From: DongHun Kwak Date: Tue, 1 Dec 2015 02:37:31 +0000 (+0900) Subject: Imported Upstream version 2015g X-Git-Tag: upstream/2015g^0 X-Git-Url: http://review.tizen.org/git/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=refs%2Fchanges%2F35%2F53035%2F1;p=platform%2Fupstream%2Ftzdata.git Imported Upstream version 2015g Change-Id: I058acf8064219e8f24b6f61e3ea16ec12d7eeb8f Signed-off-by: DongHun Kwak --- diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING b/CONTRIBUTING new file mode 100644 index 0000000..358bc20 --- /dev/null +++ b/CONTRIBUTING @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +Contributing to the tz code and data + +The time zone database is by no means authoritative: governments +change timekeeping rules erratically and sometimes with little +warning, the data entries do not cover all of civil time before +1970, and undoubtedly errors remain in the code and data. Feel +free to fill gaps or fix mistakes, and please email improvements +to tz@iana.org for use in the future. + +To email small changes, please run a POSIX shell command like +'diff -u old/europe new/europe >myfix.patch', and attach +myfix.patch to the email. + +For more-elaborate changes, please read the Theory file and browse +the mailing list archives for +examples of patches that tend to work well. Ideally, additions to +data should contain commentary citing reliable sources as +justification. + +Please submit changes against either the latest release in + or the master branch of the experimental +Git repository. If you use Git the following workflow may be helpful: + + * Copy the experimental repository. + + git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git + cd tz + + * Get current with the master branch. + + git checkout master + git pull + + * Switch to a new branch for the changes. Choose a different + branch name for each change set. + + git checkout -b mybranch + + * Edit source files. Include commentary that justifies the + changes by citing reliable sources. + + * Debug the changes, e.g.: + + make check + make install + ./zdump -v America/Los_Angeles + + * For each separable change, commit it in the new branch, e.g.: + + git add northamerica + git commit + + See recent 'git log' output for the commit-message style. + + * Create patch files 0001-*, 0002-*, ... + + git format-patch master + + * After reviewing the patch files, send the patches to tz@iana.org + for others to review. + + git send-email master + + * Start anew by getting current with the master branch again + (the second step above). + +Please do not create issues or pull requests on GitHub, as the +proper procedure for proposing and distributing patches is via +email as illustrated above. diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cebe399 --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,665 @@ +# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of +# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. + +# Package name for the code distribution. +PACKAGE= tzcode + +# Version numbers of the code and data distributions. +VERSION= 2015g + +# Email address for bug reports. +BUGEMAIL= tz@iana.org + +# Change the line below for your time zone (after finding the zone you want in +# the time zone files, or adding it to a time zone file). +# Alternately, if you discover you've got the wrong time zone, you can just +# zic -l rightzone +# to correct things. +# Use the command +# make zonenames +# to get a list of the values you can use for LOCALTIME. + +LOCALTIME= GMT + +# If you want something other than Eastern United States time as a template +# for handling POSIX-style time zone environment variables, +# change the line below (after finding the zone you want in the +# time zone files, or adding it to a time zone file). +# (When a POSIX-style environment variable is handled, the rules in the +# template file are used to determine "spring forward" and "fall back" days and +# times; the environment variable itself specifies UT offsets of standard and +# summer time.) +# Alternately, if you discover you've got the wrong time zone, you can just +# zic -p rightzone +# to correct things. +# Use the command +# make zonenames +# to get a list of the values you can use for POSIXRULES. +# If you want POSIX compatibility, use "America/New_York". + +POSIXRULES= America/New_York + +# Also see TZDEFRULESTRING below, which takes effect only +# if the time zone files cannot be accessed. + +# Everything gets put in subdirectories of. . . + +TOPDIR= /usr/local + +# "Compiled" time zone information is placed in the "TZDIR" directory +# (and subdirectories). +# Use an absolute path name for TZDIR unless you're just testing the software. + +TZDIR_BASENAME= zoneinfo +TZDIR= $(TOPDIR)/etc/$(TZDIR_BASENAME) + +# Types to try, as an alternative to time_t. int64_t should be first. +TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= int64_t int32_t uint32_t uint64_t + +# The "tzselect", "zic", and "zdump" commands get installed in. . . + +ETCDIR= $(TOPDIR)/etc + +# If you "make INSTALL", the "date" command gets installed in. . . + +BINDIR= $(TOPDIR)/bin + +# Manual pages go in subdirectories of. . . + +MANDIR= $(TOPDIR)/man + +# Library functions are put in an archive in LIBDIR. + +LIBDIR= $(TOPDIR)/lib + +# If you always want time values interpreted as "seconds since the epoch +# (not counting leap seconds)", use +# REDO= posix_only +# below. If you always want right time values interpreted as "seconds since +# the epoch" (counting leap seconds)", use +# REDO= right_only +# below. If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds not +# counted normally, use +# REDO= posix_right +# below. If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds counted +# normally, use +# REDO= right_posix +# below. If you want just POSIX-compatible time values, but with +# out-of-scope and often-wrong data from the file 'backzone', use +# REDO= posix_packrat +# POSIX mandates that leap seconds not be counted; for compatibility with it, +# use "posix_only", "posix_right", or "posix_packrat". + +REDO= posix_right + +# Since "." may not be in PATH... + +YEARISTYPE= ./yearistype + +# Non-default libraries needed to link. +# Add -lintl if you want to use 'gettext' on Solaris. +LDLIBS= + +# Add the following to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line as needed. +# -DBIG_BANG=-9999999LL if the Big Bang occurred at time -9999999 (see zic.c) +# -DHAVE_DOS_FILE_NAMES if file names have drive specifiers etc. (MS-DOS) +# -DHAVE_GETTEXT=1 if 'gettext' works (GNU, Linux, Solaris); also see LDLIBS +# -DHAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R=1 if your system's time.h declares +# ctime_r and asctime_r incompatibly with the POSIX standard (Solaris 8). +# -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 if you have a pre-C99 compiler with "inttypes.h" +# -DHAVE_LINK=0 if your system lacks a link function +# -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 if your system lacks a localtime_r function +# -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ=0 if you do not want zdump to use localtime_rz +# This defaults to 1 if a working localtime_rz seems to be available. +# localtime_rz can make zdump significantly faster, but is nonstandard. +# -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 if you have a pre-C99 compiler with "stdint.h" +# -DHAVE_STRFTIME_L=1 if declares locale_t and strftime_l +# This defaults to 0 if _POSIX_VERSION < 200809, 1 otherwise. +# -DHAVE_STRDUP=0 if your system lacks the strdup function +# -DHAVE_SYMLINK=0 if your system lacks the symlink function +# -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a "sys/stat.h" +# -DHAVE_SYS_WAIT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a "sys/wait.h" +# -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks a tzset function +# -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=0 if your compiler lacks a "unistd.h" (Microsoft C++ 7?) +# -DNO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU=1 +# if you do not want run time warnings about formats that may cause +# year 2000 grief +# -Dssize_t=long on ancient hosts that lack ssize_t +# -DTHREAD_SAFE=1 to make localtime.c thread-safe, as POSIX requires; +# not needed by the main-program tz code, which is single-threaded. +# Append other compiler flags as needed, e.g., -pthread on GNU/Linux. +# -Dtime_tz=\"T\" to use T as the time_t type, rather than the system time_t +# -DTZ_DOMAIN=\"foo\" to use "foo" for gettext domain name; default is "tz" +# -DTZ_DOMAINDIR=\"/path\" to use "/path" for gettext directory; +# the default is system-supplied, typically "/usr/lib/locale" +# -DTZDEFRULESTRING=\",date/time,date/time\" to default to the specified +# DST transitions if the time zone files cannot be accessed +# -DUNINIT_TRAP=1 if reading uninitialized storage can cause problems +# other than simply getting garbage data +# -DUSE_LTZ=0 to build zdump with the system time zone library +# Also set TZDOBJS=zdump.o and CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= below. +# -DZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN=3 +# (or some other number) to set the maximum time zone abbreviation length +# that zic will accept without a warning (the default is 6) +# $(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS) if you are using recent GCC and want lots of checking +GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -Dlint -g3 -O3 -fno-common -fstrict-aliasing \ + -Wall -Wextra \ + -Wbad-function-cast -Wcast-align -Wdate-time \ + -Wdeclaration-after-statement \ + -Wdouble-promotion \ + -Wformat=2 -Winit-self -Wjump-misses-init \ + -Wlogical-op -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs \ + -Wold-style-definition -Woverlength-strings -Wpointer-arith \ + -Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wsuggest-attribute=const \ + -Wsuggest-attribute=format -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn \ + -Wsuggest-attribute=pure -Wtrampolines \ + -Wunused -Wwrite-strings \ + -Wno-address -Wno-format-nonliteral -Wno-sign-compare \ + -Wno-type-limits -Wno-unused-parameter +# +# If you want to use System V compatibility code, add +# -DUSG_COMPAT +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. This arrange for "timezone" and "daylight" +# variables to be kept up-to-date by the time conversion functions. Neither +# "timezone" nor "daylight" is described in X3J11's work. +# +# If your system has a "GMT offset" field in its "struct tm"s +# (or if you decide to add such a field in your system's "time.h" file), +# add the name to a define such as +# -DTM_GMTOFF=tm_gmtoff +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. If not defined, the code attempts to +# guess TM_GMTOFF from other macros; define NO_TM_GMTOFF to suppress this. +# Similarly, if your system has a "zone abbreviation" field, define +# -DTM_ZONE=tm_zone +# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing. These two fields are not +# required by POSIX, but are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems. +# +# If you want functions that were inspired by early versions of X3J11's work, +# add +# -DSTD_INSPIRED +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. This arranges for the functions +# "tzsetwall", "offtime", "timelocal", "timegm", "timeoff", +# "posix2time", and "time2posix" to be added to the time conversion library. +# "tzsetwall" is like "tzset" except that it arranges for local wall clock +# time (rather than the time specified in the TZ environment variable) +# to be used. +# "offtime" is like "gmtime" except that it accepts a second (long) argument +# that gives an offset to add to the time_t when converting it. +# "timelocal" is equivalent to "mktime". +# "timegm" is like "timelocal" except that it turns a struct tm into +# a time_t using UT (rather than local time as "timelocal" does). +# "timeoff" is like "timegm" except that it accepts a second (long) argument +# that gives an offset to use when converting to a time_t. +# "posix2time" and "time2posix" are described in an included manual page. +# X3J11's work does not describe any of these functions. +# Sun has provided "tzsetwall", "timelocal", and "timegm" in SunOS 4.0. +# These functions may well disappear in future releases of the time +# conversion package. +# +# If you don't want functions that were inspired by NetBSD, add +# -DNETBSD_INSPIRED=0 +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. Otherwise, the functions +# "localtime_rz", "mktime_z", "tzalloc", and "tzfree" are added to the +# time library, and if STD_INSPIRED is also defined the functions +# "posix2time_z" and "time2posix_z" are added as well. +# The functions ending in "_z" (or "_rz") are like their unsuffixed +# (or suffixed-by-"_r") counterparts, except with an extra first +# argument of opaque type timezone_t that specifies the time zone. +# "tzalloc" allocates a timezone_t value, and "tzfree" frees it. +# +# If you want to allocate state structures in localtime, add +# -DALL_STATE +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. Storage is obtained by calling malloc. +# +# If you want an "altzone" variable (a la System V Release 3.1), add +# -DALTZONE +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. +# This variable is not described in X3J11's work. +# +# NIST-PCTS:151-2, Version 1.4, (1993-12-03) is a test suite put +# out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology +# which claims to test C and Posix conformance. If you want to pass PCTS, add +# -DPCTS +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. +# +# If you want strict compliance with XPG4 as of 1994-04-09, add +# -DXPG4_1994_04_09 +# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. This causes "strftime" to always return +# 53 as a week number (rather than 52 or 53) for those days in January that +# before the first Monday in January when a "%V" format is used and January 1 +# falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. + +CFLAGS= + +# Linker flags. Default to $(LFLAGS) for backwards compatibility +# to tzcode2012h and earlier. + +LDFLAGS= $(LFLAGS) + +zic= ./zic +ZIC= $(zic) $(ZFLAGS) + +ZFLAGS= + +# The name of a Posix-compliant 'awk' on your system. +AWK= awk + +# The full path name of a Posix-compliant shell, preferably one that supports +# the Korn shell's 'select' statement as an extension. +# These days, Bash is the most popular. +# It should be OK to set this to /bin/sh, on platforms where /bin/sh +# lacks 'select' or doesn't completely conform to Posix, but /bin/bash +# is typically nicer if it works. +KSHELL= /bin/bash + +# The path where SGML DTDs are kept and the catalog file(s) to use when +# validating. The default is appropriate for Ubuntu 13.10. +SGML_TOPDIR= /usr +SGML_DTDDIR= $(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/xml/w3c-sgml-lib/schema/dtd +SGML_SEARCH_PATH= $(SGML_DTDDIR)/REC-html401-19991224 +SGML_CATALOG_FILES= \ + $(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/doc/w3-recs/html/www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/HTML4.cat + +# The name, arguments and environment of a program to validate your web pages. +# See for a validator, and +# for a validation library. +VALIDATE = nsgmls +VALIDATE_FLAGS = -s -B -wall -wno-unused-param +VALIDATE_ENV = \ + SGML_CATALOG_FILES=$(SGML_CATALOG_FILES) \ + SGML_SEARCH_PATH=$(SGML_SEARCH_PATH) \ + SP_CHARSET_FIXED=YES \ + SP_ENCODING=UTF-8 + +# This expensive test requires USE_LTZ. +# To suppress it, define this macro to be empty. +CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = check_time_t_alternatives + +# SAFE_CHAR is a regular expression that matches a safe character. +# Some parts of this distribution are limited to safe characters; +# others can use any UTF-8 character. +# For now, the safe characters are a safe subset of ASCII. +# The caller must set the shell variable 'sharp' to the character '#', +# since Makefile macros cannot contain '#'. +# TAB_CHAR is a single tab character, in single quotes. +TAB_CHAR= ' ' +SAFE_CHARSET1= $(TAB_CHAR)' !\"'$$sharp'$$%&'\''()*+,./0123456789:;<=>?@' +SAFE_CHARSET2= 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\^_`' +SAFE_CHARSET3= 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~' +SAFE_CHARSET= $(SAFE_CHARSET1)$(SAFE_CHARSET2)$(SAFE_CHARSET3) +SAFE_CHAR= '[]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]' + +# OK_CHAR matches any character allowed in the distributed files. +# This is the same as SAFE_CHAR, except that multibyte letters are +# also allowed so that commentary can contain people's names and quote +# non-English sources. For non-letters the sources are limited to +# ASCII renderings for the convenience of maintainers whose text editors +# mishandle UTF-8 by default (e.g., XEmacs 21.4.22). +OK_CHAR= '[][:alpha:]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]' + +# SAFE_LINE matches a line of safe characters. +# SAFE_SHARP_LINE is similar, except any OK character can follow '#'; +# this is so that comments can contain non-ASCII characters. +# OK_LINE matches a line of OK characters. +SAFE_LINE= '^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*$$' +SAFE_SHARP_LINE='^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*('$$sharp$(OK_CHAR)'*)?$$' +OK_LINE= '^'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$' + +# Flags to give 'tar' when making a distribution. +# Try to use flags appropriate for GNU tar. +GNUTARFLAGS= --numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 --mode=go+u,go-w +TARFLAGS= `if tar $(GNUTARFLAGS) --version >/dev/null 2>&1; \ + then echo $(GNUTARFLAGS); \ + else :; \ + fi` + +# Flags to give 'gzip' when making a distribution. +GZIPFLAGS= -9n + +############################################################################### + +#MAKE= make + +cc= cc +CC= $(cc) -DTZDIR=\"$(TZDIR)\" + +AR= ar + +# ':' on typical hosts; 'ranlib' on the ancient hosts that still need ranlib. +RANLIB= : + +TZCOBJS= zic.o +TZDOBJS= zdump.o localtime.o asctime.o +DATEOBJS= date.o localtime.o strftime.o asctime.o +LIBSRCS= localtime.c asctime.c difftime.c +LIBOBJS= localtime.o asctime.o difftime.o +HEADERS= tzfile.h private.h +NONLIBSRCS= zic.c zdump.c +NEWUCBSRCS= date.c strftime.c +SOURCES= $(HEADERS) $(LIBSRCS) $(NONLIBSRCS) $(NEWUCBSRCS) \ + tzselect.ksh workman.sh +MANS= newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 time2posix.3 \ + tzfile.5 tzselect.8 zic.8 zdump.8 +MANTXTS= newctime.3.txt newstrftime.3.txt newtzset.3.txt \ + time2posix.3.txt \ + tzfile.5.txt tzselect.8.txt zic.8.txt zdump.8.txt \ + date.1.txt +COMMON= CONTRIBUTING Makefile NEWS README Theory +WEB_PAGES= tz-art.htm tz-link.htm +DOCS= $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) $(WEB_PAGES) +PRIMARY_YDATA= africa antarctica asia australasia \ + europe northamerica southamerica +YDATA= $(PRIMARY_YDATA) pacificnew etcetera backward +NDATA= systemv factory +TDATA= $(YDATA) $(NDATA) +ZONETABLES= zone1970.tab zone.tab +TABDATA= iso3166.tab leapseconds $(ZONETABLES) +LEAP_DEPS= leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list +DATA= $(YDATA) $(NDATA) backzone $(TABDATA) \ + leap-seconds.list yearistype.sh +AWK_SCRIPTS= checklinks.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk +MISC= $(AWK_SCRIPTS) zoneinfo2tdf.pl +ENCHILADA= $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) $(DATA) $(MISC) + +# And for the benefit of csh users on systems that assume the user +# shell should be used to handle commands in Makefiles. . . + +SHELL= /bin/sh + +all: tzselect zic zdump libtz.a $(TABDATA) + +ALL: all date $(ENCHILADA) + +install: all $(DATA) $(REDO) $(MANS) + mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(ETCDIR) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) \ + $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR) \ + $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5 \ + $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8 + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) \ + -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) -l $(LOCALTIME) -p $(POSIXRULES) + cp -f iso3166.tab $(ZONETABLES) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)/. + cp tzselect zic zdump $(DESTDIR)$(ETCDIR)/. + cp libtz.a $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/. + $(RANLIB) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libtz.a + cp -f newctime.3 newtzset.3 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3/. + cp -f tzfile.5 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5/. + cp -f tzselect.8 zdump.8 zic.8 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8/. + +INSTALL: ALL install date.1 + mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR) $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1 + cp date $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/. + cp -f date.1 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1/. + +version.h: + (echo 'static char const PKGVERSION[]="($(PACKAGE)) ";' && \ + echo 'static char const TZVERSION[]="$(VERSION)";' && \ + echo 'static char const REPORT_BUGS_TO[]="$(BUGEMAIL)";') >$@ + +zdump: $(TZDOBJS) + $(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZDOBJS) $(LDLIBS) + +zic: $(TZCOBJS) yearistype + $(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZCOBJS) $(LDLIBS) + +yearistype: yearistype.sh + cp yearistype.sh yearistype + chmod +x yearistype + +leapseconds: $(LEAP_DEPS) + $(AWK) -f leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list >$@ + +posix_only: zic $(TDATA) + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) \ + -L /dev/null $(TDATA) + +right_only: zic leapseconds $(TDATA) + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) \ + -L leapseconds $(TDATA) + +# In earlier versions of this makefile, the other two directories were +# subdirectories of $(TZDIR). However, this led to configuration errors. +# For example, with posix_right under the earlier scheme, +# TZ='right/Australia/Adelaide' got you localtime with leap seconds, +# but gmtime without leap seconds, which led to problems with applications +# like sendmail that subtract gmtime from localtime. +# Therefore, the other two directories are now siblings of $(TZDIR). +# You must replace all of $(TZDIR) to switch from not using leap seconds +# to using them, or vice versa. +right_posix: right_only leapseconds + rm -fr $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps + ln -s $(TZDIR_BASENAME) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps || \ + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps \ + -L leapseconds $(TDATA) + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix \ + -L /dev/null $(TDATA) + +posix_right: posix_only leapseconds + rm -fr $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix + ln -s $(TZDIR_BASENAME) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix || \ + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix \ + -L /dev/null $(TDATA) + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps \ + -L leapseconds $(TDATA) + +posix_packrat: posix_only backzone + $(AWK) '/^Rule/' $(TDATA) | \ + $(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) \ + -L /dev/null - backzone + +zones: $(REDO) + +libtz.a: $(LIBOBJS) + $(AR) ru $@ $(LIBOBJS) + $(RANLIB) $@ + +date: $(DATEOBJS) + $(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(DATEOBJS) $(LDLIBS) + +tzselect: tzselect.ksh + sed \ + -e 's|#!/bin/bash|#!$(KSHELL)|g' \ + -e 's|AWK=[^}]*|AWK=$(AWK)|g' \ + -e 's|\(PKGVERSION\)=.*|\1='\''($(PACKAGE)) '\''|' \ + -e 's|\(REPORT_BUGS_TO\)=.*|\1=$(BUGEMAIL)|' \ + -e 's|TZDIR=[^}]*|TZDIR=$(TZDIR)|' \ + -e 's|\(TZVERSION\)=.*|\1=$(VERSION)|' \ + <$? >$@ + chmod +x $@ + +check: check_character_set check_white_space check_links check_sorted \ + check_tables check_web + +check_character_set: $(ENCHILADA) + LC_ALL=en_US.utf8 && export LC_ALL && \ + sharp='#' && \ + ! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE) Makefile $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) \ + $(MISC) $(SOURCES) $(WEB_PAGES) && \ + ! grep -Env $(SAFE_SHARP_LINE) $(TDATA) backzone \ + leapseconds yearistype.sh zone.tab && \ + ! grep -Env $(OK_LINE) $(ENCHILADA) + +check_white_space: $(ENCHILADA) + ! grep -En ' '$(TAB_CHAR)"|$$(printf '[\f\r\v]')" $(ENCHILADA) + ! grep -n '[[:space:]]$$' $(ENCHILADA) + +CHECK_CC_LIST = { n = split($$1,a,/,/); for (i=2; i<=n; i++) print a[1], a[i]; } + +check_sorted: backward backzone iso3166.tab zone.tab zone1970.tab + $(AWK) '/^Link/ {print $$3}' backward | LC_ALL=C sort -cu + $(AWK) '/^Zone/ {print $$2}' backzone | LC_ALL=C sort -cu + $(AWK) '/^[^#]/ {print $$1}' iso3166.tab | LC_ALL=C sort -cu + $(AWK) '/^[^#]/ {print $$1}' zone.tab | LC_ALL=C sort -c + $(AWK) '/^[^#]/ {print substr($$0, 1, 2)}' zone1970.tab | \ + LC_ALL=C sort -c + $(AWK) '/^[^#]/ $(CHECK_CC_LIST)' zone1970.tab | \ + LC_ALL=C sort -cu + +check_links: checklinks.awk $(TDATA) + $(AWK) -f checklinks.awk $(TDATA) + +check_tables: checktab.awk $(PRIMARY_YDATA) $(ZONETABLES) + for tab in $(ZONETABLES); do \ + $(AWK) -f checktab.awk -v zone_table=$$tab $(PRIMARY_YDATA) \ + || exit; \ + done + +check_web: $(WEB_PAGES) + $(VALIDATE_ENV) $(VALIDATE) $(VALIDATE_FLAGS) $(WEB_PAGES) + +clean_misc: + rm -f core *.o *.out \ + date tzselect version.h zdump zic yearistype libtz.a +clean: clean_misc + rm -fr tzpublic + +maintainer-clean: clean + @echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it' + @echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.' + rm -f leapseconds $(MANTXTS) *.asc *.tar.gz + +names: + @echo $(ENCHILADA) + +public: check check_public $(CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \ + tarballs signatures + +date.1.txt: date.1 +newctime.3.txt: newctime.3 +newstrftime.3.txt: newstrftime.3 +newtzset.3.txt: newtzset.3 +time2posix.3.txt: time2posix.3 +tzfile.5.txt: tzfile.5 +tzselect.8.txt: tzselect.8 +zdump.8.txt: zdump.8 +zic.8.txt: zic.8 + +$(MANTXTS): workman.sh + LC_ALL=C sh workman.sh `expr $@ : '\(.*\)\.txt$$'` >$@ + +# Set the time stamps to those of the git repository, if available, +# and if the files have not changed since then. +# This uses GNU 'touch' syntax 'touch -d@N FILE', +# where N is the number of seconds since 1970. +# If git or GNU 'touch' is absent, don't bother to sync with git timestamps. +# Also, set the timestamp of each prebuilt file like 'leapseconds' +# to be the maximum of the files it depends on. +set-timestamps.out: $(ENCHILADA) + rm -f $@ + if files=`git ls-files $(ENCHILADA)` && \ + touch -md @1 test.out; then \ + rm -f test.out && \ + for file in $$files; do \ + if git diff --quiet $$file; then \ + time=`git log -1 --format='tformat:%ct' $$file` && \ + touch -cmd @$$time $$file; \ + else \ + echo >&2 "$$file: warning: does not match repository"; \ + fi || exit; \ + done; \ + fi + touch -cmr `ls -t $(LEAP_DEPS) | sed 1q` leapseconds + for file in `ls $(MANTXTS) | sed 's/\.txt$$//'`; do \ + touch -cmr `ls -t $$file workman.sh | sed 1q` $$file.txt || \ + exit; \ + done + touch $@ + +# The zics below ensure that each data file can stand on its own. +# We also do an all-files run to catch links to links. + +check_public: + $(MAKE) maintainer-clean + $(MAKE) "CFLAGS=$(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS)" ALL + mkdir tzpublic + for i in $(TDATA) ; do \ + $(zic) -v -d tzpublic $$i 2>&1 || exit; \ + done + $(zic) -v -d tzpublic $(TDATA) + rm -fr tzpublic + +# Check that the code works under various alternative +# implementations of time_t. +check_time_t_alternatives: + if diff -q Makefile Makefile 2>/dev/null; then \ + quiet_option='-q'; \ + else \ + quiet_option=''; \ + fi && \ + zones=`$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ { print $$3 }' tzpublic/int64_t.out && \ + tzpublic/$$type/etc/zdump -V -t $$range $$zones \ + >tzpublic/$$type.out && \ + diff -u tzpublic/int64_t.out tzpublic/$$type.out \ + || exit; \ + done + rm -fr tzpublic + +tarballs: tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz + +tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out + LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \ + tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \ + $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) | \ + gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) > $@ + +tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out + LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \ + tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) | \ + gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) > $@ + +signatures: tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc + +tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz + gpg --armor --detach-sign $? + +tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz + gpg --armor --detach-sign $? + +typecheck: + $(MAKE) clean + for i in "long long" unsigned; \ + do \ + $(MAKE) CFLAGS="-DTYPECHECK -D__time_t_defined -D_TIME_T \"-Dtime_t=$$i\"" ; \ + ./zdump -v Europe/Rome ; \ + $(MAKE) clean ; \ + done + +zonenames: $(TDATA) + @$(AWK) '/^Zone/ { print $$2 } /^Link/ { print $$3 }' $(TDATA) + +asctime.o: private.h tzfile.h +date.o: private.h +difftime.o: private.h +localtime.o: private.h tzfile.h +strftime.o: private.h tzfile.h +zdump.o: version.h +zic.o: private.h tzfile.h version.h + +.KEEP_STATE: + +.PHONY: ALL INSTALL all +.PHONY: check check_character_set check_links +.PHONY: check_public check_sorted check_tables +.PHONY: check_time_t_alternatives check_web check_white_space clean clean_misc +.PHONY: install maintainer-clean names posix_packrat posix_only posix_right +.PHONY: public right_only right_posix signatures tarballs typecheck +.PHONY: zonenames zones diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00d07cb --- /dev/null +++ b/NEWS @@ -0,0 +1,3295 @@ +News for the tz database + +Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Turkey's 2015 fall-back transition is scheduled for Nov. 8, not Oct. 25. + (Thanks to Fatih.) + + Norfolk moves from +1130 to +1100 on 2015-10-04 at 02:00 local time. + (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) + + Fiji's 2016 fall-back transition is scheduled for January 17, not 24. + (Thanks to Ken Rylander.) + + Fort Nelson, British Columbia will not fall back on 2015-11-01. It has + effectively been on MST (-0700) since it advanced its clocks on 2015-03-08. + New zone America/Fort_Nelson. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + Norfolk observed DST from 1974-10-27 02:00 to 1975-03-02 02:00. + + Changes affecting code + + localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037. + (Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.) + + The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight', + and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules, + and declares them in case the system does not. + (Problems reported by Kees Dekker.) + + On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL. + This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c. + (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.) + + Changes affecting documentation + + The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the + starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods. + (Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.) + + +Release 2015f - 2015-08-10 18:06:56 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + North Korea switches to +0830 on 2015-08-15. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + The abbreviation remains "KST". (Thanks to Robert Elz.) + + Uruguay no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen + and Pablo Camargo.) + + Changes affecting past and future time stamps + + Moldova starts and ends DST at 00:00 UTC, not at 01:00 UTC. + (Thanks to Roman Tudos.) + + Changes affecting data format and code + + zic's '-y YEARISTYPE' option is no longer documented. The TYPE + field of a Rule line should now be '-'; the old values 'even', + 'odd', 'uspres', 'nonpres', 'nonuspres' were already undocumented. + Although the implementation has not changed, these features do not + work in the default installation, they are not used in the data, + and they are now considered obsolescent. + + zic now checks that two rules don't take effect at the same time. + (Thanks to Jon Skeet and Arthur David Olson.) Constraints on + simultaneity are now documented. + + The two characters '%z' in a zone format now stand for the UTC + offset, e.g., '-07' for seven hours behind UTC and '+0530' for + five hours and thirty minutes ahead. This better supports time + zone abbreviations conforming to POSIX.1-2001 and later. + + Changes affecting installed data files + + Comments for America/Halifax and America/Glace_Bay have been improved. + (Thanks to Brian Inglis.) + + Data entries have been simplified for Atlantic/Canary, Europe/Simferopol, + Europe/Sofia, and Europe/Tallinn. This yields slightly smaller + installed data files for Europe/Simferopol and Europe/Tallinn. + It does not affect timestamps. (Thanks to Howard Hinnant.) + + Changes affecting code + + zdump and zic no longer warn about valid time zone abbreviations + like '-05'. + + Some Visual Studio 2013 warnings have been suppressed. + (Thanks to Kees Dekker.) + + 'date' no longer sets the time of day and its -a, -d, -n and -t + options have been removed. Long obsolescent, the implementation + of these features had porting problems. Builders no longer need + to configure HAVE_ADJTIME, HAVE_SETTIMEOFDAY, or HAVE_UTMPX_H. + (Thanks to Kees Dekker for pointing out the problem.) + + Changes affecting documentation + + The Theory file mentions naming issues earlier, as these seem to be + poorly publicized (thanks to Gilmore Davidson for reporting the problem). + + tz-link.htm mentions Time Zone Database Parser (thanks to Howard Hinnant). + + Mention that Herbert Samuel introduced the term "Summer Time". + + +Release 2015e - 2015-06-13 10:56:02 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Morocco will suspend DST from 2015-06-14 03:00 through 2015-07-19 02:00, + not 06-13 and 07-18 as we had guessed. (Thanks to Milamber.) + + Assume Cayman Islands will observe DST starting next year, using US rules. + Although it isn't guaranteed, it is the most likely. + + Changes affecting data format + + The file 'iso3166.tab' now uses UTF-8, so that its entries can better + spell the names of Åland Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, and Réunion. + + Changes affecting code + + When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's + encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.) + + tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced + in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.) + + zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\". + This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f. + (Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.) + + +Release 2015d - 2015-04-24 08:09:46 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Egypt will not observe DST in 2015 and will consider canceling it + permanently. For now, assume no DST indefinitely. + (Thanks to Ahmed Nazmy and Tim Parenti.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + America/Whitehorse switched from UTC-9 to UTC-8 on 1967-05-28, not + 1966-07-01. Also, Yukon's time zone history is documented better. + (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Dennis Ferguson.) + + Change affecting past and future time zone abbreviations + + The abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian standard and daylight times + have been changed from HAST/HADT to HST/HDT, as per US Government + Printing Office style. This affects only America/Adak since 1983, + as America/Honolulu was already using the new style. + + Changes affecting code + + zic has some minor performance improvements. + + +Release 2015c - 2015-04-11 08:55:55 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Egypt's spring-forward transition is at 24:00 on April's last Thursday, + not 00:00 on April's last Friday. 2015's transition will therefore be on + Thursday, April 30 at 24:00, not Friday, April 24 at 00:00. Similar fixes + apply to 2026, 2037, 2043, etc. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + The following changes affect some pre-1991 Chile-related time stamps + in America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, and Pacific/Easter. + + The 1910 transition was January 10, not January 1. + + The 1918 transition was September 10, not September 1. + + The UTC-4 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to be + standard time, not year-round DST. + + Santiago observed DST (UTC-3) from 1946-07-15 through 1946-08-31, + then reverted to standard time, then switched its time zone to + UTC-5 on 1947-04-01. + + Assume transitions before 1968 were at 00:00, since we have no data + saying otherwise. + + The spring 1988 transition was 1988-10-09, not 1988-10-02. + The fall 1990 transition was 1990-03-11, not 1990-03-18. + + Assume no UTC offset change for Pacific/Easter on 1890-01-01, + and omit all transitions on Pacific/Easter from 1942 through 1946 + since we have no data suggesting that they existed. + + One more zone has been turned into a link, as it differed + from an existing zone only for older time stamps. As usual, + this change affects UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. + The zone's old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + The affected zone is America/Montreal. + + Changes affecting commentary + + Mention the TZUpdater tool. + + Mention "The Time Now". (Thanks to Brandon Ramsey.) + + +Release 2015b - 2015-03-19 23:28:11 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Mongolia will start observing DST again this year, from the last + Saturday in March at 02:00 to the last Saturday in September at 00:00. + (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.) + + Palestine will start DST on March 28, not March 27. Also, + correct the fall 2014 transition from September 26 to October 24. + Adjust future predictions accordingly. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + The 1982 zone shift in Pacific/Easter has been corrected, fixing a 2015a + regression. (Thanks to Stuart Bishop for reporting the problem.) + + Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed + from existing zones only for older time stamps. As usual, + these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. + Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + The affected zones are: America/Antigua, America/Cayman, + Pacific/Midway, and Pacific/Saipan. + + Changes affecting time zone abbreviations + + Correct the 1992-2010 DST abbreviation in Volgograd from "MSK" to "MSD". + (Thanks to Hank W.) + + Changes affecting code + + Fix integer overflow bug in reference 'mktime' implementation. + (Problem reported by Jörg Richter.) + + Allow -Dtime_tz=time_t compilations, and allow -Dtime_tz=... libraries + to be used in the same executable as standard-library time_t functions. + (Problems reported by Bradley White.) + + Changes affecting commentary + + Cite the recent Mexican decree changing Quintana Roo's time zone. + (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) + + Likewise for the recent Chilean decree. (Thanks to Eduardo Romero Urra.) + + Update info about Mars time. + + +Release 2015a - 2015-01-29 22:35:20 -0800 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + The Mexican state of Quintana Roo, represented by America/Cancun, + will shift from Central Time with DST to Eastern Time without DST + on 2015-02-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Gwillim Law.) + + Chile will not change clocks in April or thereafter; its new standard time + will be its old daylight saving time. This affects America/Santiago, + Pacific/Easter, and Antarctica/Palmer. (Thanks to Juan Correa.) + + New leap second 2015-06-30 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 49. + (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + Iceland observed DST in 1919 and 1921, and its 1939 fallback + transition was Oct. 29, not Nov. 29. Remove incorrect data from + Shanks about time in Iceland between 1837 and 1908. + + Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed + from existing zones only for older time stamps. As usual, + these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. + Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + The affected zones are: Asia/Aden, Asia/Bahrain, Asia/Kuwait, + and Asia/Muscat. + + Changes affecting code + + tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way + that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by + shortening too-long abbreviations. + + tzselect ports to POSIX awk implementations, no longer mishandles + POSIX TZ settings when GNU awk is used, and reports POSIX TZ + settings to the user. (Thanks to Stefan Kuhn.) + + Changes affecting build procedure + + 'make check' now checks for links to links in the data. + One such link (for Africa/Asmera) has been fixed. + (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing out the problem.) + + Changes affecting commentary + + The leapseconds file commentary now mentions the expiration date. + (Problem reported by Martin Burnicki.) + + Update Mexican Library of Congress URL. + + +Release 2014j - 2014-11-10 17:37:11 -0800 + + Changes affecting current and future time stamps + + Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to UTC-4 year-round + did not occur on 2014-11-02 at 02:00. It's currently scheduled + for 2015-11-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Chris Walton.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + Many pre-1989 time stamps have been corrected for Asia/Seoul and + Asia/Pyongyang, based on sources for the Korean-language Wikipedia + entry for time in Korea. (Thanks to Sanghyuk Jung.) Also, no + longer guess that Pyongyang mimicked Seoul time after World War II, + as this is politically implausible. + + Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed + from existing zones only for older time stamps. As usual, + these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. + Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + The affected zones are: Africa/Addis_Ababa, Africa/Asmara, + Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Africa/Djibouti, Africa/Kampala, + Africa/Mogadishu, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro, and + Indian/Mayotte. + + Changes affecting commentary + + The commentary is less enthusiastic about Shanks as a source, + and is more careful to distinguish UT from UTC. + + +Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Pacific/Fiji will observe DST from 2014-11-02 02:00 to 2015-01-18 03:00. + (Thanks to Ken Rylander for the heads-up.) Guess that future + years will use a similar pattern. + + A new Zone Pacific/Bougainville, for the part of Papua New Guinea + that plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. + (Thanks to Kiley Walbom for the heads-up.) + + Changes affecting time zone abbreviations + + Since Belarus is not changing its clocks even though Moscow is, + the time zone abbreviation in Europe/Minsk is changing from FET + to its more-traditional value MSK on 2014-10-26 at 01:00. + (Thanks to Alexander Bokovoy for the heads-up about Belarus.) + + The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of UT+8 in + Indochina, to distinguish it better from ICT (UT+7). + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + Many time stamps have been corrected for Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh before 1976 + (thanks to Trần Ngọc Quân for an indirect pointer to Trần Tiến Bình's + authoritative book). Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh has been added to + zone1970.tab, to give tzselect users in Vietnam two choices, + since north and south Vietnam disagreed after our 1970 cutoff. + + Asia/Phnom_Penh and Asia/Vientiane have been turned into links, as + they differed from existing zones only for older time stamps. As + usual, these changes affect pre-1970 time stamps only. Their old + contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + + Changes affecting code + + The time-related library functions now set errno on failure, and + some crashes in the new tzalloc-related library functions have + been fixed. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for reporting most of + these problems and for suggesting fixes.) + + If USG_COMPAT is defined and the requested time stamp is standard time, + the tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set the extern + variable timezone to a value appropriate for that time stamp; and + similarly for ALTZONE, daylight saving time, and the altzone variable. + This change is a companion to the tzname change in 2014h, and is + designed to make timezone and altzone more compatible with tzname. + + The tz library's functions now set errno to EOVERFLOW if they fail + because the result cannot be represented. ctime and ctime_r now + return NULL and set errno when a time stamp is out of range, rather + than having undefined behavior. + + Some bugs associated with the new 2014g functions have been fixed. + This includes a bug that largely incapacitated the new functions + time2posix_z and posix2time_z. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.) + It also includes some uses of uninitialized variables after tzalloc. + The new code uses the standard type 'ssize_t', which the Makefile + now gives porting advice about. + + Changes affecting commentary + + Updated URLs for NRC Canada (thanks to Matt Johnson and Brian Inglis). + + +Release 2014h - 2014-09-25 18:59:03 -0700 + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + America/Jamaica's 1974 spring-forward transition was Jan. 6, not Apr. 28. + + Shanks says Asia/Novokuznetsk switched from LMT (not "NMT") on 1924-05-01, + not 1920-01-06. The old entry was based on a misinterpretation of Shanks. + + Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed + from existing zones only for older time stamps. As usual, + these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. + Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + The affected zones are: Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Bujumbura, + Africa/Gaborone, Africa/Harare, Africa/Kigali, Africa/Lubumbashi, + Africa/Lusaka, Africa/Maseru, and Africa/Mbabane. + + Changes affecting code + + zdump -V and -v now output gmtoff= values on all platforms, + not merely on platforms defining TM_GMTOFF. + + The tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set tzname to a value + appropriate for the requested time stamp, and zdump now uses this + on platforms not defining TM_ZONE, fixing a 2014g regression. + (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) + + The tz library no longer sets tzname if localtime or mktime fails. + + zdump -c no longer mishandles transitions near year boundaries. + (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) + + An access to uninitalized data has been fixed. + (Thanks to Jörg Richter for reporting the problem.) + + When THREAD_SAFE is defined, the code ports to the C11 memory model. + A memory leak has been fixed if ALL_STATE and THREAD_SAFE are defined + and two threads race to initialize data used by gmtime-like functions. + (Thanks to Andy Heninger for reporting the problems.) + + Changes affecting build procedure + + 'make check' now checks better for properly-sorted data. + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + zdump's gmtoff=N output is now documented, and its isdst=D output + is now documented to possibly output D values other than 0 or 1. + + zdump -c's treatment of years is now documented to use the + Gregorian calendar and Universal Time without leap seconds, + and its behavior at cutoff boundaries is now documented better. + (Thanks to Arthur David Olson and Tim Parenti for reporting the problems.) + + Programs are now documented to use the proleptic Gregorian calendar. + (Thanks to Alan Barrett for the suggestion.) + + Fractional-second GMT offsets have been documented for civil time + in 19th-century Chennai, Jakarta, and New York. + + +Release 2014g - 2014-08-28 12:31:23 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to UTC-4 year-round, + modeled as a switch from EST/EDT to AST on 2014-11-02 at 02:00. + [As noted in 2014j, this switch was later delayed.] + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + Time in Russia or the USSR before 1926 or so has been corrected by + a few seconds in the following zones: Asia/Irkutsk, + Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Tbilisi, + Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Europe/Riga, Europe/Samara. For + Asia/Yekaterinburg the correction is a few minutes. (Thanks to + Vladimir Karpinsky.) + + The Portuguese decree of 1911-05-26 took effect on 1912-01-01. + This affects 1911 time stamps in Africa/Bissau, Africa/Luanda, + Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira. Also, Lisbon's pre-1912 + GMT offset was -0:36:45 (rounded from -0:36:44.68), not -0:36:32. + (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing to the decree.) + + Asia/Dhaka ended DST on 2009-12-31 at 24:00, not 23:59. + + A new file 'backzone' contains data which may appeal to + connoisseurs of old time stamps, although it is out of scope for + the tz database, is often poorly sourced, and contains some data + that is known to be incorrect. The new file is not recommended + for ordinary use and its entries are not installed by default. + (Thanks to Lester Caine for the high-quality Jersey, Guernsey, and + Isle of Man entries.) + + Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed + from existing zones only for older time stamps. As usual, + these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. + Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. + The affected zones are: Africa/Bangui, Africa/Brazzaville, + Africa/Douala, Africa/Kinshasa, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Luanda, + Africa/Malabo, Africa/Niamey, and Africa/Porto-Novo. + + Changes affecting code + + Unless NETBSD_INSPIRED is defined to 0, the tz library now + supplies functions for creating and using objects that represent + time zones. The new functions are tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, + mktime_z, and (if STD_INSPIRED is also defined) posix2time_z and + time2posix_z. They are intended for performance: for example, + localtime_rz (unlike localtime_r) is trivially thread-safe without + locking. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for proposing NetBSD-inspired + functions, and to Alan Barrett and Jonathan Lennox for helping to + debug the change.) + + zdump now builds with the tz library unless USE_LTZ is defined to 0, + This lets zdump use tz features even if the system library lacks them. + To build zdump with the system library, use 'make CFLAGS=-DUSE_LTZ=0 + TZDOBJS=zdump.o CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES='. + + zdump now uses localtime_rz if available, as it's significantly faster, + and it can help zdump better diagnose invalid time zone names. + Define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ to 0 to suppress this. HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ + defaults to 1 if NETBSD_INSPIRED && USE_LTZ. When localtime_rz is + not available, zdump now uses localtime_r and tzset if available, + as this is a bit cleaner and faster than plain localtime. Compile + with -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 and/or -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system + lacks these two functions. + + If THREAD_SAFE is defined to 1, the tz library is now thread-safe. + Although not needed for tz's own applications, which are single-threaded, + this supports POSIX better if the tz library is used in multithreaded apps. + + Some crashes have been fixed when zdump or the tz library is given + invalid or outlandish input. + + The tz library no longer mishandles leap seconds on platforms with + unsigned time_t in time zones that lack ordinary transitions after 1970. + + The tz code now attempts to infer TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE if not + already defined, to make it easier to configure on common platforms. + Define NO_TM_GMTOFF and NO_TM_ZONE to suppress this. + + Unless the new macro UNINIT_TRAP is defined to 1, the tz code now + assumes that reading uninitialized memory yields garbage values + but does not cause other problems such as traps. + + If TM_GMTOFF is defined and UNINIT_TRAP is 0, mktime is now + more likely to guess right for ambiguous time stamps near + transitions where tm_isdst does not change. + + If HAVE_STRFTIME_L is defined to 1, the tz library now defines + strftime_l for compatibility with recent versions of POSIX. + Only the C locale is supported, though. HAVE_STRFTIME_L defaults + to 1 on recent POSIX versions, and to 0 otherwise. + + tzselect -c now uses a hybrid distance measure that works better + in Africa. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for noting the problem.) + + The C source code now ports to NetBSD when GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS is used, + or when time_tz is defined. + + When HAVE_UTMPX_H is set the 'date' command now builds on systems + whose file does not define WTMPX_FILE, and when setting + the date it updates the wtmpx file if _PATH_WTMPX is defined. + This affects GNU/Linux and similar systems. + + For easier maintenance later, some C code has been simplified, + some lint has been removed, and the code has been tweaked so that + plain 'make' is more likely to work. + + The C type 'bool' is now used for boolean values, instead of 'int'. + + The long-obsolete LOCALE_HOME code has been removed. + + The long-obsolete 'gtime' function has been removed. + + Changes affecting build procedure + + 'zdump' no longer links in ialloc.o, as it's not needed. + + 'make check_time_t_alternatives' no longer assumes GNU diff. + + Changes affecting distribution tarballs + + The files checktab.awk and zoneinfo2tdf.pl are now distributed in + the tzdata tarball instead of the tzcode tarball, since they help + maintain the data. The NEWS and Theory files are now also + distributed in the tzdata tarball, as they're relevant for data. + (Thanks to Alan Barrett for pointing this out.) Also, the + leapseconds.awk file is no longer distributed in the tzcode + tarball, since it belongs in the tzdata tarball (where 2014f + inadvertently also distributed it). + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + A new file CONTRIBUTING is distributed. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for + suggesting a CONTRIBUTING file, and to Tony Finch and Walter Harms + for debugging it.) + + The man pages have been updated to use function prototypes, + to document thread-safe variants like localtime_r, and to document + the NetBSD-inspired functions tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, and + mktime_z. + + The fields in Link lines have been renamed to be more descriptive + and more like the parameters of 'ln'. LINK-FROM has become TARGET, + and LINK-TO has become LINK-NAME. + + tz-link.htm mentions the IETF's tzdist working group; Windows + Runtime etc. (thanks to Matt Johnson); and HP-UX's tztab. + + Some broken URLs have been fixed in the commentary. (Thanks to + Lester Caine.) + + Commentary about Philippines DST has been updated, and commentary + on pre-1970 time in India has been added. + + +Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps + + Russia will subtract an hour from most of its time zones on 2014-10-26 + at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) + There are a few exceptions: Magadan Oblast (Asia/Magadan) and Zabaykalsky + Krai are subtracting two hours; conversely, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug + (Asia/Anadyr), Kamchatka Krai (Asia/Kamchatka), Kemerovo Oblast + (Asia/Novokuznetsk), and the Samara Oblast and the Udmurt Republic + (Europe/Samara) are not changing their clocks. The changed zones are + Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Volgograd, + Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Novosibirsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, + Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Khandyga, + Asia/Sakhalin, and Asia/Ust-Nera; Asia/Magadan will have two hours + subtracted; and Asia/Novokuznetsk's time zone abbreviation is affected, + but not its UTC offset. Two zones are added: Asia/Chita (split + from Asia/Yakutsk, and also with two hours subtracted) and + Asia/Srednekolymsk (split from Asia/Magadan, but with only one hour + subtracted). (Thanks to Tim Parenti for much of the above.) + + Changes affecting time zone abbreviations + + Australian eastern time zone abbreviations are now AEST/AEDT not EST, + and similarly for the other Australian zones. That is, for eastern + standard and daylight saving time the abbreviations are AEST and AEDT + instead of the former EST for both; similarly, ACST/ACDT, ACWST/ACWDT, + and AWST/AWDT are now used instead of the former CST, CWST, and WST. + This change does not affect UTC offsets, only time zone abbreviations. + (Thanks to Rich Tibbett and many others.) + + Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on UTC+7) + effective 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time. + + The time zone abbreviation for Xinjiang Time (observed in Ürümqi) + has been changed from URUT to XJT. (Thanks to Luther Ma.) + + Prefer MSK/MSD for Moscow time in Russia, even in other cities. + Similarly, prefer EET/EEST for eastern European time in Russia. + + Change time zone abbreviations in (western) Samoa to use "ST" and + "DT" suffixes, as this is more likely to match common practice. + Prefix "W" to (western) Samoa time when its standard-time offset + disagrees with that of American Samoa. + + America/Metlakatla now uses PST, not MeST, to abbreviate its time zone. + + Time zone abbreviations have been updated for Japan's two time + zones used 1896-1937. JWST now stands for Western Standard + Time, and JCST for Central Standard Time (formerly this was CJT). + These abbreviations are now used for time in Korea, Taiwan, + and Sakhalin while controlled by Japan. + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + China's five zones have been simplified to two, since the post-1970 + differences in the other three seem to have been imaginary. The + zones Asia/Harbin, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Kashgar have been + removed; backwards-compatibility links still work, albeit with + different behaviors for time stamps before May 1980. Asia/Urumqi's + 1980 transition to UTC+8 has been removed, so that it is now at + UTC+6 and not UTC+8. (Thanks to Luther Ma and to Alois Treindl; + Treindl sent helpful translations of two papers by Guo Qingsheng.) + + Some zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing + zones only for older UTC offsets where data entries were likely invented. + These changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only. This is + similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for western + Africa. The affected zones are: Africa/Bamako, Africa/Banjul, + Africa/Conakry, Africa/Dakar, Africa/Freetown, Africa/Lome, + Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Sao_Tome, and + Atlantic/St_Helena. This also affects the backwards-compatibility + link Africa/Timbuktu. (Thanks to Alan Barrett, Stephen Colebourne, + Tim Parenti, and David Patte for reporting problems in earlier + versions of this change.) + + Asia/Shanghai's pre-standard-time UT offset has been changed from + 8:05:57 to 8:05:43, the location of Xujiahui Observatory. Its + transition to standard time has been changed from 1928 to 1901. + + Asia/Taipei switched to JWST on 1896-01-01, then to JST on 1937-10-01, + then to CST on 1945-09-21 at 01:00, and did not observe DST in 1945. + In 1946 it observed DST from 05-15 through 09-30; in 1947 + from 04-15 through 10-31; and in 1979 from 07-01 through 09-30. + (Thanks to Yu-Cheng Chuang.) + + Asia/Riyadh's transition to standard time is now 1947-03-14, not 1950. + + Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was 10-04 at 01:00, not + 10-03 at 00:00. (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.) + + Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from UTC-11:30 to UTC-11 for the period + from 1911 to 1950. + + Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus + 45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in + the New Zealand parliament. + + Europe/Budapest has several pre-1946 corrections: in 1918 the transition + out of DST was on 09-16, not 09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in + 1945 it was on 11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08 + not 04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920. + + Africa/Accra is now assumed to have observed DST from 1920 through 1935. + + Time in Russia before 1927 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in + the following zones: Europe/Moscow, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Tbilisi, + Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Europe/Helsinki, and + Europe/Riga. Also, Moscow's location has been changed to its Kilometer 0 + point. (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky for the Moscow changes.) + + Changes affecting data format + + A new file 'zone1970.tab' supersedes 'zone.tab' in the installed data. + The new file's extended format allows multiple country codes per zone. + The older file is still installed but is deprecated; its format is + not changing and it will still be distributed for a while, but new + applications should use the new file. + + The new file format simplifies maintenance of obscure locations. + To test this, it adds coverage for the Crozet Islands and the + Scattered Islands. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Antoine Leca.) + + The file 'iso3166.tab' is planned to switch from ASCII to UTF-8. + It is still ASCII now, but commentary about the switch has been added. + The new file 'zone1970.tab' already uses UTF-8. + + Changes affecting code + + 'localtime', 'mktime', etc. now use much less stack space if ALL_STATE + is defined. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes for reporting the problem.) + + 'zic' no longer mishandles input when ignoring case in locales that + are not compatible with English, e.g., unibyte Turkish locales when + compiled with HAVE_GETTEXT. + + Error diagnostics of 'zic' and 'yearistype' have been reworded so that + they no longer use ASCII '-' as if it were a dash. + + 'zic' now rejects output file names that contain '.' or '..' components. + (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) + + 'zic -v' now warns about output file names that do not follow + POSIX rules, or that contain a digit or '.'. (Thanks to Arthur + David Olson for starting the ball rolling on this.) + + Some lint has been removed when using GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS with GCC 4.9.0. + + Changes affecting build procedure + + 'zic' no longer links in localtime.o and asctime.o, as they're not needed. + (Thanks to John Cochran.) + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + The 'Theory' file documents legacy names, the longstanding + exceptions to the POSIX-inspired file name rules. + + The 'zic' documentation clarifies the role of time types when + interpreting dates. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Documentation and commentary now prefer UTF-8 to US-ASCII, + allowing the use of proper accents in foreign words and names. + Code and data have not changed because of this. (Thanks to + Garrett Wollman, Ian Abbott, and Guy Harris for helping to debug + this.) + + Non-HTML documentation and commentary now use plain-text URLs instead of + HTML insertions, and are more consistent about bracketing URLs when they + are not already surrounded by white space. (Thanks to suggestions by + Steffen Nurpmeso.) + + There is new commentary about Xujiahui Observatory, the five time-zone + project in China from 1918 to 1949, timekeeping in Japanese-occupied + Shanghai, and Tibet Time in the 1950s. The sharp-eyed can spot the + warlord Jin Shuren in the data. + + Commentary about the coverage of each Russian zone has been standardized. + (Thanks to Tim Parenti). + + There is new commentary about contemporary timekeeping in Ethiopia. + + Obsolete comments about a 2007 proposal for DST in Kuwait has been removed. + + There is new commentary about time in Poland in 1919. + + Proper credit has been given to DST inventor George Vernon Hudson. + + Commentary about time in Metlakatla, AK and Resolute, NU has been + improved, with a new source for the former. + + In zone.tab, Pacific/Easter no longer mentions Salas y Gómez, as it + is uninhabited. + + Commentary about permanent Antarctic bases has been updated. + + Several typos have been corrected. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for + contributing some of these fixes.) + + tz-link.htm now mentions the JavaScript libraries Moment Timezone, + TimezoneJS.Date, Walltime-js, and Timezone. (Thanks to a heads-up + from Matt Johnson.) Also, it mentions the Go 'latlong' package. + (Thanks to a heads-up from Dirkjan Ochtman.) + + The files usno1988, usno1989, usno1989a, usno1995, usno1997, and usno1998 + have been removed. These obsolescent US Naval Observatory entries were no + longer helpful for maintenance. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for the suggestion.) + + +Release 2014e - 2014-06-12 21:53:52 -0700 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps + + Egypt's 2014 Ramadan-based transitions are June 26 and July 31 at 24:00. + (Thanks to Imed Chihi.) Guess that from 2015 on Egypt will temporarily + switch to standard time at 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and + back to DST at 00:00 the first Friday after Ramadan. + + Similarly, Morocco's are June 28 at 03:00 and August 2 at 02:00. (Thanks + to Milamber Space Network.) Guess that from 2015 on Morocco will + temporarily switch to standard time at 03:00 the last Saturday before + Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Saturday after Ramadan. + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + The abbreviation "MSM" (Moscow Midsummer Time) is now used instead of + "MSD" for Moscow's double daylight time in summer 1921. Also, a typo + "VLASST" has been repaired to be "VLAST" for Vladivostok summer time + in 1991. (Thanks to Hank W. for reporting the problems.) + + Changes affecting commentary + + tz-link.htm now cites RFC 7265 for jCal, mentions PTP and the + draft CalDAV extension, updates URLs for TSP, TZInfo, IATA, and + removes stale pointers to World Time Explorer and WORLDTIME. + + +Release 2014d - 2014-05-27 21:34:40 -0700 + + Changes affecting code + + zic no longer generates files containing time stamps before the Big Bang. + This works around GNOME bug 730332 + . + (Thanks to Leonardo Chiquitto for reporting the bug, and to + Arthur David Olson and James Cloos for suggesting improvements to the fix.) + + Changes affecting documentation + + tz-link.htm now mentions GNOME. + + +Release 2014c - 2014-05-13 07:44:13 -0700 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps + + Egypt observes DST starting 2014-05-15 at 24:00. + (Thanks to Ahmad El-Dardiry and Gunther Vermier.) + Details have not been announced, except that DST will not be observed + during Ramadan. Guess that DST will stop during the same Ramadan dates as + Morocco, and that Egypt's future spring and fall transitions will be the + same as 2010 when it last observed DST, namely April's last Friday at + 00:00 to September's last Thursday at 23:00 standard time. Also, guess + that Ramadan transitions will be at 00:00 standard time. + + Changes affecting code + + zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating guesswork + when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Changes affecting commentary and documentation + + Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii Nochovnyi.) + + +Release 2014b - 2014-03-24 21:28:50 -0700 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps + + Crimea switches to Moscow time on 2014-03-30 at 02:00 local time. + (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Move its zone.tab entry from UA to RU. + + New entry for Troll station, Antarctica. (Thanks to Paul-Inge Flakstad and + Bengt-Inge Larsson.) This is currently an approximation; a better version + will require the zic and localtime fixes mentioned below, and the plan is + to wait for a while until at least the zic fixes propagate. + + Changes affecting code + + 'zic' and 'localtime' no longer reject locations needing four transitions + per year for the foreseeable future. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).) + Also, 'zic' avoids some unlikely failures due to integer overflow. + + Changes affecting build procedure + + 'make check' now detects Rule lines defined but never used. + The NZAQ rules, an instance of this problem, have been removed. + + Changes affecting commentary and documentation + + Fix Tuesday/Thursday typo in description of time in Israel. + (Thanks to Bert Katz via Pavel Kharitonov and Mike Frysinger.) + + Microsoft Windows 8.1 doesn't support tz database names. (Thanks + to Donald MacQueen.) Instead, the Microsoft Windows Store app + library supports them. + + Add comments about Johnston Island time in the 1960s. + (Thanks to Lyle McElhaney.) + + Morocco's 2014 DST start will be as predicted. + (Thanks to Sebastien Willemijns.) + + +Release 2014a - 2014-03-07 23:30:29 -0800 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps + + Turkey begins DST on 2014-03-31, not 03-30. (Thanks to Faruk Pasin for + the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for simplifying the update.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps + + Fiji ended DST on 2014-01-19 at 02:00, not the previously-scheduled 03:00. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Ukraine switched from Moscow to Eastern European time on 1990-07-01 + (not 1992-01-01), and observed DST during the entire next winter. + (Thanks to Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl.) + + In 1988 Israel observed DST from 04-10 to 09-04, not 04-09 to 09-03. + (Thanks to Avigdor Finkelstein.) + + Changes affecting code + + A uninitialized-storage bug in 'localtime' has been fixed. + (Thanks to Logan Chien.) + + Changes affecting the build procedure + + The settings for 'make check_web' now default to Ubuntu 13.10. + + Changes affecting commentary and documentation + + The boundary of the US Pacific time zone is given more accurately. + (Thanks to Alan Mintz.) + + Chile's 2014 DST will be as predicted. (Thanks to José Miguel Garrido.) + + Paraguay's 2014 DST will be as predicted. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) + + Better descriptions of countries with same time zone history as + Trinidad and Tobago since 1970. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for suggestion.) + + Several changes affect tz-link.htm, the main web page. + + Mention Time.is (thanks to Even Scharning) and WX-now (thanks to + David Braverman). + + Mention xCal (Internet RFC 6321) and jCal. + + Microsoft has some support for tz database names. + + CLDR data formats include both XML and JSON. + + Mention Maggiolo's map of solar vs standard time. + (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Mention TZ4Net. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) + + Mention the timezone-olson Haskell package. + + Mention zeitverschiebung.net. (Thanks to Martin Jäger.) + + Remove moribund links to daylight-savings-time.info and to + Simple Timer + Clocks. + + Update two links. (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen.) + + Fix some formatting glitches, e.g., remove random newlines from + abbr elements' title attributes. + + +Release 2013i - 2013-12-17 07:25:23 -0800 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps: + + Jordan switches back to standard time at 00:00 on December 20, 2013. + The 2006-2011 transition schedule is planned to resume in 2014. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps: + + In 2004, Cuba began DST on March 28, not April 4. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Changes affecting code + + The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the + benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the + cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits. + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + The files solar87, solar88, and solar89 are no longer distributed. + They were a negative experiment - that is, a demonstration that + tz data can represent solar time only with some difficulty and error. + Their presence in the distribution caused confusion, as Riyadh + civil time was generally not solar time in those years. + + tz-link.htm now mentions Noda Time. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) + + +Release 2013h - 2013-10-25 15:32:32 -0700 + + Changes affecting current and future time stamps: + + Libya has switched its time zone back to UTC+2 without DST, + instead of UTC+1 with DST. (Thanks to Even Scharning.) + + Western Sahara (Africa/El_Aaiun) uses Morocco's DST rules. + (Thanks to Gwillim Law.) + + Changes affecting future time stamps: + + Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from UTC-4 to UTC-5 + on 2013-11-10. This affects America/Rio_Branco and America/Eirunepe. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Add entries for DST transitions in Morocco in the year 2038. + This avoids some year-2038 glitches introduced in 2013g. + (Thanks to Yoshito Umaoka for reporting the problem.) + + Changes affecting API + + The 'tzselect' command no longer requires the 'select' command, + and should now work with /bin/sh on more platforms. It also works + around a bug in BusyBox awk before version 1.21.0. (Thanks to + Patrick 'P. J.' McDermott and Alan Barrett.) + + Changes affecting code + + Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t. + + zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow. + + Changes affecting the build procedure + + The builder can specify which programs to use, if any, instead of + 'ar' and 'ranlib', and libtz.a is now built locally before being + installed. (Thanks to Michael Forney.) + + A dependency typo in the 'zdump' rule has been fixed. + (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.) + + The Makefile has been simplified by assuming that 'mkdir -p' and 'cp -f' + work as specified by POSIX.2-1992 or later; this is portable nowadays. + + 'make clean' no longer removes 'leapseconds', since it's + host-independent and is part of the distribution. + + The unused makefile macros TZCSRCS, TZDSRCS, DATESRCS have been removed. + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + tz-link.htm now mentions TC TIMEZONE's draft time zone service protocol + (thanks to Mike Douglass) and TimezoneJS.Date (thanks to Jim Fehrle). + + Update URLs in tz-link page. Add URLs for Microsoft Windows, since + 8.1 introduces tz support. Remove URLs for Tru64 and UnixWare (no + longer maintained) and for old advisories. SOFA now does C. + +Release 2013g - 2013-09-30 21:08:26 -0700 + + Changes affecting current and near-future time stamps + + Morocco now observes DST from the last Sunday in March to the last + Sunday in October, not April to September respectively. (Thanks + to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Changes affecting 'zic' + + 'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks. + (Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.) + Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks. + + 'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable + to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e. + + Changes affecting the build procedure + + The 'leapseconds' file is again put into the tzdata tarball. + Also, 'leapseconds.awk', so tzdata is self-contained. (Thanks to + Matt Burgess and Ian Abbott.) The timestamps of these and other + dependent files in tarballs are adjusted more consistently. + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + The README file is now part of the data tarball as well as the code. + It now states that files are public domain unless otherwise specified. + (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for asking for clarifications.) + Its details about the 1989 release moved to a place of honor near + the end of NEWS. + + +Release 2013f - 2013-09-24 23:37:36 -0700 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps + + Tocantins will very likely not observe DST starting this spring. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Jordan will likely stay at UTC+3 indefinitely, and will not fall + back this fall. + + Palestine will fall back at 00:00, not 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Changes affecting API + + The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present) + have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone' + by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11. + These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were + mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the + incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where + 'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.) + + Changes affecting the build procedure + + Avoid long strings in leapseconds.awk to work around a mawk bug. + (Thanks to Cyril Baurand.) + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + New file 'NEWS' that contains release notes like this one. + + Paraguay's law does not specify DST transition time; 00:00 is customary. + (Thanks to Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo.) + + Minor capitalization fixes. + + Changes affecting version-control only + + The experimental GitHub repository now contains annotated and + signed tags for recent releases, e.g., '2013e' for Release 2013e. + Releases are tagged starting with 2012e; earlier releases were + done differently, and tags would either not have a simple name or + not exactly match what was released. + + 'make set-timestamps' is now simpler and a bit more portable. + + +Release 2013e - 2013-09-19 23:50:04 -0700 + + Changes affecting near-future time stamps + + This year Fiji will start DST on October 27, not October 20. + (Thanks to David Wheeler for the heads-up.) For now, guess that + Fiji will continue to spring forward the Sunday before the fourth + Monday in October. + + Changes affecting current and future time zone abbreviations + + Use WIB/WITA/WIT rather than WIT/CIT/EIT for alphabetic Indonesian + time zone abbreviations since 1932. (Thanks to George Ziegler, + Priyadi Iman Nurcahyo, Zakaria, Jason Grimes, Martin Pitt, and + Benny Lin.) This affects Asia/Dili, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Jayapura, + Asia/Makassar, and Asia/Pontianak. + + Use ART (UTC-3, standard time), rather than WARST (also UTC-3, but + daylight saving time) for San Luis, Argentina since 2009. + + Changes affecting Godthåb time stamps after 2037 if version mismatch + + Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where the transition time's hour can + range from -167 through 167, instead of the POSIX-required 0 + through 24. E.g., TZ='FJT-12FJST,M10.3.1/146,M1.3.4/75' for the + new Fiji rules. This is a more-compact way to represent + far-future time stamps for America/Godthab, America/Santiago, + Antarctica/Palmer, Asia/Gaza, Asia/Hebron, Asia/Jerusalem, + Pacific/Easter, and Pacific/Fiji. Other zones are unaffected by + this change. (Derived from a suggestion by Arthur David Olson.) + + Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where daylight saving time is in + effect all year. E.g., TZ='WART4WARST,J1/0,J365/25' for Western + Argentina Summer Time all year. This supports a more-compact way + to represent the 2013d data for America/Argentina/San_Luis. + Because of the change for San Luis noted above this change does not + affect the current data. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for + suggestions that improved this change.) + + Where these two TZ changes take effect, there is a minor extension + to the tz file format in that it allows new values for the + embedded TZ-format string, and the tz file format version number + has therefore been increased from 2 to 3 as a precaution. + Version-2-based client code should continue to work as before for + all time stamps before 2038. Existing version-2-based client code + (tzcode, GNU/Linux, Solaris) has been tested on version-3-format + files, and typically works in practice even for time stamps after + 2037; the only known exception is America/Godthab. + + Changes affecting time stamps before 1970 + + Pacific/Johnston is now a link to Pacific/Honolulu. This corrects + some errors before 1947. + + Some zones have been turned into links, when they differ from existing + zones only in older data entries that were likely invented or that + differ only in LMT or transitions from LMT. These changes affect + only time stamps before 1943. The affected zones are: + Africa/Juba, America/Anguilla, America/Aruba, America/Dominica, + America/Grenada, America/Guadeloupe, America/Marigot, + America/Montserrat, America/St_Barthelemy, America/St_Kitts, + America/St_Lucia, America/St_Thomas, America/St_Vincent, + America/Tortola, and Europe/Vaduz. (Thanks to Alois Treindl for + confirming that the old Europe/Vaduz zone was wrong and the new + link is better for WWII-era times.) + + Change Kingston Mean Time from -5:07:12 to -5:07:11. This affects + America/Cayman, America/Jamaica and America/Grand_Turk time stamps + from 1890 to 1912. + + Change the UT offset of Bern Mean Time from 0:29:44 to 0:29:46. + This affects Europe/Zurich time stamps from 1853 to 1894. (Thanks + to Alois Treindl). + + Change the date of the circa-1850 Zurich transition from 1849-09-12 + to 1853-07-16, overriding Shanks with data from Messerli about + postal and telegraph time in Switzerland. + + Changes affecting time zone abbreviations before 1970 + + For Asia/Jakarta, use BMT (not JMT) for mean time from 1923 to 1932, + as Jakarta was called Batavia back then. + + Changes affecting API + + The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future + data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year + window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this + affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the + time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same + information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).) + + The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify + the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD. + + The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you + select a zone based on latitude and longitude. + + The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that + require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur + David Olson for the suggestion.) + + Support for floating-point time_t has been removed. + It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it. + (Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to + remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy + Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting + bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point + implementation.) + + The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been + changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT + offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to + 'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.) + + The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some + more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump. + + Changes affecting the zdump utility + + zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC". + "UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction + of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen + for clarifying UT vs UTC.) + + Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs + + Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands" + rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba". + + Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock, + and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing + same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data entries for + these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before. + + Changes affecting code internals + + zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers. + + zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory. + + tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data, + rather than have it hard-coded. + + Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1. + + Changes affecting the build procedure + + The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a + new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of + . + A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this. + The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'. + + When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the + subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is + now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about + 2 MB of file system space. + + The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been + moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds + that omit 'backward'. + + Changes affecting version-control only + + .gitignore now ignores 'date'. + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary + + Changes to the 'tzfile' man page + + It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in + future versions by appending data. + + It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages. + + Changes to the 'zic' man page + + It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'. + + It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names + are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another. + + Its examples are updated to match the latest data. + + The definition of white space has been clarified slightly. + (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) + + Changes to the 'Theory' file + + There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database, + describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and + explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or + misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett + Wollman for discussions that contributed to this). + + The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a + suggestion by Guy Harris). + + It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition. + + It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the + other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per + inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne). + + Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g., + 'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'. + + It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff. + + It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as + signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting + typos in an experimental version of this change.) + + (Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.) + + Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in + general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.) + + Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition. + (Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.) + + Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.) + + +Release 2013d - 2013-07-05 07:38:01 -0700 + + Changes affecting future time stamps: + + Morocco's midsummer transitions this year are July 7 and August 10, + not July 9 and August 8. (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.) + + Israel now falls back on the last Sunday of October. + (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps: + + Specify Jerusalem's location more precisely; this changes the pre-1880 + times by 2 s. + + Changing affecting metadata only: + + Fix typos in the entries for country codes BQ and SX. + + Changes affecting code: + + Rework the code to fix a bug with handling Australia/Macquarie on + 32-bit hosts (thanks to Arthur David Olson). + + Port to platforms like NetBSD, where time_t can be wider than long. + + Add support for testing time_t types other than the system's. + Run 'make check_time_t_alternatives' to try this out. + Currently, the tests fail for unsigned time_t; + this should get fixed at some point. + + Changes affecting documentation and commentary: + + Deemphasize the significance of national borders. + + Update the zdump man page. + + Remove obsolete NOID comment (thanks to Denis Excoffier). + + Update several URLs and comments in the web pages. + + Spelling fixes (thanks to Kevin Lyda and Jonathan Leffler). + + Update URL for CLDR Zone->Tzid table (thanks to Yoshito Umaoka). + + +Release 2013c - 2013-04-19 16:17:40 -0700 + + Changes affecting current and future time stamps: + + Palestine observed DST starting March 29, 2013. (Thanks to + Steffen Thorsen.) From 2013 on, Gaza and Hebron both observe DST, + with the predicted rules being the last Thursday in March at 24:00 + to the first Friday on or after September 21 at 01:00. + + Assume that the recent change to Paraguay's DST rules is permanent, + by moving the end of DST to the 4th Sunday in March every year. + (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) + + Changes affecting past time stamps: + + Fix some historical data for Palestine to agree with that of + timeanddate.com, as follows: + + The spring 2008 change in Gaza and Hebron was on 00:00 Mar 28, not + 00:00 Apr 1. + + The fall 2009 change in Gaza and Hebron on Sep 4 was at 01:00, not + 02:00. + + The spring 2010 change in Hebron was 00:00 Mar 26, not 00:01 Mar 27. + + The spring 2011 change in Gaza was 00:01 Apr 1, not 12:01 Apr 2. + + The spring 2011 change in Hebron on Apr 1 was at 00:01, not 12:01. + + The fall 2011 change in Hebron on Sep 30 was at 00:00, not 03:00. + + Fix times of habitation for Macquarie to agree with the Tasmania + Parks & Wildlife Service history, which indicates that permanent + habitation was 1899-1919 and 1948 on. + + Changing affecting metadata only: + + Macquarie Island is politically part of Australia, not Antarctica. + (Thanks to Tobias Conradi.) + + Sort Macquarie more-consistently with other parts of Australia. + (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) + + +Release 2013b - 2013-03-10 22:33:40 -0700 + + Changes affecting current and future time stamps: + + Haiti uses US daylight-saving rules this year, and presumably future years. + This changes time stamps starting today. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Paraguay will end DST on March 24 this year. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) For now, assume it's just this year. + + Morocco does not observe DST during Ramadan; + try to predict Ramadan in Morocco as best we can. + (Thanks to Erik Homoet for the heads-up.) + + Changes affecting commentary: + + Update URLs in tz-link page. Add URLs for webOS, BB10, iOS. + Update URL for Solaris. Mention Internet RFC 6557. + Update Internet RFCs 2445->5545, 2822->5322. + Switch from FTP to HTTP for Internet RFCs. + + +Release 2013a - 2013-02-27 09:20:35 -0800 + + Change affecting binary data format: + + The zone offset at the end of version-2-format zone files is now + allowed to be 24:00, as per POSIX.1-2008. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Changes affecting current and future time stamps: + + Chile's 2013 rules, and we guess rules for 2014 and later, will be + the same as 2012, namely Apr Sun>=23 03:00 UTC to Sep Sun>=2 04:00 UTC. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Robert Elz.) + + New Zones Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Ust-Nera, Europe/Busingen. + (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Arthur David Olson.) + + Many changes affect historical time stamps before 1940. + These were deduced from: Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 + Feb;13(2):173-94 . + + Changes affecting the code: + + Fix zic bug that mishandled Egypt's 2010 changes (this also affected + the data). (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Fix localtime bug when time_t is unsigned and data files were generated + by a signed time_t system. (Thanks to Doug Bailey for reporting and + to Arthur David Olson for fixing.) + + Allow the email address for bug reports to be set by the packager. + The default is tz@iana.org, as before. (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.) + + Update HTML checking to be compatible with Ubuntu 12.10. + + Check that files are a safe subset of ASCII. At some point we may + relax this requirement to a safe subset of UTF-8. Without the + check, some non-UTF-8 encodings were leaking into the distribution. + + Commentary changes: + + Restore a comment about copyright notices that was inadvertently deleted. + (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + Improve the commentary about which districts observe what times + in Russia. (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen and Arthur David Olson). + + Add web page links to tz.js. + + Add "Run by the Monkeys" to tz-art. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) + + +Release 2012j - 2012-11-12 18:34:49 -0800 + + Libya moved to CET this weekend, but with DST planned next year. + (Thanks to Even Scharning, Steffen Thorsen, and Tim Parenti.) + + Signatures now have the extension .asc, not .sign, as that's more + standard. (Thanks to Phil Pennock.) + + The output of 'zdump --version', and of 'zic --version', now + uses a format that is more typical for --version. + (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.) + + The output of 'tzselect --help', 'zdump --help', and 'zic --help' + now uses tz@iana.org rather than the old elsie address. + + zic -v now complains about abbreviations that are less than 3 + or more than 6 characters, as per Posix. Formerly, it checked + for abbreviations that were more than 3. + + 'make public' no longer puts its temporary directory under /tmp, + and uses the just-built zic rather than the system zic. + + Various fixes to documentation and commentary. + + +Release 2012i - 2012-11-03 12:57:09 -0700 + + Cuba switches from DST tomorrow at 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Linker flags can now be specified via LDFLAGS. + AWK now defaults to 'awk', not 'nawk'. + The shell in tzselect now defaults to /bin/bash, but this can + be overridden by specifying KSHELL. + The main web page now mentions the unofficial GitHub repository. + (Thanks to Mike Frysinger.) + + Tarball signatures can now be built by running 'make signatures'. + There are also new makefile rules 'tarballs', 'check_public', and + separate makefile rules for each tarball and signature file. + A few makefile rules are now more portable to strict POSIX. + + The main web page now lists the canonical IANA URL. + + +Release 2012h - 2012-10-26 22:49:10 -0700 + + Bahia no longer has DST. (Thanks to Kelley Cook.) + + Tocantins has DST. (Thanks to Rodrigo Severo.) + + Israel has new DST rules next year. (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.) + + Jordan stays on DST this winter. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Web page updates. + + More C modernization, except that at Arthur David Olson's suggestion + the instances of 'register' were kept. + + +Release 2012g - 2012-10-17 20:59:45 -0700 + + Samoa fall 2012 and later. (Thanks to Nicholas Pereira and Robert Elz.) + + Palestine fall 2012. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Assume C89. + + To attack the version-number problem, this release ships the file + 'Makefile' (which contains the release number) in both the tzcode and + the tzdata tarballs. The two Makefiles are identical, and should be + identical in any matching pair of tarballs, so it shouldn't matter + which order you extract the tarballs. Perhaps we can come up with a + better version-number scheme at some point; this scheme does have the + virtue of not adding more files. + + +Release 2012f - 2012-09-12 23:17:03 -0700 + + * australasia (Pacific/Fiji): Fiji DST is October 21 through January + 20 this year. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + +Release 2012e - 2012-08-02 20:44:55 -0700 + + * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is UTC+13, not UTC+14. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + * Use a single version number for both code and data. + + * .gitignore: New file. + + * Remove trailing white space. + + +Release code2012c-data2012d - 2012-07-19 16:35:33 -0700 + + Changes for Morocco's time stamps, which take effect in a couple of + hours, along with infrastructure changes to accommodate how the tz + code and data are released on IANA. + + +Release data2012c - 2012-03-27 12:17:25 -0400 + + africa + Summer time changes for Morocco (to start late April 2012) + + asia + Changes for 2012 for Gaza & the West Bank (Hebron) and Syria + + northamerica + Haiti following US/Canada rules for 2012 (and we're assuming, + for now anyway, for the future). + + +Release 2012b - 2012-03-02 12:29:15 +0700 + + There is just one change to tzcode2012b (compared with 2012a): + the Makefile that was accidentally included with 2012a has been + replaced with the version that should have been there, which is + identical with the previous version (from tzcode2011i). + + There are just two changes in tzdata2012b compared with 2012a. + + Most significantly, summer time in Cuba has been delayed 3 weeks + (now starts April 1 rather than March 11). Since Mar 11 (the old start + date, as listed in 2012a) is just a little over a week away, this + change is urgent. + + Less importantly, an excess tab in one of the changes in zone.tab + in 2012a has been removed. + + +Release 2012a - 2012-03-01 18:28:10 +0700 + + The changes in tzcode2012a (compared to the previous version, 2011i) + are entirely to the README and tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files, if + none of those concern you, you can ignore the code update. The changes + reflect the changed addresses for the mailing list and the code and + data distribution points & methods (and a link to DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile + has been added to tz-link.htm). + + In tzdata2012a (compared to the previous release, which was 2011n) + the major changes are: + Chile 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 summer time date adjustments. + Falkland Islands onto permanent summer time (we're assuming for the + foreseeable future, though 2012 is all we're fairly certain of.) + Armenia has abolished Summer Time. + Tokelau jumped the International Date Line back last December + (just the same as their near neighbour, Samoa). + America/Creston is a new zone for a small area of British Columbia + There will be a leapsecond 2012-06-30 23:59:60 UTC. + + Other minor changes are: + Corrections to 1918 Canadian summer time end dates. + Updated URL for UK time zone history (in comments) + A few typos in Le Corre's list of free French place names (comments) + + +Release data2011n - 2011-10-30 14:57:54 +0700 + + There are three changes of note - most urgently, Cuba (America/Havana) + has extended summer time by two weeks, now to end on Nov 13, rather than + the (already past) Oct 30. Second, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic + (Europe/Tiraspol) decided not to split from the rest of Moldova after + all, and consequently that zone has been removed (again) and reinstated + in the "backward" file as a link to Europe/Chisinau. And third, the + end date for Fiji's summer time this summer was moved forward from the + earlier planned Feb 26, to Jan 22. + + Apart from that, Moldova (MD) returns to a single entry in zone.tab + (and the incorrect syntax that was in the 2011m version of that file + is so fixed - it would have been fixed in a different way had this + change not happened - that's the "missing" sccs version id). + + +Release data2011m - 2011-10-24 21:42:16 +0700 + + In particular, the typos in comments in the data (2011-11-17 should have + been 2011-10-17 as Alan Barrett noted, and spelling of Tiraspol that + Tim Parenti noted) have been fixed, and the change for Ukraine has been + made in all 4 Ukrainian zones, rather than just Kiev (again, thanks to + Tim Parenti, and also Denys Gavrysh) + + In addition, I added Europe/Tiraspol to zone.tab. + + This time, all the files have new version numbers... (including the files + otherwise unchanged in 2011m that were changed in 2011l but didn't get new + version numbers there...) + + +Release data2011l - 2011-10-10 11:15:43 +0700 + + There are just 2 changes that cause different generated tzdata files from + zic, to Asia/Hebron and Pacific/Fiji - the possible change for Bahia, Brazil + is included, but commented out. Compared with the diff I sent out last week, + this version also includes attributions for the sources for the changes + (in much the same format as ado used, but the html tags have not been + checked, verified, or used in any way at all, so if there are errors there, + please let me know.) + + +Release data2011k - 2011-09-20 17:54:03 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2011j - 2011-09-12 09:22:49 -0400 + + (contemporary changes for Samoa; past changes for Kenya, Uganda, and + Tanzania); there are also two spelling corrections to comments in + the australasia file (with thanks to Christos Zoulas). + + +Release 2011i - 2011-08-29 05:56:32 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2011h - 2011-06-15 18:41:48 -0400 + + Russia and Curaçao changes + + +Release 2011g - 2011-04-25 09:07:22 -0400 + + update the rules for Egypt to reflect its abandonment of DST this year + + +Release 2011f - 2011-04-06 17:14:53 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2011e - 2011-03-31 16:04:38 -0400 + + Morocco, Chile, and tz-link changes + + +Release 2011d - 2011-03-14 09:18:01 -0400 + + changes that impact present-day time stamps in Cuba, Samoa, and Turkey + + +Release 2011c - 2011-03-07 09:30:09 -0500 + + These do affect current time stamps in Chile and Annette Island, Canada. + + +Release 2011b - 2011-02-07 08:44:50 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2011a - 2011-01-24 10:30:16 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2010o - 2010-11-01 09:18:23 -0400 + + change to the end of DST in Fiji in 2011 + + +Release 2010n - 2010-10-25 08:19:17 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2010m - 2010-09-27 09:24:48 -0400 + + Hong Kong, Vostok, and zic.c changes + + +Release 2010l - 2010-08-16 06:57:25 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2010k - 2010-07-26 10:42:27 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2010j - 2010-05-10 09:07:48 -0400 + + changes for Bahía de Banderas and for version naming + + +Release data2010i - 2010-04-16 18:50:45 -0400 + + the end of DST in Morocco on 2010-08-08 + + +Release data2010h - 2010-04-05 09:58:56 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2010g - 2010-03-24 11:14:53 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2010f - 2010-03-22 09:45:46 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2010e - 2010-03-08 14:24:27 -0500 + + corrects the Dhaka bug found by Danvin Ruangchan + + +Release data2010d - 2010-03-06 07:26:01 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2010c - 2010-03-01 09:20:58 -0500 + + changes including KRE's suggestion for earlier initialization of + "goahead" and "goback" structure elements + + +Release code2010a - 2010-02-16 10:40:04 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2010b - 2010-01-20 12:37:01 -0500 + + Mexico changes + + +Release data2010a - 2010-01-18 08:30:04 -0500 + + changes to Dhaka + + +Release data2009u - 2009-12-26 08:32:28 -0500 + + changes to DST in Bangladesh + + +Release 2009t - 2009-12-21 13:24:27 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2009s - 2009-11-14 10:26:32 -0500 + + (cosmetic) Antarctica change and the DST-in-Fiji-in-2009-and-2010 change + + +Release 2009r - 2009-11-09 10:10:31 -0500 + + "antarctica" and "tz-link.htm" changes + + +Release 2009q - 2009-11-02 09:12:40 -0500 + + with two corrections as reported by Eric Muller and Philip Newton + + +Release data2009p - 2009-10-23 15:05:27 -0400 + + Argentina (including San Luis) changes (with the correction from + Mariano Absatz) + + +Release data2009o - 2009-10-14 16:49:38 -0400 + + Samoa (commentary only), Pakistan, and Bangladesh changes + + +Release data2009n - 2009-09-22 15:13:38 -0400 + + added commentary for Argentina and a change to the end of DST in + 2009 in Pakistan + + +Release data2009m - 2009-09-03 10:23:43 -0400 + + Samoa and Palestine changes + + +Release data2009l - 2009-08-14 09:13:07 -0400 + + Samoa (comments only) and Egypt + + +Release 2009k - 2009-07-20 09:46:08 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2009j - 2009-06-15 06:43:59 -0400 + + Bangladesh change (with a short turnaround since the DST change is + impending) + + +Release 2009i - 2009-06-08 09:21:22 -0400 + + updating for DST in Bangladesh this year + + +Release 2009h - 2009-05-26 09:19:14 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2009g - 2009-04-20 16:34:07 -0400 + + Cairo + + +Release data2009f - 2009-04-10 11:00:52 -0400 + + correct DST in Pakistan + + +Release 2009e - 2009-04-06 09:08:11 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2009d - 2009-03-23 09:38:12 -0400 + + Morocco, Tunisia, Argentina, and American Astronomical Society changes + + +Release data2009c - 2009-03-16 09:47:51 -0400 + + change to the start of Cuban DST + + +Release 2009b - 2009-02-09 11:15:22 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2009a - 2009-01-21 10:09:39 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release data2008i - 2008-10-21 12:10:25 -0400 + + southamerica and zone.tab files, with Argentina DST rule changes and + United States zone reordering and recommenting + + +Release 2008h - 2008-10-13 07:33:56 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2008g - 2008-10-06 09:03:18 -0400 + + Fix a broken HTML anchor and update Brazil's DST transitions; + there's also a slight reordering of information in tz-art.htm. + + +Release data2008f - 2008-09-09 22:33:26 -0400 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2008e - 2008-07-28 14:11:17 -0400 + + changes by Arthur David Olson and Jesper Nørgaard Welen + + +Release data2008d - 2008-07-07 09:51:38 -0400 + + changes by Arthur David Olson, Paul Eggert, and Rodrigo Severo + + +Release data2008c - 2008-05-19 17:48:03 -0400 + + Pakistan, Morocco, and Mongolia + + +Release data2008b - 2008-03-24 08:30:59 -0400 + + including renaming Asia/Calcutta to Asia/Kolkata, with a backward + link provided + + +Release 2008a - 2008-03-08 05:42:16 -0500 + + [not summarized] + + +Release 2007k - 2007-12-31 10:25:22 -0500 + + most importantly, changes to the "southamerica" file based on + Argentina's readoption of daylight saving time + + +Release 2007j - 2007-12-03 09:51:01 -0500 + + 1. eliminate the "P" (parameter) macro; + + 2. the "noncontroversial" changes circulated on the time zone + mailing list (less the changes to "logwtmp.c"); + + 3. eliminate "too many transition" errors when "min" is used in time + zone rules; + + 4. changes by Paul Eggert (including updated information for Venezuela). + + +Release data2007i - 2007-10-30 10:28:11 -0400 + + changes for Cuba and Syria + + +Release 2007h - 2007-10-01 10:05:51 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert, as well as an updated link to the ICU + project in tz-link.htm + + +Release 2007g - 2007-08-20 10:47:59 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + The "leapseconds" file has been updated to incorporate the most + recent International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service + (IERS) bulletin. + + There's an addition to tz-art.htm regarding the television show "Medium". + + +Release 2007f - 2007-05-07 10:46:46 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert (including Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and New + Zealand) + + changes to zic.c to allow hour values greater than 24 (along with + Paul's improved time value overflow checking) + + +Release 2007e - 2007-04-02 10:11:52 -0400 + + Syria and Honduras changes by Paul Eggert + + zic.c variable renaming changes by Arthur David Olson + + +Release 2007d - 2007-03-20 08:48:30 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + the elimination of white space at the ends of lines + + +Release 2007c - 2007-02-26 09:09:37 -0500 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release 2007b - 2007-02-12 09:34:20 -0500 + + Paul Eggert's proposed change to the quotation handling logic in zic.c. + + changes to the commentary in "leapseconds" reflecting the IERS + announcement that there is to be no positive leap second at the end + of June 2007. + + +Release 2007a - 2007-01-08 12:28:29 -0500 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + Derick Rethan's Asmara change + + Oscar van Vlijmen's Easter Island local mean time change + + symbolic link changes + + +Release 2006p - 2006-11-27 08:54:27 -0500 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release 2006o - 2006-11-06 09:18:07 -0500 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release 2006n - 2006-10-10 11:32:06 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release 2006m - 2006-10-02 15:32:35 -0400 + + changes for Uruguay, Palestine, and Egypt by Paul Eggert + + (minimalist) changes to zic.8 to clarify "until" information + + +Release data2006l - 2006-09-18 12:58:11 -0400 + + Paul's best-effort work on this coming weekend's Egypt time change + + +Release 2006k - 2006-08-28 12:19:09 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release 2006j - 2006-08-21 09:56:32 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release code2006i - 2006-08-07 12:30:55 -0400 + + localtime.c fixes + + Ken Pizzini's conversion script + + +Release code2006h - 2006-07-24 09:19:37 -0400 + + adds public domain notices to four files + + includes a fix for transition times being off by a second + + adds a new recording to the "arts" file (information courtesy Colin Bowern) + + +Release 2006g - 2006-05-08 17:18:09 -0400 + + northamerica changes by Paul Eggert + + +Release 2006f - 2006-05-01 11:46:00 -0400 + + a missing version number problem is fixed (with thanks to Bradley + White for catching the problem) + + +Release 2006d - 2006-04-17 14:33:43 -0400 + + changes by Paul Eggert + + added new items to tz-arts.htm that were found by Paul + + +Release 2006c - 2006-04-03 10:09:32 -0400 + + two sets of data changes by Paul Eggert + + a fencepost error fix in zic.c + + changes to zic.c and the "europe" file to minimize differences + between output produced by the old 32-bit zic and the new 64-bit + version + + +Release 2006b - 2006-02-20 10:08:18 -0500 + [tz32code2006b + tz64code2006b + tzdata2006b] + + 64-bit code + + All SCCS IDs were bumped to "8.1" for this release. + + +Release 2006a - 2006-01-30 08:59:31 -0500 + + changes by Paul Eggert (in particular, Indiana time zone moves) + + an addition to the zic manual page to describe how special-case + transitions are handled + + +Release 2005r - 2005-12-27 09:27:13 -0500 + + Canadian changes by Paul Eggert + + They also add "
" directives to time zone data files and reflect
+  changes to warning message logic in "zdump.c" (but with calls to
+  "gettext" kept unbundled at the suggestion of Ken Pizzini).
+
+
+Release 2005q - 2005-12-13 09:17:09 -0500
+
+  Nothing earth-shaking here:
+	1.  Electronic mail addresses have been removed.
+	2.  Casts of the return value of exit have been removed.
+	3.  Casts of the argument of is.* macros have been added.
+	4.  Indentation in one section of zic.c has been fixed.
+	5.  References to dead URLs in the data files have been dealt with.
+
+
+Release 2005p - 2005-12-05 10:30:53 -0500
+
+  "systemv", "tz-link.htm", and "zdump.c" changes
+  (less the casts of arguments to the is* macros)
+
+
+Release 2005o - 2005-11-28 10:55:26 -0500
+
+  Georgia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Jordan changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  zdump.c lint fixes by Arthur David Olson
+
+
+Release 2005n - 2005-10-03 09:44:09 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (both the Uruguay changes and the Kyrgyzstan
+  et al. changes)
+
+
+Release 2005m - 2005-08-29 12:15:40 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (with a small tweak to the tz-art change)
+
+  a declaration of an unused variable has been removed from zdump.c
+
+
+Release 2005l - 2005-08-22 12:06:39 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  overflow/underflow checks by Arthur David Olson, minus changes to
+  the "Theory" file about the pending addition of 64-bit data (I grow
+  less confident of the changes being accepted with each passing day,
+  and the changes no longer increase the data files nine-fold--there's
+  less than a doubling in size by my local Sun's reckoning)
+
+
+Release 2005k - 2005-07-14 14:14:24 -0400
+
+  The "leapseconds" file has been edited to reflect the recently
+  announced leap second at the end of 2005.
+
+  I've also deleted electronic mail addresses from the files as an
+  anti-spam measure.
+
+
+Release 2005j - 2005-06-13 14:34:13 -0400
+
+  These reflect changes to limit the length of time zone abbreviations
+  and the characters used in those abbreviations.
+
+  There are also changes to handle POSIX-style "quoted" time zone
+  environment variables.
+
+  The changes were circulated on the time zone mailing list; the only
+  change since then was the removal of a couple of minimum-length of
+  abbreviation checks.
+
+
+Release data2005i - 2005-04-21 15:04:16 -0400
+
+  changes (most importantly to Nicaragua and Haiti) by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2005h - 2005-04-04 11:24:47 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  minor changes to Makefile and zdump.c to produce more useful output
+  when doing a "make typecheck"
+
+
+Release 2005g - 2005-03-14 10:11:21 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (a change to current DST rules in Uruguay and
+  an update to a link to time zone software)
+
+
+Release 2005f - 2005-03-01 08:45:32 -0500
+
+  data and documentation changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2005e - 2005-02-10 15:59:44 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code2005d - 2005-01-31 09:21:47 -0500
+
+  make zic complain about links to links if the -v flag is used
+
+  have "make public" do more code checking
+
+  add an include to "localtime.c" for the benefit of gcc systems
+
+
+Release 2005c - 2005-01-17 18:36:29 -0500
+
+  get better results when mktime runs on a system where time_t is double
+
+  changes to the data files (most importantly to Paraguay)
+
+
+Release 2005b - 2005-01-10 09:19:54 -0500
+
+  Get localtime and gmtime working on systems with exotic time_t types.
+
+  Update the leap second commentary in the "leapseconds" file.
+
+
+Release 2005a - 2005-01-01 13:13:44 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code2004i - 2004-12-14 13:42:58 -0500
+
+  Deal with systems where time_t is unsigned.
+
+
+Release code2004h - 2004-12-07 11:40:18 -0500
+
+  64-bit-time_t changes
+
+
+Release 2004g - 2004-11-02 09:06:01 -0500
+
+  update to Cuba (taking effect this weekend)
+
+  other changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction of the spelling of Oslo
+
+  changed versions of difftime.c and private.h
+
+
+Release code2004f - 2004-10-21 10:25:22 -0400
+
+  Cope with wide-ranging tm_year values.
+
+
+Release 2004e - 2004-10-11 14:47:21 -0400
+
+  Brazil/Argentina/Israel changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  changes to tz-link.htm by Paul
+
+  one small fix to Makefile
+
+
+Release 2004d - 2004-09-22 08:27:29 -0400
+
+  Avoid overflow problems when TM_YEAR_BASE is added to an integer.
+
+
+Release 2004c - 2004-08-11 12:06:26 -0400
+
+  asctime-related changes
+
+  (variants of) some of the documentation changes suggested by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2004b - 2004-07-19 14:33:35 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert - most importantly, updates for Argentina
+
+
+Release 2004a - 2004-05-27 12:00:47 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Handle DST transitions that occur at the end of a month in some
+  years but at the start of the following month in other years.
+
+  Add a copy of the correspondence that's the basis for claims about
+  DST in the Navajo Nation.
+
+
+Release 2003e - 2003-12-15 09:36:47 -0500
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson (primarily code changes)
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (primarily data changes)
+
+  minor changes to "Makefile" and "northamerica" (in the latter case,
+  optimization of the "Toronto" rules)
+
+
+Release 2003d - 2003-10-06 09:34:44 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2003c - 2003-09-16 10:47:05 -0400
+
+  Fix bad returns in zic.c's inleap function.
+  Thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem!
+
+
+Release 2003b - 2003-09-16 07:13:44 -0400
+
+  Add a "--version" option (and documentation) to the zic and zdump commands.
+
+  changes to overflow/underflow checking in zic
+
+  a localtime typo fix.
+
+  Update the leapseconds and tz-art.htm files.
+
+
+Release 2003a - 2003-03-24 09:30:54 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a few additions and modifications to the tz-art.htm file
+
+
+Release 2002d - 2002-10-15 13:12:42 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, less the "Britain (UK)" change in iso3166.tab
+
+  There's also a new time zone quote in "tz-art.htm".
+
+
+Release 2002c - 2002-04-04 11:55:20 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Change zic.c to avoid creating symlinks to files that don't exist.
+
+
+Release 2002b - 2002-01-28 12:56:03 -0500
+
+  [These change notes are for Release 2002a, which was corrupted.
+  2002b was a corrected version of 2002a.]
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Update the "leapseconds" file to note that there'll be no leap
+  second at the end of June, 2002.
+
+  Change "zic.c" to deal with a problem in handling the "Asia/Bishkek" zone.
+
+  Change to "difftime.c" to avoid sizeof problems.
+
+
+Release 2001d - 2001-10-09 13:31:32 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2001c - 2001-06-05 13:59:55 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert and Andrew Brown
+
+
+Release 2001b - 2001-04-05 16:44:38 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (modulo jnorgard's typo fix)
+
+  tz-art.htm has been HTMLified.
+
+
+Release 2001a - 2001-03-13 12:57:44 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  An addition to the "leapseconds" file: comments with the text of the
+  latest IERS leap second notice.
+
+  Trailing white space has been removed from data file lines, and
+  repeated spaces in "Rule Jordan" lines in the "asia" file have been
+  converted to tabs.
+
+
+Release 2000h - 2000-12-14 15:33:38 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  one typo fix in the "art" file
+
+  With providence, this is the last update of the millennium.
+
+
+Release 2000g - 2000-10-10 11:35:22 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction of John Mackin's name submitted by Robert Elz
+
+  Garry Shandling's Daylight Saving Time joke (!?!) from the recent
+  Emmy Awards broadcast.
+
+
+Release 2000f - 2000-08-10 09:31:58 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Added information in "tz-art.htm" on a Seinfeld reference to DST.
+
+  Error checking and messages in the "yearistype" script have been
+  improved.
+
+
+Release 2000e - 2000-07-31 09:27:54 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a change to the default value of the defined constant HAVE_STRERROR
+
+  the addition of a Dave Barry quote on DST to the tz-arts file
+
+
+Release 2000d - 2000-04-20 15:43:04 -0400
+
+  changes to the documentation and code of strftime for C99 conformance
+
+  a bug fix for date.c
+
+  These are based on (though modified from) changes by Paul Eggert.
+
+
+Release 2000c - 2000-03-04 10:31:43 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2000b - 2000-02-21 12:16:29 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert and Joseph Myers
+
+  modest tweaks to the tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files
+
+
+Release 2000a - 2000-01-18 09:21:26 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The two hypertext documents have also been renamed.
+
+
+Release code1999i-data1999j - 1999-11-15 18:43:22 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+  additions to the "zic" manual page and the "Arts.htm" file
+
+
+Release code1999h-data1999i - 1999-11-08 14:55:21 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data1999h - 1999-10-07 03:50:29 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert to "europe" (most importantly, fixing
+  Lithuania and Estonia)
+
+
+Release 1999g - 1999-09-28 11:06:18 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert (most importantly, the change for
+  Lebanon that buys correctness for this coming Sunday)
+
+  The "code" file contains changes to "Makefile" and "checktab.awk" to
+  allow better checking of time zone files before they are published.
+
+
+Release 1999f - 1999-09-23 09:48:14 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson and Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 1999e - 1999-08-17 15:20:54 -0400
+
+  changes circulated by Paul Eggert, although the change to handling
+  of DST-specifying time zone names has been commented out for now
+  (search for "XXX" in "localtime.c" for details).  These files also
+  do not make any changes to the start of DST in Brazil.
+
+  In addition to Paul's changes, there are updates to "Arts.htm" and
+  cleanups of URLs.
+
+
+Release 1999d - 1999-03-30 11:31:07 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The Makefile's "make public" rule has also been changed to do a test
+  compile of each individual time zone data file (which should help
+  avoid problems such as the one we had with Nicosia).
+
+
+Release 1999c - 1999-03-25 09:47:47 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, most importantly the change for Chile.
+
+
+Release 1999b - 1999-02-01 17:51:44 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  code changes (suggested by Mani Varadarajan, mani at be.com) for
+  correct handling of symbolic links when building using a relative directory
+
+  code changes to generate correct messages for failed links
+
+  updates to the URLs in Arts.htm
+
+
+Release 1999a - 1999-01-19 16:20:29 -0500
+
+  error message internationalizations and corrections in zic.c and
+  zdump.c (as suggested by Vladimir Michl, vladimir.michl at upol.cz,
+  to whom thanks!)
+
+
+Release code1998h-data1998i - 1998-10-01 09:56:10 -0400
+
+  changes for Brazil, Chile, and Germany
+
+  support for use of "24:00" in the input files for the time zone compiler
+
+
+Release code1998g-data1998h - 1998-09-24 10:50:28 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction to a define in the "private.h" file
+
+
+Release data1998g - 1998-08-11 03:28:35 -0000
+  [tzdata1998g.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Lithuanian change provided by mgedmin at pub.osf.it
+
+  Move creation of the GMT link with Etc/GMT to "etcetera" (from
+  "backward") to ensure that the GMT file is created even where folks
+  don't want the "backward" links (as suggested by Paul Eggert).
+
+
+Release data1998f - 1998-07-20 13:50:00 -0000
+  [tzdata1998f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Update the "leapseconds" file to include the newly-announced
+  insertion at the end of 1998.
+
+
+Release code1998f - 1998-06-01 10:18:31 -0400
+
+  addition to localtime.c by Guy Harris
+
+
+Release 1998e - 1998-05-28 09:56:26 -0400
+
+  The Makefile is changed to produce zoneinfo-posix rather than
+  zoneinfo/posix, and to produce zoneinfo-leaps rather than
+  zoneinfo/right.
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  changes from Guy Harris to provide asctime_r and ctime_r
+
+  A usno1998 file (substantially identical to usno1997) has been added.
+
+
+Release 1998d - 1998-05-14 11:58:34 -0400
+
+  changes to comments (in particular, elimination of references to CIA maps).
+  "Arts.htm", "WWW.htm", "asia", and "australasia" are the only places
+  where changes occur.
+
+
+Release 1998c - 1998-02-28 12:32:26 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (save the "French correction," on which I'll
+  wait for the dust to settle)
+
+  symlink changes
+
+  changes and additions to Arts.htm
+
+
+Release 1998b - 1998-01-17 14:31:51 -0500
+
+  URL cleanups and additions
+
+
+Release 1998a - 1998-01-13 12:37:35 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code1997i-data1997k - 1997-12-29 09:53:41 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, with minor modifications from Arthur David
+  Olson to make the files more browser friendly
+
+
+Release code1997h-data1997j - 1997-12-18 17:47:35 -0500
+
+  minor changes to put "TZif" at the start of each time zone information file
+
+  a rule has also been added to the Makefile so you can
+	make zones
+  to just recompile the zone information files (rather than doing a
+  full "make install" with its other effects).
+
+
+Release data1997i - 1997-10-07 08:45:38 -0400
+
+  changes to Africa by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code1997g-data1997h - 1997-09-04 16:56:54 -0400
+
+  corrections for Uruguay (and other locations)
+
+  Arthur David Olson's simple-minded fix allowing mktime to both
+  correctly handle leap seconds and correctly handle tm_sec values
+  upon which arithmetic has been performed.
+
+
+Release code1997f-data1997g - 1997-07-19 13:15:02 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's updates
+
+  a small change to a function prototype;
+
+  "Music" has been renamed "Arts.htm", HTMLified, and augmented to
+  include information on Around the World in Eighty Days.
+
+
+Release code1997e-data1997f - 1997-05-03 18:52:34 -0400
+
+  fixes to zic's error handling
+
+  changes inspired by the item circulated on Slovenia
+
+  The description of Web resources has been HTMLified for browsing
+  convenience.
+
+  A new piece of tz-related music has been added to the "Music" file.
+
+
+Release code1997d-data1997e - 1997-03-29 12:48:52 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's latest suggestions
+
+
+Release code1997c-data1997d - 1997-03-07 20:37:54 -0500
+
+  changes to "zic.c" to correct performance of the "-s" option
+
+  a new file "usno1997"
+
+
+Release data1997c - 1997-03-04 09:58:18 -0500
+
+  changes in Israel
+
+
+Release 1997b - 1997-02-27 18:34:19 -0500
+
+  The data file incorporates the 1997 leap second.
+
+  The code file incorporates Arthur David Olson's take on the
+  zic/multiprocessor/directory-creation situation.
+
+
+Release 1997a - 1997-01-21 09:11:10 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's Antarctica (and other changes)
+
+  Arthur David Olson finessed the "getopt" issue by checking against
+  both -1 and EOF (regardless of POSIX, SunOS 4.1.1's manual says -1
+  is returned while SunOS 5.5's manual says EOF is returned).
+
+
+Release code1996o-data1996n - 1996-12-27 21:42:05 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's latest changes
+
+
+Release code1996n - 1996-12-16 09:42:02 -0500
+
+  link snapping fix from Bruce Evans (via Garrett Wollman)
+
+
+Release data1996m - 1996-11-24 02:37:34 -0000
+  [tzdata1996m.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Paul Eggert's batch of changes
+
+
+Release code1996m-data1996l - 1996-11-05 14:00:12 -0500
+
+  No functional changes here; the files have simply been changed to
+  make more use of ISO style dates in comments. The names of the above
+  files now include the year in full.
+
+
+Release code96l - 1996-09-08 17:12:20 -0400
+
+  tzcode96k was missing a couple of pieces.
+
+
+Release 96k - 1996-09-08 16:06:22 -0400
+
+  the latest round of changes from Paul Eggert
+
+  the recent Year 2000 material
+
+
+Release code96j - 1996-07-30 13:18:53 -0400
+
+  Set sp->typecnt as suggested by Timothy Patrick Murphy.
+
+
+Release code96i - 1996-07-27 20:11:35 -0400
+
+  Paul's suggested patch for strftime %V week numbers
+
+
+Release data96i - 1996-07-01 18:13:04 -0400
+
+  "northamerica" and "europe" changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code96h - 1996-06-05 08:02:21 -0400
+
+  fix for handling transitions specified in Universal Time
+
+  Some "public domain" notices have also been added.
+
+
+Release code96g - 1996-05-16 14:00:26 -0400
+
+  fix for the simultaneous-DST-and-zone-change challenge
+
+
+Release data96h - 1996-05-09 17:40:51 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code96f-data96g - 1996-05-03 03:09:59 -0000
+  [tzcode96f.tar.gz + tzdata96g.tar.gz are both missing!]
+
+  The changes get us some of the way to fixing the problems noted in Paul
+  Eggert's letter yesterday (in addition to a few others).  The approach
+  has been to make zic a bit smarter about figuring out what time zone
+  abbreviations apply just after the time specified in the "UNTIL" part
+  of a zone line.  Putting the smarts in zic means avoiding having
+  transition times show up in both "Zone" lines and "Rule" lines, which
+  in turn avoids multiple transition time entries in time zone files.
+  (This also makes the zic input files such as "europe" a bit shorter and
+  should ease maintenance.)
+
+
+Release data96f - 1996-04-19 19:20:03 -0000
+  [tzdata96f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  The only changes are to the "northamerica" file; the time zone
+  abbreviation for Denver is corrected to MST (and MDT), and the
+  comments for Mexico have been updated.
+
+
+Release data96e - 1996-03-19 17:37:26 -0500
+
+  Proposals by Paul Eggert, in particular the Portugal change that
+  comes into play at the end of this month.
+
+
+Release data96d - 1996-03-18 20:49:39 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code96e - 1996-02-29 15:43:27 -0000
+  [tzcode96e.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  internationalization changes and the fix to the documentation for strftime
+
+
+Release code96d-data96c - 1996-02-12 11:05:27 -0500
+
+  The "code" file simply updates Bob Kridle's electronic address.
+
+  The "data" file updates rules for Mexico.
+
+
+Release data96b - 1996-01-27 15:44:42 -0500
+
+  Kiribati change
+
+
+Release code96c - 1996-01-16 16:58:15 -0500
+
+  leap-year streamlining and binary-search changes
+
+  fix to newctime.3
+
+
+Release code96b - 1996-01-10 20:42:39 -0500
+
+  fixes and enhancements from Paul Eggert, including code that
+  emulates the behavior of recent versions of the SunOS "date"
+  command.
+
+
+Release 96a - 1996-01-06 09:08:24 -0500
+
+  Israel updates
+
+  fixes to strftime.c for correct ISO 8601 week number generation,
+  plus support for two new formats ('G' and 'g') to give ISO 8601 year
+  numbers (which are not necessarily the same as calendar year numbers)
+
+
+Release code95i-data95m - 1995-12-21 12:46:47 -0500
+
+  The latest revisions from Paul Eggert are included, the usno1995
+  file has been updated, and a new file ("WWW") covering useful URLs
+  has been added.
+
+
+Release code95h-data95l - 1995-12-19 18:10:12 -0500
+
+  A simplification of a macro definition, a change to data for Sudan,
+  and (for last minute shoppers) notes in the "Music" file on the CD
+  "Old Man Time".
+
+
+Release code95g-data95k - 1995-10-30 10:32:47 -0500
+
+  (slightly reformatted) 8-bit-clean proposed patch
+
+  minor patch: US/Eastern -> America/New_York
+
+  snapshot of the USNO's latest data ("usno1995")
+
+  some other minor cleanups
+
+
+Release code95f-data95j - 1995-10-28 21:01:34 -0000
+  [tzcode95f.tar.gz + tzdata95j.tar.gz are both missing!]
+
+  European cleanups
+
+  support for 64-bit time_t's
+
+  optimization in localtime.c
+
+
+Release code95e - 1995-10-13 13:23:57 -0400
+
+  the mktime change to scan from future to past when trying to find time zone
+  offsets
+
+
+Release data95i - 1995-09-26 10:43:26 -0400
+
+  For Canada/Central, guess that the Sun customer's "one week too
+  early" was just a approximation, and the true error is one month
+  too early.  This is consistent with the rest of Canada.
+
+
+Release data95h - 1995-09-21 11:26:48 -0400
+
+  latest changes from Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code95d - 1995-09-14 11:14:45 -0400
+
+  the addition of a "Music" file, which documents four recorded
+  versions of the tune "Save That Time".
+
+
+Release data95g - 1995-09-01 17:21:36 -0400
+
+  "yearistype" correction
+
+
+Release data95f - 1995-08-28 20:46:56 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's change to the australasia file
+
+
+Release data95e - 1995-07-08 18:02:34 -0400
+
+  The only change is a leap second at the end of this year.
+  Thanks to Bradley White for forwarding news on the leap second.
+
+
+Release data95d - 1995-07-03 13:26:22 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+
+Release data95c - 1995-07-02 19:19:28 -0400
+
+  changes to "asia", "backward", "europe", and "southamerica"
+  (read: northamericacentrics need not apply)
+
+
+Release code95c - 1995-03-13 14:00:46 -0500
+
+  one-line fix for sign extension problems in detzcode
+
+
+Release 95b - 1995-03-04 11:22:38 -0500
+
+  Minor changes in both:
+
+  The "code" file contains a workaround for the lack of "unistd.h" in
+  Microsoft C++ version 7.
+
+  The "data" file contains a fixed "Link" for America/Shiprock.
+
+
+Release 94h - 1994-12-10 12:51:14 -0500
+
+  The files:
+
+  *	incorporate the changes to "zdump" and "date" to make changes to
+	the "TZ" environment variable permanent;
+
+  *	incorporate the table changes by Paul Eggert;
+
+  *	include (and document) support for universal time specifications in
+	data files - but do not (yet) include use of this feature in the
+	data files.
+
+  Think of this as "TZ Classic" - the software has been set up not to break if
+  universal time shows up in its input, and data entries have been
+  left as is so as not to break existing implementations.
+
+
+Release data94f - 1994-08-20 12:56:09 -0400
+
+  (with thanks!) the latest data updates from Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release data94e - 1994-06-04 13:13:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code94g - 1994-05-05 12:14:07 -0400
+
+  fix missing "optind.c" and a reference to it in the Makefile
+
+
+Release code94f - 1994-05-05 13:00:33 -0000
+  [tzcode94f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  changes to avoid overflow in difftime, as well as changes to cope
+  with the 52/53 challenge in strftime
+
+
+Release code94e - 1994-03-30 23:32:59 -0500
+
+  change for the benefit of PCTS
+
+
+Release 94d - 1994-02-24 15:42:25 -0500
+
+  Avoid clashes with POSIX semantics for zones such as GMT+4.
+
+  Some other very minor housekeeping is also present.
+
+
+Release code94c - 1994-02-10 08:52:40 -0500
+
+  Fix bug where mkdirs was broken unless you compile with
+  -fwritable-strings (which is generally losing to do).
+
+
+Release 94b - 1994-02-07 10:04:33 -0500
+
+  work by Paul Eggert who notes:
+
+  I found another book of time zone histories by E W Whitman; it's not
+  as extensive as Shanks but has a few goodies of its own.  I used it
+  to update the tables.  I also fixed some more as a result of
+  correspondence with Adam David and Peter Ilieve, and move some stray
+  links from 'europe' to 'backward'.  I corrected some scanning errors
+  in usno1989.
+
+  As far as the code goes, I fixed zic to allow years in the range
+  INT_MIN to INT_MAX; this fixed a few boundary conditions around 1900.
+  And I cleaned up the zic documentation a little bit.
+
+
+Release data94a - 1994-02-03 08:58:54 -0500
+
+  It simply incorporates the recently announced leap second into the
+  "leapseconds" file.
+
+
+Release 93g - 1993-11-22 17:28:27 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert has provided a good deal of historic information (based
+  on Shanks), and there are some code changes to deal with the buglets
+  that crawled out in dealing with the new information.
+
+
+Release 93f - 1993-10-15 12:27:46 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+
+Release 93e - 1993-09-05 21:21:44 -0400
+
+  This has updated data for Israel, England, and Kwajalein.  There's
+  also an update to "zdump" to cope with Kwajalein's 24-hour jump.
+  Thanks to Paul Eggert and Peter Ilieve for the changes.
+
+
+Release 93d - 1993-06-17 23:34:17 -0400
+
+  new fix and new data on Israel
+
+
+Release 93c - 1993-06-06 19:31:55 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 93b - 1993-02-02 14:53:58 -0500
+
+  updated "leapseconds" file
+
+
+Release 93 - 1993-01-08 07:01:06 -0500
+
+  At kre's suggestion, the package has been split in two - a code piece
+  (which also includes documentation) that's only of use to folks who
+  want to recompile things and a data piece useful to anyone who can
+  run "zic".
+
+  The new version has a few changes to the data files, a few
+  portability changes, and an off-by-one fix (with thanks to
+  Tom Karzes at deshaw.com for providing a description and a
+  solution).
+
+
+Release 92c - 1992-11-21 17:35:36 -0000
+  [tz92c.tar.Z is missing!]
+
+  The fallout from the latest round of DST transitions.
+
+  There are changes for Portugal, Saskatchewan, and "Pacific-New";
+  there's also a change to "zic.c" that makes it portable to more systems.
+
+
+Release 92 - 1992-04-25 18:17:03 -0000
+  [tz92.tar.Z is missing!]
+
+  By popular demand (well, at any rate, following a request by kre at munnari)
+
+
+The 1989 update of the time zone package featured:
+
+  *	POSIXization (including interpretation of POSIX-style TZ environment
+	variables, provided by Guy Harris),
+  *	ANSIfication (including versions of "mktime" and "difftime"),
+  *	SVIDulation (an "altzone" variable)
+  *	MACHination (the "gtime" function)
+  *	corrections to some time zone data (including corrections to the rules
+	for Great Britain and New Zealand)
+  *	reference data from the United States Naval Observatory for folks who
+	want to do additional time zones
+  *	and the 1989 data for Saudi Arabia.
+
+  (Since this code will be treated as "part of the implementation" in some
+  places and as "part of the application" in others, there's no good way to
+  name functions, such as timegm, that are not part of the proposed ANSI C
+  standard; such functions have kept their old, underscore-free names in this
+  update.)
+
+  And the "dysize" function has disappeared; it was present to allow
+  compilation of the "date" command on old BSD systems, and a version of "date"
+  is now provided in the package.  The "date" command is not created when you
+  "make all" since it may lack options provided by the version distributed with
+  your operating system, or may not interact with the system in the same way
+  the native version does.
+
+  Since POSIX frowns on correct leap second handling, the default behavior of
+  the "zic" command (in the absence of a "-L" option) has been changed to omit
+  leap second information from its output files.
+
+
+-----
+Notes
+
+This file contains copies of the part of each release announcement
+that talks about the changes in that release.  The text has been
+adapted and reformatted for the purposes of this file.
+
+Typically a release R consists of a pair of tarball files,
+tzcodeR.tar.gz and tzdataR.tar.gz.  However, some releases (e.g.,
+code2010a, data2012c) consist of just one or the other tarball, and a
+few (e.g., code2012c-data2012d) have tarballs with mixed version
+numbers.
+
+Release time stamps are taken from the release's commit (for newer,
+git releases), from the newest file in the tarball (for older
+releases, where this info is available) or from the email announcing
+the release (if all else fails; these are marked with a time zone of
+-0000 and an "is missing!" comment).
+
+Earlier versions of the code and data were not announced on the tz
+list and are not summarized here.
+
+This file is in the public domain.
+
+Local Variables:
+coding: utf-8
+End:
diff --git a/README b/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06ef1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+README for the tz distribution
+
+"What time is it?" -- Richard Deacon as The King
+"Any time you want it to be." -- Frank Baxter as The Scientist
+					(from the Bell System film "About Time")
+
+The Time Zone Database (often called tz or zoneinfo) contains code and
+data that represent the history of local time for many representative
+locations around the globe.  It is updated periodically to reflect
+changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets,
+and daylight-saving rules.
+
+Unless otherwise specified, all files in the tz code and data are in
+the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+The few exceptions are code derived from BSD, which uses the BSD license.
+
+Here is a recipe for acquiring, building, installing, and testing the
+tz distribution on a GNU/Linux or similar host.
+
+	mkdir tz
+	cd tz
+	wget --retr-symlinks 'ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/tz*-latest.tar.gz'
+	gzip -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
+	gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
+
+Be sure to read the comments in "Makefile" and make any changes needed
+to make things right for your system, especially if you are using some
+platform other than GNU/Linux.  Then run the following commands,
+substituting your desired installation directory for "$HOME/tzdir":
+
+	make TOPDIR=$HOME/tzdir install
+	$HOME/tzdir/etc/zdump -v America/Los_Angeles
+
+Historical local time information has been included here to:
+
+*	provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time
+	that is useful even if not 100% accurate;
+
+*	give an idea of the variety of local time rules that have
+	existed in the past and thus an idea of the variety that may be
+	expected in the future;
+
+*	provide a test of the generality of the local time rule description
+	system.
+
+The information in the time zone data files is by no means authoritative;
+fixes and enhancements are welcome.  Please see the file CONTRIBUTING
+for details.
+
+Thanks to these Time Zone Caballeros who've made major contributions to the
+time conversion package: Keith Bostic; Bob Devine; Paul Eggert; Robert Elz;
+Guy Harris; Mark Horton; John Mackin; and Bradley White.  Thanks also to
+Michael Bloom, Art Neilson, Stephen Prince, John Sovereign, and Frank Wales
+for testing work, and to Gwillim Law for checking local mean time data.
+Thanks in particular to Arthur David Olson, the project's founder and first
+maintainer, to whom the time zone community owes the greatest debt of all.
+None of them are responsible for remaining errors.
+
+Look in  for updated versions of these files.
+
+Please send comments or information to tz@iana.org.
diff --git a/Theory b/Theory
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96cba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Theory
@@ -0,0 +1,790 @@
+Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data
+
+
+----- Outline -----
+
+	Scope of the tz database
+	Names of time zone rules
+	Time zone abbreviations
+	Accuracy of the tz database
+	Time and date functions
+	Calendrical issues
+	Time and time zones on Mars
+
+
+----- Scope of the tz database -----
+
+The tz database attempts to record the history and predicted future of
+all computer-based clocks that track civil time.  To represent this
+data, the world is partitioned into regions whose clocks all agree
+about time stamps that occur after the somewhat-arbitrary cutoff point
+of the POSIX Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).  For each such region,
+the database records all known clock transitions, and labels the region
+with a notable location.  Although 1970 is a somewhat-arbitrary
+cutoff, there are significant challenges to moving the cutoff earlier
+even by a decade or two, due to the wide variety of local practices
+before computer timekeeping became prevalent.
+
+Clock transitions before 1970 are recorded for each such location,
+because most systems support time stamps before 1970 and could
+misbehave if data entries were omitted for pre-1970 transitions.
+However, the database is not designed for and does not suffice for
+applications requiring accurate handling of all past times everywhere,
+as it would take far too much effort and guesswork to record all
+details of pre-1970 civil timekeeping.
+
+As described below, reference source code for using the tz database is
+also available.  The tz code is upwards compatible with POSIX, an
+international standard for UNIX-like systems.  As of this writing, the
+current edition of POSIX is:
+
+  The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
+  IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition
+  
+
+
+
+----- Names of time zone rules -----
+
+Each of the database's time zone rules has a unique name.
+Inexperienced users are not expected to select these names unaided.
+Distributors should provide documentation and/or a simple selection
+interface that explains the names; for one example, see the 'tzselect'
+program in the tz code.  The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository
+ contains data that may be useful for other
+selection interfaces.
+
+The time zone rule naming conventions attempt to strike a balance
+among the following goals:
+
+ * Uniquely identify every region where clocks have agreed since 1970.
+   This is essential for the intended use: static clocks keeping local
+   civil time.
+
+ * Indicate to experts where that region is.
+
+ * Be robust in the presence of political changes.  For example, names
+   of countries are ordinarily not used, to avoid incompatibilities
+   when countries change their name (e.g. Zaire->Congo) or when
+   locations change countries (e.g. Hong Kong from UK colony to
+   China).
+
+ * Be portable to a wide variety of implementations.
+
+ * Use a consistent naming conventions over the entire world.
+
+Names normally have the form AREA/LOCATION, where AREA is the name
+of a continent or ocean, and LOCATION is the name of a specific
+location within that region.  North and South America share the same
+area, 'America'.  Typical names are 'Africa/Cairo', 'America/New_York',
+and 'Pacific/Honolulu'.
+
+Here are the general rules used for choosing location names,
+in decreasing order of importance:
+
+	Use only valid POSIX file name components (i.e., the parts of
+		names other than '/').  Do not use the file name
+		components '.' and '..'.  Within a file name component,
+		use only ASCII letters, '.', '-' and '_'.  Do not use
+		digits, as that might create an ambiguity with POSIX
+		TZ strings.  A file name component must not exceed 14
+		characters or start with '-'.  E.g., prefer 'Brunei'
+		to 'Bandar_Seri_Begawan'.  Exceptions: see the discussion
+		of legacy names below.
+	A name must not be empty, or contain '//', or start or end with '/'.
+	Do not use names that differ only in case.  Although the reference
+		implementation is case-sensitive, some other implementations
+		are not, and they would mishandle names differing only in case.
+	If one name A is an initial prefix of another name AB (ignoring case),
+		then B must not start with '/', as a regular file cannot have
+		the same name as a directory in POSIX.  For example,
+		'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.
+	Uninhabited regions like the North Pole and Bouvet Island
+		do not need locations, since local time is not defined there.
+	There should typically be at least one name for each ISO 3166-1
+		officially assigned two-letter code for an inhabited country
+		or territory.
+	If all the clocks in a region have agreed since 1970,
+		don't bother to include more than one location
+		even if subregions' clocks disagreed before 1970.
+		Otherwise these tables would become annoyingly large.
+	If a name is ambiguous, use a less ambiguous alternative;
+		e.g. many cities are named San José and Georgetown, so
+		prefer 'Costa_Rica' to 'San_Jose' and 'Guyana' to 'Georgetown'.
+	Keep locations compact.  Use cities or small islands, not countries
+		or regions, so that any future time zone changes do not split
+		locations into different time zones.  E.g. prefer 'Paris'
+		to 'France', since France has had multiple time zones.
+	Use mainstream English spelling, e.g. prefer 'Rome' to 'Roma', and
+		prefer 'Athens' to the Greek 'Αθήνα' or the Romanized 'Athína'.
+		The POSIX file name restrictions encourage this rule.
+	Use the most populous among locations in a zone,
+		e.g. prefer 'Shanghai' to 'Beijing'.  Among locations with
+		similar populations, pick the best-known location,
+		e.g. prefer 'Rome' to 'Milan'.
+	Use the singular form, e.g. prefer 'Canary' to 'Canaries'.
+	Omit common suffixes like '_Islands' and '_City', unless that
+		would lead to ambiguity.  E.g. prefer 'Cayman' to
+		'Cayman_Islands' and 'Guatemala' to 'Guatemala_City',
+		but prefer 'Mexico_City' to 'Mexico' because the country
+		of Mexico has several time zones.
+	Use '_' to represent a space.
+	Omit '.' from abbreviations in names, e.g. prefer 'St_Helena'
+		to 'St._Helena'.
+	Do not change established names if they only marginally
+		violate the above rules.  For example, don't change
+		the existing name 'Rome' to 'Milan' merely because
+		Milan's population has grown to be somewhat greater
+		than Rome's.
+	If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the 'backward' file.
+		This means old spellings will continue to work.
+
+The file 'zone1970.tab' lists geographical locations used to name time
+zone rules.  It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for
+geographic regions as described above; this is a subset of the names
+in the data.  Although a 'zone1970.tab' location's longitude
+corresponds to its LMT offset with one hour for every 15 degrees east
+longitude, this relationship is not exact.
+
+Older versions of this package used a different naming scheme,
+and these older names are still supported.
+See the file 'backward' for most of these older names
+(e.g., 'US/Eastern' instead of 'America/New_York').
+The other old-fashioned names still supported are
+'WET', 'CET', 'MET', and 'EET' (see the file 'europe').
+
+Older versions of this package defined legacy names that are
+incompatible with the first rule of location names, but which are
+still supported.  These legacy names are mostly defined in the file
+'etcetera'.  Also, the file 'backward' defines the legacy names
+'GMT0', 'GMT-0', 'GMT+0' and 'Canada/East-Saskatchewan', and the file
+'northamerica' defines the legacy names 'EST5EDT', 'CST6CDT',
+'MST7MDT', and 'PST8PDT'.
+
+Excluding 'backward' should not affect the other data.  If
+'backward' is excluded, excluding 'etcetera' should not affect the
+remaining data.
+
+
+----- Time zone abbreviations -----
+
+When this package is installed, it generates time zone abbreviations
+like 'EST' to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX.
+Here are the general rules used for choosing time zone abbreviations,
+in decreasing order of importance:
+
+	Use abbreviations that consist of three or more ASCII letters.
+		Previous editions of this database also used characters like
+		' ' and '?', but these characters have a special meaning to
+		the shell and cause commands like
+			set `date`
+		to have unexpected effects.
+		Previous editions of this rule required upper-case letters,
+		but the Congressman who introduced Chamorro Standard Time
+		preferred "ChST", so the rule has been relaxed.
+
+		This rule guarantees that all abbreviations could have
+		been specified by a POSIX TZ string.  POSIX
+		requires at least three characters for an
+		abbreviation.  POSIX through 2000 says that an abbreviation
+		cannot start with ':', and cannot contain ',', '-',
+		'+', NUL, or a digit.  POSIX from 2001 on changes this
+		rule to say that an abbreviation can contain only '-', '+',
+		and alphanumeric characters from the portable character set
+		in the current locale.  To be portable to both sets of
+		rules, an abbreviation must therefore use only ASCII
+		letters.
+
+	Use abbreviations that are in common use among English-speakers,
+		e.g. 'EST' for Eastern Standard Time in North America.
+		We assume that applications translate them to other languages
+		as part of the normal localization process; for example,
+		a French application might translate 'EST' to 'HNE'.
+
+	For zones whose times are taken from a city's longitude, use the
+		traditional xMT notation, e.g. 'PMT' for Paris Mean Time.
+		The only name like this in current use is 'GMT'.
+
+	Use 'LMT' for local mean time of locations before the introduction
+		of standard time; see "Scope of the tz database".
+
+	If there is no common English abbreviation, use numeric offsets like
+		-05 and +0830 that are generated by zic's %z notation.
+
+    [The remaining guidelines predate the introduction of %z.
+    They are problematic as they mean tz data entries invent
+    notation rather than record it.  These guidelines are now
+    deprecated and the plan is to gradually move to %z for
+    inhabited locations and to "-00" for uninhabited locations.]
+
+	If there is no common English abbreviation, abbreviate the English
+		translation of the usual phrase used by native speakers.
+		If this is not available or is a phrase mentioning the country
+		(e.g. "Cape Verde Time"), then:
+
+		When a country is identified with a single or principal zone,
+			append 'T' to the country's ISO	code, e.g. 'CVT' for
+			Cape Verde Time.  For summer time append 'ST';
+			for double summer time append 'DST'; etc.
+		Otherwise, take the first three letters of an English place
+			name identifying each zone and append 'T', 'ST', etc.
+			as before; e.g. 'VLAST' for VLAdivostok Summer Time.
+
+	Use UT (with time zone abbreviation 'zzz') for locations while
+		uninhabited.  The 'zzz' mnemonic is that these locations are,
+		in some sense, asleep.
+
+Application writers should note that these abbreviations are ambiguous
+in practice: e.g. 'CST' has a different meaning in China than
+it does in the United States.  In new applications, it's often better
+to use numeric UT offsets like '-0600' instead of time zone
+abbreviations like 'CST'; this avoids the ambiguity.
+
+
+----- Accuracy of the tz database -----
+
+The tz database is not authoritative, and it surely has errors.
+Corrections are welcome and encouraged; see the file CONTRIBUTING.
+Users requiring authoritative data should consult national standards
+bodies and the references cited in the database's comments.
+
+Errors in the tz database arise from many sources:
+
+ * The tz database predicts future time stamps, and current predictions
+   will be incorrect after future governments change the rules.
+   For example, if today someone schedules a meeting for 13:00 next
+   October 1, Casablanca time, and tomorrow Morocco changes its
+   daylight saving rules, software can mess up after the rule change
+   if it blithely relies on conversions made before the change.
+
+ * The pre-1970 entries in this database cover only a tiny sliver of how
+   clocks actually behaved; the vast majority of the necessary
+   information was lost or never recorded.  Thousands more zones would
+   be needed if the tz database's scope were extended to cover even
+   just the known or guessed history of standard time; for example,
+   the current single entry for France would need to split into dozens
+   of entries, perhaps hundreds.
+
+ * Most of the pre-1970 data entries come from unreliable sources, often
+   astrology books that lack citations and whose compilers evidently
+   invented entries when the true facts were unknown, without
+   reporting which entries were known and which were invented.
+   These books often contradict each other or give implausible entries,
+   and on the rare occasions when they are checked they are
+   typically found to be incorrect.
+
+ * For the UK the tz database relies on years of first-class work done by
+   Joseph Myers and others; see .
+   Other countries are not done nearly as well.
+
+ * Sometimes, different people in the same city would maintain clocks
+   that differed significantly.  Railway time was used by railroad
+   companies (which did not always agree with each other),
+   church-clock time was used for birth certificates, etc.
+   Often this was merely common practice, but sometimes it was set by law.
+   For example, from 1891 to 1911 the UT offset in France was legally
+   0:09:21 outside train stations and 0:04:21 inside.
+
+ * Although a named location in the tz database stands for the
+   containing region, its pre-1970 data entries are often accurate for
+   only a small subset of that region.  For example, Europe/London
+   stands for the United Kingdom, but its pre-1847 times are valid
+   only for locations that have London's exact meridian, and its 1847
+   transition to GMT is known to be valid only for the L&NW and the
+   Caledonian railways.
+
+ * The tz database does not record the earliest time for which a zone's
+   data entries are thereafter valid for every location in the region.
+   For example, Europe/London is valid for all locations in its
+   region after GMT was made the standard time, but the date of
+   standardization (1880-08-02) is not in the tz database, other than
+   in commentary.  For many zones the earliest time of validity is
+   unknown.
+
+ * The tz database does not record a region's boundaries, and in many
+   cases the boundaries are not known.  For example, the zone
+   America/Kentucky/Louisville represents a region around the city of
+   Louisville, the boundaries of which are unclear.
+
+ * Changes that are modeled as instantaneous transitions in the tz
+   database were often spread out over hours, days, or even decades.
+
+ * Even if the time is specified by law, locations sometimes
+   deliberately flout the law.
+
+ * Early timekeeping practices, even assuming perfect clocks, were
+   often not specified to the accuracy that the tz database requires.
+
+ * Sometimes historical timekeeping was specified more precisely
+   than what the tz database can handle.  For example, from 1909 to
+   1937 Netherlands clocks were legally UT+00:19:32.13, but the tz
+   database cannot represent the fractional second.
+
+ * Even when all the timestamp transitions recorded by the tz database
+   are correct, the tz rules that generate them may not faithfully
+   reflect the historical rules.  For example, from 1922 until World
+   War II the UK moved clocks forward the day following the third
+   Saturday in April unless that was Easter, in which case it moved
+   clocks forward the previous Sunday.  Because the tz database has no
+   way to specify Easter, these exceptional years are entered as
+   separate tz Rule lines, even though the legal rules did not change.
+
+ * The tz database models pre-standard time using the proleptic Gregorian
+   calendar and local mean time (LMT), but many people used other
+   calendars and other timescales.  For example, the Roman Empire used
+   the Julian calendar, and had 12 varying-length daytime hours with a
+   non-hour-based system at night.
+
+ * Early clocks were less reliable, and data entries do not represent
+   this unreliability.
+
+ * As for leap seconds, civil time was not based on atomic time before
+   1972, and we don't know the history of earth's rotation accurately
+   enough to map SI seconds to historical solar time to more than
+   about one-hour accuracy.  See: Morrison LV, Stephenson FR.
+   Historical values of the Earth's clock error Delta T and the
+   calculation of eclipses. J Hist Astron. 2004;35:327-36
+   ;
+   Historical values of the Earth's clock error. J Hist Astron. 2005;36:339
+   .
+
+ * The relationship between POSIX time (that is, UTC but ignoring leap
+   seconds) and UTC is not agreed upon after 1972.  Although the POSIX
+   clock officially stops during an inserted leap second, at least one
+   proposed standard has it jumping back a second instead; and in
+   practice POSIX clocks more typically either progress glacially during
+   a leap second, or are slightly slowed while near a leap second.
+
+ * The tz database does not represent how uncertain its information is.
+   Ideally it would contain information about when data entries are
+   incomplete or dicey.  Partial temporal knowledge is a field of
+   active research, though, and it's not clear how to apply it here.
+
+In short, many, perhaps most, of the tz database's pre-1970 and future
+time stamps are either wrong or misleading.  Any attempt to pass the
+tz database off as the definition of time should be unacceptable to
+anybody who cares about the facts.  In particular, the tz database's
+LMT offsets should not be considered meaningful, and should not prompt
+creation of zones merely because two locations differ in LMT or
+transitioned to standard time at different dates.
+
+
+----- Time and date functions -----
+
+The tz code contains time and date functions that are upwards
+compatible with those of POSIX.
+
+POSIX has the following properties and limitations.
+
+*	In POSIX, time display in a process is controlled by the
+	environment variable TZ.  Unfortunately, the POSIX TZ string takes
+	a form that is hard to describe and is error-prone in practice.
+	Also, POSIX TZ strings can't deal with other (for example, Israeli)
+	daylight saving time rules, or situations where more than two
+	time zone abbreviations are used in an area.
+
+	The POSIX TZ string takes the following form:
+
+		stdoffset[dst[offset][,date[/time],date[/time]]]
+
+	where:
+
+	std and dst
+		are 3 or more characters specifying the standard
+		and daylight saving time (DST) zone names.
+		Starting with POSIX.1-2001, std and dst may also be
+		in a quoted form like ""; this allows
+		"+" and "-" in the names.
+	offset
+		is of the form '[+-]hh:[mm[:ss]]' and specifies the
+		offset west of UT.  'hh' may be a single digit; 0<=hh<=24.
+		The default DST offset is one hour ahead of standard time.
+	date[/time],date[/time]
+		specifies the beginning and end of DST.  If this is absent,
+		the system supplies its own rules for DST, and these can
+		differ from year to year; typically US DST rules are used.
+	time
+		takes the form 'hh:[mm[:ss]]' and defaults to 02:00.
+		This is the same format as the offset, except that a
+		leading '+' or '-' is not allowed.
+	date
+		takes one of the following forms:
+		Jn (1<=n<=365)
+			origin-1 day number not counting February 29
+		n (0<=n<=365)
+			origin-0 day number counting February 29 if present
+		Mm.n.d (0[Sunday]<=d<=6[Saturday], 1<=n<=5, 1<=m<=12)
+			for the dth day of week n of month m of the year,
+			where week 1 is the first week in which day d appears,
+			and '5' stands for the last week in which day d appears
+			(which may be either the 4th or 5th week).
+			Typically, this is the only useful form;
+			the n and Jn forms are rarely used.
+
+	Here is an example POSIX TZ string, for US Pacific time using rules
+	appropriate from 1987 through 2006:
+
+		TZ='PST8PDT,M4.1.0/02:00,M10.5.0/02:00'
+
+	This POSIX TZ string is hard to remember, and mishandles time stamps
+	before 1987 and after 2006.  With this package you can use this
+	instead:
+
+		TZ='America/Los_Angeles'
+
+*	POSIX does not define the exact meaning of TZ values like "EST5EDT".
+	Typically the current US DST rules are used to interpret such values,
+	but this means that the US DST rules are compiled into each program
+	that does time conversion.  This means that when US time conversion
+	rules change (as in the United States in 1987), all programs that
+	do time conversion must be recompiled to ensure proper results.
+
+*	In POSIX, there's no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
+	system's best idea of local wall clock.  (This is important for
+	applications that an administrator wants used only at certain times -
+	without regard to whether the user has fiddled the "TZ" environment
+	variable.  While an administrator can "do everything in UTC" to get
+	around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes handling
+	daylight saving time shifts - as might be required to limit phone
+	calls to off-peak hours.)
+
+*	POSIX requires that systems ignore leap seconds.
+
+*	The tz code attempts to support all the time_t implementations
+	allowed by POSIX.  The time_t type represents a nonnegative count of
+	seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, ignoring leap seconds.
+	In practice, time_t is usually a signed 64- or 32-bit integer; 32-bit
+	signed time_t values stop working after 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC, so
+	new implementations these days typically use a signed 64-bit integer.
+	Unsigned 32-bit integers are used on one or two platforms,
+	and 36-bit and 40-bit integers are also used occasionally.
+	Although earlier POSIX versions allowed time_t to be a
+	floating-point type, this was not supported by any practical
+	systems, and POSIX.1-2013 and the tz code both require time_t
+	to be an integer type.
+
+These are the extensions that have been made to the POSIX functions:
+
+*	The "TZ" environment variable is used in generating the name of a file
+	from which time zone information is read (or is interpreted a la
+	POSIX); "TZ" is no longer constrained to be a three-letter time zone
+	name followed by a number of hours and an optional three-letter
+	daylight time zone name.  The daylight saving time rules to be used
+	for a particular time zone are encoded in the time zone file;
+	the format of the file allows U.S., Australian, and other rules to be
+	encoded, and allows for situations where more than two time zone
+	abbreviations are used.
+
+	It was recognized that allowing the "TZ" environment variable to
+	take on values such as "America/New_York" might cause "old" programs
+	(that expect "TZ" to have a certain form) to operate incorrectly;
+	consideration was given to using some other environment variable
+	(for example, "TIMEZONE") to hold the string used to generate the
+	time zone information file name.  In the end, however, it was decided
+	to continue using "TZ": it is widely used for time zone purposes;
+	separately maintaining both "TZ" and "TIMEZONE" seemed a nuisance;
+	and systems where "new" forms of "TZ" might cause problems can simply
+	use TZ values such as "EST5EDT" which can be used both by
+	"new" programs (a la POSIX) and "old" programs (as zone names and
+	offsets).
+
+*	To handle places where more than two time zone abbreviations are used,
+	the functions "localtime" and "gmtime" set tzname[tmp->tm_isdst]
+	(where "tmp" is the value the function returns) to the time zone
+	abbreviation to be used.  This differs from POSIX, where the elements
+	of tzname are only changed as a result of calls to tzset.
+
+*	Since the "TZ" environment variable can now be used to control time
+	conversion, the "daylight" and "timezone" variables are no longer
+	needed.  (These variables are defined and set by "tzset"; however, their
+	values will not be used by "localtime.")
+
+*	The "localtime" function has been set up to deliver correct results
+	for near-minimum or near-maximum time_t values.  (A comment in the
+	source code tells how to get compatibly wrong results).
+
+*	A function "tzsetwall" has been added to arrange for the system's
+	best approximation to local wall clock time to be delivered by
+	subsequent calls to "localtime."  Source code for portable
+	applications that "must" run on local wall clock time should call
+	"tzsetwall();" if such code is moved to "old" systems that don't
+	provide tzsetwall, you won't be able to generate an executable program.
+	(These time zone functions also arrange for local wall clock time to be
+	used if tzset is called - directly or indirectly - and there's no "TZ"
+	environment variable; portable applications should not, however, rely
+	on this behavior since it's not the way SVR2 systems behave.)
+
+*	Negative time_t values are supported, on systems where time_t is signed.
+
+*	These functions can account for leap seconds, thanks to Bradley White.
+
+Points of interest to folks with other systems:
+
+*	This package is already part of many POSIX-compliant hosts,
+	including BSD, HP, Linux, Network Appliance, SCO, SGI, and Sun.
+	On such hosts, the primary use of this package
+	is to update obsolete time zone rule tables.
+	To do this, you may need to compile the time zone compiler
+	'zic' supplied with this package instead of using the system 'zic',
+	since the format of zic's input changed slightly in late 1994,
+	and many vendors still do not support the new input format.
+
+*	The UNIX Version 7 "timezone" function is not present in this package;
+	it's impossible to reliably map timezone's arguments (a "minutes west
+	of GMT" value and a "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a
+	time zone abbreviation, and we refuse to guess.
+	Programs that in the past used the timezone function may now examine
+	tzname[localtime(&clock)->tm_isdst] to learn the correct time
+	zone abbreviation to use.  Alternatively, use
+	localtime(&clock)->tm_zone if this has been enabled.
+
+*	The 4.2BSD gettimeofday function is not used in this package.
+	This formerly let users obtain the current UTC offset and DST flag,
+	but this functionality was removed in later versions of BSD.
+
+*	In SVR2, time conversion fails for near-minimum or near-maximum
+	time_t values when doing conversions for places that don't use UT.
+	This package takes care to do these conversions correctly.
+
+The functions that are conditionally compiled if STD_INSPIRED is defined
+should, at this point, be looked on primarily as food for thought.  They are
+not in any sense "standard compatible" - some are not, in fact, specified in
+*any* standard.  They do, however, represent responses of various authors to
+standardization proposals.
+
+Other time conversion proposals, in particular the one developed by folks at
+Hewlett Packard, offer a wider selection of functions that provide capabilities
+beyond those provided here.  The absence of such functions from this package
+is not meant to discourage the development, standardization, or use of such
+functions.  Rather, their absence reflects the decision to make this package
+contain valid extensions to POSIX, to ensure its broad acceptability.  If
+more powerful time conversion functions can be standardized, so much the
+better.
+
+
+----- Calendrical issues -----
+
+Calendrical issues are a bit out of scope for a time zone database,
+but they indicate the sort of problems that we would run into if we
+extended the time zone database further into the past.  An excellent
+resource in this area is Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold,
+Calendrical Calculations: Third Edition, Cambridge University Press (2008)
+.
+Other information and sources are given below.  They sometimes disagree.
+
+
+France
+
+Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
+French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
+and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
+
+
+Russia
+
+From Chris Carrier (1996-12-02):
+On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an "Eternal Calendar"
+with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
+On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
+Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
+reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
+off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
+(Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
+
+
+Mark Brader reported a similar story in "The Book of Calendars", edited
+by Frank Parise (1982, Facts on File, ISBN 0-8719-6467-8), page 377.  But:
+
+From: Petteri Sulonen (via Usenet)
+Date: 14 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT
+...
+
+If your source is correct, how come documents between 1929 and 1940 were
+still dated using the conventional, Gregorian calendar?
+
+I can post a scan of a document dated December 1, 1934, signed by
+Yenukidze, the secretary, on behalf of Kalinin, the President of the
+Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet, if you like.
+
+
+
+Sweden (and Finland)
+
+From: Mark Brader
+Subject: Re: Gregorian reform - a part of locale?
+
+Date: 1996-07-06
+
+In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
+decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
+those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
+year after 1696 would be in 1744 - putting the whole country on a calendar
+different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
+
+However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
+they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
+they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
+year!...
+
+Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
+getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
+
+(A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
+produced the following references to support it: "Tideräkning och historia"
+by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tideräkning och
+kalenderväsen" by Lars-Olof Lodén (1968).
+
+
+Grotefend's data
+
+From: "Michael Palmer" [with one obvious typo fixed]
+Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
+Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
+Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
+...
+
+The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
+European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
+Gregorian calendar:
+
+04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
+                 Catholics and Danzig only)
+09/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine
+
+21 Dec 1582/
+   01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau
+10/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (Lüttich)
+13/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg
+04/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier
+05/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg,
+                 Salzburg, Brixen
+13/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsaß and Breisgau
+20/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel
+02/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of Jülich-Berg
+02/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of Köln
+04/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Würzburg
+11/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz
+16/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden
+17/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Münster and duchy of Cleve
+14/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark
+
+06/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia
+11/22 Jan 1584 - Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn
+12/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz
+22 Jan/
+   02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587)
+      Jun 1584 - Unterwalden
+01/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen
+
+16/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn
+
+14/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania
+
+22 Aug/
+   02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia
+
+13/24 Dec 1614 - Pfalz-Neuburg
+
+          1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in
+                 1796)
+
+          1624 - bishopric of Osnabrück
+
+          1630 - bishopric of Minden
+
+15/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim
+
+          1655 - Kanton Wallis
+
+05/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg
+
+18 Feb/
+   01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in
+                 Germany), Denmark, Norway
+30 Jun/
+   12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen
+10 Nov/
+   12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel
+
+31 Dec 1700/
+   12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zürich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
+                 Turgau, and Schaffhausen
+
+          1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
+
+01 Jan 1750    - Pisa and Florence
+
+02/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain
+
+17 Feb/
+   01 Mar 1753 - Sweden
+
+1760-1812      - Graubünden
+
+The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
+convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
+
+Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
+Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
+(Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
+
+
+----- Time and time zones on Mars -----
+
+Some people's work schedules use Mars time.  Jet Propulsion Laboratory
+(JPL) coordinators have kept Mars time on and off at least since 1997
+for the Mars Pathfinder mission.  Some of their family members have
+also adapted to Mars time.  Dozens of special Mars watches were built
+for JPL workers who kept Mars time during the Mars Exploration
+Rovers mission (2004).  These timepieces look like normal Seikos and
+Citizens but use Mars seconds rather than terrestrial seconds.
+
+A Mars solar day is called a "sol" and has a mean period equal to
+about 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 seconds in terrestrial time.  It is
+divided into a conventional 24-hour clock, so each Mars second equals
+about 1.02749125 terrestrial seconds.
+
+The prime meridian of Mars goes through the center of the crater
+Airy-0, named in honor of the British astronomer who built the
+Greenwich telescope that defines Earth's prime meridian.  Mean solar
+time on the Mars prime meridian is called Mars Coordinated Time (MTC).
+
+Each landed mission on Mars has adopted a different reference for
+solar time keeping, so there is no real standard for Mars time zones.
+For example, the Mars Exploration Rover project (2004) defined two
+time zones "Local Solar Time A" and "Local Solar Time B" for its two
+missions, each zone designed so that its time equals local true solar
+time at approximately the middle of the nominal mission.  Such a "time
+zone" is not particularly suited for any application other than the
+mission itself.
+
+Many calendars have been proposed for Mars, but none have achieved
+wide acceptance.  Astronomers often use Mars Sol Date (MSD) which is a
+sequential count of Mars solar days elapsed since about 1873-12-29
+12:00 GMT.
+
+The tz database does not currently support Mars time, but it is
+documented here in the hopes that support will be added eventually.
+
+Sources:
+
+Michael Allison and Robert Schmunk,
+"Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock"
+ (2012-08-08).
+
+Jia-Rui Chong, "Workdays Fit for a Martian", Los Angeles Times
+
+(2004-01-14), pp A1, A20-A21.
+
+Tom Chmielewski, "Jet Lag Is Worse on Mars", The Atlantic (2015-02-26)
+
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
+Arthur David Olson.
+
+-----
+Local Variables:
+coding: utf-8
+End:
diff --git a/africa b/africa
index 1c6e520..f20d216 100644
--- a/africa
+++ b/africa
@@ -1,43 +1,46 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
 #
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
 # for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
 # but Mark R V Murray reports that
-# `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
-# `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
-# `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
-# the area that includes Nigeria is ``West Africa''.
-# He has heard of ``Western Sahara Time'' for +0:00 but can find no reference.
+# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
+# 'CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
+# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
+# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
+# He has heard of "Western Sahara Time" for +0:00 but can find no reference.
 #
-# To make things confusing, `WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
+# To make things confusing, 'WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
 # I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
 # and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
 # This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@
 #	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
 # and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
 #	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time
-# I realize that this leads to `WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
+# I realize that this leads to 'WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
 # for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
 # until we get more information.
 #
@@ -61,7 +64,6 @@
 #	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
-#	 4:00	EAST	East Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 
 # Algeria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -90,9 +92,9 @@ Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25 2:00
+Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
 			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
 			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
@@ -102,93 +104,81 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
 			1:00	-	CET
 
 # Angola
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
-			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time
-			1:00	-	WAT
-
 # Benin
-# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912
-			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Botswana
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
-			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Burkina Faso
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Burundi
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Cameroon
-# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Cape Verde
+#
+# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to CVT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907			# Praia
+Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907        # Praia
 			-2:00	-	CVT	1942 Sep
 			-2:00	1:00	CVST	1945 Oct 15
-			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25 2:00
+			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25  2:00
 			-1:00	-	CVT
 
 # Central African Republic
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Chad
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912
+Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
 			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
 			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Comoros
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul   # Moroni, Gran Comoro
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
-# Democratic Republic of Congo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
-			1:00	-	WAT
-Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo
+# See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
 
 # Republic of the Congo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
-# Cote D'Ivoire
+# Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Sao_Tome	# São Tomé and Príncipe
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 
 # Djibouti
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Egypt
 
+# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
+# observatory; round to nearest.  Milne also says that the official time for
+# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
+# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -218,30 +208,26 @@ Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
 #
 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
-# 
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
-# 
 # or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
-# 
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
-Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
-Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
@@ -275,15 +261,9 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 #
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
-# [1] 
-# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
-# 
-# [2] 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
-# 
-# [3] 
-# http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
-# 
+# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
+# [2] http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
@@ -293,14 +273,10 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
-# 
 #
 # The Middle East News Agency
-# 
 # http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
-# 
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
@@ -308,85 +284,118 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # (at least today).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
-# According to News from Egypt -  Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
+# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
 # Ramadan.
 #
 # Arabic translation:
-# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan--and then forward again"
-# 
+# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
-# 
 
-Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	10	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
+# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
+
+# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
+# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
+
+# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
+# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
+# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
+# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
+# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
+# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
+# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
+# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
+# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
+# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
+# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
+# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
+# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
+# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
+# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
+# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
+# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
+# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
+# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
+# Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
+# dates not yet announced....
+# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
+
+# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
+# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
+# least for 2015.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
+# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
+# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
+# practice altogether in future years."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
+# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
+# decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
+
+Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:00 -	LMT	1900 Oct
+Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
-			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Eritrea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
-			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890	      # Asmara Mean Time
-			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
-			3:00	-	EAT
-
 # Ethiopia
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time zones
-# between 1870 and 1890, and that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in 1890.
-# We'll guess that 38E50 is for Adis Dera.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
-			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Gabon
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Gambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935	# Banjul Mean Time
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Ghana
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to ``the present'';
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
+# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
+# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
+# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
+# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
 			 0:00	Ghana	%s
 
 # Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
+#
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26
+Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
@@ -397,13 +406,18 @@ Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
 			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
 			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa	 # Ethiopia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara	 # Eritrea
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala	 # Uganda
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu	 # Somalia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo	 # Madagascar
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 
 # Lesotho
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
-			2:00	-	SAST
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Liberia
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -424,6 +438,28 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 
 # Libya
 
+# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
+# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
+# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
+#
+# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
+# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
+# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
+# (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
+# lastFri instead of lastSun).
+
+# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
+# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
+# cancelled yesterday....
+# http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UTC+2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -438,43 +474,32 @@ Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
-# The following entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
-# the IATA SSIM data contain some obvious errors.
+# The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
+# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
-			1:00	-	CET	1997 Apr  4
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1997 Oct  4
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
+			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
 			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
-			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Malawi
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Mali
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
-			 0:00	-	GMT
-
 # Mauritania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Mauritius
 
@@ -498,9 +523,7 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
 # According to
-# 
 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
-# 
 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
@@ -515,22 +538,17 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
 # Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
-# time:  Energy conservation?"-# No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
+# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
 #
 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
-# de l'heure d'ete" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
-# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one.
-# ...
-# 
+# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
+# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
-# 
 
 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
-# 
 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
 #
 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
@@ -540,33 +558,25 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
-# year 2008 - 2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
+# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
 # and end on 29 March 2009.
 
 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
 # DST the coming summer...
 #
 # Some sources, in French:
-# 
 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
-# 
-# 
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
@@ -579,18 +589,16 @@ Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907		# Port Louis
+Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 			4:00 Mauritius	MU%sT	# Mauritius Time
 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 
 # Mayotte
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Morocco
-# See the `europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
+# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
@@ -598,69 +606,44 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 #
 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
-# Communication Minister and Gov ernment Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
+# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
-# 
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe Presse:
-# 
+# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
+# Presse:
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
-# 
 #
 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
 # spokesman.
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
-# 
 # http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
-# 
-# (and republished here:
-# 
-# http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html
-# 
-# )
-# the changes occurs at midnight:
-#
-# saturday night may 31st at midnight (which in french is to be
-# intrepreted as the night between saturday and sunday)
-# sunday night the 28th  at midnight
-#
-# Seeing that the 28th is monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
-# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between sunday and
-# monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
-# june1st to sept 27th.
+# (and republished here: )
+# the changes occur at midnight:
+#
+# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
+# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
+# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
+#
+# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
+# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
+# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
+# June 1st to Sept 27th.
 #
 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
 # published on the web.
 #
 # It's also confirmed here:
-# 
 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
-# 
-# on a government portal as being  between june 1st and sept 27th (not yet
-# posted in english).
+# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
+# posted in English).
 #
-# The following google query will generate many relevant hits:
-# 
+# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
 # http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
-# 
-
-# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# Is Western Sahara (part which administrated by Morocco) going to follow
-# Morocco DST changes?  Any information?  What about other part of
-# Western Sahara - under administration of POLISARIO Front (also named
-# SADR Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic)?
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-09):
-# XXX--guess that it is only Morocco for now; guess only 2008 for now.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
@@ -668,47 +651,32 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # of September:
 #
 # One article about it (in French):
-# 
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
-# 
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
 # to many sources, such as
-# 
 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
-# 
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
-# Ministere de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
+# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
 #
-# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 june 1967)
+# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
@@ -716,51 +684,33 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
 #
 # Example:
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
-# 
 # (French)
 # Our page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
-# 
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
-# The 3rd april 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd april 1:00:00
-# The 31th july 2011 at 00:59:59,  [it] will be 31th July 00:00:00
+# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
+# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
 # ...Official links of change in morocco
 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
 # +212.537.71.84.00
-# 
 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
-# 
 # They said that
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
-# 
 # is the official publication to look at.
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
-# 
-# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-lev
-# 
-# e.html
-# 
+# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
-# anche-prochain-5538.html
-# 
 
 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
 # They have it written in English here:
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
-# 
 #
 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
@@ -768,20 +718,16 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # also been like that in the past.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
-# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
-# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
-# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
-# 
+# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
+# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
+# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
-# 
 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
 # except the month of Ramadan.
 # or (brief)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
 # The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
@@ -792,17 +738,13 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 
 # From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
 # Seen Morocco change again:
-# 
 # http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
-# 
-# "...à partir du dernier dimance d'avril et non fins mars,
-# comme annoncé précédemment."
+# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
+# comme annoncé précédemment."
 
 # From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
 # The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
-# 
 #
 # Google translation, lightly edited:
 # Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
@@ -815,6 +757,83 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
 # August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
+# Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
+# announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
+# announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
+# 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
+
+# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
+# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
+# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
+# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
+# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
+# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
+# source (French):
+# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
+# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
+# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
+
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
+# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
+# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
+# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
+
+# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
+# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
+# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
+# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
+# 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
+# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
+# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
+# Source (french):
+# http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
+#
+# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
+# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
+# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
+# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
+#  agrees
+# with the patch.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-08):
+# For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2015's rules,
+# and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
+# Sunday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Sunday after
+# Ramadan.  To implement this, transition dates for 2016 through 2037 were
+# determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
+# results integrated by hand into the table below.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1437))
+#   (require 'cal-islam)
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (sunday 0))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -835,37 +854,88 @@ Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	 21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	 31	 0	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	max	-	Apr	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2012	max	-	Sep	 lastSun 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	 20	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	 20	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	24	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2026	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+
 # Western Sahara
-Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
+# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
+# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
+# Morocco does.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
+# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
+# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
+
+Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1976 Apr 14
-			 0:00	-	WET
+			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
 
 # Mozambique
+#
+# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre	# Malawi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura	# Burundi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone	# Botswana
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare	# Zimbabwe
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
 
 # Namibia
 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 
-# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30) in
-# :
+# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
+# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
@@ -882,34 +952,41 @@ Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
-			1:30	-	SWAT	1903 Mar	# SW Africa Time
-			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21 2:00
+			1:30	-	SWAT	1903 Mar    # SW Africa Time
+			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
 			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Apr  3
 			1:00	Namibia	WA%sT
 
 # Niger
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1934 Feb 26
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
-			 1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Nigeria
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
 			1:00	-	WAT
-
-# Reunion
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui	     # Central African Republic
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala	     # Cameroon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda	     # Angola
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo	     # Equatorial Guinea
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey	     # Niger
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
+
+# Réunion
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
-			4:00	-	RET	# Reunion Time
+Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
+			4:00	-	RET	# Réunion Time
+#
+# Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
 #
-# Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
-# Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
-# no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# Îles Éparses (, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
@@ -919,37 +996,24 @@ Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # St Helena
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
-			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951	# Jamestown Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
-#	Ascension: on GMT, says usno1995 and the CIA
+#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
 #	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
 #		on GMT, says the CIA
-#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: no information, but probably GMT
-
-# Sao Tome and Principe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912	# Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
 
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
 # Senegal
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Seychelles
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
+Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun # Victoria
 			4:00	-	SCT	# Seychelles Time
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
@@ -959,24 +1023,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
-			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
-			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
-			 0:00	SL	%s
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Somalia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
-			3:00	-	EAT	1931
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1957
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # South Africa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -986,15 +1036,18 @@ Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Swaziland
+#
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
 # scientific station since 1947
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
 #
-# From 
-# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13)
-# , also reported by Michael De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+# From 
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
+# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
@@ -1010,31 +1063,21 @@ Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # South Sudan
-Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:24 -	LMT	1931
-			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
 
 # Swaziland
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	SAST
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Tanzania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
-			3:00	-	EAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Togo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
-			0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Tunisia
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
-# My correspondent, Risto Nykanen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
+# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
 # this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
 # , in a story attributed to AP
 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
@@ -1043,8 +1086,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # Saturday."  (My translation)
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
-# LaPresse, the first national daily newspaper ...
-# 
+# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
+# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
 # 1h standard time.
 #
@@ -1057,18 +1100,12 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
-# 
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
@@ -1076,20 +1113,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
 #
 # (in English)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
-# 
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
-# 
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009--3-18):
-# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is due to the fact
-# that the fasting month of ramadan coincides with the period concerned by summer time.
-# Therefore, the standard time will be kept unchanged the whole year long."
-# So foregoing DST seems to be an exception (albeit one that may be repeated in the  future).
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
+# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
+# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
+# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
+# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
+# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
@@ -1101,12 +1135,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
-# 
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1141,23 +1171,12 @@ Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
 
 # Uganda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1930
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Zambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
-
 # Zimbabwe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
diff --git a/antarctica b/antarctica
index f55cbde..2af088f 100644
--- a/antarctica
+++ b/antarctica
@@ -1,103 +1,35 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
-# 
 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
-# 
+# http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/
 # and
-# 
 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
-# 
+# http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm
 # for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
 #
 # Except for the French entries,
 # I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
-# FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
-
-# These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-# N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
-# which is used below in specifying the transition.
-Rule	ChileAQ	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	only	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	only	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2013	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-
-# These rules are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# FORMAT is 'zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
 # Argentina - year-round bases
 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
-# Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
-# Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
-# Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
-# San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
+# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
 #	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 
 # Australia - territories
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
-#	
 #	Margaret Turner reports
-#	 (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
@@ -114,20 +46,13 @@ Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 #
 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
-# 
 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
-# 
 #
 # We have more background information here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
-# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
-# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
-# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
-# on 4 April.
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
 #
 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
@@ -138,60 +63,50 @@ Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 #
 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 #
-# In addition to the Rule changes for Casey/Davis, it means that Macquarie
-# will no longer be like Hobart and will have to have its own Zone created.
-#
 # Background:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
-# 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969
-			8:00	-	WST	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Western (Aus) Standard Time
-			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar 5 2:00
-						# Casey Time
-			8:00	-	WST	2011 Oct 28 2:00
+			8:00	-	AWST	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+						# Australian Western Std Time
+			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar  5  2:00  # Casey Time
+			8:00	-	AWST	2011 Oct 28  2:00
 			11:00	-	CAST	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
-			8:00	-	WST
+			8:00	-	AWST
 Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13
-			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
+			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov    # Davis Time
 			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb
-			7:00	-	DAVT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
+			7:00	-	DAVT	2009 Oct 18  2:00
 			5:00	-	DAVT	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
-			7:00	-	DAVT	2011 Oct 28 2:00
+			7:00	-	DAVT	2011 Oct 28  2:00
 			5:00	-	DAVT	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
 			7:00	-	DAVT
 Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
-			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Mawson Time
+			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18  2:00 # Mawson Time
 			5:00	-	MAWT
-Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1911
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	AusAQ	EST	1967
-			10:00	ATAQ	EST	2010 Apr 4 3:00
-			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie Island Time
 # References:
-# 
 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html
 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html
 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html
+
+# Belgium - year-round base
+# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007
 
 # Brazil - year-round base
-# Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+
+# Bulgaria - year-round base
+# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988
 
 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
-# Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
-# General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
-# Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
+# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
 # These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
 
@@ -199,31 +114,35 @@ Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1911
 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 
-# France - year-round bases
+# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
-# Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
+# Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
-# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
-# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
+# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
+# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
 # from Tasmania.
 #
 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 #
-# Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
-# Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
-# Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
+# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
+#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
+#	see Indian/Reunion.
+#
+# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
+# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 #	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 #
 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
 #	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950 # Port-aux-Français
 			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
-# Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+#  (2005-12-05)
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
@@ -233,20 +152,22 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
 			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
 			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
-# Reference:
-# 
-# Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
-# 
+
+# France & Italy - year-round base
+# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
 
 # Germany - year-round base
-# Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
+# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009
+
+# India - year-round bases
+# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
+# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989
 
-# India - year-round base
-# Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
+# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
+# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986
 
 # Japan - year-round bases
-# Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
-# Syowa, -690022+0393524
+# Syowa (also known as Showa), -690022+0393524, since 1957
 #
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
@@ -258,11 +179,11 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
 # See:
-# 
 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
-# 
+# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
+# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 
 # New Zealand - claims
@@ -270,29 +191,50 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 #
 # year-round base
-# Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.
-#
-# These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NZAQ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
 
 # Norway - territories
 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
 #
 # claims
 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tzcode 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	CET
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	CEST
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	CET
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	zzz	2005 Feb 12
+			0:00	Troll	%s
 
 # Poland - year-round base
 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 
+# Romania - year-bound base
+# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986
+
 # Russia - year-round bases
 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
@@ -302,23 +244,23 @@ Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 #	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 
 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
-# 
-# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 #
 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 # what they had to say about time there:
-# ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
-# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
-# in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
+# in person.  He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
@@ -330,9 +272,12 @@ Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
 
 # S Africa - year-round bases
 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
-# Sanae, -7141-00250
+# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997
+
+# Ukraine - year-round base
+# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954
 
-# UK
+# United Kingdom
 #
 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 # South Orkney Islands
@@ -364,31 +309,10 @@ Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
 # USA - year-round bases
 #
 # Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+# See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, since it uses South American DST.
 #
-# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
-# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
-# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
-# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
-# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
-# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
-#
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
-			-4:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1982 May
-			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT
-#
-#
-# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
-			12:00	NZAQ	NZ%sT
-#
-# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
-# larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
+# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 #
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
@@ -396,7 +320,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
-# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
+# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 Degrees South.)
 #
 # From Susan Smith
 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
@@ -410,4 +334,4 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 #
-Link	Antarctica/McMurdo	Antarctica/South_Pole
+# See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
diff --git a/asia b/asia
index a02e109..5467024 100644
--- a/asia
+++ b/asia
@@ -1,34 +1,41 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
 #
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
+# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
+#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #	     std  dst
@@ -36,20 +43,23 @@
 #	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
 #	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
 #	3:00 AST  ADT	Arabia*
-#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran
+#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran*
 #	4:00 GST	Gulf*
 #	5:30 IST	India
-#	7:00 ICT	Indochina*
-#	7:00 WIT	west Indonesia
-#	8:00 CIT	central Indonesia
+#	7:00 ICT	Indochina, most times and locations*
+#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
 #	8:00 CST	China
-#	9:00 CJT	Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
-#	9:00 EIT	east Indonesia
+#	8:00 IDT	Indochina, 1943-45, 1947-55, 1960-75 (some locations)*
+#	8:00 JWST	Western Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)*
+#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830*
+#	9:00 JCST	Central Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)
+#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
 #	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
-#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea
-#	9:30 CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
+#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
+#	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
@@ -59,7 +69,7 @@
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
@@ -111,35 +121,33 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24 2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 			4:00	-	AMT	1997
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	2012 Mar 25 2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	2012 Mar 25  2:00s
 			4:00	-	AMT
 
 # Azerbaijan
 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
-# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
+# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence
 			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
-			4:00	-	AZT	1996 # Azerbaijan time
+			4:00	-	AZT	1996     # Azerbaijan Time
 			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997
 			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
 
 # Bahrain
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
-			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Qatar.
 
 # Bangladesh
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
@@ -147,13 +155,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 #
 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
-# 
 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
-# 
 #
 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 # June
@@ -168,17 +171,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 #
 # Some sources:
-# 
 # http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
-# 
-# 
 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
@@ -193,13 +190,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 #
 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
@@ -208,22 +200,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 #
 # One of many places where it is published:
-# 
 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 #
 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
-# 
-# and
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
-# 
 #
 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
@@ -233,17 +218,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	23:59	0	-
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
@@ -274,25 +254,24 @@ Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
 
 # Brunei
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar   # Bandar Seri Begawan
+Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
 			7:30	-	BNT	1933
 			8:00	-	BNT
 
 # Burma / Myanmar
+
+# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880		# or Yangon
-			6:24:36	-	RMT	1920	   # Rangoon Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May   # Burma Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 May 3
-			6:30	-	MMT		   # Myanmar Time
+Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880        # or Yangon
+			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon Mean Time?
+			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May    # Burma Time
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 May  3
+			6:30	-	MMT	# Myanmar Time
 
 # Cambodia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
 
 # China
 
@@ -302,12 +281,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
-# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
-# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 #
 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
-# painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
+# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 #
 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
@@ -317,15 +296,16 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that China (except for Hong Kong and Macau)
-# has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1, observing summer DST
-# from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
-# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger for now.  I made up names for the other
-# pre-1980 time zones.
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
+# this doesn't seem to be correct.  They also write that China observed summer
+# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
+# go with them for DST rules as follows:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -339,7 +319,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
 # http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
@@ -350,64 +330,97 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
-# I just now checked Google News for western news sources that talk
-# about China's single time zone, and couldn't find anything before 1986
-# talking about China being in one time zone.  (That article was: Jim
-# Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
-# time--sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05.  By the way, this
-# article confirms the tz database's data claiming that China began
-# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
-#
-# From Thomas S. Mullaney (2008-02-11):
-# I think you're combining two subjects that need to treated
-# separately: daylight savings (which, you're correct, wasn't
-# implemented until the 1980s) and the unified time zone centered near
-# Beijing (which was implemented in 1949). Briefly, there was also a
-# "Lhasa Time" in Tibet and "Urumqi Time" in Xinjiang. The first was
-# ceased, and the second eventually recognized (again, in the 1980s).
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# There seems to be a good chance China switched to a single time zone in 1949
-# rather than in 1980 as Shanks & Pottenger have it, but we don't have a
-# reliable documentary source saying so yet, so for now we still go with
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
+#
+# (1)
+# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
+#
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+#     the official calendar book of 1914.
+#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
+#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+#     became used by railways as well.
+#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
+#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
+#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+#     Japanese-occupied territory.
+#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
+#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT+8.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT+8.5
+# Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
-Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928 # or Haerbin
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
-			8:00	-	CST	1940
-			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8
+# Asia/Shanghai
 # most of China
-Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:52	-	LMT	1928
-			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# This currently represents most other zones as well,
+# as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT+8 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) UT+7
+# Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
-Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chungking
-			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT+6
+# Asia/Urumqi
+# This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,
+# as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.
 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
-# east Xinjiang, including Urumqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
-Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
-			6:00	-	URUT	1980 May # Urumqi Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Kunlun Time
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT+5.5
+# Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)
 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
@@ -424,9 +437,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
 # hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
-# local governments such as the Urumqi city government use both times in
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
-# "Urumqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 #
 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
@@ -438,21 +451,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
-#
-# ...an example of an official website using of Urumqi time.
-#
-# The first few lines of the Google translation of
-# 
-# http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39
-# 
-# (retrieved 2009-10-13)
-# > Urumqi fire seven people are missing the alleged losses of at least
-# > 500 million yuan
-# >
-# > (Reporter Dong Liu) the day before 20:20 or so (Urumqi Time 18:20),
-# > Urumqi City Department of International Plaza Luther Qiantang River
-# > burst fire. As of yesterday, 18:30, Urumqi City Fire officers and men
-# > have worked continuously for 22 hours...
 
 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
@@ -463,7 +461,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # 3. Urumqi...
 # 4. Kashgar...
 # ...
-# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Urumqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 #
@@ -475,11 +473,60 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 
-Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
-			5:30	-	KAST	1940	 # Kashgar Time
-			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT+6) but
+# this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+#  (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# XJT at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of UT+8 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to UT+8 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# UT+8 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+			6:00	-	XJT
+
 
+# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
+
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 
 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
@@ -489,15 +536,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 # obtained from
-# 
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# .
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 # Here are the dates given at
-# 
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# 
 # as of 2009-10-28:
 # Year        Period
 # 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
@@ -547,7 +590,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
 
-# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Apr	1	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Sep	30	3:30	0	-
@@ -569,7 +611,7 @@ Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:36 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1941 Dec 25
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 15
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT
@@ -578,35 +620,113 @@ Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:36 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 
 # Taiwan
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
-# was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
-# have any other information.
-
 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
-# According to Taiwan's CWB,
-# 
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
-# 
 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2010-04-07):
-# Here's Google's translation of the table at the bottom of the "summert.htm" page:
-# Decade 	                                                    Name                      Start and end date
-# Republic of China 34 years to 40 years (AD 1945-1951 years) Summer Time               May 1 to September 30
-# 41 years of the Republic of China (AD 1952)                 Daylight Saving Time      March 1 to October 31
-# Republic of China 42 years to 43 years (AD 1953-1954 years) Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to October 31
-# In the 44 years to 45 years (AD 1955-1956 years)            Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 46 years to 48 years (AD 1957-1959)       Summer Time               April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 49 years to 50 years (AD 1960-1961)       Summer Time               June 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 51 years to 62 years (AD 1962-1973 years) Stop Summer Time
-# Republic of China 63 years to 64 years (1974-1975 AD)       Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 65 years to 67 years (1976-1978 AD)       Stop Daylight Saving Time
-# Republic of China 68 years (AD 1979)                        Daylight Saving Time      July 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China since 69 years (AD 1980)                  Stop Daylight Saving Time
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
+# back to UTC+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT+9 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -614,11 +734,14 @@ Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	JWST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
@@ -638,7 +761,7 @@ Rule	Macau	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
 			8:00	Macau	MO%sT	1999 Dec 20 # return to China
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
 
@@ -646,6 +769,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Cyprus
+#
+# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
@@ -684,7 +810,7 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
-# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
 # of integration into Europe.
 
 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
@@ -697,29 +823,31 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
 
+# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:59:16	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
+			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
 			3:00	-	TBIT	1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	TBIST	1991 Apr  9 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992 # Georgia Time
+			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992        # Georgia Time
 			3:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1994 Sep lastSun
 			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1996 Oct lastSun
 			4:00	1:00	GEST	1997 Mar lastSun
 			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	2004 Jun 27
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT	2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
 			4:00	-	GET
 
 # East Timor
 
 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
 
-# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
-# 
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
-#  (1999-12-26/31):
+#  (1999-12-26/31):
 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
@@ -729,25 +857,25 @@ Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
 
-# 
 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
-# (2000-08-16):
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912
+Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
 			8:00	-	TLT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
 			9:00	-	TLT	1976 May  3
-			8:00	-	CIT	2000 Sep 17 00:00
+			8:00	-	WITA	2000 Sep 17  0:00
 			9:00	-	TLT
 
 # India
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
+Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880        # Kolkata
 			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
@@ -760,8 +888,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
 
 # Indonesia
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+#
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
-# 
+# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
@@ -773,42 +905,59 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
-# Regimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Editions
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
 # from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
 # switched on 1945-09-23.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia,  (2006-09-29).
+# The abbreviations are:
+#
+# WIB  - UTC+7 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - UTC+8 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT  - UTC+9 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
 Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
 # but this must be a typo.
-			7:07:12	-	JMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
-			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov	 # Java Time
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Mar 23
+			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov    # Java Time
+			7:30	-	WIB	1942 Mar 23
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:30	-	WIB	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIB	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIB	1964
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# west and central Borneo
 Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
 			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Jan 29
+			7:30	-	WIB	1942 Jan 29
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			8:00	-	CIT	1988 Jan  1
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:30	-	WIB	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIB	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIB	1964
+			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
 Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
 			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
-			8:00	-	CIT	1942 Feb  9
+			8:00	-	WITA	1942 Feb  9
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			8:00	-	CIT
+			8:00	-	WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
 Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
-			9:00	-	EIT	1944 Sep  1
-			9:30	-	CST	1964
-			9:00	-	EIT
+			9:00	-	WIT	1944 Sep  1
+			9:30	-	ACST	1964
+			9:00	-	WIT
 
 # Iran
 
@@ -873,14 +1022,14 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
 #
-# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Norgaard Welen:
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 # daylight saving time ...
 # http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
 #
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
-# Iran, Volume 63, Number 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
+# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
@@ -939,7 +1088,7 @@ Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
-			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946	# Tehran Mean Time
+			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946     # Tehran Mean Time
 			3:30	-	IRST	1977 Nov
 			4:00	Iran	IR%sT	1979
 			3:30	Iran	IR%sT
@@ -964,17 +1113,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
 # news sources (in Arabic):
-# 
 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
-# 
 #
 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -983,14 +1126,14 @@ Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
-# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
 #
 Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
-			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918	    # Baghdad Mean Time?
+			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
 			3:00	-	AST	1982 May
 			3:00	Iraq	A%sT
 
@@ -1059,8 +1202,13 @@ Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	18	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
 
 # From Ephraim Silverberg
 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
@@ -1170,15 +1318,15 @@ Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
 #
 #	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-02-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
 #  (2005-02-20)
 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
-# to generate the transitions in this list.
+# to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
-# The spring transitions below all correspond to the following Rule:
+# The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
 #
-# Rule	Zion	2005	max	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
 #
 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
@@ -1195,43 +1343,25 @@ Rule	Zion	2009	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2012	2015	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2013	only	-	Sep	 8	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2014	only	-	Sep	28	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2015	only	-	Sep	20	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2016	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2016	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2017	2021	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2017	only	-	Sep	24	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2018	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2019	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2020	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2021	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2022	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2022	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2023	2032	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2023	only	-	Sep	24	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2024	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2025	only	-	Sep	28	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2026	only	-	Sep	20	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2027	only	-	Oct	10	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2028	only	-	Sep	24	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2029	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2030	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2031	only	-	Sep	21	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2032	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2033	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2033	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2034	2037	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2034	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2035	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2036	only	-	Sep	28	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2037	only	-	Sep	13	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
+# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
+# Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
+# in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
+# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
+#
+# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
+# in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918	# Jerusalem Mean Time?
+Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT
 
 
@@ -1240,15 +1370,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Japan
 
-# `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
-# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
-# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
 
-# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
-# :
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
+# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
@@ -1272,7 +1402,8 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
-# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
+# Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
+# 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
@@ -1280,10 +1411,10 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
-# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
+# which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
-# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E....  But "western standard
 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
 # standard....
@@ -1291,27 +1422,33 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger claim JST in use since 1896, and that a few
-# places (e.g. Ishigaki) use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all
-# ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
-			9:00	-	JST	1896
-			9:00	-	CJT	1938
+			9:00	-	JST	1896 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
 			9:00	Japan	J%sT
 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
 
 # Jordan
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-07-01)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
 # all year round.
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-09-30)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
@@ -1329,27 +1466,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
 #
 
-# From Phil Pizzey (2009-04-02):
-# ...I think I may have spotted an error in the timezone data for
-# Jordan.
-# The current (2009d) asia file shows Jordan going to daylight
-# saving
-# time on the last Thursday in March.
-#
-# Rule  Jordan      2000  max	-  Mar   lastThu     0:00s 1:00  S
-#
-# However timeanddate.com, which I usually find reliable, shows Jordan
-# going to daylight saving time on the last Friday in March since 2002.
-# Please see
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=11
-# 
-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
-# 
 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
-# 
 #
 # Google's translation:
 #
@@ -1362,6 +1481,28 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
+# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
+# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
+# until about the same time next year (at least).
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1386,11 +1527,14 @@ Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Jordan	2002	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Jordan	2006	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
@@ -1415,9 +1559,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
 # - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
 
-# 
-# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
-# 
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
+#  (2005-03-21):
 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
@@ -1450,10 +1593,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			6:00	-	KIZT	1982 Apr  1
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	KIZ%sT	1991
 			5:00	-	KIZT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00	-	QYZT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
+			5:00	-	QYZT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
 			6:00 RussiaAsia	QYZ%sT	2005 Mar 15
 			6:00	-	QYZT
-# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
+# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk)
 Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	-	AKTT	1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
 			5:00	-	AKTT	1981 Apr  1
@@ -1473,7 +1616,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
 			6:00	-	SHET	1982 Apr  1
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	SHE%sT	1991
 			5:00	-	SHET	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	1995 Mar lastSun  2:00 # Aqtau Time
 			4:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	2005 Mar 15
 			5:00	-	AQTT
 # West Kazakhstan
@@ -1482,7 +1625,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
 			5:00	-	URAT	1981 Apr  1
 			5:00	1:00	URAST	1981 Oct  1
 			6:00	-	URAT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1989 Mar 26  2:00
 			4:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1991
 			4:00	-	URAT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
 			4:00 RussiaAsia	ORA%sT	2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
@@ -1493,7 +1636,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
-# 
+# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
@@ -1508,68 +1651,103 @@ Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
-			5:00	Kyrgyz	KG%sT	2005 Aug 12    # Kyrgyzstan Time
+			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31  2:00 # independence
+			5:00	Kyrgyz	KG%sT	2005 Aug 12 # Kyrgyzstan Time
 			6:00	-	KGT
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Korea (North and South)
 
-# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10) in
-# :
-# The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy has already
-# commissioned a research project [to reintroduce DST] and has said
-# the system may begin as early as 2008....  Korea ran a daylight
-# saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it during the 1950-53 Korean War.
+# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
+# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
+# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
+# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
+# between 1987 and 1988 ...
+
+# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# According to the Korean Wikipedia
+# http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
+# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
+# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
+# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
+# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
+# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sun>=18	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	3:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-30):
+# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
+#
+# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (Edict No. 5)
+# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
+#       (Announcement No. 338)
+# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
+# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
+# 1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)
+#
+# The Wikipedia entry also has confusing information about a change
+# to UT+9 in April 1910, but then what would be the point of the later change
+# to UT+9 on 1912-01-01?  Omit the 1910 change for now.
+#
+# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+#
+# For Pyongyang we have no information; guess no changes since World War II.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
+# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
+# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
+# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
+# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
+# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
+# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
+# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1890
-			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
-			8:30	-	KST	1932
+Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
 			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
-			8:00	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
-			8:30	-	KST	1968 Oct
+			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
 			9:00	ROK	K%sT
-Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1890
-			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
-			8:30	-	KST	1932
-			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
-			8:00	-	KST	1961 Aug 10
-			9:00	-	KST
+Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
+			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
+			8:30	-	KST
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Kuwait
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# From the Arab Times (2007-03-14):
-# The Civil Service Commission (CSC) has approved a proposal forwarded
-# by MP Ahmad Baqer on implementing the daylight saving time (DST) in
-# Kuwait starting from April until the end of Sept this year, reports Al-Anba.
-# .
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
-# We don't know the details, or whether the approval means it'll happen,
-# so for now we assume no DST.
-Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
 
 # Laos
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
 
 # Lebanon
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1607,8 +1785,8 @@ Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
 #
 # peninsular Malaysia
-# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# .
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
@@ -1620,12 +1798,12 @@ Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			7:30	-	MALT	1982 Jan  1
 			8:00	-	MYT	# Malaysia Time
 # Sabah & Sarawak
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The data here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
-# transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
+# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
-			7:30	-	BORT	1933	# Borneo Time
+			7:30	-	BORT	1933        # Borneo Time
 			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942 Feb 16
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
 			8:00	-	BORT	1982 Jan  1
@@ -1633,22 +1811,21 @@ Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
 
 # Maldives
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
-			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960	# Male Mean Time
-			5:00	-	MVT		# Maldives Time
+Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Male
+			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Male Mean Time
+			5:00	-	MVT	# Maldives Time
 
 # Mongolia
 
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
-# usno1995 and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World (2005-03)
-# both say that it has just one.
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
-# 
 # General Information Mongolia
-#  (1999-09)
+#  (1999-09)
 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
-# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
 # eight hours."
 
@@ -1659,7 +1836,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # of implementation may have been different....
 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
-# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
@@ -1673,10 +1850,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
 # there are three time zones.
 #
-# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
-# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
-#	Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
-# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
 #
 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
 
@@ -1693,16 +1870,16 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
-# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
 # He also found
-# 
+# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
-# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
@@ -1718,29 +1895,23 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
 # database on this, e.g.:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
-# 
 #
 # both say GMT+08:00.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
 # schedule here:
-# 
 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
-# 
 # (click the English flag for English)
 #
-# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbatar arrive
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
-# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khvod takes 2 hours in the Eastern
-# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbatar and Khvod are
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
-# Ulaanbatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
@@ -1748,6 +1919,13 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
 # this is almost surely wrong.
 
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
+# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
+# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
+# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
+# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
+# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1756,7 +1934,7 @@ Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
-# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sukhbaatar) took place
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
@@ -1768,17 +1946,19 @@ Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2015	max	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2015	max	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
 Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			6:00	-	HOVT	1978	# Hovd Time
+			6:00	-	HOVT	1978     # Hovd Time
 			7:00	Mongol	HOV%sT
 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
 Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			7:00	-	ULAT	1978	# Ulaanbaatar Time
+			7:00	-	ULAT	1978     # Ulaanbaatar Time
 			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT
-# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
 Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
 			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
@@ -1793,9 +1973,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 			5:45	-	NPT	# Nepal Time
 
 # Oman
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
-			4:00	-	GST
+# See Asia/Dubai.
 
 # Pakistan
 
@@ -1807,7 +1985,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
-# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
@@ -1839,43 +2017,30 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
 #
-# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to help
-# reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at 9pm and
-# moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months.
-# ...."
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
+# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
+# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
-# for another 2 months--plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
 # instead of August 31.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
 # official working."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
-# 
 #
 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
@@ -1883,15 +2048,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
 # April 08, 2009
 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
-# 
-#
-# or
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
-# 
 #
 # ....
 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
@@ -1904,34 +2062,20 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
 # this regard."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
-# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
-# 1, 2009.
+# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
+# October 1, 2009.
 #
 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
-# 
-
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
-# Alexander Krivenyshev wrote:
-# > According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
-# > Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
-# > 1, 2009.
 #
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
-# 
 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
 # Monday."
@@ -1943,11 +2087,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 #
 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
-# 
 
-# From Christoph Goehre (2009-10-01):
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
 
@@ -1963,22 +2105,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:20 -	LMT	1920
 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
 #
 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
-# 
 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
-# 
 #
 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:01	1:00	S
 Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:01	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
@@ -2041,8 +2178,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
-# to Palestine's rules.  If you have more info about this, please
-# send it to tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for incorporation into future editions.
+# to Palestine's rules.
 
 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
@@ -2053,10 +2189,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# Daoud Kuttab writes in
-# 
-# Holiday havoc
-#  (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
@@ -2069,7 +2204,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
-# earlier--the same goes for Jordan.
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
@@ -2088,7 +2223,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
 # because of the Ramadan.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
 
@@ -2105,16 +2240,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
 #
-# 
 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
@@ -2122,24 +2250,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
-# 
 #
-# or
 # (English translation)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
 #
 # One news source:
-# 
 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
-# 
 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
@@ -2148,9 +2269,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
@@ -2160,51 +2279,35 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
 #
-# 
 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
-# 
 # (in Arabic)
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
 # noon though:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
-# 
 # (Ma'an News Agency)
 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
 # According to several sources, including
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
-# 
 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
 # Gaza and the West Bank.
 # Some more background info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
@@ -2212,13 +2315,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
 # Ramadan.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
-# 
 # Additional info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
@@ -2228,14 +2327,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
 # ...
-# 
 # http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
-# 
-# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
@@ -2243,32 +2337,48 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
 #
 # Many sources, including:
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
-# 
 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
-# 
 #
-# 
 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
-# 
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
-# 
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
-# The timeanddate article for 2012 says that "the end date has not yet been
-# announced" and that "Last year, both...paused daylight saving time during...
-# Ramadan. It is not yet known [for] 2012."
-# For now, assume both switch back on the last Friday in September. XXX
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
+# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
+# and http://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
+# For future dates, guess the last Friday in March at 24:00 through
+# the first Friday on or after October 21 at 00:00.  This is consistent with
+# the predictions in today's editions of the following URLs:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2282,17 +2392,23 @@ Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2006	2008	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=8	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Aug	lastFri	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSat	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-09-20):
-# 2011 transitions per http://www.timeanddate.com as of 2011-09-20.
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2014	max	-	Oct	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2015	max	-	Mar	lastFri	24:00	1:00	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
@@ -2300,50 +2416,46 @@ Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  2 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Mar 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2012 Sep 28
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
+			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2012
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug
-			2:00 	1:00	EEST	2008 Sep
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  1 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Aug 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Sep 30 3:00
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Mar 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2012 Sep 28 3:00
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 # Paracel Is
 # no information
 
 # Philippines
-# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
-# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
-# transcript of the decree in .
-# The rest of the data are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
-# Tomorrow's Manila Standard reports that the Philippines Department of
-# Trade and Industry is considering adopting DST this June when the
-# rainy season begins.  See
-# .
-# For now, we'll ignore this, since it's not definite and we lack details.
-#
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
 # but no details]
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
+# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
+# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
+# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
+# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
+# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
+# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	-
@@ -2360,18 +2472,42 @@ Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 
 # Qatar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920	# Al Dawhah / Doha
+Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
 			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
 			3:00	-	AST
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 
 # Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UTC+4, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1950
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
 			3:00	-	AST
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden	# Yemen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
 
 # Singapore
-# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# .
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
@@ -2388,28 +2524,33 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # no information
 
 # Sri Lanka
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
+# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
+# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
+# Shanks and Pottenger.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
-# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
+# (, 1996-05-24,
 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
-# reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
-# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
-# by Shamindra in
-# 
-# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
-# :
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+#  (1996-10-26):
 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
 #  (2006-04-13):
 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
 
 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
-# 
+# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
@@ -2423,7 +2564,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
 # agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
 #
-# I recollect before the recent change the government annoucemments
+# I recollect before the recent change the government announcements
 # mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
 # Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
 #
@@ -2433,7 +2574,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # item....
 #
 # Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
-# adminsitrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
+# administrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
 # nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
 # known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
 # slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
@@ -2448,13 +2589,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
-			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906	# Moratuwa Mean Time
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Jan  5
 			5:30	0:30	IHST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16 2:00
-			5:30	-	IST	1996 May 25 0:00
-			6:30	-	LKT	1996 Oct 26 0:30
-			6:00	-	LKT	2006 Apr 15 0:30
+			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16  2:00
+			5:30	-	IST	1996 May 25  0:00
+			6:30	-	LKT	1996 Oct 26  0:30
+			6:00	-	LKT	2006 Apr 15  0:30
 			5:30	-	IST
 
 # Syria
@@ -2505,16 +2646,16 @@ Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
 Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-# From Jesper Norgard (2007-10-27):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
-# not take place 1.st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1.st November at 24:00 or
-# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sence than
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen wrote:
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
 #
 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
@@ -2530,8 +2671,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 
 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
-# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so...This is the data IATA
-# are now using:
+# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
 # Variation
@@ -2543,16 +2683,15 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
 # Agency (SANA)...
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
-# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# My buest guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
@@ -2565,37 +2704,27 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
 # clocks back 60 minutes).
 #
-# 
 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
 # two examples:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
-# 
 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
-# 
 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
-# 
 # (Arabic, gov-site)
 #
 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
 #
 # Our summary
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
@@ -2606,23 +2735,17 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
-# 
 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
 #
 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
-# 
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
@@ -2635,7 +2758,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2012	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	2009	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920	# Dimashq
+Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
 			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
 
 # Tajikistan
@@ -2643,34 +2766,38 @@ Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920	# Dimashq
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 2:00s
-			5:00	-	TJT		    # Tajikistan Time
+			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
+			5:00	-	TJT	# Tajikistan Time
 
 # Thailand
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
 			7:00	-	ICT
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh	# Cambodia
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane	# Laos
 
 # Turkmenistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
 			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 			4:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
 			5:00	-	TMT
 
 # United Arab Emirates
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat	# Oman
 
 # Uzbekistan
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
 			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
 			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
@@ -2678,28 +2805,76 @@ Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	SAM%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
 			5:00	-	UZT
-Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
 			5:00	-	UZT
 
 # Vietnam
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
+# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
+# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
+# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
+# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
+
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Min City";
-# we use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
+# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
+# is quoted verbatim in:
+# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
+# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# and is the basis for the information below.
+#
+# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
+# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
+# the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
+# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
+# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
+# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
+# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
+# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
+# To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
+# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
+# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
+# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
+# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
+# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
+# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
+# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
+# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1955 Jul  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1959 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1975 Jun 13
 			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Yemen
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Aden	3:00:48	-	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
diff --git a/australasia b/australasia
index c7d5611..5c272db 100644
--- a/australasia
+++ b/australasia
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -13,13 +12,13 @@
 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
@@ -27,26 +26,26 @@ Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			 9:30	Aus	CST
+			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
 # Western Australia
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
-			 8:00	AW	WST
+			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
 Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:45	Aus	CWST	1943 Jul
-			 8:45	AW	CWST
+			 8:45	Aus	ACW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:45	AW	ACW%sT
 
 # Queensland
 #
@@ -62,150 +61,150 @@ Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
-			10:00	Holiday	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
+			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
 
 # South Australia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Tasmania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
-# 
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Jul
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AV	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AV	AE%sT
 
 # New South Wales
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AN	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AN	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AN	CST	2000
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
-Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	D
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
-			10:30	LH	LHST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
+			10:30	LH	LH%sT
 
 # Australian miscellany
 #
@@ -218,53 +217,62 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # no times are set
 #
 # Macquarie
-# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
-# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
-# like Australia/Hobart
+# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
+# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
+# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
+# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
+# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
+# on 4 April.
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
+# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
+# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
+# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
+# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
+Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1899 Nov
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
+			0	-	zzz	1948 Mar 25
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
+			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie I Standard Time
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 
-# Cook Is
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
-			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
-			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
-
-# Cocos
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 			6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
 
+
 # Fiji
+
+# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
+
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 #
 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
-# 
 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 # amendments:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
@@ -273,35 +281,24 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 #
 # Official source:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
-# 
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 #
-# 
-# www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # which says
 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
@@ -311,9 +308,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
 # states:
 #
 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
@@ -321,26 +316,60 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
 # on the  23rd of October, 2011.
 
+# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
+# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
+# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
+# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
+
+# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
+# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
+# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
+# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
+# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
+
+# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
+# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
+# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
+# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
+# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
+# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-01):
+# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
+# 03:00 the third Sunday in January.  Although ad hoc, it matches
+# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
+# practice than guessing no DST.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Oct	24	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Oct	23	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Fiji	2012	only	-	Jan	22	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:53:40 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
+Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
 			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
 
 # French Polynesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Rikitea
+Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
 			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
 Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
 			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
-Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
+Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
 			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 # it is uninhabited.
@@ -348,14 +377,15 @@ Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
 # Guam
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
-			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
-			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23	# Guam
+			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
+			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23 # Guam
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
-			 12:00	-	GILT		 # Gilbert Is Time
+Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
+			 12:00	-	GILT	# Gilbert Is Time
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
 			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
@@ -366,12 +396,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 			 14:00	-	LINT
 
 # N Mariana Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
-			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
-			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
-			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
-			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+# See Pacific/Guam.
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -380,24 +405,24 @@ Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	MHT
 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
 			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
-			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20	# Kwajalein Time
+			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
 			12:00	-	MHT
 
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
-			10:00	-	CHUT			# Chuuk Time
-Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
-			11:00	-	PONT			# Pohnpei Time
+			10:00	-	CHUT	# Chuuk Time
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kolonia
+			11:00	-	PONT	# Pohnpei Time
 Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
+			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
 			12:00	-	KOST	1999
 			11:00	-	KOST
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
-			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15	# Nauru Time
+Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
+			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
 			9:00	-	JST	1944 Aug 15
 			11:30	-	NRT	1979 May
 			12:00	-	NRT
@@ -410,7 +435,7 @@ Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
+Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
 			11:00	NC	NC%sT
 
 
@@ -427,7 +452,8 @@ Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
-# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+# convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
+# so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
@@ -450,12 +476,14 @@ Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	CHAST	1946 Jan  1
 			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
 
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 
 # Auckland Is
-# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
@@ -464,48 +492,86 @@ Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
+# Cook Is
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
+			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
+			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Niue
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901		# Alofi
-			-11:20	-	NUT	1951	# Niue Time
-			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct 1
+Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
+			-11:20	-	NUT	1951        # Niue Time
+			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct  1
 			-11:00	-	NUT
 
 # Norfolk
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
-			11:12	-	NMT	1951	# Norfolk Mean Time
-			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time
+Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
+			11:12	-	NMT	1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
+			11:30	-	NFT	1974 Oct 27 02:00 # Norfolk T.
+			11:30	1:00	NFST	1975 Mar  2 02:00
+			11:30	-	NFT	2015 Oct  4 02:00
+			11:00	-	NFT
 
 # Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
+Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901 # Koror
 			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
-			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
-			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+			10:00	-	PGT	# Papua New Guinea Time
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
+# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
+#
+# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
+# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
+# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
+# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
+# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
+# http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
+# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
+#
+# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
+# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
+# abbreviate this as BST.  See:
+# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
+#
+Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
+			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
+			10:00	-	PGT	1942 Jul
+			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 21
+			10:00	-	PGT	2014 Dec 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	BST
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
-			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27 00:00
+Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
+			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27  0:00
 			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time
 
 # American Samoa
 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr    # N=Nome
+			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 
-# Samoa
+# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
@@ -516,124 +582,80 @@ Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
-# 
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
-# 
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 # Please see
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
-# ,
 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
-# I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
-# 
-# www.mcil.gov.ws
-# 
-#
-# PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
-#
-# Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
-# businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
-# saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
+# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
 #
-# The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
-# the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
-# then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
-# adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
-#
-# Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
-# INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
+# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
+# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
+# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
+# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 
-# From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
+# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
 #
-# 
 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
-# 
 
-# From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
-# I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
-# Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
-# confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
-# than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
-# the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
-# changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
-#
-# International Date Line Bill 2011
-#
-# AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
-# consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
-# Line, and for related purposes.
-#
-# BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
-# assembled as follows:
-#
-# 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
-# International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
-# commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
-# Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
-#
-# [snip]
-#
-# 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
-# other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
-# time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
-#
-# 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
-# standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
-# Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
-# time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
-# instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
-# Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
-# Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
-# it defines Samoa standard time....
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
+# The International Date Line Act 2011
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
+# changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
+# accordingly.
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
-# 
 #
 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 #
 # DST
-# Year	End	Time	Start	Time
-# 2011	- - -	- - -	24 September	3:00am to 4:00am
-# 2012	01 April	4:00am to 3:00am	- - -	- - -
+# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
+# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
+# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
 #
 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 # Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
 # Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
 #
-# Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
-# Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
-# seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
-# a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
+# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
+# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
+# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
+# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	S
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	S
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	WST	2010 Sep 26
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Apr 2 4:00
-			-11:00	-	WST	2011 Sep 24 3:00
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Dec 30
-			 13:00	1:00	WSDT	2012 Apr 1 4:00
-			 13:00	-	WST
+			-11:30	-	WSST	1950
+			-11:00	WS	S%sT	2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
+			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
 
 # Solomon Is
 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
+Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
 			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time
 
 # Tokelau Is
@@ -657,7 +679,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	TKT 2011 Dec 30	# Tokelau Time
+			-11:00	-	TKT	2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
 			13:00	-	TKT
 
 # Tonga
@@ -685,7 +707,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
-# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
@@ -698,30 +720,38 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Johnston
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.
+#
+# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
+#  (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
+# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
+# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
+# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
+# http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
+#
+# See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
 
 # Kingman
 # uninhabited
 
 # Midway
-#
-# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
-# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
-# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
-# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
-# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
-# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
-# designations that I've never seen before:....
-# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
-#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
-#
-Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
-			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
 
 # Palmyra
 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
@@ -741,7 +771,7 @@ Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
+Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
 
 # Wallis and Futuna
@@ -753,184 +783,213 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # NOTES
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
-#		std dst
-#		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#	  8:00	WST WST	Western Australia
-#	  8:45	CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
-#	  9:00	JST	Japan
-#	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
-#	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
-#	 10:00	ChST	Chamorro
-#	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
-#	 11:30	NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
-#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
-#	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
-#	-11:00	SST	Samoa
-#	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
-#	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
-#
-# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
-# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
+#		std	dst
+#		LMT		Local Mean Time
+#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
+#	  8:45	ACWST	ACWDT	Central Western Australia*
+#	  9:00	JST		Japan
+#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
+#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
+#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
+#	 10:30	LHST	LHDT	Lord Howe*
+#	 11:00	BST		Bougainville*
+#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
+#	 12:15	CHAST		Chatham through 1945*
+#	 12:45	CHAST	CHADT	Chatham 1946-present*
+#	 13:00	WSST	WSDT	(western) Samoa 2011-present*
+#	-11:30	WSST		Western Samoa through 1950*
+#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
+#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
+#	- 8:00	PST		Pitcairn*
+#
+# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
+# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
+# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
+# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
+# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
+# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
+# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
+# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
+# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
+# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
+# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
+# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
-# 
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
-#  summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
-# 
 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
-#  covers New South Wales in particular.
+# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
+# covers New South Wales in particular.
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
-# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
-# It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
-# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
+# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
+# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
+# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
-# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
+# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
 # time'.
 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
-# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
-# or `Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
+# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
+# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
-# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
+# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
-#	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
-#	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
-#	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
-
-# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
-# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
-# 
-# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
-# 
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
-# versus "AEST" etc.:
-#
-# I see the following points of dispute:
-#
-# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
-#
-#   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
-#   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
-#   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
-#   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
-#   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
-#   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
-#   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
-#   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
-#
-#   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
-#   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
-#   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
-#   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
-#
-# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
-#
-#   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
-#   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
-#   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
-#   Time, for example.
-#
-#   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
-#   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
-#   tiebreaker.
-#
-# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
-#   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
-#   the word "Australian"?
-#
-#   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
-#   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
-#   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
-#   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
-#   following count of page hits:
-#
-#     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
-#       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
-#
-#   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
-#   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
-#   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
-#   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
-#
-#   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
-#   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
-#   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
-#   are the hit counts anyway:
-#
-#     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
-#      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
-#      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
-#      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
-#
-#      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
-#       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
-#         176 "ACST" and domain:au
-#          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
-#
-#       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
-#          68 "AWST" and domain:au
-#
-#   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
-#   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
-#   the ambiguities involved.
-#
-# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
-#
-#   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
-#   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
-#   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
-#   understood in Australia.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+#
+# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
+# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
+# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
+# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
+# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
+# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
+# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
+# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
+# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
+# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
+# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
+# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
+#
+#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
+#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
+#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
+#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
+#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
+#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
+#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
+#
+#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
+#
+# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
+# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
+# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
+# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
+#
+#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
+#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
+#
+# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
+# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
+# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
+# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
+# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
+# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
+# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
+#
+# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
+# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search 
+# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
+# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
+# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
+# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
+# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
+# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
+# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
+# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
+# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
+# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
+# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
+# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
+#
+# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
+#
+#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
+#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
+#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
+#
+#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
+#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
+#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
+#
+#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
+#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
+#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
+#
+#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
+#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
+#
+#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
+#   http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
+#
+#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
+#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
+#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
+#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
+#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
+#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
+#
+# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
+# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
+# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
+# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
+# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
+# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
+# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
+# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
+# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
-# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
+# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
@@ -940,17 +999,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # relevant entries in this database.
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
-# 
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
-# 
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
 # ACT
-# 
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
-# 
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
 # SA
-# 
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
-# 
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
@@ -968,7 +1024,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
 # allude to it.
 # But not Queensland
-# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
 
 # Northern Territory
 
@@ -1015,9 +1071,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
-# 
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
-#  (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
+# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
 # Queensland
@@ -1058,9 +1114,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
-# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
-# 
+# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
 
 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
@@ -1074,7 +1130,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
-# .
+# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
@@ -1222,7 +1278,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
 # who notes:
 #	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
-#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
+#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
 #	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
 #	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
@@ -1230,48 +1286,42 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
-# October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
-# 
-# Two months more daylight saving
-# 
-# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
+# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
+# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
+# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
 # See the following official NSW source:
-# 
 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
-# 
+# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
 #
 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
 # daylight saving next year.  See:
-# 
 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
+# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
 # Victoria will following NSW.  See:
-# 
-# Vic to extend daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-28).
+# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
+# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
 #
 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
-# 
-# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
-#  (1999-07-19).
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
 #
 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
-# 
 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
-#  (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
-# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
+# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
-# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
 #
 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
-# 
-# Broken Hill to be behind the times
-#  (1999-07-21).
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
 
 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
@@ -1287,7 +1337,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Yancowinna
 
 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
-# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
+# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
@@ -1344,9 +1394,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # summer (southern hemisphere).
 #
 # From
-# 
 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
-# 
 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
@@ -1356,9 +1404,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
 #
 # We have a wrap-up here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
-# 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
@@ -1367,7 +1413,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
-# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
+# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
@@ -1409,6 +1455,19 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
@@ -1426,26 +1485,22 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
 
-# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
-# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
-# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.  But correspondents say it
-# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
-# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
-# millenium.
+# From the BBC World Service in
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
+# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
+# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
+# of the new millennium.
 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
-# Johnston
-
-# Johnston data is from usno1995.
-
 
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
-# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
+# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
 
@@ -1460,8 +1515,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
-# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
-# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
+# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
@@ -1475,17 +1530,16 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Micronesia
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
-# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
-# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
-# 
-# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
-#  (1999-01-26)
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
+# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
 
@@ -1506,6 +1560,20 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
 
+# Norfolk
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
+# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
+# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
+# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
+# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
+# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
+# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
+# other than in 1974/5.  See:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
 
 # Pitcairn
 
@@ -1531,27 +1599,34 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
-# Samoa
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
-# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
-# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
-# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
-
+# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
+# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
+# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
+# in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
-# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
-# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
+# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
 
 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
-# 
-# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
-# :
-
+# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
+# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
+#
 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
@@ -1559,8 +1634,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
-# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
-# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
 #
 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
@@ -1576,7 +1651,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
-# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
@@ -1586,9 +1661,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
 #
 # I was given this link by John Letts:
-# 
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
-# 
 #
 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
@@ -1596,9 +1669,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
-# According to 
-# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
-# :
+# According to :
 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
@@ -1616,7 +1687,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
-# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+# (Original URL was )
 
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
@@ -1636,7 +1707,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 #
-# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ...  The time was all the
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
@@ -1681,7 +1752,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
-# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight.  These zones were
+# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
 
@@ -1689,6 +1760,6 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (2005-03-20):
 #
 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
-# 
+# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
diff --git a/backward b/backward
index dc7769f..8b0fef5 100644
--- a/backward
+++ b/backward
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This file provides links between current names for time zones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
-Link	Africa/Asmara		Africa/Asmera
-Link	Africa/Bamako		Africa/Timbuktu
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
@@ -20,17 +20,23 @@ Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
 Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
 Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
 Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Montreal
 Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
-Link	America/St_Thomas	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
 Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
-Link	Asia/Chongqing		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking
 Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
 Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
-Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
 Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
-Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
 Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
 Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
 Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
 Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
@@ -88,10 +94,10 @@ Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	America/Denver		Navajo
 Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
+Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
 Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
-Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
 Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
-Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
 Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
 Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
 Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
diff --git a/backzone b/backzone
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0316708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backzone
@@ -0,0 +1,672 @@
+# Zones that go back beyond the scope of the tz database
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know
+# better, go ahead and edit it (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+
+# This file contains data outside the normal scope of the tz database,
+# in that its zones do not differ from normal tz zones after 1970.
+# Links in this file point to zones in this file, superseding links in
+# the file 'backward'.
+
+# Although zones in this file may be of some use for analyzing
+# pre-1970 time stamps, they are less reliable, cover only a tiny
+# sliver of the pre-1970 era, and cannot feasibly be improved to cover
+# most of the era.  Because the zones are out of normal scope for the
+# database, less effort is put into maintaining this file.  Many of
+# the zones were formerly in other source files, but were removed or
+# replaced by links as their data entries were questionable and/or they
+# differed from other zones only in pre-1970 time stamps.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+
+# This file is not intended to be compiled standalone, as it
+# assumes rules from other files.  In the tz distribution, use
+# 'make posix_packrat' to compile this file.
+
+# Zones are sorted by zone name.  Each zone is preceded by the
+# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
+# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
+#
+# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+
+# Ethiopia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
+# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
+# 02:00 or 14:00.  Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time
+# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
+# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05.  Perhaps 38E50
+# was for Adis Dera.  Quite likely the Shanks data entries are wrong
+# anyway.
+Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Eritrea
+Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890        # Asmara Mean Time
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
+
+# Mali (southern)
+Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Central African Republic
+Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gambia
+Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935 # Banjul Mean Time
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Malawi
+Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Republic of the Congo
+Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Burundi
+Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Guinea
+Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Senegal
+Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Tanzania
+Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
+			3:00	-	EAT	1948
+			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Djibouti
+Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Cameroon
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+# Sierra Leone
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The following table is from Shanks & Pottenger, but it can't be right.
+# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on.
+# The International Hydrographic Bulletin, 1932-33, p 63 says that
+# Sierra Leone would advance its clocks by 20 minutes on 1933-10-01.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
+Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
+			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
+			 0:00	SL	%s
+
+# Botswana
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
+# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
+Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zimbabwe
+Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# South Sudan
+Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:24 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Uganda
+Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930
+			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
+			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Rwanda
+Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (west)
+Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gabon
+Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Togo
+Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
+			0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Angola
+#
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
+			0:52:04	-	AOT	1912 Jan  1 # Angola Time
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zambia
+Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Equatorial Guinea
+#
+# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UTC to UTC+1 on 1963-12-15,
+# a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
+# says that Spanish Guinea was at GMT+1 back then.  The Shanks data entries
+# are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
+			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Lesotho
+Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Swaziland
+Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Somalia
+Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
+			3:00	-	EAT	1931
+			2:30	-	BEAT	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Niger
+Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1934 Feb 26
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
+			 1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mauritania
+Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Burkina Faso
+Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Benin
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
+Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 # Lisbon Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Mali (northern)
+Zone	Africa/Timbuktu	-0:12:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Anguilla
+Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Antigua and Barbuda
+Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	-	EST	1951
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Chubut, Argentina
+# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
+Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	ART
+
+# Aruba
+Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
+			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Canada
+Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Dominica
+Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Roseau
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Baja California
+# See 'northamerica' for why this entry is here rather than there.
+Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+
+# Grenada
+Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul # St George's
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Guadeloupe
+Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
+			-4:00	 -	AST
+
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto; see
+# America/Toronto.  However, earlier versions of the tz database
+# mistakenly relied on data from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec
+# differed from Ontario after 1970, and the following rules and zone
+# were created for most of Quebec from the incorrect Shanks &
+# Pottenger data.  The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
+# pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# Montserrat
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
+# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
+Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Argentina
+# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
+# more detailed zones.
+# Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
+# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Rosario	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1894 Nov
+			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Jul
+			-3:00	-	ART	1999 Oct  3  0:00
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3  0:00
+			-3:00	-	ART
+
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2 # Basseterre
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Lucia
+Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890 # Castries
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912 # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Virgin Is
+Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Vincent and the Grenadines
+Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# British Virgin Is
+Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Road Town
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
+
+# Yemen
+# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
+# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
+Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	AST
+
+# Bahrain
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920     # Manamah
+			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	AST
+
+# India
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 305 says that Madras
+# civil time was 5:20:57.3.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-21):
+# In tomorrow's The Hindu, Nitya Menon reports that India had two civil time
+# zones starting in 1884, one in Bombay and one in Calcutta, and that railways
+# used a third time zone based on Madras time (80 deg. 18'30" E).  Also,
+# in 1881 Bombay briefly switched to Madras time, but switched back.  See:
+# http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-when-madras-clocked-the-time/article6339393.ece
+#Zone	  Asia/Chennai  [not enough info to complete]
+
+# China
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928     # or Chungking
+			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Link Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
+
+# Vietnam
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for this data.
+# Trần's book says the 1954-55 transition to 07:00 in Hanoi was in
+# October 1954, with exact date and time unspecified.
+Zone	Asia/Hanoi	7:03:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1954 Oct
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# China
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928     # or Haerbin
+			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
+			8:00	-	CST	1940
+			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
+			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# far west China
+Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928     # or Kashi or Kaxgar
+			5:30	-	KAST	1940     # Kashgar Time
+			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# Kuwait
+Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	AST
+
+
+# Oman
+# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
+Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	GST
+
+# India
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Portuguese India switched to GMT+5 on 1912-01-01.
+#Zone	Asia/Panaji	[not enough info to complete]
+
+# Cambodia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.  Also, guess
+# (1) Cambodia reverted to UT+7 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did, and
+# (2) they also reverted to UT+7 on 1953-11-09, the date of independence.
+# These guesses are probably wrong but they're better than guessing no
+# transitions there.
+Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1953 Nov  9
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# Israel
+Zone	Asia/Tel_Aviv	2:19:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:21	-	JMT	1918
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+# Laos
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
+# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT+7 on 1955-04-15.
+# Also, guess that Laos reverted to UT+7 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
+# this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
+Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1955 Apr 15
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# Jan Mayen
+# From Whitman:
+Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT
+
+# St Helena
+Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890 # Jamestown
+			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Northern Ireland
+Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+						# DMT = Dublin/Dunsink MT
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+						# IST = Irish Summer Time
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Guernsey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT Location - 49.27N -2.33E - St.Peter Port
+Zone	Europe/Guernsey	-0:09:19 -	LMT	1913 Jun 18
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Isle of Man
+#
+# From Lester Caine (2013-09-04):
+# The Isle of Man legislation is now on-line at
+# , starting with the original Statutory
+# Time Act in 1883 and including additional confirmation of some of
+# the dates of the 'Summer Time' orders originating at
+# Westminster.  There is a little uncertainty as to the starting date
+# of the first summer time in 1916 which may have be announced a
+# couple of days late.  There is still a substantial number of
+# documents to work through, but it is thought that every GB change
+# was also implemented on the island.
+#
+# AT4 of 1883 - The Statutory Time et cetera Act 1883 -
+# LMT Location - 54.1508N -4.4814E - Tynwald Hill ( Manx parliament )
+Zone Europe/Isle_of_Man	-0:17:55 -	LMT	1883 Mar 30  0:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Jersey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT Location - 49.187N -2.107E - St. Helier
+Zone	Europe/Jersey	-0:08:25 -	LMT	1898 Jun 11 16:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Slovenia
+Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Macedonia
+Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Moldova / Transnistria
+Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+
+# Liechtenstein
+Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
+			1:00	-	CET	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Croatia
+Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Madagascar
+Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
+			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Comoros
+Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Mayotte
+Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+#
+# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
+# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
+# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
+# reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
+# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
+# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
+# designations that I've never seen before:....
+# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
+#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
+#
+Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
+			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr    # N=Nome
+			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+
+# N Mariana Is
+Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
+			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct    # N Mariana Is Time
+			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
diff --git a/checklinks.awk b/checklinks.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0ff726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checklinks.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Check links in tz tables.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.
+
+BEGIN {
+    # Special marker indicating that the name is defined as a Zone.
+    # It is a newline so that it cannot match a valid name.
+    # It is not null so that its slot does not appear unset.
+    Zone = "\n"
+}
+
+/^Zone/ {
+    if (defined[$2]) {
+	if (defined[$2] == Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Zone has duplicate definition\n", $2
+	} else {
+	    printf "%s: Link with same name as Zone\n", $2
+	}
+	status = 1
+    }
+    defined[$2] = Zone
+}
+
+/^Link/ {
+    if (defined[$3]) {
+	if (defined[$3] == Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Link with same name as Zone\n", $3
+	} else if (defined[$3] == $2) {
+	    printf "%s: Link has duplicate definition\n", $3
+	} else {
+	    printf "%s: Link to both %s and %s\n", $3, defined[$3], $2
+	}
+	status = 1
+    }
+    used[$2] = 1
+    defined[$3] = $2
+}
+
+END {
+    for (tz in used) {
+	if (defined[tz] != Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Link to non-zone\n", tz
+	    status = 1
+	}
+    }
+
+    exit status
+}
diff --git a/checktab.awk b/checktab.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de98299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checktab.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# Check tz tables for consistency.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.
+
+BEGIN {
+	FS = "\t"
+
+	if (!iso_table) iso_table = "iso3166.tab"
+	if (!zone_table) zone_table = "zone1970.tab"
+	if (!want_warnings) want_warnings = -1
+
+	while (getline >"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc = $1
+		name = $2
+		if (cc !~ /^[A-Z][A-Z]$/) {
+			printf "%s:%d: invalid country code '%s'\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		if (cc <= cc0) {
+			if (cc == cc0) {
+				s = "duplicate";
+			} else {
+				s = "out of order";
+			}
+
+			printf "%s:%d: country code '%s' is %s\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, cc, s \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc0 = cc
+		if (name2cc[name]) {
+			printf "%s:%d: '%s' and '%s' have the sname name\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, name2cc[name], cc \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		name2cc[name] = cc
+		cc2name[cc] = name
+		cc2NR[cc] = iso_NR
+	}
+
+	cc0 = ""
+
+	while (getline >"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		split($1, cca, /,/)
+		cc = cca[1]
+		coordinates = $2
+		tz = $3
+		comments = $4
+		if (cc < cc0) {
+			printf "%s:%d: country code '%s' is out of order\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc0 = cc
+		tztab[tz] = 1
+		tz2comments[tz] = comments
+		tz2NR[tz] = zone_NR
+		for (i in cca) {
+		    cc = cca[i]
+		    cctz = cc tz
+		    cctztab[cctz] = 1
+		    if (cc2name[cc]) {
+			cc_used[cc]++
+		    } else {
+			printf "%s:%d: %s: unknown country code\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		    }
+		}
+		if (coordinates !~ /^[-+][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][-+][01][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9]$/ \
+		    && coordinates !~ /^[-+][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][0-5][0-9][-+][01][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][0-5][0-9]$/) {
+			printf "%s:%d: %s: invalid coordinates\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, coordinates >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (cctz in cctztab) {
+		cc = substr (cctz, 1, 2)
+		tz = substr (cctz, 3)
+		if (1 < cc_used[cc]) {
+			comments_needed[tz] = cc
+		}
+	}
+	for (cctz in cctztab) {
+	  cc = substr (cctz, 1, 2)
+	  tz = substr (cctz, 3)
+	  if (!comments_needed[tz] && tz2comments[tz]) {
+	    printf "%s:%d: unnecessary comment '%s'\n", \
+		zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz2comments[tz] \
+		>>"/dev/stderr"
+	    tz2comments[tz] = 0
+	    status = 1
+	  } else if (comments_needed[tz] && !tz2comments[tz]) {
+	    printf "%s:%d: missing comment for %s\n", \
+	      zone_table, tz2NR[tz], comments_needed[tz] \
+	      >>"/dev/stderr"
+	    status = 1
+	  }
+	}
+	FS = " "
+}
+
+$1 ~ /^#/ { next }
+
+{
+	tz = rules = ""
+	if ($1 == "Zone") {
+		tz = $2
+		ruleUsed[$4] = 1
+	} else if ($1 == "Link" && zone_table == "zone.tab") {
+		# Ignore Link commands if source and destination basenames
+		# are identical, e.g. Europe/Istanbul versus Asia/Istanbul.
+		src = $2
+		dst = $3
+		while ((i = index(src, "/"))) src = substr(src, i+1)
+		while ((i = index(dst, "/"))) dst = substr(dst, i+1)
+		if (src != dst) tz = $3
+	} else if ($1 == "Rule") {
+		ruleDefined[$2] = 1
+	} else {
+		ruleUsed[$2] = 1
+	}
+	if (tz && tz ~ /\//) {
+		if (!tztab[tz]) {
+			printf "%s: no data for '%s'\n", zone_table, tz \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		zoneSeen[tz] = 1
+	}
+}
+
+END {
+	for (tz in ruleDefined) {
+		if (!ruleUsed[tz]) {
+			printf "%s: Rule never used\n", tz
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	for (tz in tztab) {
+		if (!zoneSeen[tz]) {
+			printf "%s:%d: no Zone table for '%s'\n", \
+				zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	if (0 < want_warnings) {
+		for (cc in cc2name) {
+			if (!cc_used[cc]) {
+				printf "%s:%d: warning: " \
+					"no Zone entries for %s (%s)\n", \
+					iso_table, cc2NR[cc], cc, cc2name[cc]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	exit status
+}
diff --git a/etcetera b/etcetera
index a9ff729..c2e2532 100644
--- a/etcetera
+++ b/etcetera
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
 Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
 
 # The following link uses older naming conventions,
-# but it belongs here, not in the file `backward',
+# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
 # as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
 # We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
 Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
@@ -31,9 +30,9 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 # even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
 # POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
 # positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
-# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UTC
+# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
 # (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
-# mean 4 hours ahead of UTC (i.e. east of Greenwich).
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).
 #
 # In the draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x, the angle bracket notation allows for
 # TZ='+4'; if you want time zone abbreviations conforming to
diff --git a/europe b/europe
index 5d2acc5..358a048 100644
--- a/europe
+++ b/europe
@@ -1,21 +1,27 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
@@ -26,17 +32,33 @@
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
-#
-#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
-#	
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
+#
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	.  He writes:
+#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
+#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
+#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
+#
+#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
+#	http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
+#	The full Russian citation is:
+#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
+#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
+#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
+#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
+#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
+#
+#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
 #	History of Summer Time
-#	 (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+#	
+#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #                   std dst  2dst
@@ -49,13 +71,12 @@
 #        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
 #        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
 #        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
+#        1:00       BST           British Standard (1968-1971)
 #        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
 #        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
 #        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
-#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
-#
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#        3:00       FET           Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
+#        3:00       MSK MSD  MSM* Minsk, Moscow
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
@@ -90,7 +111,7 @@
 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 # of the text said:
 #
-# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
+# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
@@ -99,7 +120,7 @@
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
@@ -131,10 +152,24 @@
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
-# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
-# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
@@ -145,7 +180,7 @@
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
-# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
@@ -154,18 +189,20 @@
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
-#	-- 
-#	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
-#	
+#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
+#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
+#	http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
-# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
+# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
+# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
+# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
-#
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
@@ -192,8 +229,8 @@
 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 
 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
@@ -202,31 +239,22 @@
 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
-# so we use `BDST'.
+# so we use 'BDST'.
 
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
-# 
-# History of legal time in Britain
-# 
-# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
-# exists, and the article can now be found at:
-# 
 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
-# 
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# 
-# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
-# .
+# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
@@ -265,9 +293,17 @@
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 
+# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
+# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
+# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
+# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
+# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
+# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
+# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
+
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
-# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
-# various relating to legal time, for example:
+# Irish laws are available online at .
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
@@ -310,7 +346,7 @@
 
 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
-# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
+# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
@@ -425,27 +461,31 @@ Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
+#
+# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s
+Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
-			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
 
@@ -464,10 +504,9 @@ Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
-# 
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
-# 
+# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
@@ -490,18 +529,18 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
-# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
-#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
@@ -517,7 +556,7 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
-# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
+# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 # CET and MET:
 #
 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
@@ -545,22 +584,22 @@ Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
-Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	MSM  # Midsummer
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
+# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
-# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
+# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
@@ -569,6 +608,7 @@ Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1993	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
@@ -576,14 +616,10 @@ Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
-# 
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
-# 
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# 
 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
@@ -603,10 +639,10 @@ Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
-# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
@@ -661,11 +697,13 @@ Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
-			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
 
+# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
@@ -683,11 +721,11 @@ Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
-			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12 2:00s
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
 			1:00	-	CET	1946
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -698,38 +736,37 @@ Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
-# 1.
-# 
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
-# 
-# 2.
-# 
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# 
-# 3.
-# 
 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
-# 
+#
+# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
+# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
+# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
+# Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
-			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
-			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29  0:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27  0:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26  1:00s
+			3:00	-	MSK
 
 # Belgium
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
-#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
@@ -779,7 +816,7 @@ Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
-			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
 			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
@@ -789,14 +826,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
-# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
-# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
-# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -809,18 +846,18 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr 2 3:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
-			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
+			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Cyprus
-# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
+# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
 # Czech Republic
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -833,14 +870,15 @@ Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
-			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
+			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17  2:00s
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
@@ -850,7 +888,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequenet decrees with the law
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
@@ -865,7 +903,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
@@ -889,11 +927,11 @@ Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
-			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
 			 0:00	-	WET	1981
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 #
@@ -905,11 +943,11 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
-# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 #  (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
@@ -944,16 +982,16 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
-# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 #
-# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
-# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
@@ -962,8 +1000,8 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
-# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
-# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
@@ -978,15 +1016,15 @@ Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
-			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
+			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
 			0:00	-	GMT
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
-			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
+			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
 			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
 Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
-			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
+			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
 Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
@@ -1000,25 +1038,24 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
-# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
-# summer time next spring.''
+# summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
-# 
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
-# 
+# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
-# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
-# From The Baltic Times (1999-09-09)
+# From The Baltic Times  (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
@@ -1028,29 +1065,29 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # after that.
 
 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
-# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
-# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
 
 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
-# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
-			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
 			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
@@ -1060,7 +1097,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
 
-# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
+# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
 #
 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
@@ -1070,35 +1107,45 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
-#
-# 
 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
-# 
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
-#
-# 
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
-# 
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
+# round to nearest.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
+			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
-# Aaland Is
+# Åland Is
 Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
@@ -1106,18 +1153,18 @@ Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
-# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
-# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
-# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
-# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
 
 
 #
-# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
@@ -1154,16 +1201,16 @@ Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
-# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
-# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
-# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
-# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
-# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
@@ -1184,7 +1231,7 @@ Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
@@ -1201,15 +1248,13 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
 
-# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# 
-# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
+# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
-# 
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
-# 
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
@@ -1234,11 +1279,26 @@ Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24 2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
 			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
+# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
+# Büsingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
+# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
+# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
+# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
+#
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
+# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
+# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
+
 # Georgia
 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
@@ -1246,8 +1306,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 
 # Gibraltar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2 0:00s
-			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
+			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1982
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1278,7 +1338,7 @@ Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
-			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
+			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
@@ -1287,15 +1347,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1311,7 +1376,7 @@ Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1345,36 +1410,33 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
 # might mean something else (???).
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
-# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
-# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
+# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
+# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	S
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
 Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
 Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
-# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
+# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
-			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
-			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
+Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
+			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
@@ -1389,10 +1451,9 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
 # F. Pollastri
-# 
 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
-# 
-# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
+# http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
+# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
 #
 # year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
@@ -1451,8 +1512,8 @@ Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
-			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
-			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
+			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1  0:00s # Rome Mean
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1469,21 +1530,21 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
 #
-# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
-# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
 #
-# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
-# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
 #
-# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
-# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
@@ -1499,18 +1560,18 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
-# 
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
-# 29-Feb-2000 (#79), in Latvian for subscribers only).
+# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) ,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
-# 
-# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
-# 
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
 # clocks one hour in the spring....
-# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
@@ -1520,28 +1581,45 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
+Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
 			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
-			1:00	-	CET	1981
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
+# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
+# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
+# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
+#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
+#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
+#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
+#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
+#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
+
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+
 
 # Lithuania
 
@@ -1553,7 +1631,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
-# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) ,
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
@@ -1562,9 +1640,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
-# From the 
-# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
-#  (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+#  (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
@@ -1577,18 +1655,18 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
-			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
-			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31 1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
@@ -1622,14 +1700,14 @@ Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
-			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
-			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
+			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Malta
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1641,9 +1719,9 @@ Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
-			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
+Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
 			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1658,7 +1736,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
-# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
@@ -1667,13 +1745,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
-# 
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
-# 
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
@@ -1691,10 +1764,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
-# 
 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
-# 
 
+# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
+# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
+# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
+# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
+# http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
+# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
+# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
@@ -1709,20 +1792,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Montenegro
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Netherlands
 
@@ -1761,8 +1844,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time.
 
-# The data before 1945 are taken from
-# .
+# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
+# http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
@@ -1793,8 +1876,8 @@ Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
-			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16  0:00 # Dutch Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1824,20 +1907,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
+#  and
+# ).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# ) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
 #
 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
@@ -1846,9 +1929,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 #  says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
-# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
@@ -1857,16 +1940,19 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 #  says that the Germans were
 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
-# 
+# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
 #
-# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
-# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
-# war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
+# for these regions.
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+#  pp 1-2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1877,9 +1963,9 @@ Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
-# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
-# 
-# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
@@ -1899,10 +1985,10 @@ Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
-			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
 			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
-			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
@@ -1910,6 +1996,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Portugal
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
+# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
+# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
+# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
+#
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
@@ -1989,35 +2083,34 @@ Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
-# Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
-Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
-			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
+Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
-			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
-			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
-			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
+Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
+			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00  # Azores Time
+			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
 			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
-			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
-			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
+			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00 # Madeira Time
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
-# 
-# Nine O'clock (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# Nine O'clock 
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
@@ -2034,15 +2127,88 @@ Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
-			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
-			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
+
 # Russia
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
+# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
+# (Government document
+# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
+# in Russian)
+# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
+# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
+# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
+
+# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
+# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
+# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
+# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
+# changed in September 2011:
+#
+# One source is
+# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
+# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
+# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
+# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
+# does not contain any "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
+# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
+#
+# The Wikipedia article refers to
+# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
+# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
+#
+# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
+# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
+#
+# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
+#
+# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
@@ -2057,7 +2223,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
-# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
@@ -2069,9 +2235,9 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
-# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
-# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
@@ -2082,107 +2248,265 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
-#
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-#
-# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
+
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
-# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
-# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
-# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
-# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
-# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
-# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
-# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
-# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
-# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
-# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
-# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
-# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
-# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
-# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
-# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
-# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
-# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
-Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
-			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
+# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
+# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
+# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
+# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
+# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
+# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
+# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
+# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
+# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
+# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
+# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
+# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
+# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
+# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
+# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
+# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
+# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
+# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
+# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
+# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
+# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
+# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
+# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
+# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
+# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
+# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
+# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
+# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
+# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
+# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
+# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
+# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
+# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
+# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  2:00
+			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	MSK
-#
-# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
-# Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
-# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
-# others?  But we have no data.
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers...
+# **	****	Crimea, Republic of
+# **	****	Sevastopol
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
+# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
+# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers...
+# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
+# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
+# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
+# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
+# Perhaps it switched after the others?  But we have no data.
+
 Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
 			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
 			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
-			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
-Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26  2:00s # Volgograd T
+			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
+# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
+
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  2:00
 			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
-			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
-			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
-			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
-			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26  2:00s # Kuybyshev
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20  3:00
+			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s # Samara Time
+			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	SAMT
 
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
-# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
-# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
-# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
+# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
+# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
+# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
+# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+#
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
+# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
+# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
+
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
+			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
 			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
-			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	YEKT	# Yekaterinburg Time
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
-Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
-			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
-			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	OMST
-#
+			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	YEKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 5:00	-	YEKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
+# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
+# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
+
+Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
+			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
+			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	OMST	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	OMST
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
+# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
+# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
-# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
+
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
 			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT
+			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	NOVT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	NOVT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
@@ -2190,19 +2514,15 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
 #
-# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
+# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
-# 
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
-# 
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
-# 
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
@@ -2210,132 +2530,332 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
 
-Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	NMT	1920 Jan  6
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
+Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
-
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
-# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s # Novosibirsk
+			 7:00	-	NOVT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	KRAT	# Krasnoyarsk Time
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
+# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
+
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 8:00	-	KRAT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
-# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	KRAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	KRAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
+#
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
+			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
 			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
-			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 9:00	-	IRKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
-# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
-# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
-# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
-# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
-# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
-# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
-# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
-
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	IRKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	IRKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
+
+Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 10:00	-	YAKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
-# Ust'-Yanskij.
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
-			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	VLAT
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	IRKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
+# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
+# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
+# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
+# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11	****	Gorny District
+# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
+# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14	****	Lensky District
+# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
+# 14-18	****	Namsky District
+# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
+# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
+# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
+# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
+
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
+# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 #
-# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
-# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
+
+# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
+# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
+# in 2011.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
+# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
+# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
+# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
+
+Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
-			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
+			 9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
 			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
-			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
-			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	SAKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
-# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	SAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	SAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	MAGT
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	MAGT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
+# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17	****	Momsky District
+# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
+#
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
+#
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+#
+# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
+# as the abbreviation.  Use SRET instead.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			11:00	-	SRET	# Srednekolymsk Time
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
+# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
+
+Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
 #
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
 			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
-			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	PETT
-#
-# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
-			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
-			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
+			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	ANAT
 
+
+# San Marino
+# See Europe/Rome.
+
 # Serbia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 May 8 2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
@@ -2348,7 +2868,7 @@ Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Spain
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -2411,13 +2931,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1924
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
-			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
+			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
-			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
-			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
-			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
+			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30  1:00 # Canaries T
+			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
@@ -2426,7 +2946,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
-# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
@@ -2437,7 +2957,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
@@ -2445,7 +2965,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
@@ -2455,7 +2975,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish):  (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sok-button).
+# the Sök-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
@@ -2470,9 +2990,9 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
-			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1	# Swedish Time
+			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1 01:00
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -2480,9 +3000,9 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
-# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
+# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
@@ -2496,7 +3016,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
-# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
@@ -2515,7 +3035,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
-# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
@@ -2527,23 +3047,53 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
-# most users of tzdata:
-# The zone file
-# Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
-#                          0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
-#                          1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
-#                          1:00    EU      CE%sT
+# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
-# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
+# The Federal regulations say
+# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
+# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
+
+# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
+# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
+# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
+# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
+# hour before the beginning of service.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
+# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
+#
+# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
+# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
+#
+#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
+#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
+#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
+#
+# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
+# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
+# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
+# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
+# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
+# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
+# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
+# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
+# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
-			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
+			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -2551,7 +3101,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
 
 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
-# ... The latest rules are available at -
+# ... The latest rules are available at:
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
@@ -2576,19 +3126,34 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
-# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
-#
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
-# 
 # Turkish:
-# 
 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
-# 
+
+# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
+# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
+# Turkish Local election....
+# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
+# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
+
+# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
+# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
+# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
+# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2655,17 +3220,21 @@ Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
 			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 1:00u
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28 1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 #
-# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
-# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
-# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
+# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
@@ -2674,23 +3243,17 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
 #
-# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
+# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
-# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
-# 
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
-# 
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
-# 
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
-# 
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
@@ -2698,21 +3261,42 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # time this year after all.
 #
 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
-# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
+# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
 # to Russia) was reverted today:
-#
-# 
 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
-# 
 #
 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
 # The law documents themselves are at
-#
-# 
 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
-# 
 
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
+#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
+#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
+#
+# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
+# "summer time" was still in action):
+#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
+#
+# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
+#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+#
+# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
+#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
+# This is an answer.
+#
+# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
+#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
+#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
@@ -2723,13 +3307,12 @@ Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	-	CET	1940
@@ -2737,8 +3320,8 @@ Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31 3:00
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
@@ -2752,34 +3335,12 @@ Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
-Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
-			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
-# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
-# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
-			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
-			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
-# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
-			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Vatican City
+# See Europe/Rome.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -2800,7 +3361,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # ...
 #
 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
-# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
+# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
@@ -2808,7 +3369,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
-# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
diff --git a/factory b/factory
index d29a585..4304f7c 100644
--- a/factory
+++ b/factory
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/iso3166.tab b/iso3166.tab
index b952ca1..0548800 100644
--- a/iso3166.tab
+++ b/iso3166.tab
@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-# 
+# ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
+#
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-# ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-09-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-02):
+# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
+# separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+# All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
 # 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
-#     ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-1 (2007-09-21).  See:
-#     
-#     ISO 3166 Maintenance agency (ISO 3166/MA)
-#     .
-# 2.  The usual English name for the country,
+#     ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-16 (2013-07-11).  See: Updates on ISO 3166
+#   http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes/updates_on_iso_3166.htm
+# 2.  The usual English name for the coded region,
 #     chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
 #     This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted by country code.
 #
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
-#
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-08-17):
-# Resynchronized today with the ISO 3166 site (adding SS for South Sudan).
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
-#code	country name
+#code	name of country, territory, area, or subdivision
 AD	Andorra
 AE	United Arab Emirates
 AF	Afghanistan
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ AS	Samoa (American)
 AT	Austria
 AU	Australia
 AW	Aruba
-AX	Aaland Islands
+AX	Åland Islands
 AZ	Azerbaijan
 BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
 BB	Barbados
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ BL	St Barthelemy
 BM	Bermuda
 BN	Brunei
 BO	Bolivia
-BQ	Bonaire Sint Eustatius & Saba
+BQ	Caribbean Netherlands
 BR	Brazil
 BS	Bahamas
 BT	Bhutan
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ CD	Congo (Dem. Rep.)
 CF	Central African Rep.
 CG	Congo (Rep.)
 CH	Switzerland
-CI	Cote d'Ivoire
+CI	Côte d'Ivoire
 CK	Cook Islands
 CL	Chile
 CM	Cameroon
@@ -212,7 +210,7 @@ PT	Portugal
 PW	Palau
 PY	Paraguay
 QA	Qatar
-RE	Reunion
+RE	Réunion
 RO	Romania
 RS	Serbia
 RU	Russia
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ SR	Suriname
 SS	South Sudan
 ST	Sao Tome & Principe
 SV	El Salvador
-SX	Sint Maarten
+SX	St Maarten (Dutch part)
 SY	Syria
 SZ	Swaziland
 TC	Turks & Caicos Is
diff --git a/leap-seconds.list b/leap-seconds.list
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a0bacb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/leap-seconds.list
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+#
+#	In the following text, the symbol '#' introduces
+#	a comment, which continues from that symbol until
+#	the end of the line. A plain comment line has a
+#	whitespace character following the comment indicator.
+#	There are also special comment lines defined below.
+#	A special comment will always have a non-whitespace
+#	character in column 2.
+#
+#	A blank line should be ignored.
+#
+#	The following table shows the corrections that must
+#	be applied to compute International Atomic Time (TAI)
+#	from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) values that
+#	are transmitted by almost all time services.
+#
+#	The first column shows an epoch as a number of seconds
+#	since 1 January 1900, 00:00:00 (1900.0 is also used to
+#	indicate the same epoch.) Both of these time stamp formats
+#	ignore the complexities of the time scales that were
+#	used before the current definition of UTC at the start
+#	of 1972. (See note 3 below.)
+#	The second column shows the number of seconds that
+#	must be added to UTC to compute TAI for any timestamp
+#	at or after that epoch. The value on each line is
+#	valid from the indicated initial instant until the
+#	epoch given on the next one or indefinitely into the
+#	future if there is no next line.
+#	(The comment on each line shows the representation of
+#	the corresponding initial epoch in the usual
+#	day-month-year format. The epoch always begins at
+#	00:00:00 UTC on the indicated day. See Note 5 below.)
+#
+#	Important notes:
+#
+#	1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is often referred to
+#	as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The GMT time scale is no
+#	longer used, and the use of GMT to designate UTC is
+#	discouraged.
+#
+#	2. The UTC time scale is realized by many national
+#	laboratories and timing centers. Each laboratory
+#	identifies its realization with its name: Thus
+#	UTC(NIST), UTC(USNO), etc. The differences among
+#	these different realizations are typically on the
+#	order of a few nanoseconds (i.e., 0.000 000 00x s)
+#	and can be ignored for many purposes. These differences
+#	are tabulated in Circular T, which is published monthly
+#	by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
+#	(BIPM). See www.bipm.org for more information.
+#
+#	3. The current definition of the relationship between UTC
+#	and TAI dates from 1 January 1972. A number of different
+#	time scales were in use before that epoch, and it can be
+#	quite difficult to compute precise timestamps and time
+#	intervals in those "prehistoric" days. For more information,
+#	consult:
+#
+#		The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
+#		Ephemeris.
+#	or
+#		Terry Quinn, "The BIPM and the Accurate Measurement
+#		of Time," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 894-905,
+#		July, 1991.
+#
+#	4. The decision to insert a leap second into UTC is currently
+#	the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation and
+#	Reference Systems Service. (The name was changed from the
+#	International Earth Rotation Service, but the acronym IERS
+#	is still used.)
+#
+#	Leap seconds are announced by the IERS in its Bulletin C.
+#
+#	See www.iers.org for more details.
+#
+#	Every national laboratory and timing center uses the
+#	data from the BIPM and the IERS to construct UTC(lab),
+#	their local realization of UTC.
+#
+#	Although the definition also includes the possibility
+#	of dropping seconds ("negative" leap seconds), this has
+#	never been done and is unlikely to be necessary in the
+#	foreseeable future.
+#
+#	5. If your system keeps time as the number of seconds since
+#	some epoch (e.g., NTP timestamps), then the algorithm for
+#	assigning a UTC time stamp to an event that happens during a positive
+#	leap second is not well defined. The official name of that leap
+#	second is 23:59:60, but there is no way of representing that time
+#	in these systems.
+#	Many systems of this type effectively stop the system clock for
+#	one second during the leap second and use a time that is equivalent
+#	to 23:59:59 UTC twice. For these systems, the corresponding TAI
+#	timestamp would be obtained by advancing to the next entry in the
+#	following table when the time equivalent to 23:59:59 UTC
+#	is used for the second time. Thus the leap second which
+#	occurred on 30 June 1972 at 23:59:59 UTC would have TAI
+#	timestamps computed as follows:
+#
+#	...
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785599,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600)		TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	If your system realizes the leap second by repeating 00:00:00 UTC twice
+#	(this is possible but not usual), then the advance to the next entry
+#	in the table must occur the second time that a time equivalent to
+#	00:00:00 UTC is used. Thus, using the same example as above:
+#
+#	...
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599):		TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785600, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	in both cases the use of timestamps based on TAI produces a smooth
+#	time scale with no discontinuity in the time interval. However,
+#	although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct in both
+#	methods, the second method is technically not correct because it adds
+#	the extra second to the wrong day.
+#
+#	This complexity would not be needed for negative leap seconds (if they
+#	are ever used). The UTC time would skip 23:59:59 and advance from
+#	23:59:58 to 00:00:00 in that case. The TAI offset would decrease by
+#	1 second at the same instant. This is a much easier situation to deal
+#	with, since the difficulty of unambiguously representing the epoch
+#	during the leap second does not arise.
+#
+#	Some systems implement leap seconds by amortizing the leap second
+#	over the last few minutes of the day. The frequency of the local
+#	clock is decreased (or increased) to realize the positive (or
+#	negative) leap second. This method removes the time step described
+#	above. Although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct
+#	in this case, this method introduces an error during the adjustment
+#	period both in time and in frequency with respect to the official
+#	definition of UTC.
+#
+#	Questions or comments to:
+#		Judah Levine
+#		Time and Frequency Division
+#		NIST
+#		Boulder, Colorado
+#		Judah.Levine@nist.gov
+#
+#	Last Update of leap second values:   5 January 2015
+#
+#	The following line shows this last update date in NTP timestamp
+#	format. This is the date on which the most recent change to
+#	the leap second data was added to the file. This line can
+#	be identified by the unique pair of characters in the first two
+#	columns as shown below.
+#
+#$	 3629404800
+#
+#	The NTP timestamps are in units of seconds since the NTP epoch,
+#	which is 1 January 1900, 00:00:00. The Modified Julian Day number
+#	corresponding to the NTP time stamp, X, can be computed as
+#
+#	X/86400 + 15020
+#
+#	where the first term converts seconds to days and the second
+#	term adds the MJD corresponding to the time origin defined above.
+#	The integer portion of the result is the integer MJD for that
+#	day, and any remainder is the time of day, expressed as the
+#	fraction of the day since 0 hours UTC. The conversion from day
+#	fraction to seconds or to hours, minutes, and seconds may involve
+#	rounding or truncation, depending on the method used in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#	The data in this file will be updated periodically as new leap
+#	seconds are announced. In addition to being entered on the line
+#	above, the update time (in NTP format) will be added to the basic
+#	file name leap-seconds to form the name leap-seconds..
+#	In addition, the generic name leap-seconds.list will always point to
+#	the most recent version of the file.
+#
+#	This update procedure will be performed only when a new leap second
+#	is announced.
+#
+#	The following entry specifies the expiration date of the data
+#	in this file in units of seconds since the origin at the instant
+#	1 January 1900, 00:00:00. This expiration date will be changed
+#	at least twice per year whether or not a new leap second is
+#	announced. These semi-annual changes will be made no later
+#	than 1 June and 1 December of each year to indicate what
+#	action (if any) is to be taken on 30 June and 31 December,
+#	respectively. (These are the customary effective dates for new
+#	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
+#	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
+#	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
+#	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
+#	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
+#	announced or at least one month before the effective date
+#	(whichever is later).
+#	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
+#	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
+#	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
+#	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
+#	will not change.
+#
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C50
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2016
+#
+#@	3676060800
+#
+2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
+2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
+2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
+2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
+2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
+2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
+2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
+2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
+2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
+2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
+2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
+2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
+2634854400	22	# 1 Jul 1983
+2698012800	23	# 1 Jul 1985
+2776982400	24	# 1 Jan 1988
+2840140800	25	# 1 Jan 1990
+2871676800	26	# 1 Jan 1991
+2918937600	27	# 1 Jul 1992
+2950473600	28	# 1 Jul 1993
+2982009600	29	# 1 Jul 1994
+3029443200	30	# 1 Jan 1996
+3076704000	31	# 1 Jul 1997
+3124137600	32	# 1 Jan 1999
+3345062400	33	# 1 Jan 2006
+3439756800	34	# 1 Jan 2009
+3550089600	35	# 1 Jul 2012
+3644697600	36	# 1 Jul 2015
+#
+#	the following special comment contains the
+#	hash value of the data in this file computed
+#	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
+#	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
+#	the details of how this hash value is
+#	computed. Note that the hash computation
+#	ignores comments and whitespace characters
+#	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
+#	of both the last modification time and the
+#	expiration time of the file, but not the
+#	white space on those lines.
+#	the hash line is also ignored in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#h	3d037453 3acade76 570bd8f8 be2b8bc9 55ec6fe8
diff --git a/leapseconds b/leapseconds
index 5b5c70e..70ec6d1 100644
--- a/leapseconds
+++ b/leapseconds
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file.
 
-# Allowance for leapseconds added to each timezone file.
+# This file is in the public domain.
 
-# The International Earth Rotation Service periodically uses leap seconds
-# to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
+# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
+# leap-seconds.list file available from most NIST time servers.
+# If the URL  does not work,
+# you should be able to pick up leap-seconds.list from a secondary NIST server.
+# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
+# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
+# http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html
+
+# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
+# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
 # (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see
 # Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
-# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905.
+# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905 .
 # There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism
 # accounting for the discrepancy between atomic time and the earth's rotation
 # did not exist until the early 1970s.
@@ -19,8 +25,8 @@
 # or
 #	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S
 
-# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time
-# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC
+# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time.
+# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC.
 
 # Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S
 Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
@@ -48,53 +54,7 @@ Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 
-# INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS SERVICE (IERS)
-#
-# SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE ET DES SYSTEMES DE REFERENCE
-#
-#
-# SERVICE DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE
-# OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS
-# 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France)
-# Tel.      : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26
-# FAX       : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91
-# e-mail    : (E-Mail Removed)
-# http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc
-#
-# Paris, 5 January 2012
-#
-#
-# Bulletin C 43
-#
-# To authorities responsible
-# for the measurement and
-# distribution of time
-#
-#
-# UTC TIME STEP
-# on the 1st of July 2012
-#
-#
-# A positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 2012.
-# The sequence of dates of the UTC second markers will be:
-#
-#                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 59s
-#                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 60s
-#                          2012 July  1,      0h  0m  0s
-#
-# The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is:
-#
-# from 2009 January 1, 0h UTC, to 2012 July 1  0h UTC  : UTC-TAI = - 34s
-# from 2012 July 1,    0h UTC, until further notice    : UTC-TAI = - 35s
-#
-# Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December
-# or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every
-# six months, either to announce a time step in UTC or to confirm that there
-# will be no time step at the next possible date.
-#
-#
-# Daniel GAMBIS
-# Head
-# Earth Orientation Center of IERS
-# Observatoire de Paris, France
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C50
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2016
diff --git a/leapseconds.awk b/leapseconds.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..756391e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/leapseconds.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Generate the 'leapseconds' file from 'leap-seconds.list'.
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+BEGIN {
+  print "# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file."
+  print ""
+  print "# This file is in the public domain."
+  print ""
+  print "# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain"
+  print "# leap-seconds.list file available from most NIST time servers."
+  print "# If the URL  does not work,"
+  print "# you should be able to pick up leap-seconds.list from a secondary NIST server."
+  print "# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see"
+  print "# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds"
+  print "# http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html"
+  print ""
+  print "# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service"
+  print "# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1"
+  print "# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see"
+  print "# Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,"
+  print "# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905 ."
+  print "# There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism"
+  print "# accounting for the discrepancy between atomic time and the earth's rotation"
+  print "# did not exist until the early 1970s."
+  print ""
+  print "# The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so lines"
+  print "# will typically look like:"
+  print "#	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:60	+	R/S"
+  print "# or"
+  print "#	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S"
+  print ""
+  print "# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time."
+  print "# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC."
+  print ""
+  print "# Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S"
+}
+
+/^ *$/ { next }
+
+/^#\tUpdated through/ || /^#\tFile expires on:/ {
+    last_lines = last_lines $0 "\n"
+}
+
+/^#/ { next }
+
+{
+    NTP_timestamp = $1
+    TAI_minus_UTC = $2
+    hash_mark = $3
+    one = $4
+    month = $5
+    year = $6
+    if (old_TAI_minus_UTC) {
+	if (old_TAI_minus_UTC < TAI_minus_UTC) {
+	    sign = "23:59:60\t+"
+	} else {
+	    sign = "23:59:59\t-"
+	}
+	if (month == "Jan") {
+	    year--;
+	    month = "Dec";
+	    day = 31
+	} else if (month == "Jul") {
+	    month = "Jun";
+	    day = 30
+	}
+	printf "Leap\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\tS\n", year, month, day, sign
+    }
+    old_TAI_minus_UTC = TAI_minus_UTC
+}
+
+END {
+    printf "\n%s", last_lines
+}
diff --git a/northamerica b/northamerica
index 1f784e0..7658a45 100644
--- a/northamerica
+++ b/northamerica
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # also includes Central America and the Caribbean
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 # Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
 # Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
 # Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
-# His pamphlet ``A System of National Time for Railroads'' (1870)
+# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
 # was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
 # in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
 # but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
-# in his whimsical essay ``An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
-# of Light'' published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
+# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
 # Not everyone is happy with the results:
 #
 #	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@
 #	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
 #	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
 #
-#	-- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
+#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
 #	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
 #
 # For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
-# Robert Garland's 
-# Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
-# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html
 #
 # Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
 # However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
@@ -80,11 +80,11 @@
 # From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
 # Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
 # In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
-# An AltaVista search turned up
-# :
+# An AltaVista search turned up:
+# http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
 # "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
 # Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
-#  (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
 
 # From Joseph Gallant citing
 # George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
 Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
-Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -167,8 +167,8 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 #    of the Aleutian islands.   No DST.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# The tables below use `NST', not `NT', for Nome Standard Time.
-# I invented `CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
+# The tables below use 'NST', not 'NT', for Nome Standard Time.
+# I invented 'CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
 
 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 # USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
 # USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
 # USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
-# USA  - " -         9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
 # USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
 # USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY
 
@@ -227,27 +227,32 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # The law doesn't give abbreviations.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08), following a heads-up from Rives McDow:
-# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced the abbreviation
-# "Chamorro Standard Time" for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.
-# See the file "australasia".
+# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced ... "Chamorro Standard Time"
+# for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.  See the file "australasia".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-17):
+# HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
+# standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
+# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
+# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
 
 # From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
 # The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
 #
 # H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
-#   (a) Amendment- Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
+#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
 #   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
-#     (1) by striking `first Sunday of April' and inserting `second
-#     Sunday of March'; and
-#     (2) by striking `last Sunday of October' and inserting `first
+#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
+#     Sunday of March"; and
+#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
 #     Sunday of November'.
-#   (b) Effective Date- Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
+#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
 #   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
-#   (c) Report to Congress- Not later than 9 months after the effective
+#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
 #   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
 #   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
 #   States.
-#   (d) Right to Revert- Congress retains the right to revert the
+#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
 #   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
 #   Department study is complete.
 
@@ -269,7 +274,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-26):
 # According to today's Huntsville Times
-# 
+# http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/1125047783228320.xml&coll=1
 # a few towns on Alabama's "eastern border with Georgia, such as Phenix City
 # in Russell County, Lanett in Chambers County and some towns in Lee County,
 # set their watches and clocks on Eastern time."  It quotes H.H. "Bubba"
@@ -277,6 +282,12 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # time zone, but we do go by the Eastern time zone because so many people work
 # in Columbus."
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
+# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
+# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.  Round to the
+# nearest second.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -324,15 +335,15 @@ Rule	Chicago	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
-			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15 2:00
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15  2:00
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 # Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
 Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25 02:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 # Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
 # 2003-10-26, except for the area around Mandan which was already central time.
@@ -341,29 +352,26 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
 # Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
 # but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
 # See .
-Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26 02:00
+Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # From Josh Findley (2011-01-21):
 # ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
 # mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
 # daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
-# 
 # http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
-# 
 
 # From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
 # ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
 # it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
 # largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
-# at 4715'51" north, 10146'40" west, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
+# at 47 degrees 15' 51" N, 101 degrees 46' 40" W, which yields an offset
+# of 6h47'07".
 
-Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7 2:00
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # US mountain time, represented by Denver
@@ -391,9 +399,10 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
 #
 # California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
-# Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties,
-# and the northern three-quarters of Idaho county),
-# most of Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
+# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
+# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern 3/4 of
+# Malheur county), and Washington
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -424,15 +433,18 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
 # were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
 # it's best to simply use the official transition.
-#
 
-# From Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31):
-# The author lives in Alaska and many of the references listed are only
-# available to Alaskan residents.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
+# One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
+# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
+# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
+# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
+# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
 #
-# 
-# http://www.alaskahistoricalsociety.org/index.cfm?section=discover%20alaska&page=Glimpses%20of%20the%20Past&viewpost=2&ContentId=98
-# 
+# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
+# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
+# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
 # Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
@@ -458,12 +470,10 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
 # I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
 # Community office (using contact information available at
-# 
 # http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
-# ).
 # It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
 # the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
-# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no--they were on their
+# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
 # own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
 # did not inquire about practices in the past.
 
@@ -477,9 +487,9 @@ Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27 2:00
-			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26 2:00
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26  2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
 Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
@@ -487,7 +497,7 @@ Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
 Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
@@ -495,8 +505,8 @@ Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
-			 -8:00	-	MeST
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST
 Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
@@ -511,7 +521,7 @@ Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			-10:00	US	CAT/CAPT 1946 # Peace
 			-10:00	-	CAT	1967 Apr
 			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
-			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
 Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
@@ -520,7 +530,7 @@ Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
-			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
 Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
@@ -529,9 +539,9 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
-			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
-			-10:00	US	HA%sT
+			-10:00	US	H%sT
 # The following switches don't quite make our 1970 cutoff.
 #
 # Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
@@ -547,7 +557,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 #  Minutes of the Unalaska City Council Meeting, January 10, 1967:
 #  "Except for St. Paul and Akutan, Unalaska is the only important
 #  location not on Alaska Standard Time.  The following resolution was
-#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson:  Be it
+#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson: Be it
 #  resolved that the City of Unalaska hereby goes to Alaska Standard
 #  Time as of midnight Friday, January 13, 1967 (1 A.M. Saturday,
 #  January 14, Alaska Standard Time.)  This resolution was passed with
@@ -559,9 +569,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
 # of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
 # the article is available at
-# 
 # http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
-# 
 # and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
 # 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
 # saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
@@ -582,7 +590,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # year, the standard time of this Territory shall be advanced one
 # hour...This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved this 26th
 # day of April, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M JUDD, Governor of the Territory of
-# Hawaii." Page 172:  "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
+# Hawaii." Page 172: "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
 # hereby repealed...This Act shall take effect upon its approval, upon
 # which date the standard time of this Territory shall be restored to
 # that existing immediately prior to the taking effect of said Act 90.
@@ -592,13 +600,15 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # Note that 1933-05-21 was a Sunday.
 # We're left to guess the time of day when Act 163 was approved; guess noon.
 
-Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
-			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30 2:00 #Laws 1933
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00 #Laws 1933+12
-			-10:30	-	HST	1942 Feb 09 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1945 Sep 30 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
-			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1942 Feb  9  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8  2:00
 			-10:00	-	HST
+Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
 
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
 
@@ -607,9 +617,9 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
 #
 # The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
-# 
-# Daylight Saving Time web page (2002-01-23) maintained by the
-# Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Daylight Saving Time web page
+#  (2002-01-23)
+# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
 # Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
 # time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
 # personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
@@ -623,10 +633,11 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 # Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
 # Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
 
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1 00:01
-			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1 00:01
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1 00:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1  0:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1  0:01
 			-7:00	-	MST	1967
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
 			-7:00	-	MST
@@ -636,8 +647,9 @@ Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
 # Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
 # large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
 # tribal nations don't use DST.)
-
-Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
+# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.
 
 # Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
 # Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
@@ -649,24 +661,22 @@ Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13 2:00
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13  2:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1974
-			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3 2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3  2:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 
 # Indiana
 #
 # For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
-# 
-# What time is it in Indiana?
-#  (2006-03-01)
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
 # with the following exceptions:
 #
 # - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
-#   Vandenburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
+#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
 #
 # - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
 #
@@ -677,30 +687,24 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
 #   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
 #
 # Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
-# and wrote ``Even newspaper reports present contradictory information.''
+# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
 # Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
 # Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
 #
 # Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
-# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the `America' level.
-# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory `America/Indiana'.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
-# http://www.mccsc.edu/time.html says that Indiana will use DST starting 2006.
-
-# From Nathan Stratton Treadway (2006-03-30):
-# http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot0406.htm [3705 B]
-# From Deborah Goldsmith (2006-01-18):
-# http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf95/382329_web.pdf [2.9 MB]
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-01-20):
-# It says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
+# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
+# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
+# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
+# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
 # Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
 # Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
-# this rule is 2:OO a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
+# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
 # changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
-# Strictly speaking, this means the affected counties will change their
-# clocks twice that night, but this obviously is in error.  The intent
-# is that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
+# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
+# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
+# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
 # The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
@@ -712,13 +716,13 @@ Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
+Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
 			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29 2:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27 2:00
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
@@ -734,10 +738,10 @@ Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:37
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1951
-			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30 2:00
+			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1976
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
@@ -758,11 +762,11 @@ Rule Vincennes	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:53
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26 2:00
+			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
@@ -779,10 +783,10 @@ Rule Perry	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:57
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26 2:00
+			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 #
 # Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
@@ -795,11 +799,11 @@ Rule	Pike	1961	1964	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:10:53
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1955
-			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4 2:00
+			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Starke County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1991,
@@ -817,10 +821,10 @@ Rule	Starke	1959	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:30
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1947
-			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
+			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 #
 # Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
@@ -833,17 +837,17 @@ Rule	Pulaski	1957	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:35
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30 2:00
+			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25 2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
@@ -864,18 +868,17 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1921
 			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23 2:00
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1968
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Wayne County, Kentucky
 #
-# From
-# 
-# Lake Cumberland LIFE
-#  (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml
+# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
 # Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
 # the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
 # the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
@@ -892,9 +895,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
 # The final rule was published in the
-# 
-# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), page 50154-50158.
-# 
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
+# http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=fr17au00-22
 #
 Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
@@ -919,9 +921,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
 # West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
 # 1999-10-31.  See the
-# 
-# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), page 56705-56707.
-# 
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
+# http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr21oc99-15
 # However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
 # on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
 # hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
@@ -947,8 +948,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
-# Garland (1927) writes ``Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
-# one hour in 1914.''  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
 # info, so omit this for now.
 #
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
@@ -959,12 +960,12 @@ Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Jun	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
-			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15 2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Detroit	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1975
-			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
@@ -977,8 +978,8 @@ Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29 2:00
+			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # Navassa
@@ -988,26 +989,26 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
 # US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
 # currently uninhabited
-# see Mark Fineman, ``An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord'',
+# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
 # _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
 # Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
 
 ################################################################################
 
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Other sources occasionally used include:
 #
@@ -1015,19 +1016,22 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
+#
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	.
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Greenland.
+# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
 
 # Canada
 
-# From Alain LaBont (1994-11-14):
+# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
 # I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
 # for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
 #
-#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight savings time
+#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
 #	offset	French	English	French	English
 #	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
 #	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
@@ -1040,7 +1044,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
 #
 #	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
-#	HA: Heure Avance	DT: Daylight saving Time
+#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
 #
 #	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
 #	C: du Centre		Central
@@ -1055,7 +1059,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-22):
 # Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.
 
-# Unless otherwise specified, the data for Canada are all from Shanks
+# Unless otherwise specified, the data entries for Canada are all from Shanks
 # & Pottenger.
 
 # From Chris Walton (2006-04-01, 2006-04-25, 2006-06-26, 2007-01-31,
@@ -1102,17 +1106,16 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # An amendment to the Interpretation Act was registered on February 19/2007....
 # http://action.attavik.ca/home/justice-gn/attach/2007/gaz02part2.pdf
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-18):
 # H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
-# 
 # "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
-#  contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
+# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
 # time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
 #
-# INMS, the Institute for National Measurement Standards in Ottawa, has 
-# information about standard and daylight saving time zones in Canada.
-#  (updated periodically).
+# National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
+# http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
+# http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
 # Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
@@ -1121,9 +1124,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 
 # From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
 # In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
 # The quote includes these two statements:
 # 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
@@ -1191,9 +1192,7 @@ Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
 # now occurs at 2:00AM.
 # ...
-# 
 # http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
-# 
 # ...
 # MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
 # Office of the Chief Information Officer
@@ -1220,7 +1219,7 @@ Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
 
 # most of east Labrador
 
-# The name `Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use `Goose Bay'.
+# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
@@ -1229,17 +1228,26 @@ Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30	-	NST	1936
 			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
 			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
-			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15 2:00
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15  2:00
 			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT	2011 Nov
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
 
 
 # west Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-07-20):
+# From the historical weather station records available at:
+# https://weatherspark.com/history/28351/1971/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada
+# Sydney shares the same time history as Glace Bay, so was
+# likely to be the same across the island....
+# Sydney, as the capital and most populous location, or Cape Breton, would
+# have been better names for the zone had we known this in 1996.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-20):
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has been like
 # Halifax.  Many locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1972;
-# Glace Bay, NS is the largest that we know of.
+# the Cape Breton area, represented by Glace Bay, is the largest we know of
+# (Glace Bay was perhaps not the best name choice but no point changing now).
 # Shanks & Pottenger also write that Liverpool, NS was the only town
 # in Canada to observe DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume
 # this is a typo.
@@ -1290,7 +1298,7 @@ Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
-			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
@@ -1337,68 +1345,26 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 
 # Quebec
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Quebec has been
-# like Montreal.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
+#
 # Matthews and Vincent (1998) also write that Quebec east of the -63
 # meridian is supposed to observe AST, but residents as far east as
 # Natashquan use EST/EDT, and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
-# In "Official time in Quebec" the Quebec department of justice writes in
-# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-regl-1-a.htm
-# that "The residents of the Municipality of the
-# Cote-Nord-du-Golfe-Saint-Laurent and the municipalities of Saint-Augustin,
-# Bonne-Esperance and Blanc-Sablon apply the Official Time Act as it is
-# written and use Atlantic standard time all year round. The same applies to
-# the residents of the Native facilities along the lower North Shore."
-# 
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-minganie-a.htm
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
 # says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
 # For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
 # Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
 
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# The 1927-to-1937 rules can be expressed more simply as
-# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
-# The rules below avoid use of 24:00
-# (which pre-1998 versions of zic cannot handle).
-Rule	Mont	1927	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1927	1932	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1928	1931	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1932	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
 			-4:00	-	AST
-Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
-
 
 # Ontario
 
@@ -1417,7 +1383,7 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
 # 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
 # hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
-# only two weeks -- I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
 # presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
 # earlier in June).
 #
@@ -1427,10 +1393,8 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
 # says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
 # but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
-# He also writes that the
-# 
-# Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
-# 
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
 # says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
 # Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
 # concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
@@ -1509,9 +1473,7 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
 # volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
 # was available at
-# 
 # http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
-# 
 #
 # It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
 #
@@ -1522,26 +1484,26 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # ing in 1930. The information for the province of Quebec is definite,
 # for the other provinces only approximate:
 #
-# 	Province	Daylight saving time used
+#	Province	Daylight saving time used
 # Prince Edward Island	Not used.
 # Nova Scotia		In Halifax only.
 # New Brunswick		In St. John only.
 # Quebec		In the following places:
-# 			Montreal	Lachine
-# 			Quebec		Mont-Royal
-# 			Levis		Iberville
-# 			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madeleine
-# 			Verdun		Loretteville
-# 			Westmount	Richmond
-# 			Outremont	St. Jerome
-# 			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
-# 			Arvida		Waterloo
-# 			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
-# 			Melbourne	La Tuque
-# 			St. Theophile	Buckingham
+#			Montreal	Lachine
+#			Quebec		Mont-Royal
+#			Lévis		Iberville
+#			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
+#			Verdun		Loretteville
+#			Westmount	Richmond
+#			Outremont	St. Jérôme
+#			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
+#			Arvida		Waterloo
+#			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
+#			Melbourne	La Tuque
+#			St. Théophile	Buckingham
 # Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
-# 			the southerly part of the province. Not
-# 			used in the northwesterlhy part.
+#			the southerly part of the province. Not
+#			used in the northwesterly part.
 # Manitoba		Not used.
 # Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
 # Alberta		Not used.
@@ -1610,7 +1572,7 @@ Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
-			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
@@ -1618,21 +1580,21 @@ Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	-	CST	1910
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30 2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 
@@ -1645,7 +1607,7 @@ Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 # the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
 # Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
 # following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
-# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had =
+# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
 # been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
 # Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
 # the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
@@ -1768,12 +1730,12 @@ Rule	Swift	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Swift	1960	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Regina	-6:58:36 -	LMT	1905 Sep
-			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST
 Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
-			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1950
-			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST
 
 
@@ -1823,9 +1785,7 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
 # keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
 # manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
 # i.e. Creston has been stuck on UTC-7 for 93 years.
 # Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
@@ -1833,33 +1793,29 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
 # unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
 # ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
-# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing the
-# article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the subject
-# of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
-# 
+# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
+# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
+# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
 # http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
-# 
 
 # Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
 # 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date unknown
 # 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
-# Exact date in October unknown;  Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
+# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
 # 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
-# note#1:
+# note 1:
 # On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
 # Creston did not change its clocks.
-# note#2:
+# note 2:
 # During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
 # Creston did not oblige.
-# note#3:
+# note 3:
 # There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
 # (UTC-7) forever.
 # The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
-# 
 # http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
-# 
 
 # During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
 # In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
@@ -1870,6 +1826,22 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 
 # The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
 
+# From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
+# Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
+# were aligned with America/Vancouver, they're now aligned with
+# America/Dawson_Creek.
+# http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/meta/news/archives/2015/northern-rockies-time-change.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-09-23):
+# This requires a new zone for the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality,
+# America/Fort_Nelson.  The resolution of 2014-12-08 was reached following a
+# 2014-11-15 poll with nearly 75% support.  Effectively, the municipality has
+# been on MST (-0700) like Dawson Creek since it advanced its clocks on
+# 2015-03-08.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
@@ -1886,7 +1858,13 @@ Zone America/Vancouver	-8:12:28 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	1947
-			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30 2:00
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	-	PST	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
 			-7:00	-	MST
 Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
@@ -1899,32 +1877,129 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
 # Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
 #	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
-#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9.  This is still valid;
+#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
 #	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
+#	[http://canlii.ca/t/7vhg]
 #	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
 #	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
 #	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
-# Shanks & Pottenger say Yukon's 1973-10-28 switch was at 2:00; go
-# with Englander.
-# From Chris Walton (2006-06-26):
-# Here is a link to the old daylight saving portion of the interpretation
-# act which was last updated in 1987:
-# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic1987_056.pdf
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-04-14):
+#
+# I tried to trace the history of Yukon time and found the following
+# regulations, giving the reference title and URL if found, regulation name,
+# and relevant quote if available.  Each regulation specifically revokes its
+# predecessor.  The final reference is to the current Interpretation Act
+# authorizing and resulting from these regulatory changes.
+#
+# Only recent regulations were retrievable via Yukon government site search or
+# index, and only some via Canadian legal sources.  Other sources used include
+# articles titled "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" from JRASC via ADS
+# Abstracts, cited by ADO for 1932 ..., and updated versions from 1958 and
+# 1970 quoted below; each article includes current extracts from provincial
+# and territorial ST and DST regulations at the end, summaries and details of
+# standard times and daylight saving time at many locations across Canada,
+# with time zone maps, tables and calculations for Canadian Sunrise, Sunset,
+# and LMST; they also cover many countries and global locations, with a chart
+# and table showing current Universal Time offsets, and may be useful as
+# another source of information for 1970 and earlier.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; JRASC, Vol. 26,
+#   pp.49-77; February 1932; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JRASC..26...49S from p.75:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance
+#   Yukon standard time is the local mean time at the one hundred and
+#   thirty-fifth meridian.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; Thomson, Malcolm M.;
+#   JRASC, Vol. 52, pp.193-223; October 1958; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
+#   (ADS) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JRASC..52..193S from pp.220-1:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance, 1955, Chap. 16.
+#
+#     (1) Subject to this section, standard time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time and called Yukon Standard Time.
+#
+#     (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Commissioner may make regulations
+#     varying the manner of reckoning standard time.
+#
+# * Yukon Territory Commissioner's Order 1966-20 Interpretation Ordinance
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Thomson, Malcolm M.; JRASC,
+#   Vol. 64, pp.129-162; June 1970; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JRASC..64..129T from p.156: Yukon
+#   Territory Commissioner's Order 1967-59 Interpretation Ordinance ...
+#
+#     1. Commissioner's Order 1966-20 dated at Whitehorse in the Yukon
+#     Territory on 27th January, 1966, is hereby revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon (East) Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the
+#     Interpretation Ordinance from and after mid-night on the 28th day of May,
+#     1967 shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that
+#     is to say, eight hours behind Greenwich Time in the area of the Yukon
+#     Territory lying east of the 138th degree longitude west.
+#
+#     3. In the remainder of the Territory, lying west of the 138th degree
+#     longitude west, Yukon (West) Standard Time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
+#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
+#   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
+#     revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the Interpretation
+#     Act from and after midnight on the twenty-eighth day of October, 1973
+#     shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that is
+#     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
+#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
+#   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#   In every year between
+#     (a) two o'clock in the morning in the first Sunday in April, and
+#     (b) two o'clock in the morning in the last Sunday in October,
+#   Standard Time shall be reckoned as seven hours behind Greenwich Time and
+#   called Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#   ...
+#   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
+#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
+#   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
+#     behind Greenwich mean time during the period commencing at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the second Sunday of March and ending at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the first Sunday of November and shall be called
+#     Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#
+#     2. Order-in-Council 1987/56 is revoked.
+#
+#     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
+#
+# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
+# http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
 # Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
-# 
 # Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
-# 
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
 # We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
 # to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# 
 # Basic Facts: The New Territory
-#  (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
+# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
+# (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
 # and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
 # Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
 
@@ -1952,8 +2027,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # the current state of affairs.
 
 # From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
-# 
-# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
 # Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
 # central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
 # for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
@@ -1971,10 +2046,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
 # required to use daylight savings.
 
-# From
-# 
-# Nunavut now has two time zones
-#  (2000-11-10):
+# From 
+# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
 # The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
 # Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
 # one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
@@ -2002,10 +2075,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # [Also see  (2001-03-09).]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-05-21):
-# According to maps at
-# http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/time_services/TZ01SWE.jpg
-# http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/time_services/TZ01SSE.jpg
-# (both dated 2003), and
+# According to ...
 # http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp
 # (from a 1998 Canadian Geographic article), the de facto and de jure time
 # for Southampton Island (at the north end of Hudson Bay) is UTC-5 all year
@@ -2014,9 +2084,11 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # predates the creation of Nunavut, it probably goes back many years....
 # The Inuktitut name of Coral Harbour is Sallit, but it's rarely used.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-17):
 # For lack of better information, assume that Southampton Island observed
-# daylight saving only during wartime.
+# daylight saving only during wartime.  Gwillim Law's email also
+# mentioned maps now maintained by National Research Council Canada;
+# see above for an up-to-date link.
 
 # From Chris Walton (2007-03-01):
 # ... the community of Resolute (located on Cornwallis Island in
@@ -2065,9 +2137,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
 # businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
 # Aziz:
-# 
 # http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
-# 
 #
 # I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
 # Eastern Standard Time.
@@ -2105,47 +2175,47 @@ Rule	NT_YK	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # aka Panniqtuuq
 Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	zzz	1921 # trading post est.
-			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 # formerly Frobisher Bay
 Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	zzz	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
-			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 # aka Qausuittuq
 Zone America/Resolute	0	-	zzz	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11 3:00
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11  3:00
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 # aka Kangiqiniq
 Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	zzz	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 # aka Iqaluktuuttiaq
 Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	zzz	1920 # trading post est.?
-			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5 0:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5  0:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
 Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	zzz	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
 Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	zzz	1953 # Inuvik founded
-			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
 Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
-			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1966 Jul 1 2:00
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1967 May 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
-			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28 0:00
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 
@@ -2154,12 +2224,11 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 
 # Mexico
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-12-07):
 # The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
 # Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
-# 
 # history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
-# .
+# http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm
 #
 # Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
 # (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
@@ -2204,9 +2273,8 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
 # For an English translation of the decree, see
-# 
-# ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04).
-# 
+# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04).
+# http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
 # The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
@@ -2218,7 +2286,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
 # Arizona year round.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard, translating
+# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
 #  (2001-01-17):
 # In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
 # Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
@@ -2231,7 +2299,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
 # that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
 # this year....
-# 
+# http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001
 # [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
 # in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.
 
@@ -2239,23 +2307,22 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
 # story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
 # http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
-# ... Mexico City Mayor Lopez Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
 # Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
-# the rest of the country..." In particular, Lopez Obrador would abolish
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
 # observation of Daylight Saving Time.
 
-# 
 # Official statute published by the Energy Department
-#  (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
-# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Norgaard (2001-02-03).
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre
+# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
 #
-# 
+# http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/20010303/t000018766.html
 # James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
-# 
 # * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
-# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador decreed that
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
 #   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
 # * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
 # * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
@@ -2263,7 +2330,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 #
 # For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2001-04-01):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
 # I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
 # saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
 # that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
@@ -2272,7 +2339,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
 # Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
 # September 30, 2001.
-# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
 # Palabra  (2001-03-31)
 
 # From Reuters (2001-09-04):
@@ -2284,7 +2351,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
 # subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
 # ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
 # that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
 # http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
@@ -2298,50 +2365,72 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # > the United States.
 # Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
 # 2010, some border regions will be the same:
-# 
 # http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
-# 
 # (Spanish)
 #
 # Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
-# 
 # (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
 #
 # There is also a list of the votes here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
 # The page
-# 
 # http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
-# 
 # includes this text:
 # En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
-# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
-# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
-# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
-# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
+# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
+# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
+# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
+# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
 # horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 # En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
-# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
-# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
-# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
-# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
-# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
+# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
+# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
+# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
+# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
+# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
 # las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2014-12-08), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# The Mexican state of Quintana Roo will likely change to EST in 2015.
+#
+# http://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/12/04/medio-ambiente/congreso-aprueba-una-hora-mas-de-sol-en-qroo
+# "With this change, the time conflict that has existed between the municipios
+# of Quintana Roo and the municipio of Felipe Carrillo Puerto may come to an
+# end. The latter declared itself in rebellion 15 years ago when a time change
+# was initiated in Mexico, and since then it has refused to change its time
+# zone along with the rest of the country."
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-01-14), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# http://sipse.com/novedades/confirman-aplicacion-de-nueva-zona-horaria-para-quintana-roo-132331.html
+# "...the new time zone will come into effect at two o'clock on the first Sunday
+# of February, when we will have to advance the clock one hour from its current
+# time..."
+# Also, the new zone will not use DST.
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2015-02-02):
+# The decree that modifies the Mexican Hour System Law has finally
+# been published at the Diario Oficial de la Federación
+# http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5380123&fecha=31/01/2015
+# It establishes 5 zones for Mexico:
+# 1- Zona Centro (Central Zone): Corresponds to longitude 90 W,
+#    includes most of Mexico, excluding what's mentioned below.
+# 2- Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone): Longitude 105 W, includes the
+#    states of Baja California Sur; Chihuahua; Nayarit (excluding Bahía
+#    de Banderas which lies in Central Zone); Sinaloa and Sonora.
+# 3- Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone): Longitude 120 W, includes the
+#    state of Baja California.
+# 4- Zona Sureste (Southeast Zone): Longitude 75 W, includes the state
+#    of Quintana Roo.
+# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
+#    longitude they are located at.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
@@ -2358,39 +2447,40 @@ Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Quintana Roo
+# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
 Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:12:56
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Campeche, Yucatan
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2015 Feb  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
 Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:01:32
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
 Zone America/Matamoros	-6:40:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:20:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
+# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
 Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Central Mexico
-Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1 0:23:24
+Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30 02:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Chihuahua (near US border)
-Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
+Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:02:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
@@ -2398,7 +2488,7 @@ Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
-			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 # Chihuahua (away from US border)
@@ -2410,7 +2500,7 @@ Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
-			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 # Sonora
 Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
@@ -2426,42 +2516,33 @@ Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
 			-7:00	-	MST
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
-# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
+# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
 # changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
 # share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
 #
 # (Spanish)
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
-# país, a partir de este domingo
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
+# país, a partir de este domingo
 # http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
-# 
 #
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
-# País
-# 
-# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50"
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
+# País
+# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
 #
 # (English)
-# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
-# 
+# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
 # http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
-# 
-#
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
-# 
 #
 # "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
-# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
+# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
 # zone ..."
 # Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
 # Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
 
+# Mazatlán
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2473,6 +2554,7 @@ Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 
+# Bahía de Banderas
 Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2482,7 +2564,7 @@ Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
-			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr 4 2:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr  4  2:00
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 
 # Baja California (near US border)
@@ -2529,7 +2611,7 @@ Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:20:32
 # America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
 # through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
 # Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
-# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
 # Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
 # DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
 # data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
@@ -2542,18 +2624,13 @@ Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:20:32
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Anguilla
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Antigua and Barbuda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-5:00	-	EST	1951
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Bahamas
 #
+# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
+#
 # From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
 # The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
 # rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
@@ -2563,11 +2640,14 @@ Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:24 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:30 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 			-5:00	Bahamas	E%sT	1976
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
 # Barbados
+
+# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2; round that.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Barb	1977	only	-	Jun	12	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
@@ -2575,8 +2655,8 @@ Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:28 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
-			-3:58:28 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924 # Bridgetown
+			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932 # Bridgetown Mean Time
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
 
 # Belize
@@ -2594,6 +2674,9 @@ Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
 
 # Bermuda
 
+# For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
+# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I; round that.
+
 # From Dan Jones, reporting in The Royal Gazette (2006-06-26):
 
 # Next year, however, clocks in the US will go forward on the second Sunday
@@ -2603,18 +2686,28 @@ Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
 # http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:04 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
-			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
-			-4:00	Bahamas	A%sT	1976
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1  2:00 # Hamilton
+			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28  2:00
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
 			-4:00	US	A%sT
 
 # Cayman Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-15):
+# The Cayman government has decided to introduce DST in 2016, the idea being
+# to keep in sync with New York.  The legislation hasn't passed but the change
+# seems quite likely.  See: Meade B. Cayman 27.
+# http://www.cayman27.com.ky/2015/05/15/clock-ticks-toward-daylight-saving-time-in-cayman
+
+Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890     # Georgetown
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	2016
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
 # Costa Rica
+
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
@@ -2623,16 +2716,21 @@ Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
-# There are too many San Joses elsewhere, so we'll use `Costa Rica'.
+# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
-			-5:36:20 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San Jose Mean Time
+Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
+			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
 			-6:00	CR	C%sT
 # Coco
 # no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
 
 # Cuba
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne gives -5:28:50.45 for the observatory at Havana, -5:29:23.57
+# for the port, and -5:30 for meteorological observations.
+# For now, stick with Shanks & Pottenger.
+
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-03-29):
 # The 1999-03-28 exhibition baseball game held in Havana, Cuba, between
 # the Cuban National Team and the Baltimore Orioles was carried live on
@@ -2640,10 +2738,15 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
 # "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
 # Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
-# sleep on 1999-03-28--when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
-# to DST--and one more hour on 1999-04-04--when the announcers will have
+# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
 # returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
+# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
+# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html
+
 # From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
 # Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -2658,16 +2761,16 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
 # http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
 # An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
 # the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
 # http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
 # "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
-# watches should be set back one hour -- going back to 00:00 hours -- returning
+# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
 # to the normal schedule....
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
-# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html, dated yesterday,
+# , dated yesterday,
 # says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
 # For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
 # except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
@@ -2681,10 +2784,10 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID=%7B4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF%7D&language=ES
 # http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
 #
-# From Alex Kryvenishev (2007-10-25):
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
 # Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
 #
-# [Regira] el Horario Normal desde el [proximo] domingo 28 de octubre
+# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
 #
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html
@@ -2692,23 +2795,18 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
 # I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
 # Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
-# , a Cuban information station, and heard
+# a Cuban information station, and heard
 # the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
 # indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
 # It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
 # It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
-# 
 #
 # Some more background information is posted here:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
-# 
 #
 # The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
 # while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
@@ -2718,18 +2816,14 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # change some historic records as well.
 #
 # One example:
-# 
 # http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm
-# 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
 # The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
 # web site, the Granma.  Please check out
-# 
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
-# 
 #
-# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsens information, the change
+# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
 # will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
@@ -2740,18 +2834,14 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
 # not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
 # (in Spanish)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
 # I listened over the Internet to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
-# 
 # this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
-# the time was announced as "diez cinco"--the same time as here, indicating
+# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
 # that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
@@ -2760,42 +2850,37 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:20 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # changed at all).
 #
 # Source:
-# 
 # http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
-# 
 #
 # Our info:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
-# 
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
 # Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
 # tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
 #
 # One source (Spanish)
-# 
 # http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
-# 
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
 # According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
 # 31 and April 1.
 #
 # Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
-# 
 #
 # Our info on it:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
-# 
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
+# Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
+# to standard time on 2012-11-04:
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/36-nacionales/9961-regira-horario-normal-en-cuba-desde-el-domingo-cuatro-de-noviembre
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-03):
+# For now, assume the future rule is first Sunday in November.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2826,7 +2911,8 @@ Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	2000	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
@@ -2834,7 +2920,7 @@ Rule	Cuba	2009	2010	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Nov	13	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	2012	only	-	Apr	1	0:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2843,9 +2929,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
 
 # Dominica
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Dominican Republic
 
@@ -2878,8 +2962,8 @@ Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	S
 Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
 			-5:00	DR	E%sT	1974 Oct 27
-			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29 02:00
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3 01:00
+			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3  1:00
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # El Salvador
@@ -2890,28 +2974,20 @@ Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 # There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
 # instead of America/San_Salvador.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921		# San Salvador
+Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
 			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
 
 # Grenada
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# St George's
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Guadeloupe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun 8	# Pointe a Pitre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-# St Barthelemy
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/St_Barthelemy
+# St Barthélemy
 # St Martin (French part)
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Guatemala
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
 # Diario Co Latino, at
-# http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079,
+# ,
 # says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
 # decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
 # impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
@@ -2919,7 +2995,7 @@ Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-22):
 # The Ministry of Energy and Mines, press release CP-15/2006
 # (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
-# .
+# http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2936,11 +3012,10 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 
 # Haiti
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
-# Risto O. Nykanen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
-# I searched for confirmation, and I found a
-#  press release
+# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
+# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
 # on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
-# .  Translated from French, it says:
+# .  Translated from French, it says:
 #
 #  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
 #   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
@@ -2974,24 +3049,21 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 # apparently using the same start and end date as USA/Canada.
 # So this means they have already changed their time.
 #
-# (Sources in French):
-# 
 # http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article12510
-# 
-# 
 # http://radiovision2000haiti.net/home/?p=13253
-# 
 #
-# Our coverage:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/haiti-dst-2012.html
-# 
-
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-11):
 # The alterpresse.org source seems to show a US-style leap from 2:00 a.m. to
 # 3:00 a.m. rather than the traditional Haitian jump at midnight.
-# Assume a US-style fall back as well XXX.
-# Do not yet assume that the change carries forward past 2012 XXX.
+# Assume a US-style fall back as well.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-10):
+# It appears that Haiti is observing DST this year as well, same rules
+# as US/Canada.  They did it last year as well, and it looks like they
+# are going to observe DST every year now...
+#
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
+# http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3003,8 +3075,8 @@ Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Haiti	2012	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Haiti	2012	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
@@ -3020,14 +3092,14 @@ Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 #  that Manuel Zelaya, the president
 # of Honduras, refused to back down on this.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
 # It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
 # 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-08):
-# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08)
-# .
+# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08).
+# http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=54941&sec=12
 # It mentions executive decree 18-2006.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
@@ -3051,36 +3123,37 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
 
 # Jamaica
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# Follows US rules.
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# JAMAICA             5 H  BEHIND UTC
-
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
+# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
+# island".  Go with Milne.  Round to the nearest second as required by zic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
+# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
+# Assume Neita meant Jan 6 02:00, the same as the US.  Neita also writes that
+# Manley's supporters associated this act with Manley's nickname "Joshua"
+# (recall that in the Bible the sun stood still at Joshua's request),
+# and with the Rod of Correction which Manley said he had received from
+# Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.  See:
+# Neita L. The politician in all of us. Jamaica Observer 2014-09-20
+# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:11 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Martinique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890		# Fort-de-France
-			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
+Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May    # Fort-de-France MT
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
 			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Montserrat
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
-# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Nicaragua
 #
@@ -3103,27 +3176,27 @@ Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-21):
 # The Associated Press story on the time change, which can be found at
 # http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
-# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish):  "The last
+# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish): "The last
 # time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
-# during the Arnoldo Aleman administration."...
+# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
 # The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
 # since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
 # changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
 # the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
 # Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
 # (2005-09-26)
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
 # http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
 # (my informal translation)
-# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolanos, Nicaragua
+# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
 # advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
-# morning, and will stay that way until 30.th. of september.
+# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
 # My informal translation runs:
 # The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
@@ -3141,7 +3214,7 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
 			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
 			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
-			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1 4:00
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1  4:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1992 Sep 24
 			-6:00	-	CST	1993
 			-5:00	-	EST	1997
@@ -3150,46 +3223,36 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 # Panama
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colon Mean Time
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Puerto Rico
-# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use `Puerto_Rico'.
+# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00    # San Juan
+Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
 			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
 			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # St Kitts-Nevis
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2	# Basseterre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # St Lucia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
-			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
-# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use `Miquelon'.
+# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
+Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
 			-3:00	-	PMST	1987 # Pierre & Miquelon Time
 			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
 
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
-			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Turks and Caicos
 #
 # From Chris Dunn in
-# 
+# http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=415007
 # (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
 # daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
 # the recent U.S. change of dates.
@@ -3202,27 +3265,27 @@ Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
 # Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
 # indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-01):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1998)
-# says they switch at midnight.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
+# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UTC-4 year-round.  See:
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
+# Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
+# From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
+# ... the TCI government appears to have delayed the switch to
+# "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	TC	1979	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	1979	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	TC	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	TC	E%sT
-
-# British Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Road Town
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1979
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Nov Sun>=1 2:00
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
+# British Virgin Is
 # Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Charlotte Amalie
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
diff --git a/pacificnew b/pacificnew
index bccd852..7349434 100644
--- a/pacificnew
+++ b/pacificnew
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/solar87 b/solar87
deleted file mode 100644
index 2299558..0000000
--- a/solar87
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# So much for footnotes about Saudi Arabia.
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; your mileage will vary.
-# Times were computed using formulas in the U.S. Naval Observatory's
-# Almanac for Computers 1987; the formulas "will give EqT to an accuracy of
-# [plus or minus two] seconds during the current year."
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	2	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	4	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	9	12:06:55s -0:06:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:20s -0:07:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:45s -0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:10s -0:08:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:30s -0:08:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	14	12:08:55s -0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:15s -0:09:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:35s -0:09:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	17	12:09:55s -0:09:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:35s -0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	20	12:10:55s -0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:10s -0:11:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:30s -0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	24	12:12:00s -0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:15s -0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	28	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:25s -0:13:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	4	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	26	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	3	12:12:05s -0:12:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:40s -0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:25s -0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:15s -0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	8	12:11:00s -0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:55s -0:09:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:40s -0:09:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:25s -0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	15	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:50s -0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:35s -0:08:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:15s -0:08:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	19	12:08:00s -0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:40s -0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:25s -0:07:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	22	12:07:05s -0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	29	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	1	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:55s -0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	8	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:55s 0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	20	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	25	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:25s 0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	1	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	2	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	3	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	4	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	5	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	6	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	7	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	8	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	10	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	18	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	20	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	21	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	22	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	23	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	24	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	25	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	26	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	27	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	28	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	29	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	30	11:57:25s 0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	31	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	8	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:40s 0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	13	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	18	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	22	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	27	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	2	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	8	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	5	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	18	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	22	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:30s -0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	26	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:25s -0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	29	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	1	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	10	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	13	11:56:10s 0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:45s 0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:25s 0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	16	11:55:05s 0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:45s 0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:20s 0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	19	11:54:00s 0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:40s 0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:15s 0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:55s 0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:35s 0:07:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:15s 0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:55s 0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:35s 0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	27	11:51:10s 0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:50s 0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:30s 0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	30	11:50:10s 0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:50s 0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:15s 0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:55s 0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:35s 0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:20s 0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	7	11:48:00s 0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:45s 0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:25s 0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:10s 0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:55s 0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:40s 0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:25s 0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:10s 0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:55s 0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:30s 0:14:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:05s 0:14:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:55s 0:15:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:35s 0:15:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:25s 0:15:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	10	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:15s 0:15:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	17	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:05s 0:14:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:15s 0:14:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:30s 0:14:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	25	11:46:50s 0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:10s 0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:25s 0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	28	11:47:45s 0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:05s 0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:30s 0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	1	11:48:50s 0:11:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:10s 0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:00s 0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:25s 0:09:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	6	11:50:50s 0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:15s 0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	8	11:51:40s 0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:05s 0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:30s 0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:00s 0:07:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:25s 0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	13	11:53:55s 0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:25s 0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	15	11:54:50s 0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:20s 0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	17	11:55:50s 0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	19	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	21	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	23	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	25	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	27	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	29	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	31	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1987, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh87	3:07:04	-		zzz	1987
-			3:07:04	sol87		zzz	1988
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh87	Mideast/Riyadh87
diff --git a/solar88 b/solar88
deleted file mode 100644
index bb1d6ca..0000000
--- a/solar88
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; they're a bit off for other places.
-# Times were computed using formulas in the U.S. Naval Observatory's
-# Almanac for Computers 1988; the formulas "will give EqT to an accuracy of
-# [plus or minus two] seconds during the current year."
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	2	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	4	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	9	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:15s -0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:40s -0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:25s -0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	14	12:08:50s -0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	17	12:09:50s -0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:10s -0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	20	12:10:50s -0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:25s -0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:40s -0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	24	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:25s -0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	28	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	4	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	26	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:45s -0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	29	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	3	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:30s -0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:15s -0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:00s -0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	8	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:00s -0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:45s -0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	15	12:08:55s -0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:40s -0:08:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:20s -0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	19	12:07:45s -0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:30s -0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:10s -0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	22	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:35s -0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	29	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	1	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	8	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:00s -0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	20	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	25	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	1	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	2	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	3	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	4	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	5	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	6	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	7	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	8	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	10	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	18	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	20	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	21	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	22	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	23	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	24	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	25	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	26	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	27	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	28	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	30	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	31	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	8	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:25s 0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	13	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	18	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	22	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	27	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	2	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	8	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	5	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	18	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	22	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	26	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	29	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	1	11:59:55s 0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	10	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:15s 0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	13	11:55:50s 0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:30s 0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:10s 0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	16	11:54:50s 0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:25s 0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:05s 0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	19	11:53:45s 0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:25s 0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:00s 0:07:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:40s 0:07:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:20s 0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:00s 0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:40s 0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:15s 0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	27	11:50:55s 0:09:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:35s 0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	30	11:49:55s 0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:20s 0:10:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:00s 0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:40s 0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:25s 0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:05s 0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	7	11:47:50s 0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:30s 0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:15s 0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	10	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	17	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:15s 0:14:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:25s 0:14:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:40s 0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:55s 0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:10s 0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	25	11:47:05s 0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:40s 0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	28	11:48:00s 0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:25s 0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:45s 0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	1	11:49:05s 0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:30s 0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:55s 0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:40s 0:09:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	6	11:51:05s 0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:35s 0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	8	11:52:00s 0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:25s 0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:55s 0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:20s 0:06:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:50s 0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	13	11:54:15s 0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:45s 0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	15	11:55:15s 0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:45s 0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	17	11:56:15s 0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	19	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	21	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	23	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:40s 0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	25	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	27	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	29	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	31	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1988, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh88	3:07:04	-		zzz	1988
-			3:07:04	sol88		zzz	1989
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh88	Mideast/Riyadh88
diff --git a/solar89 b/solar89
deleted file mode 100644
index af93235..0000000
--- a/solar89
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,395 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; they're a bit off for other places.
-# Times were computed using a formula provided by the U. S. Naval Observatory:
-#	eqt = -105.8 * sin(l) + 596.2 * sin(2 * l) + 4.4 * sin(3 * l)
-#		-12.7 * sin(4 * l) - 429.0 * cos(l) - 2.1 * cos (2 * l)
-#		+ 19.3 * cos(3 * l);
-# where l is the "mean longitude of the Sun" given by
-#	l = 279.642 degrees + 0.985647 * d
-# and d is the interval in days from January 0, 0 hours Universal Time
-# (equaling the day of the year plus the fraction of a day from zero hours).
-# The accuracy of the formula is plus or minus three seconds.
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	2	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	4	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:45s -0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	9	12:07:10s -0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:35s -0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:55s -0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:20s -0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:45s -0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	14	12:09:05s -0:09:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:25s -0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:45s -0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	17	12:10:05s -0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:25s -0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	20	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:20s -0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:35s -0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	24	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:35s -0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	28	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	4	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:25s -0:13:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	26	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:45s -0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:35s -0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:25s -0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	3	12:12:00s -0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:35s -0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:20s -0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	8	12:10:50s -0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:35s -0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:20s -0:10:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:05s -0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:50s -0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:15s -0:09:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	15	12:09:00s -0:09:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:40s -0:08:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:25s -0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	19	12:07:50s -0:07:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:30s -0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:15s -0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	22	12:06:55s -0:06:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:35s -0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	29	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	1	12:03:55s -0:03:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	8	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	20	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	25	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	1	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	2	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	3	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	4	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	5	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	6	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	7	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	8	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	10	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	18	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	20	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	21	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	22	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	23	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	24	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	25	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	26	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	27	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	28	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	30	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	31	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	8	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	13	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	18	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	22	12:01:55s -0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	27	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	2	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:20s -0:04:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	8	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	5	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	18	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	22	12:02:55s -0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	26	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	29	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	1	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:25s 0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	10	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	13	11:56:00s 0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:35s 0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:15s 0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	16	11:54:55s 0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:35s 0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:10s 0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	19	11:53:50s 0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:30s 0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:10s 0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:45s 0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:25s 0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:05s 0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:45s 0:08:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:25s 0:08:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	27	11:51:05s 0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:40s 0:09:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:20s 0:09:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	30	11:50:00s 0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:45s 0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:25s 0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:05s 0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:45s 0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:30s 0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:10s 0:11:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	7	11:47:50s 0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:35s 0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:50s 0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:30s 0:16:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	10	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:15s 0:15:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:25s 0:15:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:35s 0:15:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	17	11:44:55s 0:15:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:50s 0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:05s 0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:25s 0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:40s 0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	25	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:35s 0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	28	11:47:55s 0:12:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:20s 0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:40s 0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	1	11:49:00s 0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:25s 0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:50s 0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:35s 0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	6	11:51:00s 0:09:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:30s 0:08:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	8	11:51:55s 0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:20s 0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:50s 0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:15s 0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:45s 0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	13	11:54:10s 0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:40s 0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	15	11:55:10s 0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:40s 0:04:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	17	11:56:05s 0:03:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	19	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	21	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	23	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	25	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	27	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	29	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:30s -0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	31	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1989, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh89	3:07:04	-		zzz	1989
-			3:07:04	sol89		zzz	1990
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh89	Mideast/Riyadh89
diff --git a/southamerica b/southamerica
index ab4d14d..50d118e 100644
--- a/southamerica
+++ b/southamerica
@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # Earlier editions of these tables used the North American style (e.g. ARST and
 # ARDT for Argentine Standard and Daylight Time), but the following quote
@@ -31,19 +35,19 @@
 #
 # Earlier editions of these tables also used the North American style
 # for time zones in Brazil, but this was incorrect, as Brazilians say
-# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a Sao Paulo businessman active in
+# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a São Paulo businessman active in
 # the railroad sector, writes (1999-07-06):
 #	The subject of time zones is currently a matter of discussion/debate in
-#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasilia time" is considered the
-#	"official time" because Brasilia is the capital city.
-#	The other three time zones are called "Brasilia time "minus one" or
+#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasília time" is considered the
+#	"official time" because Brasília is the capital city.
+#	The other three time zones are called "Brasília time "minus one" or
 #	"plus one" or "plus two".  As far as I know there is no such
 #	name/designation as "Eastern Time" or "Central Time".
 # So I invented the following (English-language) abbreviations for now.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #		std	dst
 #	-2:00	FNT	FNST	Fernando de Noronha
-#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasilia
+#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasília
 #	-4:00	AMT	AMST	Amazon
 #	-5:00	ACT	ACST	Acre
 
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@
 # Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
 # Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.
 
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-199):
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
 # ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC
 
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
@@ -91,7 +95,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
 # obtaining the data from the:
-# Talleres de Hidrografia Naval Argentina
+# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
 # (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
 Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -113,13 +117,13 @@ Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
-# We just checked with our Sao Paulo office and they say the government of
+# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
 # Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
 # So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
 #
-# From Fabian L. Arce Jofre (2000-04-04):
+# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
 # The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
-# de la Rua on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
 # in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
@@ -127,7 +131,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
 # in effect.... The article is at
 # http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
-# ... The Law itself is "Ley No 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
 # 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
 # http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
 # Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
@@ -152,15 +156,13 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
 # March, although exact rules are not given.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
 # The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
-# the lower chamber too (Deputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
+# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
 # By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
 # the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
 # clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
-# 
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
-# 
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
 # For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
@@ -170,63 +172,45 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
 # Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)
-# 
 
-# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-10-06):
-# Here is some info available at a Gentoo bug related to TZ on Argentina's DST:
-# ...
-# ------- Comment #1 from [jmdocile]  2008-10-06 16:28 0000 -------
-# Hi, there is a problem with timezone-data-2008e and maybe with
-# timezone-data-2008f
-# Argentinian law [Number] 25.155 is no longer valid.
-# 
+# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)
+# via Rodrigo Severo:
+# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
-# 
-# The new one is law [Number] 26.350
-# 
+# The new one is law No. 26.350
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
-# 
 # So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
-# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST in Argentina
-# From 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15
-# 
+# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST
+# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer 2008/2009:
-# Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La Pampa, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz
-# and Tierra del Fuego
-# 
+
+# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
+# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
+# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the Province of Jujuy saying
-# it will not apply DST either (even when it was not included in Decree 1705/2008)
-# 
+# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the
+# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not
+# included in Decree 1705/2008).
 # http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc
-# 
 
 # From fullinet (2009-10-18):
 # As announced in
-# 
 # http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
-# 
-# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora" (english: "No hour change")
+# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"
+# (English: "No hour change").
 #
-# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvio no modificar la hora
-# oficial, decision que estaba en estudio para su implementacion el
-# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificacion se anuncio
-# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorologicas, no necesita
-# la modificacion del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
-# crecimiento en la produccion y distribucion energetica."
+# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
+# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
+# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
+# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
+# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
+# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
 
 Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
@@ -240,10 +224,10 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
 # now we'll assume it's for this year only.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# 
-# Hora de verano para la Republica Argentina (2003-06-08)
-#  says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-09):
+# Hora de verano para la República Argentina
+# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
+# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
 # to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
 # over Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
@@ -258,10 +242,10 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # time in October 17th.
 #
 # Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
-# Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman.
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
-# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucuman decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
 # yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
 # annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
 #
@@ -296,49 +280,38 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
 # as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
 #
-# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del pais
+# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
 # (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
 # country)
-# 
 # http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
-# 
 #
 # Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
 # (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
-# 
-# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/vernotae.asp?id_nota=253414
-# 
-#
-# 
+# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
-# 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
 # The page of the San Luis provincial government
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
-# 
 # confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
 # emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
 # time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
 # confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
 # refused to follow San Luis in this change.
 #
-# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21.st at 0:00
+# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00
 # hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
 # a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
 # independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
 # 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
 # Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
 # time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
 # important pages of 2008."
 #
 # You can use
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
-# 
 # instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
 # government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
 # from which the first one is identical to the above.
@@ -358,9 +331,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I
 # mailed them personally and never got an answer).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# Unless otherwise specified, data are from Shanks & Pottenger through 1992,
-# from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through
+# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
 # America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which
 # was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll
 # keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the
@@ -372,30 +345,15 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
 #
 # The press release is at
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
-# 
-# (I couldn't find the decree, but
-# 
-# www.sanluis.gov.ar
-# 
-# is the official page for the Province Government).
-#
-# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers (La Nación) at
-# 
+# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
+# is the official page for the Province Government.)
+#
+# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
-# 
-#
-# The press release says:
-#  (...) anunció que el próximo domingo a las 00:00 los puntanos deberán
-# atrasar una hora sus relojes.
-#
-# A partir de entonces, San Luis establecerá el huso horario propio de
-# la Provincia. De esta manera, durante el periodo del calendario anual
-# 2009, el cambio horario quedará comprendido entre las 00:00 del tercer
-# domingo de marzo y las 24:00 del segundo sábado de octubre.
-# Quick&dirty translation
-# (...) announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
+#
+# The press release says [quick and dirty translation]:
+# ... announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
 # inhabitants) will have to turn back one hour their clocks
 #
 # Since then, San Luis will establish its own Province timezone. Thus,
@@ -406,9 +364,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
 #
 # The Law at
-# 
 # is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
 # October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
 # complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
@@ -437,19 +393,15 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # ...
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
-# According to news reports from El Diario de la Republica Province San
+# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San
 # Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
-# after April 11, 2010--will continue to have same time as rest of
+# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
 # Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
 #
-# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
-# 
+# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
 # http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
-# 
 # or (some English translation):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html
-# 
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
 # yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
@@ -457,18 +409,32 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
 # stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-05):
+# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at UTC-4
+# with perpetual summer time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# just say it's at UTC-3; see, for example,
+# http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
+# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
+# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
+# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
+# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
+# setting for time stamps past 2038.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.  Round to the nearest second.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
-Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
 #
-# Cordoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Rios (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
+# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
 # Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
@@ -488,7 +454,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
 #
-# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquen (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
 Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
@@ -500,7 +466,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
-# Tucuman (TM)
+# Tucumán (TM)
 Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
@@ -591,7 +557,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 # San Luis (SL)
 
 Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	SanLuis	2007	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
 
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
@@ -607,11 +573,12 @@ Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
 			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Jan 21
-			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT
+			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT	2009 Oct 11
+			-3:00	-	ART
 #
 # Santa Cruz (SC)
-Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
@@ -621,9 +588,9 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
 			-3:00	-	ART
 #
-# Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (TF)
-Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
+Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
 			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
 			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
@@ -634,10 +601,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
 			-3:00	-	ART
 
 # Aruba
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Oranjestad
-			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
 
 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -657,13 +621,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
 # _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
-# Santa Catarina (SC), Parana (PR), Sao Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goias (GO),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
 # Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
 # [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
-# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goias until 1989), and other
+# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
 # sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
 # always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
 # The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
@@ -677,16 +641,14 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
 # Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
 # airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
-# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapa (AP), Ceara (CE),
-# Maranhao (MA), Paraiba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piaui (PI), and Rio Grande do
-# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Para (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
+# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
+# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
+# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
 
 # From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
-# 
-# Brazilian official page
-# 
+# Brazilian official page 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2000-11-03):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
 # [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
@@ -719,13 +681,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
 # ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
-# Oficial da Uniao"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
+# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
 # effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
 #
-# a) The timezone UTC+5 is e[x]tinguished, with all the Acre state and the
+# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
 # part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
 # timezone UTC+4
-# b) The whole Para state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
+# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
 # part of it, as was before.
 #
 # This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
@@ -738,13 +700,11 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
 # Just correcting the URL:
-# 
 # https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
-# 
 #
 # As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
 # timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
-# be created to represent the...west side of the Para State. I
+# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
 # suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
 # important/populated city in the affected area.
 #
@@ -753,19 +713,16 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
 # This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
-# 
 #
-# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones-eliminating time zone UTC- 05
-# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT- 04) - western
-# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC- 03 (from UTC -04).
+# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
+# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
+# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
 # The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
-# 
-# Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
-# .
+# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
 # As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
@@ -777,25 +734,17 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 #
 # An official page about it:
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
-# 
 # Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
 # by going to
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/first
-# 
 #
 # One example link that works directly:
-# 
 # http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
 # (Portuguese)
-# 
 #
 # We have a written a short article about it as well:
-# 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
-# 
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
 # State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
@@ -803,18 +752,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # television station in Salvador.
 
 # In Portuguese:
-# 
 # http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
-#  and
-# 
 # http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
-# 
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
 # There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
-# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandão at
-# http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
-# oficial agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
+# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
+# official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
 # still in force.
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-14)
@@ -823,50 +767,72 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 #	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
 # I found the decree.
 #
-# DECRETO No- 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
+# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
 # Link :
-# 
 # http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6
-# 
 
+# From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
+# The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
+# due to public pressure, he is reversing the DST policy they implemented
+# last year and will not be going to Summer Time on October 21st....
+# http://www.correio24horas.com.br/r/artigo/apos-pressoes-wagner-suspende-horario-de-verao-na-bahia
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
+# Tocantins state will have DST.
+# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
+# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
+# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
+# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
+# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
+# will change as well.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
+# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Decree 20,466 (1931-10-01)
-# Decree 21,896 (1932-01-10)
+# Decree 20,466  (1931-10-01)
+# Decree 21,896  (1932-01-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 23,195 (1933-10-10)
+# Decree 23,195  (1933-10-10)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 27,496 (1949-11-24)
-# Decree 27,998 (1950-04-13)
+# Decree 27,496  (1949-11-24)
+# Decree 27,998  (1950-04-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 32,308 (1953-02-24)
+# Decree 32,308  (1953-02-24)
 Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 34,724 (1953-11-30)
+# Decree 34,724  (1953-11-30)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 52,700 (1963-10-18)
+# Decree 52,700  (1963-10-18)
 # established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
 # in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
-# Decree 53,071 (1963-12-03)
+# Decree 53,071  (1963-12-03)
 # extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
 Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 53,604 (1964-02-25)
+# Decree 53,604  (1964-02-25)
 # extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 55,639 (1965-01-27)
+# Decree 55,639  (1965-01-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 57,303 (1965-11-22)
+# Decree 57,303  (1965-11-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 57,843 (1966-02-18)
+# Decree 57,843  (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 63,429 (1968-10-15)
+# Decree 63,429  (1968-10-15)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 91,698 (1985-09-27)
+# Decree 91,698  (1985-09-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
 # Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
@@ -874,42 +840,42 @@ Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 94,922 (1987-09-22)
+# Decree 94,922  (1987-09-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 96,676 (1988-09-12)
+# Decree 96,676  (1988-09-12)
 # except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 98,077 (1989-08-21)
+# Decree 98,077  (1989-08-21)
 # with the same exceptions
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 99,530 (1990-09-17)
+# Decree 99,530  (1990-09-17)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
 # Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1991-09-25)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1991-09-25)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1992-10-16)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1992-10-16)
 # adopted by same states.
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 942 (1993-09-28)
+# Decree 942  (1993-09-28)
 # adopted by same states, plus AM.
-# Decree 1,252 (1994-09-22;
+# Decree 1,252  (1994-09-22;
 # web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
-# Decree 1,636 (1995-09-14)
+# Decree 1,636  (1995-09-14)
 # adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
-# Decree 1,674 (1995-10-13)
+# Decree 1,674  (1995-10-13)
 # adds AL, SE.
 Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,000 (1996-09-04)
+# Decree 2,000  (1996-09-04)
 # adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
@@ -922,53 +888,51 @@ Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 #
 # Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 2,495
+# Decree 2,495 
 # (1998-02-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,780 (1998-09-11)
+# Decree 2,780  (1998-09-11)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,150
+# Decree 3,150 
 # (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
-# Decree 3,188 (1999-09-30)
+# Decree 3,188  (1999-09-30)
 # adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,592 (2000-09-06)
+# Decree 3,592  (2000-09-06)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-# Decree 3,630 (2000-10-13)
+# Decree 3,630  (2000-10-13)
 # repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
-# Decree 3,632 (2000-10-17)
+# Decree 3,632  (2000-10-17)
 # repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
-# Decree 3,916
+# Decree 3,916 
 # (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
 Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-# 4,399
+# 4,399 
 Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
-# 4,844
+# 4,844 
 Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
-# 5,223
+# 5,223 
 Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,539 (2005-09-19),
+# Decree 5,539  (2005-09-19),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,920 (2006-10-03),
+# Decree 5,920  (2006-10-03),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 6,212 (2007-09-26),
+# Decree 6,212  (2007-09-26),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
 # From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
-# Acording to this decree
-# 
+# According to this decree
 # http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
-# 
 # [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
 # 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
 # the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
@@ -1003,29 +967,29 @@ Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
 			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2002 Oct  1
 			-2:00	-	FNT
 # Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
-# These include Trindade and Martin Vaz (administratively part of ES),
-# Atol das Rocas (RN), and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo (PE).
+# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
 # Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
 # it also included the Penedos.
 #
-# Amapa (AP), east Para (PA)
-# East Para includes Belem, Maraba, Serra Norte, and Sao Felix do Xingu.
-# The division between east and west Para is the river Xingu.
+# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
+# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
 # In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
-# the border with Amapa) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
 Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# west Para (PA)
-# West Para includes Altamira, Oribidos, Prainha, Oriximina, and Santarem.
+# west Pará (PA)
+# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
 Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2008 Jun 24  0:00
 			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# Maranhao (MA), Piaui (PI), Ceara (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
-# Paraiba (PB)
+# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraíba (PB)
 Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
@@ -1048,6 +1012,8 @@ Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Sep 14
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2013 Sep
 			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
 # Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
@@ -1067,13 +1033,14 @@ Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
 Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
 			-3:00	-	BRT	2011 Oct 16
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	-	BRT
 #
-# Goias (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR),
+# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
 # Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
 Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23 00:00
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23  0:00
 			-3:00	1:00	BRST	1964
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
 #
@@ -1087,7 +1054,7 @@ Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	-	AMT	2004 Oct  1
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
 #
-# Rondonia (RO)
+# Rondônia (RO)
 Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-4:00	-	AMT
@@ -1099,7 +1066,7 @@ Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2000 Oct 15
 			-4:00	-	AMT
 #
-# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutai, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
 # The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
 # east from west Amazonas.
 Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
@@ -1109,22 +1076,78 @@ Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	-	AMT
 #
 # west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
-#	Eirunepe, Envira, Ipixuna
+#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
 Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
 			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
 			-5:00	-	ACT	1993 Sep 28
 			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1994 Sep 22
-			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	ACT
 #
 # Acre (AC)
 Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	ACT
 
 # Chile
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
+# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
+# 1890 and rounds its UTC offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
+# was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
+# standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
+#
+# Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
+# the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
+# [1] Chile Law
+# http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
+# This contains a copy of a this official table:
+# Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
+# http://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
+# [1] needs several corrections, though.
+#
+# The first set of corrections is from:
+# [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
+# http://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
+# This is an English translation of:
+# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
+# http://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
+# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
+# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
+#    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
+#    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
+#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [2], rounding it to -4:42:46.
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
+#    at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
+#    go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.
+#
+# Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
+# wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
+# the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
+# says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
+# 1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
+# respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."
+#
+# Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
+# Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
+# Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
+# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
+# may well be true for earlier transitions.
+
 # From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
 # The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
 # of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
@@ -1137,92 +1160,35 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
 # on April 3, (one-time change).
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-08):
-# I think that there are some obvious mistakes in the suggested link
-# from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66 says that GMT-4
-# ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at 1990-09-15
-# (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16 respectively), but
-# anyhow it clears up some doubts too.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-27):
-# The following data for Chile and America/Santiago are from
-#  (2006-09-20), transcribed by
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen.  The data for Pacific/Easter are from Shanks
-# & Pottenger, except with DST transitions after 1932 cloned from
-# America/Santiago.  The pre-1980 Pacific/Easter data are dubious,
-# but we have no other source.
-
-# From German Poo-Caaman~o (2008-03-03):
+# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
 # Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
 # is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
 # and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
 # The Supreme Decree is located at
-# 
 # http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
-# 
-# and the instructions for 2008 are located in:
-# 
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# .
-
-# From Jose Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
-# ...
-# You could see the announces of the change on
-# 
+#
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
 # http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm
-# .
 
 # From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
 # Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
-# 
 # http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
-# 
-# (in Spanish, last paragraph).
 #
-# This is breaking news. There should be more information available later.
-
-# From Arthur Daivd Olson (2010-03-06):
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-03-06):
 # Angel Chiang's message confirmed by Julio Pacheco; Julio provided a patch.
 
-# From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-02): [geychaner@mac.com]
-# It appears that the Chilean government has decided to postpone the
-# change from summer time to winter time again, by three weeks to April
-# 2nd:
-# 
-# http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=467651
-# 
-#
-# This is not yet reflected in the offical "cambio de hora" site, but
-# probably will be soon:
-# 
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# 
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-03-02):
-# The emol.com article mentions a water shortage as the cause of the
-# postponement, which may mean that it's not a permanent change.
-
 # From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
-# The article:
-# 
 # http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
-# 
-#
 # In English:
 # Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
 # of this Saturday. They will go forward again the 3rd Saturday in
-# August, not in October as they have since 1968. This is a pilot plan
-# which will be reevaluated in 2012.
+# August, not in October as they have since 1968.
 
 # From Mauricio Parada (2012-02-22), translated by Glenn Eychaner (2012-02-23):
 # As stated in the website of the Chilean Energy Ministry
 # http://www.minenergia.cl/ministerio/noticias/generales/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de.html
 # The Chilean Government has decided to postpone the entrance into winter time
-# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012. The decision has not
-# been yet formalized but it will within the next days.
+# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012....
 # Quote from the website communication:
 #
 # 6. For the year 2012, the dates of entry into winter time will be as follows:
@@ -1232,21 +1198,32 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # b. Saturday, September 1, 2012, clocks should go forward 60 minutes; that is,
 # at 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be
 # 01:00 on September 2.
-#
-# Note that...this is yet another "temporary" change that will be reevaluated
-# AGAIN in 2013.
 
-# NOTE: ChileAQ rules for Antarctic bases are stored separately in the
-# 'antarctica' file.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-02-15):
+# According to several news sources, Chile has extended DST this year,
+# they will end DST later and start DST earlier than planned.  They
+# hope to save energy.  The new end date is 2013-04-28 00:00 and new
+# start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
+# http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm
+
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
+# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
+# dates to 2014.
+# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
+# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf
+
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2015-03-03):
+# Today has been published officially that Chile will use the DST time
+# permanently until March 25 of 2017
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/media/2015/03/03/1-large.jpg
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# For now, assume that the extension will persist indefinitely.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Chile	1927	1932	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1942	only	-	Jun	 1	4:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1942	only	-	Aug	 1	5:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1946	only	-	Jul	15	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	3:00u	0:00	-
-Rule	Chile	1947	only	-	Apr	 1	4:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	S
@@ -1257,10 +1234,8 @@ Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
@@ -1277,72 +1252,105 @@ Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2012	only	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2012	only	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2013	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2012	2015	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:46 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 	    # Santiago Mean Time
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	CLT	1916 Jul  1 # Chile Time
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep  1 # Santiago Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	CLT	1919 Jul  1 # Chile Time
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1 # Santiago Mean Time
-			-5:00	Chile	CL%sT	1947 May 22 # Chile Time
-			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT
-Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:44 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	CL%sT	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	CLT	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1946 Jul 15
+			-4:00	1:00	CLST	1946 Sep  1 # central Chile
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1947 Apr  1
+			-5:00	-	CLT	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT	2015 Apr 26  3:00u
+			-3:00	-	CLT
+Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-7:17:28 -	EMT	1932 Sep    # Easter Mean Time
-			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 13 21:00 # Easter I Time
-			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT
+			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 14 3:00u # Easter Time
+			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT	2015 Apr 26 3:00u
+			-5:00	-	EAST
+#
+# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
+# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+
+# Antarctic base using South American rules
+# (See the file 'antarctica' for more.)
 #
-# Sala y Gomez Island is like Pacific/Easter.
-# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernandez Is, San Ambrosio,
-# San Felix, and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+#
+# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
+# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
+# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
+# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
+# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
+# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1982 May
+			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT	2015 Apr 26 3:00u
+			-3:00	-	CLT
 
 # Colombia
+
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
+# "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
-			-4:56:20 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogota Mean Time
+Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
+			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
 			-5:00	CO	CO%sT	# Colombia Time
 # Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
-# Curacao
+# Curaçao
+
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
 # -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
 # Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
 # 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
-# Saba Island has been like Curacao.
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
 # This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
 #
-# By July 2007 Curacao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
 # associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
 # Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
 # Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
 # though, as far as we know.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:44 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
 			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
-# At least for now, use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
-# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen charaters
+# use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
+# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
 # and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes" below.
 
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes # Sint Maarten
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk # Bonaire, Sint Estatius and Saba
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 
 # Ecuador
 #
+# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-04):
 # Apparently Ecuador had a failed experiment with DST in 1992.
 #  (2007-02-27) and
@@ -1352,10 +1360,10 @@ Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk # Bonaire, Sint Estatius and Saba
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:14:00 -	QMT	1931 # Quito Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	ECT	     # Ecuador Time
+			-5:00	-	ECT	# Ecuador Time
 Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 			-5:00	-	ECT	1986
-			-6:00	-	GALT	     # Galapagos Time
+			-6:00	-	GALT	# Galápagos Time
 
 # Falklands
 
@@ -1364,7 +1372,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
-# via Jesper Norgaard:
+# via Jesper Nørgaard:
 # ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
 # April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
 # September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
@@ -1413,9 +1421,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # daylight saving time.
 #
 # One source:
-# 
 # http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
-# 
 #
 # We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
 # Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
@@ -1456,10 +1462,10 @@ Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12  # Stanley Mean Time
-			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	1983 May     # Falkland Is Time
+			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
+			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	1983 May    # Falkland Is Time
 			-3:00	Falk	FK%sT	1985 Sep 15
-			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	2010 Sep 5 02:00
+			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	2010 Sep  5  2:00
 			-3:00	-	FKST
 
 # French Guiana
@@ -1470,7 +1476,7 @@ Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 
 # Guyana
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar	# Georgetown
+Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
 			-3:45	-	GBGT	1966 May 26 # Br Guiana Time
 			-3:45	-	GYT	1975 Jul 31 # Guyana Time
 			-3:00	-	GYT	1991
@@ -1478,10 +1484,16 @@ Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar	# Georgetown
 			-4:00	-	GYT
 
 # Paraguay
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are from 01:00 -> 02:00,
-# and autumn transitions are from 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
 # editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
+#
+# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
+# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
+# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -1501,9 +1513,8 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # (10-01).
 #
 # Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
-# 
-# Noticias, a daily paper in Asuncion, Paraguay (2000-10-01)
-# :
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01):
+# http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm
 # Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
 # fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
 # system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
@@ -1518,27 +1529,24 @@ Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
 Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
-# A decree was issued in Paraguay (no. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
+# A decree was issued in Paraguay (No. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
 # dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
 # April.
 Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
 # There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
 # a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
 # Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso via Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
-# 
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
 Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso (2010-02-18):
-# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday (
-# 
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
+# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
 # http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
-# 
-# )
 # Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
 # modifying the October date. The decree reads:
 # ...
@@ -1548,19 +1556,31 @@ Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 # forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
 # ...
 Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
+# Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
+# http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
+# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
+# Decree 1264 can be found at:
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
+Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	PYT	1972 Oct # Paraguay Time
+			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	PYT	1972 Oct    # Paraguay Time
 			-3:00	-	PYT	1974 Apr
 			-4:00	Para	PY%sT
 
 # Peru
 #
-# 
-# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26):
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
+# :
 # When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
 # sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
 #
@@ -1586,7 +1606,7 @@ Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
 
 # South Georgia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
+Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890 # Grytviken
 			-2:00	-	GST	# South Georgia Time
 
 # South Sandwich Is
@@ -1596,9 +1616,9 @@ Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
 			-3:40:52 -	PMT	1935     # Paramaribo Mean Time
-			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct # The capital moved?
+			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct    # The capital moved?
 			-3:30	-	NEGT	1975 Nov 20 # Dutch Guiana Time
-			-3:30	-	SRT	1984 Oct # Suriname Time
+			-3:30	-	SRT	1984 Oct    # Suriname Time
 			-3:00	-	SRT
 
 # Trinidad and Tobago
@@ -1606,6 +1626,21 @@ Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
 Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
+# These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Antigua
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Montserrat
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
+
 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 # Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
@@ -1623,7 +1658,7 @@ Rule	Uruguay	1937	1941	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1937 Oct 3; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Uruguay	1937	1940	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
 # Whitman gives 1941 Oct 24 - 1942 Mar 27, 1942 Dec 14 - 1943 Apr 13,
-# and 1943 Apr 13 ``to present time''; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# and 1943 Apr 13 "to present time"; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
 Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1658,7 +1693,7 @@ Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
-# The uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
+# The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
 # http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/decretos/2004091502.htm
 Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	S
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
@@ -1672,29 +1707,44 @@ Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
 # 02:00 local time, official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
 Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
 # http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2006/09/CM%20210_08%2006%202006_00001.PDF
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
+# ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
+# http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
+# http://www.republica.com.uy/este-ano-no-se-modificara-el-huso-horario-en-uruguay/523760/
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-30):
+# Apparently restaurateurs complained that DST caused people to go to the beach
+# instead of out to dinner.
+# From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
+# http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
+# [dated 2015-06-29; repeals Decree 311/006 dated 2006-09-04]
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	2007	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
-			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1	# Montevideo MT
-			-3:30	Uruguay	UY%sT	1942 Dec 14	# Uruguay Time
+			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+			-3:30	Uruguay	UY%sT	1942 Dec 14 # Uruguay Time
 			-3:00	Uruguay	UY%sT
 
 # Venezuela
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-28):
+# For the 1965 transition see Gaceta Oficial No. 27.619 (1964-12-15), p 205.533
+# http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1964/27619.pdf
+#
 # From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
 # ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
 # been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
-# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la Republica Bolivariana
-# de Venezuela, numero 38.819" (official document for all laws or
+# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
+# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
 # resolution publication)
 # http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
-			-4:30	-	VET	1965	     # Venezuela Time
-			-4:00	-	VET	2007 Dec  9 03:00
+			-4:30	-	VET	1965 Jan  1  0:00 # Venezuela T.
+			-4:00	-	VET	2007 Dec  9  3:00
 			-4:30	-	VET
diff --git a/systemv b/systemv
index e651e85..d9e2995 100644
--- a/systemv
+++ b/systemv
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/yearistype.sh b/yearistype.sh
index bdc6e58..dfdcdf0 100644
--- a/yearistype.sh
+++ b/yearistype.sh
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 case $#-$1 in
 	2-|2-0*|2-*[!0-9]*)
-		echo "$0: wild year - $1" >&2
+		echo "$0: wild year: $1" >&2
 		exit 1 ;;
 esac
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ case $#-$2 in
 			*)				exit 1 ;;
 		esac ;;
 	2-*)
-		echo "$0: wild type - $2" >&2 ;;
+		echo "$0: wild type: $2" >&2 ;;
 esac
 
 echo "$0: usage is $0 year even|odd|uspres|nonpres|nonuspres" >&2
diff --git a/zone.tab b/zone.tab
index 6bda826..935143f 100644
--- a/zone.tab
+++ b/zone.tab
@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
-# 
+# tz zone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# TZ zone descriptions
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-08-05):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
-# 1.  ISO 3166 2-character country code.  See the file `iso3166.tab'.
-# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
-#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
-#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
-#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
-# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
-# 4.  Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows.
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
-# The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that
-# (1) makes some geographical sense, and
-# (2) puts the most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a zone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
 #
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data entries appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not
+# intended to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
 #code	coordinates	TZ			comments
@@ -32,17 +30,16 @@ AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
 AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
 AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
-AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo Station, Ross Island
-AQ	-9000+00000	Antarctica/South_Pole	Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo, South Pole, Scott (New Zealand time)
 AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
 AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
 AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
 AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
 AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
-AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Terre Adelie
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Adelie Land
 AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
-AQ	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island Station, Macquarie Island
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station, Queen Maud Land
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
 AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
 AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
@@ -58,6 +55,7 @@ AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
 AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
 AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
 AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
@@ -108,18 +106,17 @@ BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
 BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
 BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
 CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Time, including SE Labrador
-CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (most places), PEI
-CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia - places that did not observe DST 1966-1971
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (peninsula), PEI
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (Cape Breton)
 CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
 CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
 CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
-CA	+4531-07334	America/Montreal	Eastern Time - Quebec - most locations
-CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario - most locations
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - most locations
 CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
 CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
 CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
 CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
-CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Standard Time - Resolute, Nunavut
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Time - Resolute, Nunavut
 CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
 CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
 CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
@@ -132,6 +129,7 @@ CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
 CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
 CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
 CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	Mountain Standard Time - Fort Nelson, British Columbia
 CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
 CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
 CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific Time - north Yukon
@@ -144,13 +142,10 @@ CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
 CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
 CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
-CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
-CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	east China - Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, etc.
-CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang (except Mohe), Jilin
-CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China - Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, etc.
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	most of Tibet & Xinjiang
-CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	west Tibet & Xinjiang
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
@@ -159,7 +154,8 @@ CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
 CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
 CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
-DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most locations
+DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
 DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
 DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
 DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
@@ -215,7 +211,7 @@ ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
 ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
 ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
-IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
 IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
@@ -224,7 +220,7 @@ IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
 IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
 JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
-JM	+1800-07648	America/Jamaica
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
@@ -279,7 +275,7 @@ MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
 MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
 MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
 MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
-MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Central Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
 MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
 MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Mexican Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas away from US border
 MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	US Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas near US border
@@ -312,7 +308,8 @@ PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
 PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
 PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
 PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
-PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	most locations
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
 PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
 PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
 PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
@@ -331,21 +328,26 @@ RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
 RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
 RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
-RU	+5545+03735	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Moscow+00 - Crimea
 RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
-RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 (Moscow+01 after 2014-10-26) - Samara, Udmurtia
 RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
 RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
 RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
-RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 - Novokuznetsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 (Moscow+04 after 2014-10-26) - Kemerovo
 RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
 RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	Moscow+06 (Moscow+05 after 2014-10-26) - Zabaykalsky
 RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
 RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
 RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
-RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
-RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 - Kamchatka
-RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 - Bering Sea
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 (Moscow+07 after 2014-10-26) - Magadan
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	Moscow+08 - E Sakha, N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
 SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
 SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
@@ -387,7 +389,6 @@ TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
 UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
 UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
-UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	central Crimea
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
 UM	+1645-16931	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
@@ -411,16 +412,15 @@ US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central Time - North Dakota -
 US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
-US	+364708-1084111	America/Shiprock	Mountain Time - Navajo
-US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona (except Navajo)
 US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Pacific Standard Time - Annette Island, Alaska
 US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
 US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
 US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
 US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
 US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
-US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Metlakatla Time - Annette Island
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
 UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
 UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
diff --git a/zone1970.tab b/zone1970.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e1b7e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zone1970.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# tz zone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a zone where
+# civil time stamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the zone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.  See the file 'iso3166.tab'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the 'Theory' file for how zone names are chosen.
+#     If multiple zones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if a country has multiple zones.
+#
+# If a zone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data entries appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not
+# intended to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Adélie Land
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station, Queen Maud Land
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales - most locations
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Yancowinna
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland - most locations
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland - Holiday Islands
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia - most locations
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia - Eucla area
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Amapá, E Pará
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	W Pará
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	E Amazonas
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	W Amazonas
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Time, including SE Labrador
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (peninsula), PEI
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - most locations
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Time - Resolute, Nunavut
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central Time - Rainy River & Fort Frances, Ontario
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - most locations
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - midwest
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Alberta, east British Columbia & west Saskatchewan
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain Time - west Nunavut
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	Mountain Standard Time - Fort Nelson, British Columbia
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific Time - north Yukon
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
+CI,BF,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,ST,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW,AW,BQ,SX	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Berlin time
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	mainland
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	mainland
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta & Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk (Truk) and Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei (Ponape)
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	east coast, north of Scoresbysund
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most locations
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda (Kyzylorda, Kzyl-Orda)
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe (Aktobe)
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau (Atirau, Gur'yev), Mangghystau (Mankistau)
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most locations
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Mexican Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas away from US border
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	US Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas near US border
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - S Baja, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mexican Mountain Time - Chihuahua away from US border
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	US Mountain Time - Chihuahua near US border
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	US Pacific Time - Baja California near US border
+MX	+3018-11452	America/Santa_Isabel	Mexican Pacific Time - Baja California away from US border
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Mexican Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah & Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time (UTC+2)
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time (UTC+1)
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO,SJ	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	most locations
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	mainland
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE,TF	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion	Réunion, Crozet Is, Scattered Is
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Moscow+00 - Crimea
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 (Moscow+01 after 2014-10-26) - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 (Moscow+04 after 2014-10-26) - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	Moscow+06 (Moscow+05 after 2014-10-26) - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 (Moscow+07 after 2014-10-26) - Magadan
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	Moscow+08 - E Sakha, N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 (Moscow+09 after 2014-10-26) - Bering Sea
+SA,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD,SS	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen	Kerguelen, St Paul I, Amsterdam I
+TH,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	most of Indochina
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT,AG,AI,BL,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,VC,VG,VI	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern Time
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern Time - Indiana - most locations
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern Time - Indiana - Daviess, Dubois, Knox & Martin Counties
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pulaski County
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern Time - Indiana - Crawford County
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pike County
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central Time - Indiana - Perry County
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central Time - Indiana - Starke County
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron & Menominee Counties
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central Time - North Dakota - Morton County (except Mandan area)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Pacific Standard Time - Annette Island, Alaska
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
+US,UM	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii time
+UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	east Uzbekistan
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	south Vietnam
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
diff --git a/zoneinfo2tdf.pl b/zoneinfo2tdf.pl
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e05ec01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zoneinfo2tdf.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#! /usr/bin/perl -w
+
+# Courtesy Ken Pizzini.
+
+use strict;
+
+#This file released to the public domain.
+
+# Note: error checking is poor; trust the output only if the input
+# has been checked by zic.
+
+my $contZone = '';
+while (<>) {
+  my $origline = $_;
+  my @fields = ();
+  while (s/^\s*((?:"[^"]*"|[^\s#])+)//) {
+    push @fields, $1;
+  }
+  next unless @fields;
+
+  my $type = lc($fields[0]);
+  if ($contZone) {
+    @fields >= 3 or warn "bad continuation line";
+    unshift @fields, '+', $contZone;
+    $type = 'zone';
+  }
+
+  $contZone = '';
+  if ($type eq 'zone') {
+    # Zone  NAME  GMTOFF  RULES/SAVE  FORMAT  [UNTIL]
+    my $nfields = @fields;
+    $nfields >= 5 or warn "bad zone line";
+    if ($nfields > 6) {
+      #this splice is optional, depending on one's preference
+      #(one big date-time field, or componentized date and time):
+      splice(@fields, 5, $nfields-5, "@fields[5..$nfields-1]");
+    }
+    $contZone = $fields[1] if @fields > 5;
+  } elsif ($type eq 'rule') {
+    # Rule  NAME  FROM  TO  TYPE  IN  ON  AT  SAVE  LETTER/S
+    @fields == 10 or warn "bad rule line";
+  } elsif ($type eq 'link') {
+    # Link  TARGET  LINK-NAME
+    @fields == 3 or warn "bad link line";
+  } elsif ($type eq 'leap') {
+    # Leap  YEAR  MONTH  DAY  HH:MM:SS  CORR  R/S
+    @fields == 7 or warn "bad leap line";
+  } else {
+    warn "Fubar at input line $.: $origline";
+  }
+  print join("\t", @fields), "\n";
+}