package warnings;
-our $VERSION = '1.22';
+our $VERSION = '1.23';
# Verify that we're called correctly so that warnings will work.
# see also strict.pm.
=head1 DESCRIPTION
-The C<warnings> pragma is a replacement for the command line flag C<-w>,
-but the pragma is limited to the enclosing block, while the flag is global.
-See L<perllexwarn> for more information and the list of built-in warning
-categories.
+The C<warnings> pragma gives control over which warnings are enabled in
+which parts of a Perl program. It's a more flexible alternative for
+both the command line flag B<-w> and the equivalent Perl variable,
+C<$^W>.
-If no import list is supplied, all possible warnings are either enabled
-or disabled.
+This pragma works just like the C<strict> pragma.
+This means that the scope of the warning pragma is limited to the
+enclosing block. It also means that the pragma setting will not
+leak across files (via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>). This allows
+authors to independently define the degree of warning checks that will
+be applied to their module.
-A number of functions are provided to assist module authors.
+By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
+doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
+
+All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
+
+ use warnings;
+ use warnings 'all';
+
+Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
+
+ no warnings;
+ no warnings 'all';
+
+For example, consider the code below:
+
+ use warnings;
+ my @a;
+ {
+ no warnings;
+ my $b = @a[0];
+ }
+ my $c = @a[0];
+
+The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
+block has them disabled. In this case that means the assignment to the
+scalar C<$c> will trip the C<"Scalar value @a[0] better written as $a[0]">
+warning, but the assignment to the scalar C<$b> will not.
+
+=head2 Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
+
+Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
+warnings: mandatory and optional.
+
+As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
+would get a warning whether you wanted it or not.
+For example, the code below would always produce an C<"isn't numeric">
+warning about the "2:".
+
+ my $a = "2:" + 3;
+
+With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
+I<default> warnings. The difference is that although the previously
+mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
+subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
+example, in the code below, an C<"isn't numeric"> warning will only
+be reported for the C<$a> variable.
+
+ my $a = "2:" + 3;
+ no warnings;
+ my $b = "2:" + 3;
+
+Note that neither the B<-w> flag or the C<$^W> can be used to
+disable/enable default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
+
+=head2 What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
+
+Although very useful, the big problem with using B<-w> on the command
+line to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
+scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
+will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of
+pre-written Perl modules. If you use the B<-w> flag in this case, you
+end up enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
+
+Similarly, using C<$^W> to either disable or enable blocks of code is
+fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
+a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
+
+ {
+ local ($^W) = 0;
+ my $a =+ 2;
+ my $b; chop $b;
+ }
+
+When this code is run with the B<-w> flag, a warning will be produced
+for the C<$a> line: C<"Reversed += operator">.
+
+The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings. To
+disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
+
+ {
+ BEGIN { $^W = 0 }
+ my $a =+ 2;
+ my $b; chop $b;
+ }
+
+The other big problem with C<$^W> is the way you can inadvertently
+change the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
+when the code below is run (without the B<-w> flag), the second call
+to C<doit> will trip a C<"Use of uninitialized value"> warning, whereas
+the first will not.
+
+ sub doit
+ {
+ my $b; chop $b;
+ }
+
+ doit();
+
+ {
+ local ($^W) = 1;
+ doit()
+ }
+
+This is a side-effect of C<$^W> being dynamically scoped.
+
+Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
+over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
+
+=head2 Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
+
+There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
+warnings are (or aren't) produced:
+
+=over 5
+
+=item B<-w>
+X<-w>
+
+This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is B<not>
+used in any of you code, or any of the modules that you use, this flag
+will enable warnings everywhere. See L<Backward Compatibility> for
+details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
+
+=item B<-W>
+X<-W>
+
+If the B<-W> flag is used on the command line, it will enable all warnings
+throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were disabled
+locally using C<no warnings> or C<$^W =0>.
+This includes all files that get
+included via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>.
+Think of it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
+
+=item B<-X>
+X<-X>
+
+Does the exact opposite to the B<-W> flag, i.e. it disables all warnings.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Backward Compatibility
+
+If you are used to working with a version of Perl prior to the
+introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
+lexical warnings and C<$^W>, this section will describe how they interact.
+
+How Lexical Warnings interact with B<-w>/C<$^W>:
+
+=over 5
+
+=item 1.
+
+If none of the three command line flags (B<-w>, B<-W> or B<-X>) that
+control warnings is used and neither C<$^W> nor the C<warnings> pragma
+are used, then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings
+disabled.
+This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to control the warnings
+will work unchanged.
+
+=item 2.
+
+The B<-w> flag just sets the global C<$^W> variable as in 5.005. This
+means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating C<$^W>
+to control warning behavior will still work as is.
+
+=item 3.
+
+Apart from now being a boolean, the C<$^W> variable operates in exactly
+the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it cannot
+disable/enable default warnings.
+
+=item 4.
+
+If a piece of code is under the control of the C<warnings> pragma,
+both the C<$^W> variable and the B<-w> flag will be ignored for the
+scope of the lexical warning.
+
+=item 5.
+
+The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the B<-W>
+or B<-X> command line flags.
+
+=back
+
+The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will allow code which uses
+the C<warnings> pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type
+code (using a C<local $^W=0>) if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
+
+=head2 Category Hierarchy
+X<warning, categories>
+
+A hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups of warnings
+to be enabled/disabled in isolation.
+
+The current hierarchy is:
+
+ all -+
+ |
+ +- closure
+ |
+ +- deprecated
+ |
+ +- exiting
+ |
+ +- experimental --+
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::autoderef
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::lexical_subs
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::lexical_topic
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::postderef
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::regex_sets
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::signatures
+ | |
+ | +- experimental::smartmatch
+ |
+ +- glob
+ |
+ +- imprecision
+ |
+ +- io ------------+
+ | |
+ | +- closed
+ | |
+ | +- exec
+ | |
+ | +- layer
+ | |
+ | +- newline
+ | |
+ | +- pipe
+ | |
+ | +- syscalls
+ | |
+ | +- unopened
+ |
+ +- misc
+ |
+ +- numeric
+ |
+ +- once
+ |
+ +- overflow
+ |
+ +- pack
+ |
+ +- portable
+ |
+ +- recursion
+ |
+ +- redefine
+ |
+ +- regexp
+ |
+ +- severe --------+
+ | |
+ | +- debugging
+ | |
+ | +- inplace
+ | |
+ | +- internal
+ | |
+ | +- malloc
+ |
+ +- signal
+ |
+ +- substr
+ |
+ +- syntax --------+
+ | |
+ | +- ambiguous
+ | |
+ | +- bareword
+ | |
+ | +- digit
+ | |
+ | +- illegalproto
+ | |
+ | +- parenthesis
+ | |
+ | +- precedence
+ | |
+ | +- printf
+ | |
+ | +- prototype
+ | |
+ | +- qw
+ | |
+ | +- reserved
+ | |
+ | +- semicolon
+ |
+ +- taint
+ |
+ +- threads
+ |
+ +- uninitialized
+ |
+ +- unpack
+ |
+ +- untie
+ |
+ +- utf8 ----------+
+ | |
+ | +- non_unicode
+ | |
+ | +- nonchar
+ | |
+ | +- surrogate
+ |
+ +- void
+
+Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
+
+ use warnings qw(void redefine);
+ no warnings qw(io syntax untie);
+
+Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
+C<warnings> pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
+
+ use warnings qw(void); # only "void" warnings enabled
+ ...
+ use warnings qw(io); # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
+ ...
+ no warnings qw(void); # only "io" warnings enabled
+
+To determine which category a specific warning has been assigned to see
+L<perldiag>.
+
+Note: Before Perl 5.8.0, the lexical warnings category "deprecated" was a
+sub-category of the "syntax" category. It is now a top-level category
+in its own right.
+
+=head2 Fatal Warnings
+X<warning, fatal>
+
+The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate any
+warnings detected from the categories specified in the lexical scope
+into fatal errors. In the code below, the use of C<time>, C<length>
+and C<join> can all produce a C<"Useless use of xxx in void context">
+warning.
+
+ use warnings;
+
+ time;
+
+ {
+ use warnings FATAL => qw(void);
+ length "abc";
+ }
+
+ join "", 1,2,3;
+
+ print "done\n";
+
+When run it produces this output
+
+ Useless use of time in void context at fatal line 3.
+ Useless use of length in void context at fatal line 7.
+
+The scope where C<length> is used has escalated the C<void> warnings
+category into a fatal error, so the program terminates immediately when it
+encounters the warning.
+
+To explicitly turn off a "FATAL" warning you just disable the warning
+it is associated with. So, for example, to disable the "void" warning
+in the example above, either of these will do the trick:
+
+ no warnings qw(void);
+ no warnings FATAL => qw(void);
+
+If you want to downgrade a warning that has been escalated into a fatal
+error back to a normal warning, you can use the "NONFATAL" keyword. For
+example, the code below will promote all warnings into fatal errors,
+except for those in the "syntax" category.
+
+ use warnings FATAL => 'all', NONFATAL => 'syntax';
+
+As of Perl 5.20, instead of C<< use warnings FATAL => 'all'; >> you can
+use:
+
+ use v5.20; # Perl 5.20 or greater is required for the following
+ use warnings 'FATAL'; # short form of "use warnings FATAL => 'all';"
+
+If you want your program to be compatible with versions of Perl before
+5.20, you must use C<< use warnings FATAL => 'all'; >> instead. (In
+previous versions of Perl, the behavior of the statements
+C<< use warnings 'FATAL'; >>, C<< use warnings 'NONFATAL'; >> and
+C<< no warnings 'FATAL'; >> was unspecified; they did not behave as if
+they included the C<< => 'all' >> portion. As of 5.20, they do.)
+
+B<NOTE:> Users of FATAL warnings, especially
+those using C<< FATAL => 'all' >>
+should be fully aware that they are risking future portability of their
+programs by doing so. Perl makes absolutely no commitments to not
+introduce new warnings, or warnings categories in the future, and indeed
+we explicitly reserve the right to do so. Code that may not warn now may
+warn in a future release of Perl if the Perl5 development team deems it
+in the best interests of the community to do so. Should code using FATAL
+warnings break due to the introduction of a new warning we will NOT
+consider it an incompatible change. Users of FATAL warnings should take
+special caution during upgrades to check to see if their code triggers
+any new warnings and should pay particular attention to the fine print of
+the documentation of the features they use to ensure they do not exploit
+features that are documented as risky, deprecated, or unspecified, or where
+the documentation says "so don't do that", or anything with the same sense
+and spirit. Use of such features in combination with FATAL warnings is
+ENTIRELY AT THE USER'S RISK.
+
+=head2 Reporting Warnings from a Module
+X<warning, reporting> X<warning, registering>
+
+The C<warnings> pragma provides a number of functions that are useful for
+module authors. These are used when you want to report a module-specific
+warning to a calling module has enabled warnings via the C<warnings>
+pragma.
+
+Consider the module C<MyMod::Abc> below.
+
+ package MyMod::Abc;
+
+ use warnings::register;
+
+ sub open {
+ my $path = shift;
+ if ($path !~ m#^/#) {
+ warnings::warn("changing relative path to /var/abc")
+ if warnings::enabled();
+ $path = "/var/abc/$path";
+ }
+ }
+
+ 1;
+
+The call to C<warnings::register> will create a new warnings category
+called "MyMod::Abc", i.e. the new category name matches the current
+package name. The C<open> function in the module will display a warning
+message if it gets given a relative path as a parameter. This warnings
+will only be displayed if the code that uses C<MyMod::Abc> has actually
+enabled them with the C<warnings> pragma like below.
+
+ use MyMod::Abc;
+ use warnings 'MyMod::Abc';
+ ...
+ abc::open("../fred.txt");
+
+It is also possible to test whether the pre-defined warnings categories are
+set in the calling module with the C<warnings::enabled> function. Consider
+this snippet of code:
+
+ package MyMod::Abc;
+
+ sub open {
+ warnings::warnif("deprecated",
+ "open is deprecated, use new instead");
+ new(@_);
+ }
+
+ sub new
+ ...
+ 1;
+
+The function C<open> has been deprecated, so code has been included to
+display a warning message whenever the calling module has (at least) the
+"deprecated" warnings category enabled. Something like this, say.
+
+ use warnings 'deprecated';
+ use MyMod::Abc;
+ ...
+ MyMod::Abc::open($filename);
+
+Either the C<warnings::warn> or C<warnings::warnif> function should be
+used to actually display the warnings message. This is because they can
+make use of the feature that allows warnings to be escalated into fatal
+errors. So in this case
+
+ use MyMod::Abc;
+ use warnings FATAL => 'MyMod::Abc';
+ ...
+ MyMod::Abc::open('../fred.txt');
+
+the C<warnings::warnif> function will detect this and die after
+displaying the warning message.
+
+The three warnings functions, C<warnings::warn>, C<warnings::warnif>
+and C<warnings::enabled> can optionally take an object reference in place
+of a category name. In this case the functions will use the class name
+of the object as the warnings category.
+
+Consider this example:
+
+ package Original;
+
+ no warnings;
+ use warnings::register;
+
+ sub new
+ {
+ my $class = shift;
+ bless [], $class;
+ }
+
+ sub check
+ {
+ my $self = shift;
+ my $value = shift;
+
+ if ($value % 2 && warnings::enabled($self))
+ { warnings::warn($self, "Odd numbers are unsafe") }
+ }
+
+ sub doit
+ {
+ my $self = shift;
+ my $value = shift;
+ $self->check($value);
+ # ...
+ }
+
+ 1;
+
+ package Derived;
+
+ use warnings::register;
+ use Original;
+ our @ISA = qw( Original );
+ sub new
+ {
+ my $class = shift;
+ bless [], $class;
+ }
+
+
+ 1;
+
+The code below makes use of both modules, but it only enables warnings from
+C<Derived>.
+
+ use Original;
+ use Derived;
+ use warnings 'Derived';
+ my $a = Original->new();
+ $a->doit(1);
+ my $b = Derived->new();
+ $a->doit(1);
+
+When this code is run only the C<Derived> object, C<$b>, will generate
+a warning.
+
+ Odd numbers are unsafe at main.pl line 7
+
+Notice also that the warning is reported at the line where the object is first
+used.
+
+When registering new categories of warning, you can supply more names to
+warnings::register like this:
+
+ package MyModule;
+ use warnings::register qw(format precision);
+
+ ...
+
+ warnings::warnif('MyModule::format', '...');
+
+=head1 FUNCTIONS
=over 4
=item warnings::register_categories(@names)
This registers warning categories for the given names and is primarily for
-use by the warnings::register pragma, for which see L<perllexwarn>.
+use by the warnings::register pragma.
=back
-See L<perlmodlib/Pragmatic Modules> and L<perllexwarn>.
+See also L<perlmodlib/Pragmatic Modules> and L<perldiag>.
=cut
return _bits(undef, @_) ;
}
-sub import
+sub import
{
shift;
# append 'all' when implied (after a lone "FATAL" or "NONFATAL")
push @_, 'all' if @_==1 && ( $_[0] eq 'FATAL' || $_[0] eq 'NONFATAL' );
-
+
# Empty @_ is equivalent to @_ = 'all' ;
${^WARNING_BITS} = @_ ? _bits($mask, @_) : $mask | $Bits{all} ;
}
-sub unimport
+sub unimport
{
shift;
foreach my $word ( @_ ) {
if ($word eq 'FATAL') {
- next;
+ next;
}
elsif ($catmask = $Bits{$word}) {
$mask &= ~($catmask | $DeadBits{$word} | $All);
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