+++ /dev/null
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:none">
-</HEAD>
-
-<BODY>
-
-<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
-
-<UL>
-
- <LI><A HREF="#NAME">NAME</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#USAGE">USAGE</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A>
- <LI><A HREF="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A>
-</UL>
-<!-- INDEX END -->
-
-<HR>
-<P>
-<H1><A NAME="NAME">NAME</A></H1>
-<P>
-BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A></H1>
-<P>
-<PRE> BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A></H1>
-<P>
-BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
-small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
-utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
-grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
-for any small or emdedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
-fewer options then their full featured GNU cousins; however, the options
-that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
-like their GNU counterparts.
-
-<P>
-BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
-mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
-commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
-your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
-shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="USAGE">USAGE</A></H1>
-<P>
-When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
-BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
-has been invoked.
-
-<P>
-For example, entering
-
-<P>
-<PRE> ln -s ./BusyBox ls
- ./ls
-</PRE>
-<P>
-will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
-into BusyBox).
-
-<P>
-You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
-command line. For example, entering
-
-<P>
-<PRE> ./BusyBox ls
-</PRE>
-<P>
-will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A></H1>
-<P>
-Most BusyBox commands support the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior.
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A></H1>
-<P>
-Currently defined functions include:
-
-<P>
-ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, chvt, cp, cut, date,
-dd, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
-freeramdisk, deallocvt, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid,
-hostname, id, init, kill, killall, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap,
-logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, math, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix,
-mknod, mkswap, mktemp, nc, more, mount, mt, mv, nslookup, ping, poweroff,
-printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sfdisk,
-sleep, sort, sync, syslogd, swapon, swapoff, tail, tar, test, tee, touch,
-tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, wc, whoami,
-yes, zcat, [
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DL>
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ar">ar</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames]
-
-<P>
-Extract or list files from an ar archive.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> o preserve original dates
- p extract to stdout
- t list
- x extract
- v verbosely list files processed
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_basename">basename</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
-
-<P>
-Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
-any trailing SUFFIX.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
- foo
- $ basename /usr/local/bin/
- bin
- $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
- bar
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cat">cat</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: cat [FILE ...]
-
-<P>
-Concatenates <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> and prints them to the standard output.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ cat /proc/uptime
- 110716.72 17.67
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chgrp">chgrp</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
-
-<P>
-Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -R change files and directories recursively
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
- $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chmod">chmod</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: chmod [<STRONG>-R</STRONG>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
-
-<P>
-Changes file access permissions for the specified <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or
-directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has
-access to the file, an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be
-changed, and a PERISSION for <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or directories).
-
-<P>
-WHO may be chosen from
-
-<P>
-<PRE> u User who owns the file
- g Users in the file's Group
- o Other users not in the file's group
- a All users
-</PRE>
-<P>
-OPERATOR may be chosen from
-
-<P>
-<PRE> + Add a permission
- - Remove a permission
- = Assign a permission
-
-PERMISSION may be chosen from
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> r Read
- w Write
- x Execute (or access for directories)
- s Set user (or group) ID bit
- t Stickey bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
-numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
-
-<P>
-<PRE> 4 Read
- 2 Write
- 1 Execute
-</PRE>
-<P>
-An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
-
-<P>
-<PRE> 4 Set user ID
- 2 Set group ID
- 1 Stickey bit
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -R Change files and directories recursively.
-
-Example:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
- $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
- $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chown">chown</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
-
-<P>
-Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -R Changes files and directories recursively
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
- $ chown root /tmp/foo
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
- $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
- ls -l /tmp/foo
- -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chroot">chroot</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
-
-<P>
-Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -l /bin/ls
- lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
- $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
- $ chroot /mnt
- $ ls -l /bin/ls
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_clear">clear</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Clears the screen.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chvt">chvt</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: chvt N
-
-<P>
-Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cp">cp</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
-
-<P>
-<PRE> or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a Same as -dpR
- -d Preserves links
- -p Preserves file attributes if possable
- -R Copies directories recursively
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cut">cut</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
- -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
- -d DELIM Use DELIM instead of tab as the field delimiter
- -f N Print only these fields
- -n Ignored
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
- Hello
- $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
- world
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_date">date</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
-
-<P>
-<PRE> or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
- -s Sets time described by STRING
- -u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ date
- Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dd">dd</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]
-
-<P>
-Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options
-
-<P>
-<PRE> if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
- of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
- bs=n read and write n bytes at a time
- count=n copy only n input blocks
- skip=n skip n input blocks
- seek=n skip n output blocks
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2)
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
- 4+0 records in
- 4+0 records out
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_df">df</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: df [filesystem ...]
-
-<P>
-Prints the filesystem space used and space available.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ df
- Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
- /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
- /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
- $ df /dev/sda3
- Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
- /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dirname">dirname</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: dirname NAME
-
-<P>
-Strip non-directory suffix from file name
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ dirname /tmp/foo
- /tmp
- $ dirname /tmp/foo/
- /tmp
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dmesg">dmesg</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: dmesg [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-n</STRONG> level] [<STRONG>-s</STRONG> bufsize] Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_du">du</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is
-printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -l count sizes many times if hard linked
- -s display only a total for each argument
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ./BusyBox du
- 16 ./CVS
- 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
- 80 ./kernel-patches
- 12 ./tests/CVS
- 36 ./tests
- 12 ./scripts/CVS
- 16 ./scripts
- 12 ./docs/CVS
- 104 ./docs
- 2417 .
-
--------------------------------
-</PRE>
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dutmp">dutmp</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: dutmp [FILE]
-
-<P>
-Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
- 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
- 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
- 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
- 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
- 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
- 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
- 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
-
--------------------------------
-</PRE>
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_echo">echo</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
-
-<P>
-Prints the specified ARGs to stdout
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -n suppress trailing newline
- -e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
- -E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo "Erik is cool"
- Erik is cool
- $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
- Erik
- is
- cool
- $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
- Erik\nis\ncool
-
--------------------------------
-</PRE>
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_false">false</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ false
- $ echo $?
- 1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fbset">fbset</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
-
-<P>
-Show and modify frame buffer device settings
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -h
- -fb
- -db
- -a
- -i
- -g
- -t
- -accel
- -hsync
- -vsync
- -laced
- -double
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ fbset
- mode "1024x768-76"
- # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
- geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
- timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
- accel false
- rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
- endmode
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fdflush">fdflush</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: fdflush device
-
-<P>
-Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_find">find</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
-
-<P>
-Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
-directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
-
-<P>
-EXPRESSION may consist of:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -follow Dereference symbolic links.
- -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
- -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ find / -name /etc/passwd
- /etc/passwd
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_free">free</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: free
-
-<P>
-Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ free
- total used free shared buffers
- Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
- Swap: 128516 8404 120112
- Total: 386144 257128 129016
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_freeramdisk">freeramdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
-
-<P>
-Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_deallocvt">deallocvt</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: deallocvt N
-
-<P>
-Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fsck">fsck.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: fsck.minix [<STRONG>-larvsmf</STRONG>] /dev/name
-
-<P>
-Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
-
-<P>
-OPTIONS:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -l Lists all filenames
- -r Perform interactive repairs
- -a Perform automatic repairs
- -v verbose
- -s Outputs super-block information
- -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
- -f Force file system check.
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_grep">grep</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
-
-<P>
-OPTIONS:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
- -i ignore case distinctions
- -n print line number with output lines
- -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
- -v select non-matching lines
-</PRE>
-<P>
-This version of grep matches full regular expresions.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ grep root /etc/passwd
- root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
- $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
- root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gunzip">gunzip</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
-
-<P>
-Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c Write output to standard output
- -t Test compressed file integrity
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
- $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
- $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gzip">gzip</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
-
-<P>
-Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
-input. Implies <STRONG>-c</STRONG>.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
- $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
- $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_halt">halt</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: halt
-
-<P>
-This comand halts the system.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_head">head</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
-FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
-when FILE is -, read standard input.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
- root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
- daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostid">hostid</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: hostid
-
-<P>
-Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
-identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostname">hostname</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <STRONG>-F</STRONG> file}
-
-<P>
-Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
-file with the <STRONG>-F</STRONG> parameter), the host name will be set.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -s Short
- -i Addresses for the hostname
- -d DNS domain name
- -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ hostname
- slag
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_id">id</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Print information for USERNAME or the current user
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -g prints only the group ID
- -u prints only the user ID
- -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ id
- uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_init">init</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: init
-
-<P>
-Init is the parent of all processes.
-
-<P>
-This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
-
-<P>
-BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
-/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
-runlevels, use sysvinit.
-
-<P>
-BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
-has the following default behavior:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
- ::askfirst:/bin/sh
-</PRE>
-<P>
-if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
-run:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
-</PRE>
-<P>
-If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
-follows:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> <id>:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
- The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
- the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
- appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
- be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
- field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
- BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
- containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
- nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> <runlevels>:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> The runlevels field is completely ignored.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> <action>:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
- once, and ctrlaltdel.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
- process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
- console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
- the specified process.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> Unrecognised actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
- an error message, and then go along with its business.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> <process>:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example /etc/inittab file:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
- #
- ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
- #
- # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
- ::askfirst:/bin/sh
- # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
- tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
- #
- tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
- tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
- #
- #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
- #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
- #
- # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
- #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> # Stuff to do before rebooting
- ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
- ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_kill">kill</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: kill [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-id [process-id ...]
-
-<P>
-Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
-<CODE>process(es).</CODE>
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ps | grep apache
- 252 root root S [apache]
- 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
- $ kill 252
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_killall">killall</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: killall [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-name [process-name ...]
-
-<P>
-Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
-<CODE>process(es).</CODE>
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ killall apache
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_length">length</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: length STRING
-
-<P>
-Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ length "Hello"
- 5
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ln">ln</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
-
-<P>
-Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
- -f remove existing destination files
-
-Example:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
- $ ls -l /tmp/ls
- lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadacm">loadacm</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: loadacm
-
-<P>
-Loads an acm from standard input.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadfont">loadfont</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: loadfont
-
-<P>
-Loads a console font from standard input.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadkmap">loadkmap</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: loadkmap
-
-<P>
-Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logger">logger</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
-
-<P>
-Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
- -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
- -p Enter the message with the specified priority.
- This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ logger "hello"
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logname">logname</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: logname
-
-<P>
-Print the name of the current user.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ logname
- root
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ls">ls</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: ls [<STRONG>-1acdelnpuxACF</STRONG>] [filenames...]
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a do not hide entries starting with .
- -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
- modification of file status information)
- -d list directory entries instead of contents
- -e list both full date and full time
- -l use a long listing format
- -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
- -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
- -u with -l: show access time (the time of last
- access of the file)
- -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
- -A do not list implied . and ..
- -C list entries by columns
- -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_lsmod">lsmod</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: lsmod
-
-<P>
-Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_makedevs">makedevs</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
-
-<P>
-Creates a range of block or character special files
-
-<P>
-TYPEs include:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> b: Make a block (buffered) device.
- c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
- p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
-LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
-is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
- [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
- $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
- [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_math">math</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: math expression ...
-
-<P>
-This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +,
--, /, *, and, or, not, eor.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ math 2 2 add
- 4
- $ math 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
- 16
- $ math 0 1 and
- 0
- $ math 0 1 or
- 1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkdir">mkdir</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
-
-<P>
-Create the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they do not already exist
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
- -p no error if dir exists, make parent directories as needed
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ mkdir /tmp/foo
- $ mkdir /tmp/foo
- /tmp/foo: File exists
- $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
- /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
- $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfifo">mkfifo</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
-
-<P>
-Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfs">mkfs.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mkfs.minix [<STRONG>-c</STRONG> | <STRONG>-l</STRONG> filename] [<STRONG>-nXX</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-iXX</STRONG>] /dev/name [blocks]
-
-<P>
-Make a MINIX filesystem.
-
-<P>
-OPTIONS:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c Check the device for bad blocks
- -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
- -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
- -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
- -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mknod">mknod</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
-
-<P>
-Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
-</PRE>
-<P>
-TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
-(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
-named pipes.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
- $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkswap">mkswap</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mkswap [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-v0</STRONG>|<STRONG>-v1</STRONG>] device [block-count]
-
-<P>
-Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c Check for read-ability.
- -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
- -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
- block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mktemp">mktemp</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mktemp [<STRONG>-q</STRONG>] TEMPLATE
-
-<P>
-Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
-name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
- /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
- $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
- -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nc">nc</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: nc [IP] [port]
-
-<P>
-Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
- 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
- help
- 214-Commands supported:
- 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
- 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
- quit
- 221 foobar closing connection
-
--------------------------------
-</PRE>
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_more">more</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: more [file ...]
-
-<P>
-More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ dmesg | more
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mount">mount</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> options,more-options]
-
-<P>
-Flags:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
- -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
- -r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
- -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
- -w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Options for use with the ``<STRONG>-o</STRONG>'' flag:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
- atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
- dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
- exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
- loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
- suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
- remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
- ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
- There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
- You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ mount
- /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
- proc on /proc type proc (rw)
- devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
- $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
- $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mt">mt</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mt [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> device] opcode value
-
-<P>
-Control magnetic tape drive operation
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mv">mv</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
-
-<P>
-<PRE> or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nslookup">nslookup</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: nslookup [HOST]
-
-<P>
-Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ nslookup localhost
- Server: default
- Address: default
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> Name: debian
- Address: 127.0.0.1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ping">ping</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
-
-<P>
-Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
- -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
- and when finished.
-Example:
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ping localhost
- PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
- 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> --- debian ping statistics ---
- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
- round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_poweroff">poweroff</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
-halting.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_printf">printf</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: printf format [argument...]
-
-<P>
-Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
-command.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
- Val=5
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ps">ps</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: ps
-
-<P>
-Report process status
-
-<P>
-This version of ps accepts no options.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ps
- PID Uid Gid State Command
- 1 root root S init
- 2 root root S [kflushd]
- 3 root root S [kupdate]
- 4 root root S [kpiod]
- 5 root root S [kswapd]
- 742 andersen andersen S [bash]
- 743 andersen andersen S -bash
- 745 root root S [getty]
- 2990 andersen andersen R ps
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_pwd">pwd</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ pwd
- /root
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_reboot">reboot</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rm">rm</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
-
-<P>
-Remove (unlink) the <CODE>FILE(s).</CODE>
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
- -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmdir">rmdir</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
-
-<P>
-Remove the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they are empty.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> # rmdir /tmp/foo
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmmod">rmmod</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
-
-<P>
-Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ rmmod tulip
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sed">sed</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: sed [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] <STRONG>-e</STRONG> script [file...]
-
-<P>
-Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> 'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> where address ADDR can be:
- NUMBER Match specified line number
- $ Match last line
- /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
- (! inverts the meaning of the match)
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> and COMMAND can be:
- s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
- which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
- and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> aTEXT
- which appends TEXT after the pattern space
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -e add the script to the commands to be executed
- -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
-</PRE>
-<P>
-This version of sed matches full regular expresions.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
- bar
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_setkeycodes">setkeycodes</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
-
-<P>
-Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
-keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
-
-<P>
-SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
-decimal
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> # setkeycodes e030 127
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sh">sh</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: sh
-
-<P>
-lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
-
-<P>
-This command does not yet have proper documentation.
-
-<P>
-Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
-redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
-and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
-(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
-``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
-very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sfdisk">sfdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
-
-<P>
-device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
-
-<P>
-useful options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
- -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
- -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
- -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
- -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
- -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
- -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
- -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
- -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
- -N# : change only the partition with number #
- -n : do not actually write to disk
- -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
- -I file : restore these sectors again
- -v [or --version]: print version
- -? [or --help]: print this message
-</PRE>
-<P>
-dangerous options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
- -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<PRE> or expect descriptors for them on input
- -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
- -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
- You can override the detected geometry using:
- -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
- -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
- -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
-</PRE>
-<P>
-You can disable all consistency checking with:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sleep">sleep</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: sleep N
-
-<P>
-Pause for N seconds.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ sleep 2
- [2 second delay results]
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sort">sort</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: sort [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-r</STRONG>] [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Sorts lines of text in the specified files
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
- a
- b
- c
- d
- e
- f
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sync">sync</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: sync
-
-<P>
-Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_syslogd">syslogd</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
-
-<P>
-Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
-version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -m Change the mark timestamp interval. default=20min. 0=off
- -n Do not fork into the background (for when run by init)
- -K Do not start up the klogd process (by default syslogd spawns klogd).
- -O Specify an alternate log file. default=/var/log/messages
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapon">swapon</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
-
-<P>
-Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a Start swapping on all swap devices
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapoff">swapoff</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
-
-<P>
-Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tail">tail</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
-FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
-when FILE is -, read standard input.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
- -f Output data as the file grows. This version
- of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
- nameserver 10.0.0.1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tar">tar</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<STRONG>--exclude</STRONG> File] [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> tarFile] [FILE] ...
-
-<P>
-Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
-tar treats hard links as separate files.
-
-<P>
-Main operation mode:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> c create
- x extract
- t list
-</PRE>
-<P>
-File selection:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
- O extract to stdout
- --exclude file to exclude
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Informative output:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> v verbosely list files processed
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
- $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_test">test, [</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
-
-<P>
-Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
-the value of EXPRESSION.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ test 1 -eq 2
- $ echo $?
- 1
- $ test 1 -eq 1
- $ echo $?
- 0
- $ [ -d /etc ]
- $ echo $?
- 0
- $ [ -d /junk ]
- $ echo $?
- 1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tee">tee</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
- $ cat /tmp/foo
- Hello
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_touch">touch</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: touch [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] file [file ...]
-
-<P>
-Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
- $ touch /tmp/foo
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tr">tr</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
-
-<P>
-Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
-to standard output.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c take complement of STRING1
- -d delete input characters coded STRING1
- -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
- hello world
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_true">true</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ true
- $ echo $?
- 0
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tty">tty</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: tty
-
-<P>
-Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -s print nothing, only return an exit status
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ tty
- /dev/tty2
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_umount">umount</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
-
-<P>
-Flags:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a: Unmount all file systems
- -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
- -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
- -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ umount /dev/hdc1
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uname">uname</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: uname [OPTION]...
-
-<P>
-Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <STRONG>-s</STRONG>.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -a print all information
- -m the machine (hardware) type
- -n print the machine's network node hostname
- -r print the operating system release
- -s print the operating system name
- -p print the host processor type
- -v print the operating system version
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ uname -a
- Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uniq">uniq</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
-
-<P>
-Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
-input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
- a
- b
- c
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_update">update</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: update [options]
-
-<P>
-Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
- -s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
- -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uptime">uptime</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: uptime
-
-<P>
-Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ uptime
- 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_usleep">usleep</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: usleep N
-
-<P>
-Pauses for N microseconds.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ usleep 1000000
- [pauses for 1 second]
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_wc">wc</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-
-<P>
-Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
-than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
-
-<P>
-Options:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> -c print the byte counts
- -l print the newline counts
- -L print the length of the longest line
- -w print the word counts
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ wc /etc/passwd
- 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_whoami">whoami</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: whoami
-
-<P>
-Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
-
-<P>
-Example:
-
-<P>
-<PRE> $ whoami
- andersen
-</PRE>
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_yes">yes</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
-
-<P>
-Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <CODE>STRING(s),</CODE> or
-`y'.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_zcat">zcat</A></STRONG><DD>
-<P>
-This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <STRONG>-c</STRONG>'', where it decompresses the file inquestion and send the output to
-stdout.
-
-<P>
--------------------------------
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A></H1>
-<P>
-GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
-the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
-system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
-Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
-make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
-for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
-libraries installed.
-
-<P>
-If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
-authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
-need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
-enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
-want the full GNU utilities.
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A></H1>
-<P>
-<CODE>textutils(1),</CODE> <CODE>shellutils(1),</CODE> etc...
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A></H1>
-<P>
-Erik Andersen <<A
-HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>> <<A
-HREF="mailto:andersen@lineo.com">andersen@lineo.com</A>>
-
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H1><A NAME="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A></H1>
-<P>
-The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
-or not.
-
-<P>
-Erik Andersen <<A
-HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-John Beppu <<A HREF="mailto:beppu@lineo.com">beppu@lineo.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Brian Candler <<A
-HREF="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Randolph Chung <<A
-HREF="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Dave Cinege <<A
-HREF="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Karl M. Hegbloom <<A
-HREF="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-John Lombardo <<A
-HREF="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Glenn McGrath <<A
-HREF="mailto:bug1@netconnect.com.au">bug1@netconnect.com.au</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Bruce Perens <<A HREF="mailto:bruce@perens.com">bruce@perens.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Pavel Roskin <<A
-HREF="mailto:pavel_roskin@geocities.com">pavel_roskin@geocities.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Linus Torvalds <<A
-HREF="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Charles P. Wright <<A
-HREF="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-<P>
-Enrique Zanardi <<A
-HREF="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</A>>
-
-<br>
-
-</BODY>
-
-</HTML>
projects / platform / upstream / busybox.git / commitdiff