From 216455bc284f57dbaf939059f815935e23456c02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Roland McGrath Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2002 12:30:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (struct rtld_global): Move all [USE_TLS] members to the end, so a libpthread compiled with !USE_TLS will still find other members properly. * sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h (__strcpy_g): Add dummy output operand for DEST memory. Fix dummy input operand to use SRC. Reported by Davin McCall . * sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c (__libc_setup_tls): Account for TCB alignment when initializing the DTV entry. * elf/dl-load.c (_dl_map_object_from_fd): If we hit a TLS segment when TLS has not been set up, try to set it up if we can. * elf/tst-tls4.c: Revert last change. * elf/tst-tls5.c: Likewise. * elf/tst-tls6.c: Likewise. * elf/tst-tls7.c: Likewise. * elf/tst-tls8.c: Likewise. * elf/tst-tls9.c: Likewise. * sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c [SHARED] (_dl_tls_setup): New function. * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h: Declare it. * elf/Versions (ld: GLIBC_PRIVATE): Add it. * sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c (init_slotinfo): New static inline function, broken out of __libc_setup_tls. (init_static_tls): Likewise. (__libc_setup_tls): Call them. (_dl_tls_setup): New function, uses new subroutines. * elf/dl-close.c (free_slotinfo): Make argument pointer to pointer. Clear the pointer when returning true. (libc_freeres_fn) [SHARED]: If GL(dl_initial_dtv) is null, free the first element of the slotinfo list too. * sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c (_dl_determine_tlsoffset): Define only if [SHARED]. * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (_dl_next_tls_modid): Declare as hidden. (_dl_determine_tlsoffset): Likewise. * elf/rtld.c (_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd): Renamed from startup_error_tsd, made global. (dl_main): Update initialization. * elf/dl-tsd.c: Likewise. * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h: Declare it. --- ChangeLog | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++ elf/Versions | 2 +- elf/dl-close.c | 33 +++++++++------- elf/dl-load.c | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++------ elf/dl-tsd.c | 6 +-- elf/rtld.c | 10 ++--- elf/tst-tls4.c | 8 ---- elf/tst-tls5.c | 9 ----- elf/tst-tls6.c | 9 ----- elf/tst-tls7.c | 9 ----- elf/tst-tls8.c | 9 ----- elf/tst-tls9.c | 10 ----- sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c | 36 +++++++++++++++++ sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------- sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h | 5 ++- 15 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index caed21b..7d49ce9 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,51 @@ +2002-12-04 Roland McGrath + + * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (struct rtld_global): Move all [USE_TLS] + members to the end, so a libpthread compiled with !USE_TLS will still + find other members properly. + + * sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h (__strcpy_g): Add dummy output + operand for DEST memory. Fix dummy input operand to use SRC. + Reported by Davin McCall . + + * sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c (__libc_setup_tls): Account for TCB + alignment when initializing the DTV entry. + + * elf/dl-load.c (_dl_map_object_from_fd): If we hit a TLS segment + when TLS has not been set up, try to set it up if we can. + * elf/tst-tls4.c: Revert last change. + * elf/tst-tls5.c: Likewise. + * elf/tst-tls6.c: Likewise. + * elf/tst-tls7.c: Likewise. + * elf/tst-tls8.c: Likewise. + * elf/tst-tls9.c: Likewise. + + * sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c [SHARED] (_dl_tls_setup): New function. + * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h: Declare it. + * elf/Versions (ld: GLIBC_PRIVATE): Add it. + * sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c (init_slotinfo): New static inline + function, broken out of __libc_setup_tls. + (init_static_tls): Likewise. + (__libc_setup_tls): Call them. + (_dl_tls_setup): New function, uses new subroutines. + + * elf/dl-close.c (free_slotinfo): Make argument pointer to pointer. + Clear the pointer when returning true. + (libc_freeres_fn) [SHARED]: If GL(dl_initial_dtv) is null, free the + first element of the slotinfo list too. + + * sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c (_dl_determine_tlsoffset): Define only if + [SHARED]. + + * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h (_dl_next_tls_modid): Declare as hidden. + (_dl_determine_tlsoffset): Likewise. + + * elf/rtld.c (_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd): Renamed from + startup_error_tsd, made global. + (dl_main): Update initialization. + * elf/dl-tsd.c: Likewise. + * sysdeps/generic/ldsodefs.h: Declare it. + 2002-12-03 Ulrich Drepper * manual/texinfo.tex: Update from latest upstream version. diff --git a/elf/Versions b/elf/Versions index 18d007f..b9e99f2 100644 --- a/elf/Versions +++ b/elf/Versions @@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ ld { _dl_unload_cache; _rtld_global; _dl_tls_symaddr; _dl_allocate_tls; _dl_deallocate_tls; _dl_get_tls_static_info; _dl_allocate_tls_init; - _dl_get_origin; + _dl_get_origin; _dl_tls_setup; } } diff --git a/elf/dl-close.c b/elf/dl-close.c index b5c2841..0a6265f 100644 --- a/elf/dl-close.c +++ b/elf/dl-close.c @@ -429,28 +429,28 @@ libc_hidden_def (_dl_close) #ifdef USE_TLS static bool -free_slotinfo (struct dtv_slotinfo_list *elemp) +free_slotinfo (struct dtv_slotinfo_list **elemp) { size_t cnt; - if (elemp == NULL) + if (*elemp == NULL) /* Nothing here, all is removed (or there never was anything). */ return true; - if (!free_slotinfo (elemp->next)) + if (!free_slotinfo (&(*elemp)->next)) /* We cannot free the entry. */ return false; - /* The least we could do is remove next element (if there was any). */ - elemp->next = NULL; + /* That cleared our next pointer for us. */ - for (cnt = 0; cnt < elemp->len; ++cnt) - if (elemp->slotinfo[cnt].map != NULL) + for (cnt = 0; cnt < (*elemp)->len; ++cnt) + if ((*elemp)->slotinfo[cnt].map != NULL) /* Still used. */ return false; /* We can remove the list element. */ - free (elemp); + free (*elemp); + *elemp = NULL; return true; } @@ -479,12 +479,17 @@ libc_freeres_fn (free_mem) if (USE___THREAD || GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list) != NULL) { /* Free the memory allocated for the dtv slotinfo array. We can do - this only if all modules which used this memory are unloaded. - Also, the first element of the list does not have to be - deallocated. It was allocated in the dynamic linker (i.e., with - a different malloc). */ - if (free_slotinfo (GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)->next)) - GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)->next = NULL; + this only if all modules which used this memory are unloaded. */ +# ifdef SHARED + if (GL(dl_initial_dtv) == NULL) + /* There was no initial TLS setup, it was set up later when + it used the normal malloc. */ + free_slotinfo (&GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)); +# endif + /* The first element of the list does not have to be deallocated. + It was allocated in the dynamic linker (i.e., with a different + malloc), and in the static library it's in .bss space. */ + free_slotinfo (&GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)->next); } #endif } diff --git a/elf/dl-load.c b/elf/dl-load.c index c550204..d80f308 100644 --- a/elf/dl-load.c +++ b/elf/dl-load.c @@ -946,32 +946,64 @@ _dl_map_object_from_fd (const char *name, int fd, struct filebuf *fbp, /* Nothing to do for an empty segment. */ break; + l->l_tls_blocksize = ph->p_memsz; + l->l_tls_align = ph->p_align; + l->l_tls_initimage_size = ph->p_filesz; + /* Since we don't know the load address yet only store the + offset. We will adjust it later. */ + l->l_tls_initimage = (void *) ph->p_vaddr; + /* If not loading the initial set of shared libraries, check whether we should permit loading a TLS segment. */ - if ( -# ifdef SHARED - __builtin_expect (l->l_type == lt_library, 1) || -# endif + if (__builtin_expect (l->l_type == lt_library, 1) /* If GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx) == 0, then rtld.c did not set up TLS data structures, so don't use them now. */ - __builtin_expect (GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx), 1) != 0) + || __builtin_expect (GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx), 1) != 0) { - l->l_tls_blocksize = ph->p_memsz; - l->l_tls_align = ph->p_align; - l->l_tls_initimage_size = ph->p_filesz; - /* Since we don't know the load address yet only store the - offset. We will adjust it later. */ - l->l_tls_initimage = (void *) ph->p_vaddr; - /* Assign the next available module ID. */ l->l_tls_modid = _dl_next_tls_modid (); break; } +# ifdef SHARED if (l->l_prev == NULL) /* We are loading the executable itself when the dynamic linker was executed directly. The setup will happen later. */ break; + + /* In a static binary there is no way to tell if we dynamically + loaded libpthread. */ + if (GL(dl_error_catch_tsd) == &_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd) +# endif + { + /* We have not yet loaded libpthread. + We can do the TLS setup right now! */ + + void *tcb; + + /* The first call allocates TLS bookkeeping data structures. + Then we allocate the TCB for the initial thread. */ + if (__builtin_expect (_dl_tls_setup (), 0) + || __builtin_expect ((tcb = _dl_allocate_tls (NULL)) == NULL, + 0)) + { + errval = ENOMEM; + errstring = N_("\ +cannot allocate TLS data structures for initial thread"); + goto call_lose; + } + + /* Now we install the TCB in the thread register. */ + if (__builtin_expect (TLS_INIT_TP (tcb, 0), 0) != -1) + { + /* Now we are all good. */ + l->l_tls_modid = ++GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx); + break; + } + + /* The kernel is too old or somesuch. */ + _dl_deallocate_tls (tcb, 1); + } #endif /* Uh-oh, the binary expects TLS support but we cannot diff --git a/elf/dl-tsd.c b/elf/dl-tsd.c index c60cd1a..f44fa7d 100644 --- a/elf/dl-tsd.c +++ b/elf/dl-tsd.c @@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ /* _dl_error_catch_tsd points to this for the single-threaded case. It's reset by the thread library for multithreaded programs if we're not using __thread. */ -static void ** __attribute__ ((const)) -startup_error_tsd (void) +void ** __attribute__ ((const)) +_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd (void) { # if USE___THREAD static __thread void *data; @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ startup_error_tsd (void) return &data; } void **(*_dl_error_catch_tsd) (void) __attribute__ ((const)) - = &startup_error_tsd; + = &_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd; # elif USE___THREAD diff --git a/elf/rtld.c b/elf/rtld.c index 6e20e15..f188643 100644 --- a/elf/rtld.c +++ b/elf/rtld.c @@ -563,8 +563,8 @@ match_version (const char *string, struct link_map *map) #ifdef _LIBC_REENTRANT /* _dl_error_catch_tsd points to this for the single-threaded case. It's reset by the thread library for multithreaded programs. */ -static void ** __attribute__ ((const)) -startup_error_tsd (void) +void ** __attribute__ ((const)) +_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd (void) { static void *data; return &data; @@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ dl_main (const ElfW(Phdr) *phdr, #ifdef _LIBC_REENTRANT /* Explicit initialization since the reloc would just be more work. */ - GL(dl_error_catch_tsd) = &startup_error_tsd; + GL(dl_error_catch_tsd) = &_dl_initial_error_catch_tsd; #endif /* Process the environment variable which control the behaviour. */ @@ -1180,9 +1180,7 @@ of this helper program; chances are you did not intend to run this program.\n\ slotinfo[++i].map = l; assert (i == GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx)); - /* Compute the TLS offsets for the various blocks. We call this - function even if none of the modules available at startup time - uses TLS to initialize some variables. */ + /* Compute the TLS offsets for the various blocks. */ _dl_determine_tlsoffset (); /* Construct the static TLS block and the dtv for the initial diff --git a/elf/tst-tls4.c b/elf/tst-tls4.c index 32ec147..f92ee53 100644 --- a/elf/tst-tls4.c +++ b/elf/tst-tls4.c @@ -4,14 +4,6 @@ #include -#ifdef USE_TLS -# include "tls-macros.h" - -/* This gives the executable a TLS segment so that even if the libc.so - it loads has none (i.e. --with-tls --without-__thread), ld.so will - permit loading of objects with TLS segments. */ -COMMON_INT_DEF(loser); -#endif #define TEST_FUNCTION do_test () static int diff --git a/elf/tst-tls5.c b/elf/tst-tls5.c index c10015d..a571d2c 100644 --- a/elf/tst-tls5.c +++ b/elf/tst-tls5.c @@ -4,15 +4,6 @@ #include -#ifdef USE_TLS -# include "tls-macros.h" - -/* This gives the executable a TLS segment so that even if the libc.so - it loads has none (i.e. --with-tls --without-__thread), ld.so will - permit loading of objects with TLS segments. */ -COMMON_INT_DEF(loser); -#endif - #define TEST_FUNCTION do_test () static int diff --git a/elf/tst-tls6.c b/elf/tst-tls6.c index 3c5c7aa..2c015ef 100644 --- a/elf/tst-tls6.c +++ b/elf/tst-tls6.c @@ -5,15 +5,6 @@ #include #include -#ifdef USE_TLS -# include "tls-macros.h" - -/* This gives the executable a TLS segment so that even if the libc.so - it loads has none (i.e. --with-tls --without-__thread), ld.so will - permit loading of objects with TLS segments. */ -COMMON_INT_DEF(loser); -#endif - #define TEST_FUNCTION do_test () static int diff --git a/elf/tst-tls7.c b/elf/tst-tls7.c index 77d2016..4f785fe 100644 --- a/elf/tst-tls7.c +++ b/elf/tst-tls7.c @@ -5,15 +5,6 @@ #include #include -#ifdef USE_TLS -# include "tls-macros.h" - -/* This gives the executable a TLS segment so that even if the libc.so - it loads has none (i.e. --with-tls --without-__thread), ld.so will - permit loading of objects with TLS segments. */ -COMMON_INT_DEF(loser); -#endif - #define TEST_FUNCTION do_test () static int diff --git a/elf/tst-tls8.c b/elf/tst-tls8.c index 7444c26..e300bc5 100644 --- a/elf/tst-tls8.c +++ b/elf/tst-tls8.c @@ -5,15 +5,6 @@ #include #include -#ifdef USE_TLS -# include "tls-macros.h" - -/* This gives the executable a TLS segment so that even if the libc.so - it loads has none (i.e. --with-tls --without-__thread), ld.so will - permit loading of objects with TLS segments. */ -COMMON_INT_DEF(loser); -#endif - #define TEST_FUNCTION do_test () static int diff --git a/elf/tst-tls9.c b/elf/tst-tls9.c index a679efc..e317696 100644 --- a/elf/tst-tls9.c +++ b/elf/tst-tls9.c @@ -5,16 +5,6 @@ #include #include -#ifdef USE_TLS -# include "tls-macros.h" - -/* This gives the executable a TLS segment so that even if the libc.so - it loads has none (i.e. --with-tls --without-__thread), ld.so will - permit loading of objects with TLS segments. */ -COMMON_INT_DEF(loser); -#endif - - #define TEST_FUNCTION do_test () static int do_test (void) diff --git a/sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c b/sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c index 850df8d..550de56 100644 --- a/sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c +++ b/sysdeps/generic/dl-tls.c @@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ _dl_next_tls_modid (void) return result; } +# ifdef SHARED void internal_function @@ -204,6 +205,41 @@ _dl_determine_tlsoffset (void) } +/* This is called only when the data structure setup was skipped at startup, + when there was no need for it then. Now we have dynamically loaded + something needing TLS, or libpthread needs it. */ +int +internal_function +_dl_tls_setup (void) +{ + assert (GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list) == NULL); + assert (GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx) == 0); + + const size_t nelem = 2 + TLS_SLOTINFO_SURPLUS; + + GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list) = + malloc (sizeof (struct dtv_slotinfo_list) + + nelem * sizeof (struct dtv_slotinfo)); + if (GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list) == NULL) + return -1; + + memset (GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)->slotinfo, '\0', + nelem * sizeof (struct dtv_slotinfo)); + GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)->len = nelem; + GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list)->next = NULL; + + /* Number of elements in the static TLS block. It can't be zero + because of various assumptions. The one element is null. */ + GL(dl_tls_static_nelem) = GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx) = 1; + + /* This initializes more variables for us. */ + _dl_determine_tlsoffset (); + + return 0; +} +rtld_hidden_def (_dl_tls_setup) +# endif + static void * internal_function allocate_dtv (void *result) diff --git a/sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c b/sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c index a6a0504..756a2bf 100644 --- a/sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c +++ b/sysdeps/generic/libc-tls.c @@ -74,6 +74,35 @@ size_t _dl_tls_generation; TLS_INIT_HELPER #endif +static inline void +init_slotinfo (void) +{ + /* Create the slotinfo list. */ + static_slotinfo.si.len = (((char *) (&static_slotinfo + 1) + - (char *) &static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[0]) + / sizeof static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[0]); + // static_slotinfo.si.next = NULL; already zero + + /* The slotinfo list. Will be extended by the code doing dynamic + linking. */ + GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx) = 1; + GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list) = &static_slotinfo.si; +} + +static inline void +init_static_tls (size_t memsz, size_t align) +{ + /* That is the size of the TLS memory for this object. The initialized + value of _dl_tls_static_size is provided by dl-open.c to request some + surplus that permits dynamic loading of modules with IE-model TLS. */ + GL(dl_tls_static_size) = roundup (memsz + GL(dl_tls_static_size), + TLS_TCB_ALIGN); + GL(dl_tls_static_used) = memsz; + /* The alignment requirement for the static TLS block. */ + GL(dl_tls_static_align) = align; + /* Number of elements in the static TLS block. */ + GL(dl_tls_static_nelem) = GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx); +} void __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign) @@ -117,8 +146,8 @@ __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign) to request some surplus that permits dynamic loading of modules with IE-model TLS. */ # if TLS_TCB_AT_TP - tlsblock = __sbrk (roundup (memsz, tcbalign) + tcbsize + max_align - + GL(dl_tls_static_size)); + tcb_offset = roundup (memsz + GL(dl_tls_static_size), tcbalign); + tlsblock = __sbrk (tcb_offset + tcbsize + max_align); # elif TLS_DTV_AT_TP tlsblock = __sbrk (roundup (tcbsize, align) + memsz + max_align + GL(dl_tls_static_size)); @@ -138,10 +167,13 @@ __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign) /* Initialize the TLS block. */ # if TLS_TCB_AT_TP - static_dtv[2].pointer = tlsblock; + static_dtv[2].pointer = ((char *) tlsblock + tcb_offset + - roundup (memsz, align)); + static_map.l_tls_offset = roundup (memsz, align); # elif TLS_DTV_AT_TP tcb_offset = roundup (tcbsize, align); static_dtv[2].pointer = (char *) tlsblock + tcb_offset; + static_map.l_tls_offset = tcb_offset; # else # error "Either TLS_TCB_AT_TP or TLS_DTV_AT_TP must be defined" # endif @@ -152,8 +184,6 @@ __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign) /* Initialize the thread pointer. */ # if TLS_TCB_AT_TP - tcb_offset = roundup (memsz, tcbalign); - INSTALL_DTV ((char *) tlsblock + tcb_offset, static_dtv); TLS_INIT_TP ((char *) tlsblock + tcb_offset, 0); @@ -171,39 +201,38 @@ __libc_setup_tls (size_t tcbsize, size_t tcbalign) static_map.l_tls_blocksize = memsz; static_map.l_tls_initimage = initimage; static_map.l_tls_initimage_size = filesz; - static_map.l_tls_offset = tcb_offset; static_map.l_type = lt_executable; static_map.l_tls_modid = 1; - /* Create the slotinfo list. */ - static_slotinfo.si.len = (((char *) (&static_slotinfo + 1) - - (char *) &static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[0]) - / sizeof static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[0]); - // static_slotinfo.si.next = NULL; already zero - - static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[1].gen = 0; + init_slotinfo (); + // static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[1].gen = 0; already zero static_slotinfo.si.slotinfo[1].map = &static_map; - /* The slotinfo list. Will be extended by the code doing dynamic - linking. */ - GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx) = 1; - GL(dl_tls_dtv_slotinfo_list) = &static_slotinfo.si; - memsz = roundup (memsz, align ?: 1); + # if TLS_TCB_AT_TP memsz += tcbsize; # endif - /* That is the size of the TLS memory for this object. The initialized - value of _dl_tls_static_size is provided by dl-open.c to request some - surplus that permits dynamic loading of modules with IE-model TLS. */ - GL(dl_tls_static_size) = roundup (memsz + GL(dl_tls_static_size), - TLS_TCB_ALIGN); - GL(dl_tls_static_used) = memsz; - /* The alignment requirement for the static TLS block. */ - GL(dl_tls_static_align) = MAX (TLS_TCB_ALIGN, max_align); - /* Number of elements in the static TLS block. */ - GL(dl_tls_static_nelem) = GL(dl_tls_max_dtv_idx); + init_static_tls (memsz, MAX (TLS_TCB_ALIGN, max_align)); +} + +/* This is called only when the data structure setup was skipped at startup, + when there was no need for it then. Now we have dynamically loaded + something needing TLS, or libpthread needs it. */ +int +internal_function +_dl_tls_setup (void) +{ + init_slotinfo (); + init_static_tls ( +# if TLS_TCB_AT_TP + TLS_TCB_SIZE, +# else + 0, +# endif + TLS_TCB_ALIGN); + return 0; } diff --git a/sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h b/sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h index cc8594f..3a2ee2f 100644 --- a/sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h +++ b/sysdeps/i386/i486/bits/string.h @@ -636,9 +636,10 @@ __strcpy_g (char *__dest, __const char *__src) "leal 1(%1),%1\n\t" "testb %b2,%b2\n\t" "jne 1b" - : "=&r" (__src), "=&r" (__tmp), "=&q" (__dummy) + : "=&r" (__src), "=&r" (__tmp), "=&q" (__dummy), + "=m" ( *(struct { char __x[0xfffffff]; } *)__dest) : "0" (__src), "1" (__tmp), - "m" ( *(struct { char __x[0xfffffff]; } *)__dest) + "m" ( *(struct { char __x[0xfffffff]; } *)__src) : "cc"); return __dest; } -- 2.7.4