@format
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Binutils:: The GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
- "objdump", "nm", "size", "strip", and "ranlib".
+ "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@end format
@end ifinfo
@synindex ky cp
@c
@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
-@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strip", and "ranlib".
+@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
@c
@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c
@item size
List section sizes and total size
+@item strings
+List printable strings from files
+
@item strip
Discard symbols
@end table
* objdump:: Display information from object files
* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
* size:: List section sizes and total size
+* strings:: List printable strings from files
* strip:: Discard symbols
* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
* Index::
Show the version number of @code{ranlib}.
@end table
-@node size, strip, ranlib, Top
+@node size, strings, ranlib, Top
@chapter size
@kindex size
Display the version number of @code{size}.
@end table
-@node strip, c++filt, size, Top
+@node strings, strip, size, Top
+@chapter strings
+@kindex strings
+@cindex listings strings
+@cindex printing strings
+@cindex strings, printing
+
+@smallexample
+strings [-afhov] [-n @var{min-len}] [-@var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-]
+ [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}] [--radix=@var{radix}]
+ [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{}
+@end smallexample
+
+For each @var{file} given, GNU @code{strings} prints the printable
+character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number
+given with the options below) and are followed by a NUL or newline
+character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized
+data sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the
+strings from the whole file.
+
+@code{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text
+files.
+
+@table @code
+@item -a
+@itemx --all
+@itemx -
+Do not scan only the initialized data section of object files; scan
+the whole files.
+
+@item -f
+@itemx --print-file-name
+Print the name of the file before each string.
+
+@item -h
+@itemx --help
+Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
+
+@item -n @var{min-len}
+@itemx -@var{min-len}
+@itemx --bytes=@var{min-len}
+Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters
+long, instead of the default 4.
+
+@item -o
+Like @samp{-t o}.
+Some other versions of @code{strings} have @samp{-o} act like @samp{-t d} instead.
+Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we simply chose one.
+
+@item -t @var{radix}
+@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
+Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
+character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
+octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
+
+@item -v
+@itemx --version
+Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
+@end table
+
+@node strip, c++filt, strings, Top
@chapter strip
@kindex strip
--- /dev/null
+/* strings -- print the strings of printable characters in files
+ Copyright (C) 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+ any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
+\f
+/* Usage: strings [options] file...
+
+ Options:
+ --all
+ -a
+ - Do not scan only the initialized data section of object files.
+
+ --print-file-name
+ -f Print the name of the file before each string.
+
+ --bytes=min-len
+ -n min-len
+ -min-len Print graphic char sequences, MIN-LEN or more bytes long,
+ that are followed by a NUL or a newline. Default is 4.
+
+ --radix={o,x,d}
+ -t {o,x,d} Print the offset within the file before each string,
+ in octal/hex/decimal.
+
+ -o Like -to. (Some other implementations have -o like -to,
+ others like -td. We chose one arbitrarily.)
+
+ --help
+ -h Print the usage message on the standard output.
+
+ --version
+ -v Print the program version number.
+
+ Written by Richard Stallman <rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
+ and David MacKenzie <djm@gnu.ai.mit.edu>. */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <bfd.h>
+
+#ifdef isascii
+#define isgraphic(c) (isascii (c) && isprint (c))
+#else
+#define isgraphic(c) (isprint (c))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef errno
+extern int errno;
+#endif
+
+/* The BFD section flags that identify an initialized data section. */
+#define DATA_FLAGS (SEC_ALLOC | SEC_LOAD | SEC_DATA | SEC_HAS_CONTENTS)
+
+/* Radix for printing addresses (must be 8, 10 or 16). */
+static int address_radix;
+
+/* Minimum length of sequence of graphic chars to trigger output. */
+static int string_min;
+
+/* true means print address within file for each string. */
+static boolean print_addresses;
+
+/* true means print filename for each string. */
+static boolean print_filenames;
+
+/* true means for object files scan only the data section. */
+static boolean datasection_only;
+
+/* true if we found an initialized data section in the current file. */
+static boolean got_a_section;
+
+/* Opened to /dev/null for reading from a BFD. */
+static FILE *devnull;
+
+extern char *program_name;
+extern char *program_version;
+
+static struct option long_options[] =
+{
+ {"all", no_argument, NULL, 'a'},
+ {"print-file-name", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
+ {"bytes", required_argument, NULL, 'n'},
+ {"radix", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
+ {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
+ {"version", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
+ {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+char *xmalloc ();
+char *xrealloc ();
+
+static boolean strings_file ();
+static int integer_arg ();
+static void dump_strings ();
+static void usage ();
+\f
+void
+main (argc, argv)
+ int argc;
+ char **argv;
+{
+ int optc;
+ int exit_status = 0;
+ boolean files_given = false; /* false if any files were given. */
+
+ program_name = argv[0];
+ string_min = -1;
+ print_addresses = false;
+ print_filenames = false;
+ datasection_only = true;
+
+ while ((optc = getopt_long (argc, argv, "afhn:ot:v0123456789",
+ long_options, (int *) 0)) != EOF)
+ {
+ switch (optc)
+ {
+ case 'a':
+ datasection_only = false;
+ break;
+
+ case 'f':
+ print_filenames = true;
+ break;
+
+ case 'h':
+ usage (stdout);
+ exit (0);
+
+ case 'n':
+ string_min = integer_arg (optarg);
+ if (string_min < 1)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: invalid number %s\n", program_name, optarg);
+ exit (1);
+ }
+ break;
+
+ case 'o':
+ print_addresses = true;
+ address_radix = 8;
+ break;
+
+ case 't':
+ print_addresses = true;
+ if (optarg[1] != '\0')
+ usage ();
+ switch (optarg[0])
+ {
+ case 'o':
+ address_radix = 8;
+ break;
+
+ case 'd':
+ address_radix = 10;
+ break;
+
+ case 'x':
+ address_radix = 16;
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ usage ();
+ }
+ break;
+
+ case 'v':
+ printf ("%s version %s\n", program_name, program_version);
+ exit (0);
+
+ case '?':
+ usage (stderr);
+
+ default:
+ if (string_min < 0)
+ string_min = optc;
+ else
+ string_min = string_min * 10 + optc - '0';
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (string_min < 0)
+ string_min = 4;
+
+ bfd_init ();
+ devnull = fopen ("/dev/null", "r");
+ if (devnull == NULL)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_name);
+ perror ("/dev/null");
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ for (; optind < argc; ++optind)
+ {
+ if (!strcmp (argv[optind], "-"))
+ datasection_only = false;
+ else
+ {
+ files_given = true;
+ exit_status |= (strings_file (argv[optind]) == false);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (files_given == false)
+ usage (stderr);
+
+ exit (exit_status);
+}
+\f
+/* Scan the sections of the file ABFD, whose printable name is FILE.
+ If any of them contain initialized data,
+ set `got_a_section' and print the strings in them. */
+
+static void
+strings_a_section (abfd, sect, file)
+ bfd *abfd;
+ asection *sect;
+ PTR file;
+{
+ if ((sect->flags & DATA_FLAGS) == DATA_FLAGS)
+ {
+ bfd_size_type sz = bfd_get_section_size_before_reloc (sect);
+ PTR mem = xmalloc (sz);
+ if (bfd_get_section_contents (abfd, sect, mem, (file_ptr) 0, sz))
+ {
+ got_a_section = true;
+ dump_strings (file, devnull, sect->filepos, 0, sz, mem);
+ }
+ free (mem);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Print the strings in the initialized data section of FILE.
+ Return true if successful,
+ false if not (such as if FILE is not an object file). */
+
+static boolean
+strings_object_file (file)
+ char *file;
+{
+ bfd *abfd = bfd_openr (file, NULL);
+
+ if (abfd == NULL)
+ {
+ if (bfd_error != system_call_error)
+ {
+ /* Out of memory, or an invalid target is specified by the
+ GNUTARGET environment variable. */
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_name);
+ bfd_perror (file);
+ }
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ /* For some reason, without this call, the BFD has no sections.
+ This call is only for the side effect of reading in the sections. */
+ bfd_check_format (abfd, bfd_object);
+
+ got_a_section = false;
+ bfd_map_over_sections (abfd, strings_a_section, file);
+
+ if (!bfd_close (abfd))
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_name);
+ bfd_perror (file);
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ return got_a_section;
+}
+
+/* Print the strings in FILE. Return true if ok, false if an error occurs. */
+
+static boolean
+strings_file (file)
+ char *file;
+{
+ /* If we weren't told to scan the whole file,
+ try to open it as an object file and only look at
+ initialized data sections. If that fails, fall back to the
+ whole file. */
+ if (!datasection_only || !strings_object_file (file))
+ {
+ FILE *stream;
+
+ stream = fopen (file, "r");
+ if (stream == NULL)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_name);
+ perror (file);
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ dump_strings (file, stream, (file_ptr) 0, 0, 0, (char *) 0);
+
+ if (fclose (stream) == EOF)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: ", program_name);
+ perror (file);
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return true;
+}
+\f
+/* Find the strings in file FILENAME, read from STREAM.
+ Assume that STREAM is positioned so that the next byte read
+ is at address ADDRESS in the file.
+ Stop reading at address STOP_POINT in the file, if nonzero.
+
+ Optionally the caller can supply a buffer of characters
+ to be processed before the data in STREAM.
+ MAGIC is the address of the buffer and
+ MAGICCOUNT is how many characters are in it.
+ Those characters come at address ADDRESS and the data in STREAM follow. */
+
+static void
+dump_strings (filename, stream, address, stop_point, magiccount, magic)
+ char *filename;
+ FILE *stream;
+ file_ptr address;
+ int stop_point;
+ int magiccount;
+ char *magic;
+{
+ int bufsize = 100;
+ char *buf = (char *) xmalloc (bufsize);
+
+ while (1)
+ {
+ int i;
+ int c;
+
+ /* See if the next `string_min' chars are all graphic chars. */
+ tryline:
+ if (stop_point && address >= stop_point)
+ break;
+ for (i = 0; i < string_min; i++)
+ {
+ if (magiccount)
+ {
+ magiccount--;
+ c = *magic++;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ c = getc (stream);
+ if (c < 0)
+ return;
+ }
+ address++;
+ if (!isgraphic (c))
+ /* Found a non-graphic. Try again starting with next char. */
+ goto tryline;
+ buf[i] = c;
+ }
+
+ /* We found a run of `string_min' graphic characters.
+ Now see if it is terminated with a NUL byte or a newline. */
+ while (1)
+ {
+ if (i == bufsize)
+ {
+ bufsize *= 2;
+ buf = (char *) xrealloc (buf, bufsize);
+ }
+ if (magiccount)
+ {
+ magiccount--;
+ c = *magic++;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ c = getc (stream);
+ if (c < 0)
+ return;
+ }
+ address++;
+ if (c == '\0' || c == '\n')
+ break; /* It is; print this string. */
+ if (!isgraphic (c))
+ goto tryline; /* It isn't; give up on this string. */
+ buf[i++] = c; /* The string continues; store it all. */
+ }
+
+ /* If we get here, the string is all graphics and properly terminated,
+ so print it. It is all in `buf' and `i' is its length. */
+ buf[i] = '\0';
+ if (print_filenames)
+ printf ("%s: ", filename);
+ if (print_addresses)
+ switch (address_radix)
+ {
+ case 8:
+ printf ("%7lo ", address - i - 1);
+ break;
+
+ case 10:
+ printf ("%7ld ", address - i - 1);
+ break;
+
+ case 16:
+ printf ("%7lx ", address - i - 1);
+ break;
+ }
+
+ for (i = 0; (c = buf[i]) != '\0'; i++)
+ switch (c)
+ {
+ case '\n':
+ printf ("\\n");
+ break;
+ case '\t':
+ printf ("\\t");
+ break;
+ case '\f':
+ printf ("\\f");
+ break;
+ case '\b':
+ printf ("\\b");
+ break;
+ case '\r':
+ printf ("\\r");
+ break;
+ default:
+ putchar (c);
+ }
+ putchar ('\n');
+ }
+}
+\f
+/* Parse string S as an integer, using decimal radix by default,
+ but allowing octal and hex numbers as in C. */
+
+static int
+integer_arg (s)
+ char *s;
+{
+ int value;
+ int radix = 10;
+ char *p = s;
+ int c;
+
+ if (*p != '0')
+ radix = 10;
+ else if (*++p == 'x')
+ {
+ radix = 16;
+ p++;
+ }
+ else
+ radix = 8;
+
+ value = 0;
+ while (((c = *p++) >= '0' && c <= '9')
+ || (radix == 16 && (c & ~40) >= 'A' && (c & ~40) <= 'Z'))
+ {
+ value *= radix;
+ if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+ value += c - '0';
+ else
+ value += (c & ~40) - 'A';
+ }
+
+ if (c == 'b')
+ value *= 512;
+ else if (c == 'B')
+ value *= 1024;
+ else
+ p--;
+
+ if (*p)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s: invalid integer argument %s\n", program_name, s);
+ exit (1);
+ }
+ return value;
+}
+
+static void
+usage (stream)
+ FILE *stream;
+{
+ fprintf (stream, "\
+Usage: %s [-afhov] [-n min-len] [-min-len] [-t {o,x,d}] [-]\n\
+ [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=min-len] [--radix={o,x,d}]\n\
+ [--help] [--version] file...\n",
+ program_name);
+ exit (1);
+}
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