<article id="index">
<articleinfo>
<title>D-BUS Specification</title>
- <releaseinfo>Version 0.8</releaseinfo>
- <date>06 September 2003</date>
+ <releaseinfo>Version 0.9</releaseinfo>
+ <date>17 January 2005</date>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Havoc</firstname>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
+
<para>
- The base D-BUS protocol is a peer-to-peer protocol, specified in <xref
- linkend="message-protocol"/>. That is, it is a system for one application
- to talk to a single other application. However, the primary intended
- application of D-BUS is the D-BUS <firstterm>message bus</firstterm>,
- specified in <xref linkend="message-bus"/>. The message bus is a special
- application that accepts connections from multiple other applications, and
- forwards messages among them.
+ The base D-BUS protocol is a one-to-one (peer-to-peer or client-server)
+ protocol, specified in <xref linkend="message-protocol"/>. That is, it is
+ a system for one application to talk to a single other
+ application. However, the primary intended application of D-BUS is the
+ D-BUS <firstterm>message bus</firstterm>, specified in <xref
+ linkend="message-bus"/>. The message bus is a special application that
+ accepts connections from multiple other applications, and forwards
+ messages among them.
</para>
+
<para>
Uses of D-BUS include notification of system changes (notification of when
a camera is plugged in to a computer, or a new version of some software
- has been installed), or desktop interoperablity, for example a file
+ has been installed), or desktop interoperability, for example a file
monitoring service or a configuration service.
</para>
+
</sect1>
<sect1 id="message-protocol">
<title>Message Protocol</title>
+
<para>
A <firstterm>message</firstterm> consists of a
<firstterm>header</firstterm> and a <firstterm>body</firstterm>. If you
<para>
The body of the message is made up of zero or more
- <firstterm>arguments</firstterm>, which are typed
- values, such as an integer or a byte array.
+ <firstterm>arguments</firstterm>, which are typed values, such as an
+ integer or a byte array.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Both header and body use the same type system and format for
+ serializing data. Each type of value has a wire format.
+ Converting a value from some other representation into the wire
+ format is called <firstterm>marshaling</firstterm> and converting
+ it back from the wire format is <firstterm>unmarshaling</firstterm>.
</para>
- <sect2 id="message-protocol-header-encoding">
- <title>Header Encoding</title>
+ <sect2 id="message-protocol-signatures">
+ <title>Type Signatures</title>
+
+ <para>
+ The D-BUS protocol does not include type tags in the marshaled data; a
+ block of marshaled values must have a known <firstterm>type
+ signature</firstterm>. The type signature is made up of <firstterm>type
+ codes</firstterm>. A type code is an ASCII character representing the
+ type of a value. Because ASCII characters are used, the type signature
+ will always form a valid ASCII string. A simple string compare
+ determines whether two type signatures are equivalent.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As a simple example, the type code for 32-bit integer (INT32) is
+ the ASCII character 'i'. So the signature for a block of values
+ containing a single INT32 would be:
+ <programlisting>
+ "i"
+ </programlisting>
+ A block of values containing two INT32 would have this signature:
+ <programlisting>
+ "ii"
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ All <firstterm>basic</firstterm> types work like
+ INT32 in this example. To marshal and unmarshal
+ basic types, you simply read one value from the data
+ block corresponding to each type code in the signature.
+ In addition to basic types, there are three <firstterm>container</firstterm>
+ types: STRUCT, ARRAY, and VARIANT.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ STRUCT has a type code, ASCII character 'r', but this type
+ code does not appear in signatures. Instead, ASCII characters
+ '(' and ')' are used to mark the beginning and end of the struct.
+ So for example, a struct containing two integers would have this
+ signature:
+ <programlisting>
+ "(ii)"
+ </programlisting>
+ Structs can be nested, so for example a struct containing
+ an integer and another struct:
+ <programlisting>
+ "(i(ii))"
+ </programlisting>
+ The value block storing that struct would contain three integers; the
+ type signature allows you to distinguish "(i(ii))" from "((ii)i)" or
+ "(iii)" or "iii".
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ ARRAY has ASCII character 'a' as type code. The array type code must be
+ followed by a <firstterm>single complete type</firstterm>. The single
+ complete type following the array is the type of each array element. So
+ the simple example is:
+ <programlisting>
+ "ai"
+ </programlisting>
+ which is an array of 32-bit integers. But an array can be of any type,
+ such as this array-of-struct-with-two-int32-fields:
+ <programlisting>
+ "a(ii)"
+ </programlisting>
+ Or this array of array of integer:
+ <programlisting>
+ "aai"
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The phrase <firstterm>single complete type</firstterm> deserves some
+ definition. A single complete type is a basic type code, a variant type code,
+ an array with its element type, or a struct with its fields.
+ So the following signatures are not single complete types:
+ <programlisting>
+ "aa"
+ </programlisting>
+ <programlisting>
+ "(ii"
+ </programlisting>
+ <programlisting>
+ "ii)"
+ </programlisting>
+ And the following signatures contain multiple complete types:
+ <programlisting>
+ "ii"
+ </programlisting>
+ <programlisting>
+ "aiai"
+ </programlisting>
+ <programlisting>
+ "(ii)(ii)"
+ </programlisting>
+ Note however that a single complete type may <emphasis>contain</emphasis>
+ multiple other single complete types.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ VARIANT has ASCII character 'v' as its type code. A marshaled value of
+ type VARIANT will have the signature of a single complete type as part
+ of the <emphasis>value</emphasis>. This signature will be followed by a
+ marshaled value of that type.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The following table summarizes the D-BUS types.
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Type name</entry>
+ <entry>Code</entry>
+ <entry>Description</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>INVALID</entry>
+ <entry>0 (ASCII NUL)</entry>
+ <entry>Not a valid type code, used to terminate signatures</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>BYTE</entry>
+ <entry>121 (ASCII 'y')</entry>
+ <entry>8-bit unsigned integer</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>BOOLEAN</entry>
+ <entry>98 (ASCII 'b')</entry>
+ <entry>Boolean value, 0 is FALSE and 1 is TRUE. Everything else is invalid.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>INT32</entry>
+ <entry>105 (ASCII 'i')</entry>
+ <entry>32-bit signed integer</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>UINT32</entry>
+ <entry>117 (ASCII 'u')</entry>
+ <entry>32-bit unsigned integer</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>INT64</entry>
+ <entry>120 (ASCII 'x')</entry>
+ <entry>64-bit signed integer</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>UINT64</entry>
+ <entry>116 (ASCII 't')</entry>
+ <entry>64-bit unsigned integer</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>DOUBLE</entry>
+ <entry>100 (ASCII 'd')</entry>
+ <entry>IEEE 754 double</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>115 (ASCII 's')</entry>
+ <entry>UTF-8 string (<emphasis>must</emphasis> be valid UTF-8). Must be nul terminated.</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>OBJECT_PATH</entry>
+ <entry>111 (ASCII 'o')</entry>
+ <entry>Name of an object instance</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>SIGNATURE</entry>
+ <entry>103 (ASCII 'g')</entry>
+ <entry>A type signature</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>ARRAY</entry>
+ <entry>97 (ASCII 'a')</entry>
+ <entry>Array</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>STRUCT</entry>
+ <entry>114 (ASCII 'r'), 40 (ASCII '('), 41 (ASCII ')')</entry>
+ <entry>Struct</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VARIANT</entry>
+ <entry>118 (ASCII 'v') </entry>
+ <entry>Variant type (the type of the value is part of the value itself)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="message-protocol-marshaling">
+ <title>Marshaling (Wire Format)</title>
+
<para>
- Following the mandatory fields, there are zero or more named fields (see
- <xref linkend="message-protocol-header-fields"/>), and then nul bytes
- padding the header such that its total length in bytes is a multiple of
- 8.
+ Given a type signature, a block of bytes can be converted into typed
+ values. This section describes the format of the block of bytes. Byte
+ order and alignment issues are handled uniformly for all D-BUS types.
</para>
+
+ <para>
+ A block of bytes has an associated byte order. The byte order
+ has to be discovered in some way; for D-BUS messages, the
+ byte order is part of the message header as described in
+ <xref linkend="message-protocol-messages"/>. For now, assume
+ that the byte order is known to be either little endian or big
+ endian.
+ </para>
+
<para>
- The header MUST begin with the following mandatory fields in the following
- order:
+ Each value in a block of bytes is aligned "naturally," for example
+ 4-byte values are aligned to a 4-byte boundary, and 8-byte values to an
+ 8-byte boundary. To properly align a value, <firstterm>alignment
+ padding</firstterm> may be necessary. The alignment padding must always
+ be the minimum required padding to properly align the following value;
+ and it must always be made up of nul bytes. The alignment padding must
+ not be left uninitialized (it can't contain garbage), and more padding
+ than required must not be used.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Given all this, the types are marshaled on the wire as follows:
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Type name</entry>
+ <entry>Encoding</entry>
+ <entry>Alignment</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>INVALID</entry>
+ <entry>Not applicable; cannot be marshaled.</entry>
+ <entry>N/A</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>BYTE</entry>
+ <entry>A single 8-bit byte.</entry>
+ <entry>1</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>BOOLEAN</entry>
+ <entry>As for UINT32, but only 0 and 1 are valid values.</entry>
+ <entry>4</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>INT32</entry>
+ <entry>32-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
+ <entry>4</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>UINT32</entry>
+ <entry>32-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
+ <entry>4</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>INT64</entry>
+ <entry>64-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>UINT64</entry>
+ <entry>64-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>DOUBLE</entry>
+ <entry>64-bit IEEE 754 double in the message's byte order.</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>A UINT32 indicating the string's
+ length in bytes excluding its terminating nul, followed by
+ string data of the given length, followed by a terminating nul
+ byte.
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ 4 (for the length)
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>OBJECT_PATH</entry>
+ <entry>Exactly the same as STRING.
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ 4 (for the length)
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>SIGNATURE</entry>
+ <entry>The same as STRING except the length is a single
+ byte (thus signatures have a maximum length of 255).
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ 1
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>ARRAY</entry>
+ <entry>
+ A UINT32 giving the length of the array data in bytes, followed by
+ alignment padding to the alignment boundary of the array element type,
+ followed by each array element. The array length is from the
+ end of the alignment padding to the end of the last element,
+ i.e. it does not include the padding after the length,
+ or any padding after the last element.
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ 4 (for the length)
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>STRUCT</entry>
+ <entry>
+ A struct must start on an 8-byte boundary regardless of the
+ type of the struct fields. The struct value consists of each
+ field marshaled in sequence starting from that 8-byte
+ alignment boundary.
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ 8
+ </entry>
+ </row><row>
+ <entry>VARIANT</entry>
+ <entry>
+ A variant type has a marshaled SIGNATURE
+ followed by a marshaled value with the type
+ given in the signature.
+ Unlike a message signature, the variant signature
+ can contain only a single complete type.
+ So "i" is OK, "ii" is not.
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ 1 (alignment of the signature)
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="message-protocol-messages">
+ <title>Message Format</title>
+
+ <para>
+ A message consists of a header and a body. The header is a block of
+ values with a fixed signature and meaning. The body is a separate block
+ of values, with a signature specified in the header.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The length of the header must be a multiple of 8, allowing the body to
+ begin on an 8-byte boundary when storing the entire message in a single
+ buffer. If the header does not naturally end on an 8-byte boundary
+ up to 7 bytes of nul-initialized alignment padding must be added.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The message body need not end on an 8-byte boundary.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The signature of the header is:
+ <programlisting>
+ "yyyyuua(yv)"
+ </programlisting>
+ Written out more readably, this is:
+ <programlisting>
+ BYTE, BYTE, BYTE, BYTE, UINT32, UINT32, ARRAY of STRUCT of (BYTE,VARIANT)
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ These values have the following meanings:
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row>
- <entry>Size</entry>
+ <entry>Value</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry>1 byte</entry>
+ <entry>1st BYTE</entry>
<entry>Endianness flag; ASCII 'l' for little-endian
or ASCII 'B' for big-endian.</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>1 byte</entry>
- <entry>Type of message. Unknown types MUST be ignored.
+ <entry>2nd BYTE</entry>
+ <entry><firstterm>Message type</firstterm>. Unknown types MUST be ignored.
Currently-defined types are described below.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>1 byte</entry>
+ <entry>3rd BYTE</entry>
<entry>Bitwise OR of flags. Unknown flags
MUST be ignored. Currently-defined flags are described below.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>1 byte</entry>
+ <entry>4th BYTE</entry>
<entry>Major protocol version of the sending application. If
the major protocol version of the receiving application does not
match, the applications will not be able to communicate and the
D-BUS connection MUST be disconnected. The major protocol
version for this version of the specification is 0.
+ FIXME this field is stupid and pointless to put in
+ every message.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>4 bytes</entry>
- <entry>An unsigned 32-bit integer in the
- message's byte order, indicating the total length in bytes of
- the header including named fields and any alignment padding.
- MUST be a multiple of 8.
+ <entry>1st UINT32</entry>
+ <entry>Length in bytes of the message body, starting
+ from the end of the header. The header ends after
+ its alignment padding to an 8-boundary.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>4 bytes</entry>
- <entry>An unsigned 32-bit integer in the
- message's byte order, indicating the total length in bytes of
- the message body.
+ <entry>2nd UINT32</entry>
+ <entry>The serial of this message, used as a cookie
+ by the sender to identify the reply corresponding
+ to this request.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>4 bytes</entry>
- <entry>The message's serial number, an unsigned 32-bit integer in
- the message's byte order. The serial number is a cookie used to
- identify message replies; thus all outstanding unreplied-to messages
- from the same connection MUST have a different serial number.
- Zero is not a valid serial number, but all other numbers are
- allowed.
+ <entry>ARRAY of STRUCT of (BYTE,VARIANT)</entry>
+ <entry>An array of zero or more <firstterm>header
+ fields</firstterm> where the byte is the field code, and the
+ variant is the field value. The message type determines
+ which fields are required.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</informaltable>
</para>
<para>
- Types that can appear in the second byte of the header:
+ <firstterm>Message types</firstterm> that can appear in the second byte
+ of the header are:
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
- </sect2>
- <sect2 id="message-protocol-header-fields">
- <title>Header Fields</title>
- <para>
- In addition to the required header information mentioned
- in <xref linkend="message-protocol-header-encoding"/>,
- the header must contain the required named header
- fields and zero or more of the optional named
- header fields. Future versions of this protocol
- specification may add new fields. Implementations must
- ignore fields they do not understand. Implementations
- must not invent their own header fields; only changes to
- this specification may introduce new header fields.
- </para>
+ <sect3 id="message-protocol-header-fields">
+ <title>Header Fields</title>
- <para>
- Header field names MUST consist of a single byte, possible values
- of which are defined below. Following the name, the field MUST have
- a type code represented as a single unsigned byte, and then a
- properly-aligned value of that type. See <xref
- linkend="message-protocol-arguments"/> for a description of how each
- type is encoded. If an implementation sees a header field name that
- it does not understand, it MUST ignore that field.
- </para>
+ <para>
+ A header must contain the required named header fields for the given
+ message type, and zero or more of any optional named header
+ fields. Future versions of this protocol specification may add new
+ fields. Implementations must ignore fields they do not
+ understand. Implementations must not invent their own header fields;
+ only changes to this specification may introduce new header fields.
+ </para>
- <para>
- Here are the currently-defined named header fields:
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
- <entry>Decimal Value</entry>
- <entry>Type</entry>
- <entry>Required</entry>
- <entry>Description</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>INVALID</entry>
- <entry>0</entry>
- <entry>INVALID</entry>
- <entry>no</entry>
- <entry>Not a valid field name (error if it appears in a message)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>PATH</entry>
- <entry>1</entry>
- <entry>OBJECT_PATH</entry>
- <entry>yes</entry>
- <entry>The object to send the message to; objects are identified by
- a path, "/foo/bar"</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>INTERFACE</entry>
- <entry>2</entry>
- <entry>STRING</entry>
- <entry>yes</entry>
- <entry>The interface to invoke a method call on, or
- that a signal is emitted from. e.g. "org.freedesktop.Introspectable"</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>MEMBER</entry>
- <entry>3</entry>
- <entry>STRING</entry>
- <entry>yes</entry>
- <entry>The member, either the method name or signal name.
- e.g. "Frobate"</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>ERROR_NAME</entry>
- <entry>4</entry>
- <entry>STRING</entry>
- <entry>no</entry>
- <entry>The name of the error that occurred, for errors</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>REPLY_SERIAL</entry>
- <entry>5</entry>
- <entry>UINT32</entry>
- <entry>no</entry>
- <entry>The serial number of the message this message is a reply
- to. (The serial number is one of the mandatory header fields,
- see <xref linkend="message-protocol-header-encoding"/>.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>DESTINATION</entry>
- <entry>6</entry>
- <entry>STRING</entry>
- <entry>no</entry>
- <entry>The name of the service this message should be routed to.
- Only used in combination with the message bus, see
- <xref linkend="message-bus"/>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>SENDER</entry>
- <entry>7</entry>
- <entry>STRING</entry>
- <entry>no</entry>
- <entry>Sender service. The name of the base service that sent
- this message. The message bus fills in this field; the field is
- only meaningful in combination with the message bus.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
-
- </sect2>
- <sect2 id="message-protocol-header-padding">
- <title>Header Alignment Padding</title>
- <para>
- To allow implementations to keep the header and the body in a single
- buffer while keeping data types aligned, the total length of the header
- must be a multiple of 8 bytes. To achieve this, the header MUST be padded
- with nul bytes to align its total length on an 8-byte boundary.
- The minimum number of padding bytes MUST be used. Because zero is an
- invalid field name, implementations can distinguish padding (which must be
- zero initialized) from additional named fields.
- </para>
- </sect2>
+ <para>
+ Again, if an implementation sees a header field name that it does not
+ understand, it MUST ignore that field, as it will be part of a new
+ (but compatible) version of this specification.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Here are the currently-defined named header fields:
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="5">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
+ <entry>Decimal Value</entry>
+ <entry>Type</entry>
+ <entry>Required In</entry>
+ <entry>Description</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>INVALID</entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ <entry>INVALID</entry>
+ <entry>not allowed</entry>
+ <entry>Not a valid field name (error if it appears in a message)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>PATH</entry>
+ <entry>1</entry>
+ <entry>OBJECT_PATH</entry>
+ <entry>METHOD_CALL, SIGNAL</entry>
+ <entry>The object to send a call to,
+ or the object a signal is emitted from.
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>INTERFACE</entry>
+ <entry>2</entry>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>SIGNAL</entry>
+ <entry>
+ The interface to invoke a method call on, or
+ that a signal is emitted from. Optional for
+ method calls, required for signals.
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>MEMBER</entry>
+ <entry>3</entry>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>METHOD_CALL, SIGNAL</entry>
+ <entry>The member, either the method name or signal name.</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ERROR_NAME</entry>
+ <entry>4</entry>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>ERROR</entry>
+ <entry>The name of the error that occurred, for errors</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>REPLY_SERIAL</entry>
+ <entry>5</entry>
+ <entry>UINT32</entry>
+ <entry>ERROR, METHOD_RETURN</entry>
+ <entry>The serial number of the message this message is a reply
+ to. (The serial number is the second UINT32 in the header.)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>DESTINATION</entry>
+ <entry>6</entry>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>optional</entry>
+ <entry>The name of the service this message should be routed to.
+ Only used in combination with the message bus, see
+ <xref linkend="message-bus"/>.</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>SENDER</entry>
+ <entry>7</entry>
+ <entry>STRING</entry>
+ <entry>optional</entry>
+ <entry>Sender service. The name of the base service that sent
+ this message. The message bus fills in this field; the field is
+ only meaningful in combination with the message bus.</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>SIGNATURE</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ <entry>SIGNATURE</entry>
+ <entry>optional</entry>
+ <entry>The signature of the message body.
+ If omitted, it is assumed to be the
+ empty signature "" (i.e. the body is 0-length).</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </para>
+ </sect3>
+ </sect2>
+
<sect2 id="message-protocol-arguments">
<title>Message Arguments</title>
<para>
projects / platform / upstream / dbus.git / commitdiff