LIB_H += util/strbuf.h
LIB_H += util/run-command.h
LIB_H += util/sigchain.h
+LIB_H += util/symbol.h
LIB_OBJS += util/abspath.o
LIB_OBJS += util/alias.o
LIB_OBJS += util/usage.o
LIB_OBJS += util/wrapper.o
LIB_OBJS += util/sigchain.o
+LIB_OBJS += util/symbol.o
LIB_OBJS += util/pager.o
BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin-help.o
#include "util/util.h"
#include "builtin.h"
-#include <libelf.h>
-#include <gelf.h>
-#include <elf.h>
-
#include "util/list.h"
#include "util/cache.h"
#include "util/rbtree.h"
+#include "util/symbol.h"
#include "perf.h"
struct comm_event comm;
} event_t;
-struct symbol {
- struct rb_node rb_node;
- __u64 start;
- __u64 end;
- char name[0];
-};
-
-static struct symbol *symbol__new(uint64_t start, uint64_t len, const char *name)
-{
- struct symbol *self = malloc(sizeof(*self) + strlen(name) + 1);
-
- if (self != NULL) {
- self->start = start;
- self->end = start + len;
- strcpy(self->name, name);
- }
-
- return self;
-}
-
-static void symbol__delete(struct symbol *self)
-{
- free(self);
-}
-
-static size_t symbol__fprintf(struct symbol *self, FILE *fp)
-{
- return fprintf(fp, " %llx-%llx %s\n",
- self->start, self->end, self->name);
-}
-
-struct dso {
- struct list_head node;
- struct rb_root syms;
- char name[0];
-};
-
-static struct dso *dso__new(const char *name)
-{
- struct dso *self = malloc(sizeof(*self) + strlen(name) + 1);
-
- if (self != NULL) {
- strcpy(self->name, name);
- self->syms = RB_ROOT;
- }
-
- return self;
-}
-
-static void dso__delete_symbols(struct dso *self)
-{
- struct symbol *pos;
- struct rb_node *next = rb_first(&self->syms);
-
- while (next) {
- pos = rb_entry(next, struct symbol, rb_node);
- next = rb_next(&pos->rb_node);
- symbol__delete(pos);
- }
-}
-
-static void dso__delete(struct dso *self)
-{
- dso__delete_symbols(self);
- free(self);
-}
-
-static void dso__insert_symbol(struct dso *self, struct symbol *sym)
-{
- struct rb_node **p = &self->syms.rb_node;
- struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
- const uint64_t ip = sym->start;
- struct symbol *s;
-
- while (*p != NULL) {
- parent = *p;
- s = rb_entry(parent, struct symbol, rb_node);
- if (ip < s->start)
- p = &(*p)->rb_left;
- else
- p = &(*p)->rb_right;
- }
- rb_link_node(&sym->rb_node, parent, p);
- rb_insert_color(&sym->rb_node, &self->syms);
-}
-
-static struct symbol *dso__find_symbol(struct dso *self, uint64_t ip)
-{
- struct rb_node *n;
-
- if (self == NULL)
- return NULL;
-
- n = self->syms.rb_node;
-
- while (n) {
- struct symbol *s = rb_entry(n, struct symbol, rb_node);
-
- if (ip < s->start)
- n = n->rb_left;
- else if (ip > s->end)
- n = n->rb_right;
- else
- return s;
- }
-
- return NULL;
-}
-
-/**
- * elf_symtab__for_each_symbol - iterate thru all the symbols
- *
- * @self: struct elf_symtab instance to iterate
- * @index: uint32_t index
- * @sym: GElf_Sym iterator
- */
-#define elf_symtab__for_each_symbol(syms, nr_syms, index, sym) \
- for (index = 0, gelf_getsym(syms, index, &sym);\
- index < nr_syms; \
- index++, gelf_getsym(syms, index, &sym))
-
-static inline uint8_t elf_sym__type(const GElf_Sym *sym)
-{
- return GELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info);
-}
-
-static inline int elf_sym__is_function(const GElf_Sym *sym)
-{
- return elf_sym__type(sym) == STT_FUNC &&
- sym->st_name != 0 &&
- sym->st_shndx != SHN_UNDEF &&
- sym->st_size != 0;
-}
-
-static inline const char *elf_sym__name(const GElf_Sym *sym,
- const Elf_Data *symstrs)
-{
- return symstrs->d_buf + sym->st_name;
-}
-
-static Elf_Scn *elf_section_by_name(Elf *elf, GElf_Ehdr *ep,
- GElf_Shdr *shp, const char *name,
- size_t *index)
-{
- Elf_Scn *sec = NULL;
- size_t cnt = 1;
-
- while ((sec = elf_nextscn(elf, sec)) != NULL) {
- char *str;
-
- gelf_getshdr(sec, shp);
- str = elf_strptr(elf, ep->e_shstrndx, shp->sh_name);
- if (!strcmp(name, str)) {
- if (index)
- *index = cnt;
- break;
- }
- ++cnt;
- }
-
- return sec;
-}
-
-static int dso__load_sym(struct dso *self, int fd, char *name)
-{
- Elf_Data *symstrs;
- uint32_t nr_syms;
- int err = -1;
- uint32_t index;
- GElf_Ehdr ehdr;
- GElf_Shdr shdr;
- Elf_Data *syms;
- GElf_Sym sym;
- Elf_Scn *sec;
- Elf *elf;
- int nr = 0;
-
- elf = elf_begin(fd, ELF_C_READ_MMAP, NULL);
- if (elf == NULL) {
- fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot read %s ELF file.\n",
- __func__, name);
- goto out_close;
- }
-
- if (gelf_getehdr(elf, &ehdr) == NULL) {
- fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot get elf header.\n", __func__);
- goto out_elf_end;
- }
-
- sec = elf_section_by_name(elf, &ehdr, &shdr, ".symtab", NULL);
- if (sec == NULL)
- sec = elf_section_by_name(elf, &ehdr, &shdr, ".dynsym", NULL);
-
- if (sec == NULL)
- goto out_elf_end;
-
- syms = elf_getdata(sec, NULL);
- if (syms == NULL)
- goto out_elf_end;
-
- sec = elf_getscn(elf, shdr.sh_link);
- if (sec == NULL)
- goto out_elf_end;
-
- symstrs = elf_getdata(sec, NULL);
- if (symstrs == NULL)
- goto out_elf_end;
-
- nr_syms = shdr.sh_size / shdr.sh_entsize;
-
- elf_symtab__for_each_symbol(syms, nr_syms, index, sym) {
- struct symbol *f;
-
- if (!elf_sym__is_function(&sym))
- continue;
-
- sec = elf_getscn(elf, sym.st_shndx);
- if (!sec)
- goto out_elf_end;
-
- gelf_getshdr(sec, &shdr);
- sym.st_value -= shdr.sh_addr - shdr.sh_offset;
-
- f = symbol__new(sym.st_value, sym.st_size,
- elf_sym__name(&sym, symstrs));
- if (!f)
- goto out_elf_end;
-
- dso__insert_symbol(self, f);
-
- nr++;
- }
-
- err = nr;
-out_elf_end:
- elf_end(elf);
-out_close:
- return err;
-}
-
-static int dso__load(struct dso *self)
-{
- int size = strlen(self->name) + sizeof("/usr/lib/debug%s.debug");
- char *name = malloc(size);
- int variant = 0;
- int ret = -1;
- int fd;
-
- if (!name)
- return -1;
-
-more:
- do {
- switch (variant) {
- case 0: /* Fedora */
- snprintf(name, size, "/usr/lib/debug%s.debug", self->name);
- break;
- case 1: /* Ubuntu */
- snprintf(name, size, "/usr/lib/debug%s", self->name);
- break;
- case 2: /* Sane people */
- snprintf(name, size, "%s", self->name);
- break;
-
- default:
- goto out;
- }
- variant++;
-
- fd = open(name, O_RDONLY);
- } while (fd < 0);
-
- ret = dso__load_sym(self, fd, name);
- close(fd);
-
- /*
- * Some people seem to have debuginfo files _WITHOUT_ debug info!?!?
- */
- if (!ret)
- goto more;
-
-out:
- free(name);
- return ret;
-}
-
-static size_t dso__fprintf(struct dso *self, FILE *fp)
-{
- size_t ret = fprintf(fp, "dso: %s\n", self->name);
-
- struct rb_node *nd;
- for (nd = rb_first(&self->syms); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
- struct symbol *pos = rb_entry(nd, struct symbol, rb_node);
- ret += symbol__fprintf(pos, fp);
- }
-
- return ret;
-}
-
static LIST_HEAD(dsos);
static struct dso *kernel_dso;
dso__fprintf(pos, fp);
}
-static int hex(char ch)
-{
- if ((ch >= '0') && (ch <= '9'))
- return ch - '0';
- if ((ch >= 'a') && (ch <= 'f'))
- return ch - 'a' + 10;
- if ((ch >= 'A') && (ch <= 'F'))
- return ch - 'A' + 10;
- return -1;
-}
-
-/*
- * While we find nice hex chars, build a long_val.
- * Return number of chars processed.
- */
-static int hex2long(char *ptr, unsigned long *long_val)
-{
- const char *p = ptr;
- *long_val = 0;
-
- while (*p) {
- const int hex_val = hex(*p);
-
- if (hex_val < 0)
- break;
-
- *long_val = (*long_val << 4) | hex_val;
- p++;
- }
-
- return p - ptr;
-}
-
-static int load_kallsyms(void)
-{
- struct rb_node *nd, *prevnd;
- char *line = NULL;
- FILE *file;
- size_t n;
-
- kernel_dso = dso__new("[kernel]");
- if (kernel_dso == NULL)
- return -1;
-
- file = fopen("/proc/kallsyms", "r");
- if (file == NULL)
- goto out_delete_dso;
-
- while (!feof(file)) {
- unsigned long start;
- struct symbol *sym;
- int line_len, len;
- char symbol_type;
-
- line_len = getline(&line, &n, file);
- if (line_len < 0)
- break;
-
- if (!line)
- goto out_delete_dso;
-
- line[--line_len] = '\0'; /* \n */
-
- len = hex2long(line, &start);
-
- len++;
- if (len + 2 >= line_len)
- continue;
-
- symbol_type = toupper(line[len]);
- /*
- * We're interested only in code ('T'ext)
- */
- if (symbol_type != 'T' && symbol_type != 'W')
- continue;
- /*
- * Well fix up the end later, when we have all sorted.
- */
- sym = symbol__new(start, 0xdead, line + len + 2);
-
- if (sym == NULL)
- goto out_delete_dso;
-
- dso__insert_symbol(kernel_dso, sym);
- }
-
- /*
- * Now that we have all sorted out, just set the ->end of all
- * symbols
- */
- prevnd = rb_first(&kernel_dso->syms);
-
- if (prevnd == NULL)
- goto out_delete_line;
-
- for (nd = rb_next(prevnd); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
- struct symbol *prev = rb_entry(prevnd, struct symbol, rb_node),
- *curr = rb_entry(nd, struct symbol, rb_node);
-
- prev->end = curr->start - 1;
- prevnd = nd;
- }
-
- dsos__add(kernel_dso);
- free(line);
- fclose(file);
-
- return 0;
-
-out_delete_line:
- free(line);
-out_delete_dso:
- dso__delete(kernel_dso);
- return -1;
-}
-
static int load_kernel(void)
{
- int fd, nr;
-
- if (!vmlinux)
- goto kallsyms;
-
- fd = open(vmlinux, O_RDONLY);
- if (fd < 0)
- goto kallsyms;
+ int err = -1;
kernel_dso = dso__new("[kernel]");
if (!kernel_dso)
- goto fail_open;
-
- nr = dso__load_sym(kernel_dso, fd, vmlinux);
+ return -1;
- if (nr <= 0)
- goto fail_load;
+ if (vmlinux)
+ err = dso__load_vmlinux(kernel_dso, vmlinux);
- dsos__add(kernel_dso);
- close(fd);
+ if (err)
+ err = dso__load_kallsyms(kernel_dso);
- return 0;
+ if (err) {
+ dso__delete(kernel_dso);
+ kernel_dso = NULL;
+ } else
+ dsos__add(kernel_dso);
-fail_load:
- dso__delete(kernel_dso);
-fail_open:
- close(fd);
-kallsyms:
- return load_kallsyms();
+ return err;
}
struct map {
}
if (load_kernel() < 0) {
- perror("failed to open kallsyms");
+ perror("failed to load kernel symbols");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int cmd_report(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
- elf_version(EV_CURRENT);
+ symbol__init();
page_size = getpagesize();
--- /dev/null
+#include "util.h"
+#include "../perf.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
+
+#include <libelf.h>
+#include <gelf.h>
+#include <elf.h>
+
+static struct symbol *symbol__new(uint64_t start, uint64_t len,
+ const char *name)
+{
+ struct symbol *self = malloc(sizeof(*self) + strlen(name) + 1);
+
+ if (self != NULL) {
+ self->start = start;
+ self->end = start + len;
+ strcpy(self->name, name);
+ }
+
+ return self;
+}
+
+static void symbol__delete(struct symbol *self)
+{
+ free(self);
+}
+
+static size_t symbol__fprintf(struct symbol *self, FILE *fp)
+{
+ return fprintf(fp, " %llx-%llx %s\n",
+ self->start, self->end, self->name);
+}
+
+struct dso *dso__new(const char *name)
+{
+ struct dso *self = malloc(sizeof(*self) + strlen(name) + 1);
+
+ if (self != NULL) {
+ strcpy(self->name, name);
+ self->syms = RB_ROOT;
+ }
+
+ return self;
+}
+
+static void dso__delete_symbols(struct dso *self)
+{
+ struct symbol *pos;
+ struct rb_node *next = rb_first(&self->syms);
+
+ while (next) {
+ pos = rb_entry(next, struct symbol, rb_node);
+ next = rb_next(&pos->rb_node);
+ symbol__delete(pos);
+ }
+}
+
+void dso__delete(struct dso *self)
+{
+ dso__delete_symbols(self);
+ free(self);
+}
+
+static void dso__insert_symbol(struct dso *self, struct symbol *sym)
+{
+ struct rb_node **p = &self->syms.rb_node;
+ struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
+ const uint64_t ip = sym->start;
+ struct symbol *s;
+
+ while (*p != NULL) {
+ parent = *p;
+ s = rb_entry(parent, struct symbol, rb_node);
+ if (ip < s->start)
+ p = &(*p)->rb_left;
+ else
+ p = &(*p)->rb_right;
+ }
+ rb_link_node(&sym->rb_node, parent, p);
+ rb_insert_color(&sym->rb_node, &self->syms);
+}
+
+struct symbol *dso__find_symbol(struct dso *self, uint64_t ip)
+{
+ struct rb_node *n;
+
+ if (self == NULL)
+ return NULL;
+
+ n = self->syms.rb_node;
+
+ while (n) {
+ struct symbol *s = rb_entry(n, struct symbol, rb_node);
+
+ if (ip < s->start)
+ n = n->rb_left;
+ else if (ip > s->end)
+ n = n->rb_right;
+ else
+ return s;
+ }
+
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+size_t dso__fprintf(struct dso *self, FILE *fp)
+{
+ size_t ret = fprintf(fp, "dso: %s\n", self->name);
+
+ struct rb_node *nd;
+ for (nd = rb_first(&self->syms); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
+ struct symbol *pos = rb_entry(nd, struct symbol, rb_node);
+ ret += symbol__fprintf(pos, fp);
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
+static int hex(char ch)
+{
+ if ((ch >= '0') && (ch <= '9'))
+ return ch - '0';
+ if ((ch >= 'a') && (ch <= 'f'))
+ return ch - 'a' + 10;
+ if ((ch >= 'A') && (ch <= 'F'))
+ return ch - 'A' + 10;
+ return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * While we find nice hex chars, build a long_val.
+ * Return number of chars processed.
+ */
+static int hex2long(char *ptr, unsigned long *long_val)
+{
+ const char *p = ptr;
+ *long_val = 0;
+
+ while (*p) {
+ const int hex_val = hex(*p);
+
+ if (hex_val < 0)
+ break;
+
+ *long_val = (*long_val << 4) | hex_val;
+ p++;
+ }
+
+ return p - ptr;
+}
+
+int dso__load_kallsyms(struct dso *self)
+{
+ struct rb_node *nd, *prevnd;
+ char *line = NULL;
+ size_t n;
+ FILE *file = fopen("/proc/kallsyms", "r");
+
+ if (file == NULL)
+ goto out_failure;
+
+ while (!feof(file)) {
+ unsigned long start;
+ struct symbol *sym;
+ int line_len, len;
+ char symbol_type;
+
+ line_len = getline(&line, &n, file);
+ if (line_len < 0)
+ break;
+
+ if (!line)
+ goto out_failure;
+
+ line[--line_len] = '\0'; /* \n */
+
+ len = hex2long(line, &start);
+
+ len++;
+ if (len + 2 >= line_len)
+ continue;
+
+ symbol_type = toupper(line[len]);
+ /*
+ * We're interested only in code ('T'ext)
+ */
+ if (symbol_type != 'T' && symbol_type != 'W')
+ continue;
+ /*
+ * Well fix up the end later, when we have all sorted.
+ */
+ sym = symbol__new(start, 0xdead, line + len + 2);
+
+ if (sym == NULL)
+ goto out_delete_line;
+
+ dso__insert_symbol(self, sym);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Now that we have all sorted out, just set the ->end of all
+ * symbols
+ */
+ prevnd = rb_first(&self->syms);
+
+ if (prevnd == NULL)
+ goto out_delete_line;
+
+ for (nd = rb_next(prevnd); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
+ struct symbol *prev = rb_entry(prevnd, struct symbol, rb_node),
+ *curr = rb_entry(nd, struct symbol, rb_node);
+
+ prev->end = curr->start - 1;
+ prevnd = nd;
+ }
+
+ free(line);
+ fclose(file);
+
+ return 0;
+
+out_delete_line:
+ free(line);
+out_failure:
+ return -1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * elf_symtab__for_each_symbol - iterate thru all the symbols
+ *
+ * @self: struct elf_symtab instance to iterate
+ * @index: uint32_t index
+ * @sym: GElf_Sym iterator
+ */
+#define elf_symtab__for_each_symbol(syms, nr_syms, index, sym) \
+ for (index = 0, gelf_getsym(syms, index, &sym);\
+ index < nr_syms; \
+ index++, gelf_getsym(syms, index, &sym))
+
+static inline uint8_t elf_sym__type(const GElf_Sym *sym)
+{
+ return GELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info);
+}
+
+static inline int elf_sym__is_function(const GElf_Sym *sym)
+{
+ return elf_sym__type(sym) == STT_FUNC &&
+ sym->st_name != 0 &&
+ sym->st_shndx != SHN_UNDEF &&
+ sym->st_size != 0;
+}
+
+static inline const char *elf_sym__name(const GElf_Sym *sym,
+ const Elf_Data *symstrs)
+{
+ return symstrs->d_buf + sym->st_name;
+}
+
+static Elf_Scn *elf_section_by_name(Elf *elf, GElf_Ehdr *ep,
+ GElf_Shdr *shp, const char *name,
+ size_t *index)
+{
+ Elf_Scn *sec = NULL;
+ size_t cnt = 1;
+
+ while ((sec = elf_nextscn(elf, sec)) != NULL) {
+ char *str;
+
+ gelf_getshdr(sec, shp);
+ str = elf_strptr(elf, ep->e_shstrndx, shp->sh_name);
+ if (!strcmp(name, str)) {
+ if (index)
+ *index = cnt;
+ break;
+ }
+ ++cnt;
+ }
+
+ return sec;
+}
+
+static int dso__load_sym(struct dso *self, int fd, const char *name)
+{
+ Elf_Data *symstrs;
+ uint32_t nr_syms;
+ int err = -1;
+ uint32_t index;
+ GElf_Ehdr ehdr;
+ GElf_Shdr shdr;
+ Elf_Data *syms;
+ GElf_Sym sym;
+ Elf_Scn *sec;
+ Elf *elf;
+ int nr = 0;
+
+ elf = elf_begin(fd, ELF_C_READ_MMAP, NULL);
+ if (elf == NULL) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot read %s ELF file.\n",
+ __func__, name);
+ goto out_close;
+ }
+
+ if (gelf_getehdr(elf, &ehdr) == NULL) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot get elf header.\n", __func__);
+ goto out_elf_end;
+ }
+
+ sec = elf_section_by_name(elf, &ehdr, &shdr, ".symtab", NULL);
+ if (sec == NULL)
+ sec = elf_section_by_name(elf, &ehdr, &shdr, ".dynsym", NULL);
+
+ if (sec == NULL)
+ goto out_elf_end;
+
+ syms = elf_getdata(sec, NULL);
+ if (syms == NULL)
+ goto out_elf_end;
+
+ sec = elf_getscn(elf, shdr.sh_link);
+ if (sec == NULL)
+ goto out_elf_end;
+
+ symstrs = elf_getdata(sec, NULL);
+ if (symstrs == NULL)
+ goto out_elf_end;
+
+ nr_syms = shdr.sh_size / shdr.sh_entsize;
+
+ elf_symtab__for_each_symbol(syms, nr_syms, index, sym) {
+ struct symbol *f;
+
+ if (!elf_sym__is_function(&sym))
+ continue;
+
+ sec = elf_getscn(elf, sym.st_shndx);
+ if (!sec)
+ goto out_elf_end;
+
+ gelf_getshdr(sec, &shdr);
+ sym.st_value -= shdr.sh_addr - shdr.sh_offset;
+
+ f = symbol__new(sym.st_value, sym.st_size,
+ elf_sym__name(&sym, symstrs));
+ if (!f)
+ goto out_elf_end;
+
+ dso__insert_symbol(self, f);
+
+ nr++;
+ }
+
+ err = nr;
+out_elf_end:
+ elf_end(elf);
+out_close:
+ return err;
+}
+
+int dso__load(struct dso *self)
+{
+ int size = strlen(self->name) + sizeof("/usr/lib/debug%s.debug");
+ char *name = malloc(size);
+ int variant = 0;
+ int ret = -1;
+ int fd;
+
+ if (!name)
+ return -1;
+
+more:
+ do {
+ switch (variant) {
+ case 0: /* Fedora */
+ snprintf(name, size, "/usr/lib/debug%s.debug", self->name);
+ break;
+ case 1: /* Ubuntu */
+ snprintf(name, size, "/usr/lib/debug%s", self->name);
+ break;
+ case 2: /* Sane people */
+ snprintf(name, size, "%s", self->name);
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ goto out;
+ }
+ variant++;
+
+ fd = open(name, O_RDONLY);
+ } while (fd < 0);
+
+ ret = dso__load_sym(self, fd, name);
+ close(fd);
+
+ /*
+ * Some people seem to have debuginfo files _WITHOUT_ debug info!?!?
+ */
+ if (!ret)
+ goto more;
+
+out:
+ free(name);
+ return ret;
+}
+
+int dso__load_vmlinux(struct dso *self, const char *vmlinux)
+{
+ int err, fd = open(vmlinux, O_RDONLY);
+
+ if (fd < 0)
+ return -1;
+
+ err = dso__load_sym(self, fd, vmlinux);
+ close(fd);
+
+ return err;
+}
+
+void symbol__init(void)
+{
+ elf_version(EV_CURRENT);
+}
--- /dev/null
+#ifndef _PERF_SYMBOL_
+#define _PERF_SYMBOL_ 1
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include "list.h"
+#include "rbtree.h"
+
+struct symbol {
+ struct rb_node rb_node;
+ __u64 start;
+ __u64 end;
+ char name[0];
+};
+
+struct dso {
+ struct list_head node;
+ struct rb_root syms;
+ char name[0];
+};
+
+struct dso *dso__new(const char *name);
+void dso__delete(struct dso *self);
+
+struct symbol *dso__find_symbol(struct dso *self, uint64_t ip);
+
+int dso__load_kallsyms(struct dso *self);
+int dso__load_vmlinux(struct dso *self, const char *vmlinux);
+int dso__load(struct dso *self);
+
+size_t dso__fprintf(struct dso *self, FILE *fp);
+
+void symbol__init(void);
+#endif /* _PERF_SYMBOL_ */