allocate space in a different section and use the offset within that +section as the value to store. In the IEEE object file format, +relocations may involve arbitrary expressions. When doing a relocateable link, the linker may or may not have to do anything with a relocation, depending upon the definition of the @@ -1161,6 +1232,7 @@ without calling those functions. So, if you want to add a new target, or add a new relocation to an existing target, you need to do the following: + @itemize @bullet @item Make sure you clearly understand what the contents of the section should @@ -1306,11 +1378,87 @@ The processor specific support provides a set of function pointers and constants used by the generic support. @menu +* BFD ELF sections and segments:: ELF sections and segments * BFD ELF generic support:: BFD ELF generic support * BFD ELF processor specific support:: BFD ELF processor specific support +* BFD ELF core files:: BFD ELF core files * BFD ELF future:: BFD ELF future @end menu +@node BFD ELF sections and segments +@subsection ELF sections and segments + +The ELF ABI permits a file to have either sections or segments or both. +Relocateable object files conventionally have only sections. +Executables conventionally have both. Core files conventionally have +only program segments. + +ELF sections are similar to sections in other object file formats: they +have a name, a VMA, file contents, flags, and other miscellaneous +information. ELF relocations are stored in sections of a particular +type; BFD automatically converts these sections into internal relocation +information. + +ELF program segments are intended for fast interpretation by a system +loader. They have a type, a VMA, an LMA, file contents, and a couple of +other fields. When an ELF executable is run on a Unix system, the +system loader will examine the program segments to decide how to load +it. The loader will ignore the section information. Loadable program +segments (type @samp{PT_LOAD}) are directly loaded into memory. Other +program segments are interpreted by the loader, and generally provide +dynamic linking information. + +When an ELF file has both program segments and sections, an ELF program +segment may encompass one or more ELF sections, in the sense that the +portion of the file which corresponds to the program segment may include +the portions of the file corresponding to one or more sections. When +there is more than one section in a loadable program segment, the +relative positions of the section contents in the file must correspond +to the relative positions they should hold when the program segment is +loaded. This requirement should be obvious if you consider that the +system loader will load an entire program segment at a time. + +On a system which supports dynamic paging, such as any native Unix +system, the contents of a loadable program segment must be at the same +offset in the file as in memory, modulo the memory page size used on the +system. This is because the system loader will map the file into memory +starting at the start of a page. The system loader can easily remap +entire pages to the correct load address. However, if the contents of +the file were not correctly aligned within the page, the system loader +would have to shift the contents around within the page, which is too +expensive. For example, if the LMA of a loadable program segment is +@samp{0x40080} and the page size is @samp{0x1000}, then the position of +the segment contents within the file must equal @samp{0x80} modulo +@samp{0x1000}. + +BFD has only a single set of sections. It does not provide any generic +way to examine both sections and segments. When BFD is used to open an +object file or executable, the BFD sections will represent ELF sections. +When BFD is used to open a core file, the BFD sections will represent +ELF program segments. + +When BFD is used to examine an object file or executable, any program +segments will be read to set the LMA of the sections. This is because +ELF sections only have a VMA, while ELF program segments have both a VMA +and an LMA. Any program segments will be copied by the +@samp{copy_private} entry points. They will be printed by the +@samp{print_private} entry point. Otherwise, the program segments are +ignored. In particular, programs which use BFD currently have no direct +access to the program segments. + +When BFD is used to create an executable, the program segments will be +created automatically based on the section information. This is done in +the function @samp{assign_file_positions_for_segments} in @file{elf.c}. +This function has been tweaked many times, and probably still has +problems that arise in particular cases. + +There is a hook which may be used to explicitly define the program +segments when creating an executable: the @samp{bfd_record_phdr} +function in @file{bfd.c}. If this function is called, BFD will not +create program segments itself, but will only create the program +segments specified by the caller. The linker uses this function to +implement the @samp{PHDRS} linker script command. + @node BFD ELF generic support @subsection BFD ELF generic support @@ -1368,6 +1516,7 @@ either 32 or 64, and @var{cpu} is the name of the processor. When writing a @file{elf@var{nn}-@var{cpu}.c} file, you must do the following: + @itemize @bullet @item Define either @samp{TARGET_BIG_SYM} or @samp{TARGET_LITTLE_SYM}, or @@ -1403,13 +1552,22 @@ can simply be @samp{1}. @item If the format should use @samp{Rel} rather than @samp{Rela} relocations, define @samp{USE_REL}. This is normally defined in chapter 4 of the -processor specific supplement. In the absence of a supplement, it's -usually easier to work with @samp{Rela} relocations, although they will -require more space in object files (but not in executables, except when -using dynamic linking). It is possible, though somewhat awkward, to -support both @samp{Rel} and @samp{Rela} relocations for a single target; -@file{elf64-mips.c} does it by overriding the relocation reading and -writing routines. +processor specific supplement. + +In the absence of a supplement, it's easier to work with @samp{Rela} +relocations. @samp{Rela} relocations will require more space in object +files (but not in executables, except when using dynamic linking). +However, this is outweighed by the simplicity of addend handling when +using @samp{Rela} relocations. With @samp{Rel} relocations, the addend +must be stored in the object file, which makes relocateable links more +complex. In particular, split relocations, in which an address is built +up using two or more instructions, become very awkward; such relocations +are used on RISC chips which can not load an address in a single +instruction. + +It is possible, though somewhat awkward, to support both @samp{Rel} and +@samp{Rela} relocations for a single target; @file{elf64-mips.c} does it +by overriding the relocation reading and writing routines. @item Define howto structures for all the relocation types. @item @@ -1499,6 +1657,43 @@ section number found in MIPS ELF is handled via the hooks Dynamic linking support, which involves processor specific relocations requiring special handling, is also implemented via hook functions. +@node BFD ELF core files +@subsection BFD ELF core files +@cindex elf core files + +On native ELF Unix systems, core files are generated without any +sections. Instead, they only have program segments. + +When BFD is used to read an ELF core file, the BFD sections will +actually represent program segments. Since ELF program segments do not +have names, BFD will invent names like @samp{segment@var{n}} where +@var{n} is a number. + +A single ELF program segment may include both an initialized part and an +uninitialized part. The size of the initialized part is given by the +@samp{p_filesz} field. The total size of the segment is given by the +@samp{p_memsz} field. If @samp{p_memsz} is larger than @samp{p_filesz}, +then the extra space is uninitialized, or, more precisely, initialized +to zero. + +BFD will represent such a program segment as two different sections. +The first, named @samp{segment@var{n}a}, will represent the initialized +part of the program segment. The second, named @samp{segment@var{n}b}, +will represent the uninitialized part. + +ELF core files store special information such as register values in +program segments with the type @samp{PT_NOTE}. BFD will attempt to +interpret the information in these segments, and will create additional +sections holding the information. Some of this interpretation requires +information found in the host header file @file{sys/procfs.h}, and so +will only work when BFD is built on a native system. + +BFD does not currently provide any way to create an ELF core file. In +general, BFD does not provide a way to create core files. The way to +implement this would be to write @samp{bfd_set_format} and +@samp{bfd_write_contents} routines for the @samp{bfd_core} type; see +@ref{BFD target vector format}. + @node BFD ELF future @subsection BFD ELF future @@ -1526,6 +1721,144 @@ support. The processor function hooks and constants are ad hoc and need better documentation. +When a linker script uses @samp{SIZEOF_HEADERS}, the ELF backend must +guess at the number of program segments which will be required, in +@samp{get_program_header_size}. This is because the linker calls +@samp{bfd_sizeof_headers} before it knows all the section addresses and +sizes. The ELF backend may later discover, when creating program +segments, that more program segments are required. This is currently +reported as an error in @samp{assign_file_positions_for_segments}. + +In practice this makes it difficult to use @samp{SIZEOF_HEADERS} except +with a carefully defined linker script. Unfortunately, +@samp{SIZEOF_HEADERS} is required for fast program loading on a native +system, since it permits the initial code section to appear on the same +page as the program segments, saving a page read when the program starts +running. Fortunately, native systems permit careful definition of the +linker script. Still, ideally it would be possible to use relaxation to +compute the number of program segments. + +@node BFD glossary +@section BFD glossary +@cindex glossary for bfd +@cindex bfd glossary + +This is a short glossary of some BFD terms. + +@table @asis +@item a.out +The a.out object file format. The original Unix object file format. +Still used on SunOS, though not Solaris. Supports only three sections. + +@item archive +A collection of object files produced and manipulated by the @samp{ar} +program. + +@item backend +The implementation within BFD of a particular object file format. The +set of functions which appear in a particular target vector. + +@item BFD +The BFD library itself. Also, each object file, archive, or exectable +opened by the BFD library has the type @samp{bfd *}, and is sometimes +referred to as a bfd. + +@item COFF +The Common Object File Format. Used on Unix SVR3. Used by some +embedded targets, although ELF is normally better. + +@item DLL +A shared library on Windows. + +@item dynamic linker +When a program linked against a shared library is run, the dynamic +linker will locate the appropriate shared library and arrange to somehow +include it in the running image. + +@item dynamic object +Another name for an ELF shared library. + +@item ECOFF +The Extended Common Object File Format. Used on Alpha Digital Unix +(formerly OSF/1), as well as Ultrix and Irix 4. A variant of COFF. + +@item ELF +The Executable and Linking Format. The object file format used on most +modern Unix systems, including GNU/Linux, Solaris, Irix, and SVR4. Also +used on many embedded systems. + +@item executable +A program, with instructions and symbols, and perhaps dynamic linking +information. Normally produced by a linker. + +@item LMA +Load Memory Address. This is the address at which a section will be +loaded. Compare with VMA, below. + +@item NLM +NetWare Loadable Module. Used to describe the format of an object which +be loaded into NetWare, which is some kind of PC based network server +program. + +@item object file +A binary file including machine instructions, symbols, and relocation +information. Normally produced by an assembler. + +@item object file format +The format of an object file. Typically object files and executables +for a particular system are in the same format, although executables +will not contain any relocation information. + +@item PE +The Portable Executable format. This is the object file format used for +Windows (specifically, Win32) object files. It is based closely on +COFF, but has a few significant differences. + +@item PEI +The Portable Executable Image format. This is the object file format +used for Windows (specifically, Win32) executables. It is very similar +to PE, but includes some additional header information. + +@item relocations +Information used by the linker to adjust section contents. Also called +relocs. + +@item section +Object files and executable are composed of sections. Sections have +optional data and optional relocation information. + +@item shared library +A library of functions which may be used by many executables without +actually being linked into each executable. There are several different +implementations of shared libraries, each having slightly different +features. + +@item symbol +Each object file and executable may have a list of symbols, often +referred to as the symbol table. A symbol is basically a name and an +address. There may also be some additional information like the type of +symbol, although the type of a symbol is normally something simple like +function or object, and should be confused with the more complex C +notion of type. Typically every global function and variable in a C +program will have an associated symbol. + +@item target vector +A set of functions which implement support for a particular object file +format. The @samp{bfd_target} structure. + +@item Win32 +The current Windows API, implemented by Windows 95 and later and Windows +NT 3.51 and later, but not by Windows 3.1. + +@item XCOFF +The eXtended Common Object File Format. Used on AIX. A variant of +COFF, with a completely different symbol table implementation. + +@item VMA +Virtual Memory Address. This is the address a section will have when +an executable is run. Compare with LMA, above. +@end table + @node Index @unnumberedsec Index @printindex cp -- 2.7.4