Get/set subroutine or variable attributes
+=item attrs
+
+Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
+
=item autouse
Postpone load of modules until a function is used
=item charnames
-Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes.
+Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes
=item constant
=item encoding
-Pragma to control the conversion of legacy data into Unicode
+Allows you to write your script in non-ascii or non-utf8
=item fields
Set default disciplines for input and output
+=item ops
+
+Restrict unsafe operations when compiling
+
=item overload
Package for overloading perl operations
Predeclare sub names
+=item threads
+
+Perl extension allowing use of interpreter based threads from perl
+
=item utf8
Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
Split a package for autoloading
+=item B
+
+The Perl Compiler
+
+=item B::Asmdata
+
+Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
+
+=item B::Assembler
+
+Assemble Perl bytecode
+
+=item B::Bblock
+
+Walk basic blocks
+
+=item B::Bytecode
+
+Perl compiler's bytecode backend
+
+=item B::C
+
+Perl compiler's C backend
+
+=item B::CC
+
+Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
+
+=item B::Concise
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
+
+=item B::Debug
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
+
+=item B::Deparse
+
+Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
+
+=item B::Disassembler
+
+Disassemble Perl bytecode
+
+=item B::Lint
+
+Perl lint
+
+=item B::Showlex
+
+Show lexical variables used in functions or files
+
+=item B::Stackobj
+
+Helper module for CC backend
+
+=item B::Stash
+
+Show what stashes are loaded
+
+=item B::Terse
+
+Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
+
+=item B::Xref
+
+Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
+
=item Benchmark
Benchmark running times of Perl code
+=item ByteLoader
+
+Load byte compiled perl code
+
=item CGI
Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to
+=item DB_File
+
+Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
+
=item Devel::SelfStubber
Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
Provides screen dump of Perl data.
+=item Encode
+
+Character encodings
+
=item English
Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.
+=item ExtUtils::Command::MM
+
+Commands for the MM's to use in Makefiles
+
=item ExtUtils::Constant
Generate XS code to import C header constants
Determine libraries to use and how to use them
+=item ExtUtils::MM
+
+OS adjusted ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass
+
+=item ExtUtils::MM_Any
+
+Platform agnostic MM methods
+
=item ExtUtils::MM_BeOS
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+=item ExtUtils::MM_DOS
+
+DOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
+
+=item ExtUtils::MM_MacOS
+
+Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+
=item ExtUtils::MM_NW5
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+=item ExtUtils::MM_UWIN
+
+U/WIN specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
+
=item ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
+=item ExtUtils::MM_Win95
+
+Method to customize MakeMaker for Win9X
+
+=item ExtUtils::MY
+
+ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass for customization
+
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Create an extension Makefile
Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
+=item Fcntl
+
+Load the C Fcntl.h defines
+
=item File::Basename
Split a pathname into pieces
Tags and names for human languages
+=item IO
+
+Load various IO modules
+
=item IPC::Open2
Open a process for both reading and writing
=item Memoize
-Make your functions faster by trading space for time
+Make functions faster by trading space for time
=item Memoize::AnyDBM_File
Store Memoized data in Storable database
+=item NDBM_File
+
+Tied access to ndbm files
+
=item NEXT
Provide a pseudo-class NEXT that allows method redispatch
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
+=item O
+
+Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
+
+=item ODBM_File
+
+Tied access to odbm files
+
+=item Opcode
+
+Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
+
+=item POSIX
+
+Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
+
=item PerlIO
On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space
Test of various basic POD features in translators.
+=item SDBM_File
+
+Tied access to sdbm files
+
+=item Safe
+
+Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
+
=item Search::Dict
Search for key in dictionary file
Run shell commands transparently within perl
+=item Socket
+
+Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
+
+=item Storable
+
+Persistence for Perl data structures
+
=item Switch
A switch statement for Perl
Manipulate threads in Perl
+=item Thread::Queue
+
+Thread-safe queues
+
+=item Thread::Semaphore
+
+Thread-safe semaphores
+
=item Tie::Array
Base class for tied arrays
=item Unicode::Collate
-Use UCA (Unicode Collation Algorithm)
+Unicode Collation Algorithm
=item Unicode::UCD
character classes via the new C<\p{}> (matches property) and C<\P{}>
(doesn't match property) constructs. For instance, C<\p{Lu}> matches any
character with the Unicode "Lu" (Letter, uppercase) property, while
-C<\p{M}> matches any character with a "M" (mark -- accents and such)
+C<\p{M}> matches any character with an "M" (mark -- accents and such)
property. Single letter properties may omit the brackets, so that can be
written C<\pM> also. Many predefined properties are available, such
as C<\p{Mirrored}> and C<\p{Tibetan}>.
U+0000..U+007F 00..7F
U+0080..U+07FF C2..DF 80..BF
- U+0800..U+0FFF E0 A0..BF 80..BF
- U+1000..U+CFFF E1..EC 80..BF 80..BF
- U+D000..U+D7FF ED 80..9F 80..BF
+ U+0800..U+0FFF E0 A0..BF 80..BF
+ U+1000..U+CFFF E1..EC 80..BF 80..BF
+ U+D000..U+D7FF ED 80..9F 80..BF
U+D800..U+DFFF ******* ill-formed *******
- U+E000..U+FFFF EE..EF 80..BF 80..BF
+ U+E000..U+FFFF EE..EF 80..BF 80..BF
U+10000..U+3FFFF F0 90..BF 80..BF 80..BF
U+40000..U+FFFFF F1..F3 80..BF 80..BF 80..BF
U+100000..U+10FFFF F4 80..8F 80..BF 80..BF
use them internally.)
UTF-16 is a 2 or 4 byte encoding. The Unicode code points
-0x0000..0xFFFF are stored in two 16-bit units, and the code points
-0x010000..0x10FFFF in two 16-bit units. The latter case is
+U+0000..U+FFFF are stored in a single 16-bit unit, and the code points
+U+10000..U+10FFFF in two 16-bit units. The latter case is
using I<surrogates>, the first 16-bit unit being the I<high
surrogate>, and the second being the I<low surrogate>.
-Surrogates are code points set aside to encode the 0x01000..0x10FFFF
+Surrogates are code points set aside to encode the U+10000..U+10FFFF
range of Unicode code points in pairs of 16-bit units. The I<high
-surrogates> are the range 0xD800..0xDBFF, and the I<low surrogates>
-are the range 0xDC00..0xDFFFF. The surrogate encoding is
+surrogates> are the range U+D800..U+DBFF, and the I<low surrogates>
+are the range U+DC00..U+DFFF. The surrogate encoding is
$hi = ($uni - 0x10000) / 0x400 + 0xD800;
$lo = ($uni - 0x10000) % 0x400 + 0xDC00;
is UTF-16, but you don't know which endianness? Byte Order Marks
(BOMs) are a solution to this. A special character has been reserved
in Unicode to function as a byte order marker: the character with the
-code point 0xFEFF is the BOM.
+code point U+FEFF is the BOM.
The trick is that if you read a BOM, you will know the byte order,
since if it was written on a big endian platform, you will read the
was writing in UTF-8, you will read the bytes 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF.)
The way this trick works is that the character with the code point
-0xFFFE is guaranteed not to be a valid Unicode character, so the
+U+FFFE is guaranteed not to be a valid Unicode character, so the
sequence of bytes 0xFF 0xFE is unambiguously "BOM, represented in
-little-endian format" and cannot be "0xFFFE, represented in big-endian
+little-endian format" and cannot be "U+FFFE, represented in big-endian
format".
=item *
UCS-2, UCS-4
Encodings defined by the ISO 10646 standard. UCS-2 is a 16-bit
-encoding. Unlike UTF-16, UCS-2 is not extensible beyond 0xFFFF,
+encoding. Unlike UTF-16, UCS-2 is not extensible beyond U+FFFF,
because it does not use surrogates. UCS-4 is a 32-bit encoding,
functionally identical to UTF-32.
desire (and to avoid the warning), open the stream with the desired
encoding. Some examples:
- open FH, ">:ucs2", "file"
- open FH, ">:utf8", "file";
- open FH, ">:Shift-JIS", "file";
+ open FH, ">:utf8", "file";
+
+ open FH, ">:encoding(ucs2)", "file";
+ open FH, ">:encoding(UTF-8)", "file";
+ open FH, ">:encoding(shift_jis)", "file";
and on already open streams use C<binmode()>:
- binmode(STDOUT, ":ucs2");
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
- binmode(STDOUT, ":Shift-JIS");
-See documentation for the C<Encode> module for many supported encodings.
+ binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(ucs2)");
+ binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(UTF-8)");
+ binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(shift_jis)");
+
+See L<PerlIO> for the C<:utf8> layer;
+L<PerlIO::encoding> and L<Encode::PerlIO> for the C<:encoding()> layer;
+L<Encode::Supported> for many encodings supported by the C<Encode> module.
Reading in a file that you know happens to be encoded in one of the
Unicode encodings does not magically turn the data into Unicode in
open(my $fh,'<:utf8', 'anything');
my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
- open(my $fh,'<:Big5', 'anything');
+ open(my $fh,'<:encoding(Big5)', 'anything');
my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
The I/O disciplines can also be specified more flexibly with
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