--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
+<!-- lifted from troff+man by doclifter -->
+<refentry id='dbus-daemon'>
+<!-- -->
+<!-- dbus\-daemon manual page. -->
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2003 Red Hat, Inc. -->
+
+<refmeta>
+<refentrytitle>dbus-daemon</refentrytitle>
+<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+</refmeta>
+<refnamediv id='name'>
+<refname>dbus-daemon</refname>
+<refpurpose>Message bus daemon</refpurpose>
+</refnamediv>
+<!-- body begins here -->
+<refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+<cmdsynopsis>
+ <command>dbus-daemon</command></cmdsynopsis>
+<cmdsynopsis>
+ <command>dbus-daemon</command> <arg choice='opt'>--version </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--session </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--system </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--config-file=<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'><arg choice='plain'>--print-address </arg><arg choice='opt'><replaceable>=DESCRIPTOR</replaceable></arg></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'><arg choice='plain'>--print-pid </arg><arg choice='opt'><replaceable>=DESCRIPTOR</replaceable></arg></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--fork </arg>
+ <sbr/>
+</cmdsynopsis>
+</refsynopsisdiv>
+
+
+<refsect1 id='description'><title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+<para><command>dbus-daemon</command> is the D-Bus message bus daemon. See
+<ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/</ulink> for more information about
+the big picture. D-Bus is first a library that provides one-to-one
+communication between any two applications; <command>dbus-daemon</command> is an
+application that uses this library to implement a message bus
+daemon. Multiple programs connect to the message bus daemon and can
+exchange messages with one another.</para>
+
+
+<para>There are two standard message bus instances: the systemwide message bus
+(installed on many systems as the "messagebus" init service) and the
+per-user-login-session message bus (started each time a user logs in).
+<command>dbus-daemon</command> is used for both of these instances, but with
+a different configuration file.</para>
+
+
+<para>The --session option is equivalent to
+"--config-file=/etc/dbus-1/session.conf" and the --system
+option is equivalent to
+"--config-file=/etc/dbus-1/system.conf". By creating
+additional configuration files and using the --config-file option,
+additional special-purpose message bus daemons could be created.</para>
+
+
+<para>The systemwide daemon is normally launched by an init script,
+standardly called simply "messagebus".</para>
+
+
+<para>The systemwide daemon is largely used for broadcasting system events,
+such as changes to the printer queue, or adding/removing devices.</para>
+
+
+<para>The per-session daemon is used for various interprocess communication
+among desktop applications (however, it is not tied to X or the GUI
+in any way).</para>
+
+
+<para>SIGHUP will cause the D-Bus daemon to PARTIALLY reload its
+configuration file and to flush its user/group information caches. Some
+configuration changes would require kicking all apps off the bus; so they will
+only take effect if you restart the daemon. Policy changes should take effect
+with SIGHUP.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='options'><title>OPTIONS</title>
+<para>The following options are supported:</para>
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--config-file=FILE</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Use the given configuration file.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--fork</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Force the message bus to fork and become a daemon, even if
+the configuration file does not specify that it should.
+In most contexts the configuration file already gets this
+right, though.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--print-address[=DESCRIPTOR]</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Print the address of the message bus to standard output, or
+to the given file descriptor. This is used by programs that
+launch the message bus.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--print-pid[=DESCRIPTOR]</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Print the process ID of the message bus to standard output, or
+to the given file descriptor. This is used by programs that
+launch the message bus.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--session</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Use the standard configuration file for the per-login-session message
+bus.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--system</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Use the standard configuration file for the systemwide message bus.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--version</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Print the version of the daemon.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='configuration_file'><title>CONFIGURATION FILE</title>
+<para>A message bus daemon has a configuration file that specializes it
+for a particular application. For example, one configuration
+file might set up the message bus to be a systemwide message bus,
+while another might set it up to be a per-user-login-session bus.</para>
+
+
+<para>The configuration file also establishes resource limits, security
+parameters, and so forth.</para>
+
+
+<para>The configuration file is not part of any interoperability
+specification and its backward compatibility is not guaranteed; this
+document is documentation, not specification.</para>
+
+
+<para>The standard systemwide and per-session message bus setups are
+configured in the files "/etc/dbus-1/system.conf" and
+"/etc/dbus-1/session.conf". These files normally
+<include> a system-local.conf or session-local.conf; you can put local
+overrides in those files to avoid modifying the primary configuration
+files.</para>
+
+
+<para>The configuration file is an XML document. It must have the following
+doctype declaration:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+
+ <!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-Bus Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
+ "<ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd'>http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd</ulink>">
+
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>The following elements may be present in the configuration file.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><busconfig></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>Root element.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><type></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>The well-known type of the message bus. Currently known values are
+"system" and "session"; if other values are set, they should be
+either added to the D-Bus specification, or namespaced. The last
+<type> element "wins" (previous values are ignored).</para>
+
+
+<para>Example: <type>session</type></para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><include></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>Include a file <include>filename.conf</include> at this point. If the
+filename is relative, it is located relative to the configuration file
+doing the including.</para>
+
+
+<para><include> has an optional attribute "ignore_missing=(yes|no)"
+which defaults to "no" if not provided. This attribute
+controls whether it's a fatal error for the included file
+to be absent.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><includedir></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>Include all files in <includedir>foo.d</includedir> at this
+point. Files in the directory are included in undefined order.
+Only files ending in ".conf" are included.</para>
+
+
+<para>This is intended to allow extension of the system bus by particular
+packages. For example, if CUPS wants to be able to send out
+notification of printer queue changes, it could install a file to
+/etc/dbus-1/system.d that allowed all apps to receive
+this message and allowed the printer daemon user to send it.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><user></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>The user account the daemon should run as, as either a username or a
+UID. If the daemon cannot change to this UID on startup, it will exit.
+If this element is not present, the daemon will not change or care
+about its UID.</para>
+
+
+<para>The last <user> entry in the file "wins", the others are ignored.</para>
+
+
+<para>The user is changed after the bus has completed initialization. So
+sockets etc. will be created before changing user, but no data will be
+read from clients before changing user. This means that sockets
+and PID files can be created in a location that requires root
+privileges for writing.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><fork></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>If present, the bus daemon becomes a real daemon (forks
+into the background, etc.). This is generally used
+rather than the --fork command line option.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><listen></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>Add an address that the bus should listen on. The
+address is in the standard D-Bus format that contains
+a transport name plus possible parameters/options.</para>
+
+
+<para>Example: <listen>unix:path=/tmp/foo</listen></para>
+
+
+<para>If there are multiple <listen> elements, then the bus listens
+on multiple addresses. The bus will pass its address to
+started services or other interested parties with
+the last address given in <listen> first. That is,
+apps will try to connect to the last <listen> address first.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><auth></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>Lists permitted authorization mechanisms. If this element doesn't
+exist, then all known mechanisms are allowed. If there are multiple
+<auth> elements, all the listed mechanisms are allowed. The order in
+which mechanisms are listed is not meaningful.</para>
+
+
+<para>Example: <auth>EXTERNAL</auth></para>
+
+
+<para>Example: <auth>DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1</auth></para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><servicedir></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>Adds a directory to scan for .service files. Directories are
+scanned starting with the last to appear in the config file
+(the first .service file found that provides a particular
+service will be used).</para>
+
+
+<para>Service files tell the bus how to automatically start a program.
+They are primarily used with the per-user-session bus,
+not the systemwide bus.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><standard_session_servicedirs/></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para><standard_session_servicedirs/> is equivalent to specifying a series
+of <servicedir/> elements for each of the data directories in the "XDG
+Base Directory Specification" with the subdirectory "dbus-1/services",
+so for example "/usr/share/dbus-1/services" would be among the
+directories searched.</para>
+
+
+<para>The "XDG Base Directory Specification" can be found at
+<ulink url='http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Standards/basedir-spec'>http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Standards/basedir-spec</ulink> if it hasn't moved,
+otherwise try your favorite search engine.</para>
+
+
+<para>The <standard_session_servicedirs/> option is only relevant to the
+per-user-session bus daemon defined in
+/etc/dbus-1/session.conf. Putting it in any other
+configuration file would probably be nonsense.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><limit></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para><limit> establishes a resource limit. For example:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ <limit name="max_message_size">64</limit>
+ <limit name="max_completed_connections">512</limit>
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>The name attribute is mandatory.
+Available limit names are:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ "max_incoming_bytes" : total size in bytes of messages
+ incoming from a single connection
+ "max_outgoing_bytes" : total size in bytes of messages
+ queued up for a single connection
+ "max_message_size" : max size of a single message in
+ bytes
+ "service_start_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths) until
+ a started service has to connect
+ "auth_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths) a
+ connection is given to
+ authenticate
+ "max_completed_connections" : max number of authenticated connections
+ "max_incomplete_connections" : max number of unauthenticated
+ connections
+ "max_connections_per_user" : max number of completed connections from
+ the same user
+ "max_pending_service_starts" : max number of service launches in
+ progress at the same time
+ "max_names_per_connection" : max number of names a single
+ connection can own
+ "max_match_rules_per_connection": max number of match rules for a single
+ connection
+ "max_replies_per_connection" : max number of pending method
+ replies per connection
+ (number of calls-in-progress)
+ "reply_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths)
+ until a method call times out
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>The max incoming/outgoing queue sizes allow a new message to be queued
+if one byte remains below the max. So you can in fact exceed the max
+by max_message_size.</para>
+
+
+<para>max_completed_connections divided by max_connections_per_user is the
+number of users that can work together to denial-of-service all other users by using
+up all connections on the systemwide bus.</para>
+
+
+<para>Limits are normally only of interest on the systemwide bus, not the user session
+buses.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><policy></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>The <policy> element defines a security policy to be applied to a particular
+set of connections to the bus. A policy is made up of
+<allow> and <deny> elements. Policies are normally used with the systemwide bus;
+they are analogous to a firewall in that they allow expected traffic
+and prevent unexpected traffic.</para>
+
+
+<para>The <policy> element has one of three attributes:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ context="(default|mandatory)"
+ user="username or userid"
+ group="group name or gid"
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>
+Policies are applied to a connection as follows:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ - all context="default" policies are applied
+ - all group="connection's user's group" policies are applied
+ in undefined order
+ - all user="connection's auth user" policies are applied
+ in undefined order
+ - all context="mandatory" policies are applied
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>Policies applied later will override those applied earlier,
+when the policies overlap. Multiple policies with the same
+user/group/context are applied in the order they appear
+in the config file.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><deny></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para><emphasis remap='I'><allow></emphasis></para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>A <deny> element appears below a <policy> element and prohibits some
+action. The <allow> element makes an exception to previous <deny>
+statements, and works just like <deny> but with the inverse meaning.</para>
+
+
+<para>The possible attributes of these elements are:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ send_interface="interface_name"
+ send_member="method_or_signal_name"
+ send_error="error_name"
+ send_destination="name"
+ send_type="method_call" | "method_return" | "signal" | "error"
+ send_path="/path/name"
+
+ receive_interface="interface_name"
+ receive_member="method_or_signal_name"
+ receive_error="error_name"
+ receive_sender="name"
+ receive_type="method_call" | "method_return" | "signal" | "error"
+ receive_path="/path/name"
+
+ send_requested_reply="true" | "false"
+ receive_requested_reply="true" | "false"
+
+ eavesdrop="true" | "false"
+
+ own="name"
+ user="username"
+ group="groupname"
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>Examples:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ <deny send_interface="org.freedesktop.System" send_member="Reboot"/>
+ <deny receive_interface="org.freedesktop.System" receive_member="Reboot"/>
+ <deny own="org.freedesktop.System"/>
+ <deny send_destination="org.freedesktop.System"/>
+ <deny receive_sender="org.freedesktop.System"/>
+ <deny user="john"/>
+ <deny group="enemies"/>
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>The <deny> element's attributes determine whether the deny "matches" a
+particular action. If it matches, the action is denied (unless later
+rules in the config file allow it).</para>
+
+
+<para>send_destination and receive_sender rules mean that messages may not be
+sent to or received from the *owner* of the given name, not that
+they may not be sent *to that name*. That is, if a connection
+owns services A, B, C, and sending to A is denied, sending to B or C
+will not work either.</para>
+
+
+<para>The other send_* and receive_* attributes are purely textual/by-value
+matches against the given field in the message header.</para>
+
+
+<para>"Eavesdropping" occurs when an application receives a message that
+was explicitly addressed to a name the application does not own.
+Eavesdropping thus only applies to messages that are addressed to
+services (i.e. it does not apply to signals).</para>
+
+
+<para>For <allow>, eavesdrop="true" indicates that the rule matches even
+when eavesdropping. eavesdrop="false" is the default and means that
+the rule only allows messages to go to their specified recipient.
+For <deny>, eavesdrop="true" indicates that the rule matches
+only when eavesdropping. eavesdrop="false" is the default for <deny>
+also, but here it means that the rule applies always, even when
+not eavesdropping. The eavesdrop attribute can only be combined with
+receive rules (with receive_* attributes).</para>
+
+
+
+<para>The [send|receive]_requested_reply attribute works similarly to the eavesdrop
+attribute. It controls whether the <deny> or <allow> matches a reply
+that is expected (corresponds to a previous method call message).
+This attribute only makes sense for reply messages (errors and method
+returns), and is ignored for other message types.</para>
+
+
+<para>For <allow>, [send|receive]_requested_reply="true" is the default and indicates that
+only requested replies are allowed by the
+rule. [send|receive]_requested_reply="false" means that the rule allows any reply
+even if unexpected.</para>
+
+
+<para>For <deny>, [send|receive]_requested_reply="false" is the default but indicates that
+the rule matches only when the reply was not
+requested. [send|receive]_requested_reply="true" indicates that the rule applies
+always, regardless of pending reply state.</para>
+
+
+<para>user and group denials mean that the given user or group may
+not connect to the message bus.</para>
+
+
+<para>For "name", "username", "groupname", etc.
+the character "*" can be substituted, meaning "any." Complex globs
+like "foo.bar.*" aren't allowed for now because they'd be work to
+implement and maybe encourage sloppy security anyway.</para>
+
+
+<para>It does not make sense to deny a user or group inside a <policy>
+for a user or group; user/group denials can only be inside
+context="default" or context="mandatory" policies.</para>
+
+
+<para>A single <deny> rule may specify combinations of attributes such as
+send_destination and send_interface and send_type. In this case, the
+denial applies only if both attributes match the message being denied.
+e.g. <deny send_interface="foo.bar" send_destination="foo.blah"/> would
+deny messages with the given interface AND the given bus name.
+To get an OR effect you specify multiple <deny> rules.</para>
+
+
+<para>You can't include both send_ and receive_ attributes on the same
+rule, since "whether the message can be sent" and "whether it can be
+received" are evaluated separately.</para>
+
+
+<para>Be careful with send_interface/receive_interface, because the
+interface field in messages is optional.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><selinux></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>The <selinux> element contains settings related to Security Enhanced Linux.
+More details below.</para>
+
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><emphasis remap='I'><associate></emphasis></term>
+ <listitem>
+
+<para></para> <!-- FIXME: blank list item -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+<para>An <associate> element appears below an <selinux> element and
+creates a mapping. Right now only one kind of association is possible:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ <associate own="org.freedesktop.Foobar" context="foo_t"/>
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+
+<para>This means that if a connection asks to own the name
+"org.freedesktop.Foobar" then the source context will be the context
+of the connection and the target context will be "foo_t" - see the
+short discussion of SELinux below.</para>
+
+
+<para>Note, the context here is the target context when requesting a name,
+NOT the context of the connection owning the name.</para>
+
+
+<para>There's currently no way to set a default for owning any name, if
+we add this syntax it will look like:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+ <associate own="*" context="foo_t"/>
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+<para>If you find a reason this is useful, let the developers know.
+Right now the default will be the security context of the bus itself.</para>
+
+
+<para>If two <associate> elements specify the same name, the element
+appearing later in the configuration file will be used.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='selinux'><title>SELinux</title>
+<para>See <ulink url='http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/'>http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/</ulink> for full details on SELinux. Some useful excerpts:</para>
+
+
+<para>Every subject (process) and object (e.g. file, socket, IPC object,
+etc) in the system is assigned a collection of security attributes,
+known as a security context. A security context contains all of the
+security attributes associated with a particular subject or object
+that are relevant to the security policy.</para>
+
+
+<para>In order to better encapsulate security contexts and to provide
+greater efficiency, the policy enforcement code of SELinux typically
+handles security identifiers (SIDs) rather than security contexts. A
+SID is an integer that is mapped by the security server to a security
+context at runtime.</para>
+
+
+<para>When a security decision is required, the policy enforcement code
+passes a pair of SIDs (typically the SID of a subject and the SID of
+an object, but sometimes a pair of subject SIDs or a pair of object
+SIDs), and an object security class to the security server. The object
+security class indicates the kind of object, e.g. a process, a regular
+file, a directory, a TCP socket, etc.</para>
+
+
+<para>Access decisions specify whether or not a permission is granted for a
+given pair of SIDs and class. Each object class has a set of
+associated permissions defined to control operations on objects with
+that class.</para>
+
+
+<para>D-Bus performs SELinux security checks in two places.</para>
+
+
+<para>First, any time a message is routed from one connection to another
+connection, the bus daemon will check permissions with the security context of
+the first connection as source, security context of the second connection
+as target, object class "dbus" and requested permission "send_msg".</para>
+
+
+<para>If a security context is not available for a connection
+(impossible when using UNIX domain sockets), then the target
+context used is the context of the bus daemon itself.
+There is currently no way to change this default, because we're
+assuming that only UNIX domain sockets will be used to
+connect to the systemwide bus. If this changes, we'll
+probably add a way to set the default connection context.</para>
+
+
+<para>Second, any time a connection asks to own a name,
+the bus daemon will check permissions with the security
+context of the connection as source, the security context specified
+for the name in the config file as target, object
+class "dbus" and requested permission "acquire_svc".</para>
+
+
+<para>The security context for a bus name is specified with the
+<associate> element described earlier in this document.
+If a name has no security context associated in the
+configuration file, the security context of the bus daemon
+itself will be used.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='author'><title>AUTHOR</title>
+<para>See <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/doc/AUTHORS'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/doc/AUTHORS</ulink></para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='bugs'><title>BUGS</title>
+<para>Please send bug reports to the D-Bus mailing list or bug tracker,
+see <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/</ulink></para>
+</refsect1>
+</refentry>
+
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
+<!-- lifted from troff+man by doclifter -->
+<refentry id='dbuslaunch1'>
+<!-- -->
+<!-- dbus\-launch manual page. -->
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2003 Red Hat, Inc. -->
+
+<refmeta>
+<refentrytitle>dbus-launch</refentrytitle>
+<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+</refmeta>
+<refnamediv id='name'>
+<refname>dbus-launch</refname>
+<refpurpose>Utility to start a message bus from a shell script</refpurpose>
+</refnamediv>
+<!-- body begins here -->
+<refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+<cmdsynopsis>
+ <command>dbus-launch</command> <arg choice='opt'>--version </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--sh-syntax </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--csh-syntax </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--auto-syntax </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--exit-with-session </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--autolaunch=<replaceable>MACHINEID</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--config-file=<replaceable>FILENAME</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'><replaceable>PROGRAM</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt' rep='repeat'><replaceable>ARGS</replaceable></arg>
+ <sbr/>
+</cmdsynopsis>
+</refsynopsisdiv>
+
+
+<refsect1 id='description'><title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+<para>The <command>dbus-launch</command> command is used to start a session bus
+instance of <emphasis remap='I'>dbus-daemon</emphasis> from a shell script.
+It would normally be called from a user's login
+scripts. Unlike the daemon itself, <command>dbus-launch</command> exits, so
+backticks or the $() construct can be used to read information from
+<command>dbus-launch</command>.</para>
+
+<para>With no arguments, <command>dbus-launch</command> will launch a session bus
+instance and print the address and pid of that instance to standard
+output.</para>
+
+<para>You may specify a program to be run; in this case, <command>dbus-launch</command>
+will launch a session bus instance, set the appropriate environment
+variables so the specified program can find the bus, and then execute the
+specified program, with the specified arguments. See below for
+examples.</para>
+
+<para>If you launch a program, <command>dbus-launch</command> will not print the
+information about the new bus to standard output.</para>
+
+<para>When <command>dbus-launch</command> prints bus information to standard output, by
+default it is in a simple key-value pairs format. However, you may
+request several alternate syntaxes using the --sh-syntax, --csh-syntax,
+--binary-syntax, or
+--auto-syntax options. Several of these cause <command>dbus-launch</command> to emit shell code
+to set up the environment.</para>
+
+<para>With the --auto-syntax option, <command>dbus-launch</command> looks at the value
+of the SHELL environment variable to determine which shell syntax
+should be used. If SHELL ends in "csh", then csh-compatible code is
+emitted; otherwise Bourne shell code is emitted. Instead of passing
+--auto-syntax, you may explicity specify a particular one by using
+--sh-syntax for Bourne syntax, or --csh-syntax for csh syntax.
+In scripts, it's more robust to avoid --auto-syntax and you hopefully
+know which shell your script is written in.</para>
+
+
+<para>See <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/</ulink> for more information
+about D-Bus. See also the man page for <emphasis remap='I'>dbus-daemon</emphasis>.</para>
+
+
+<para>Here is an example of how to use <command>dbus-launch</command> with an
+sh-compatible shell to start the per-session bus daemon:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+
+ ## test for an existing bus daemon, just to be safe
+ if test -z "$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" ; then
+ ## if not found, launch a new one
+ eval `dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session`
+ echo "D-Bus per-session daemon address is: $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS"
+ fi
+
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+<para>You might run something like that in your login scripts.</para>
+
+
+<para>Another way to use <command>dbus-launch</command> is to run your main session
+program, like so:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+
+dbus-launch gnome-session
+
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+<para>The above would likely be appropriate for ~/.xsession or ~/.Xclients.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='automatic_launching'><title>AUTOMATIC LAUNCHING</title>
+<para>If DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is not set for a process that tries to use
+D-Bus, by default the process will attempt to invoke dbus-launch with
+the --autolaunch option to start up a new session bus or find the
+existing bus address on the X display or in a file in
+~/.dbus/session-bus/</para>
+
+
+<para>Whenever an autolaunch occurs, the application that had to
+start a new bus will be in its own little world; it can effectively
+end up starting a whole new session if it tries to use a lot of
+bus services. This can be suboptimal or even totally broken, depending
+on the app and what it tries to do.</para>
+
+
+<para>There are two common reasons for autolaunch. One is ssh to a remote
+machine. The ideal fix for that would be forwarding of
+DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS in the same way that DISPLAY is forwarded.
+In the meantime, you can edit the session.conf config file to
+have your session bus listen on TCP, and manually set
+DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS, if you like.</para>
+
+
+<para>The second common reason for autolaunch is an su to another user, and
+display of X applications running as the second user on the display
+belonging to the first user. Perhaps the ideal fix in this case
+would be to allow the second user to connect to the session bus of the
+first user, just as they can connect to the first user's display.
+However, a mechanism for that has not been coded.</para>
+
+
+<para>You can always avoid autolaunch by manually setting
+DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS. Autolaunch happens because the default
+address if none is set is "autolaunch:", so if any other address is
+set there will be no autolaunch. You can however include autolaunch in
+an explicit session bus address as a fallback, for example
+DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="something:,autolaunch:" - in that case if
+the first address doesn't work, processes will autolaunch. (The bus
+address variable contains a comma-separated list of addresses to try.)</para>
+
+
+<para>The --autolaunch option is considered an internal implementation
+detail of libdbus, and in fact there are plans to change it. There's
+no real reason to use it outside of the libdbus implementation anyhow.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='options'><title>OPTIONS</title>
+<para>The following options are supported:</para>
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--auto-syntax</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Choose --csh-syntax or --sh-syntax based on the SHELL environment variable.</para>
+
+<para><option>--binary-syntax</option>
+Write to stdout a nul-terminated bus address, then the bus PID as a
+binary integer of size sizeof(pid_t), then the bus X window ID as a
+binary integer of size sizeof(long). Integers are in the machine's
+byte order, not network byte order or any other canonical byte order.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--close-stderr</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Close the standard error output stream before starting the D-Bus
+daemon. This is useful if you want to capture dbus-launch error
+messages but you don't want dbus-daemon to keep the stream open to
+your application.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--config-file=FILENAME</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Pass --config-file=FILENAME to the bus daemon, instead of passing it
+the --session argument. See the man page for dbus-daemon</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--csh-syntax</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Emit csh compatible code to set up environment variables.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--exit-with-session</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>If this option is provided, a persistent "babysitter" process will be
+created that watches stdin for HUP and tries to connect to the X
+server. If this process gets a HUP on stdin or loses its X connection,
+it kills the message bus daemon.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--autolaunch=MACHINEID</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>This option implies that <command>dbus-launch</command> should scan for a
+previously-started session and reuse the values found there. If no
+session is found, it will start a new session. The
+--exit-with-session option is implied if --autolaunch is given.
+This option is for the exclusive use of libdbus, you do not want to
+use it manually. It may change in the future.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--sh-syntax</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Emit Bourne-shell compatible code to set up environment variables.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--version</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Print the version of dbus-launch</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='author'><title>AUTHOR</title>
+<para>See <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/doc/AUTHORS'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/doc/AUTHORS</ulink></para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='bugs'><title>BUGS</title>
+<para>Please send bug reports to the D-Bus mailing list or bug tracker,
+see <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/</ulink></para>
+</refsect1>
+</refentry>
+
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
+<!-- lifted from troff+man by doclifter -->
+<refentry id='dbussend1'>
+<!-- -->
+<!-- dbus\-send manual page. -->
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2003 Red Hat, Inc. -->
+
+<refmeta>
+<refentrytitle>dbus-send</refentrytitle>
+<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+</refmeta>
+<refnamediv id='name'>
+<refname>dbus-send</refname>
+<refpurpose>Send a message to a message bus</refpurpose>
+</refnamediv>
+<!-- body begins here -->
+<refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+<cmdsynopsis>
+ <command>dbus-send</command>
+ <group choice='opt'><arg choice='plain'>--system </arg><arg choice='plain'>--session </arg></group>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--dest=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--print-reply </arg>
+ <arg choice='opt'>--type=<replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='plain'><replaceable><destination</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>object</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>path></replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='plain'><replaceable><message</replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>name></replaceable></arg>
+ <arg choice='opt' rep='repeat'><replaceable>contents</replaceable></arg>
+ <sbr/>
+</cmdsynopsis>
+</refsynopsisdiv>
+
+
+<refsect1 id='description'><title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+<para>The <command>dbus-send</command> command is used to send a message to a D-Bus message
+bus. See <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/</ulink> for more
+information about the big picture.</para>
+
+
+<para>There are two well-known message buses: the systemwide message bus
+(installed on many systems as the "messagebus" service) and the
+per-user-login-session message bus (started each time a user logs in).
+The --system and --session options direct <command>dbus-send</command> to send
+messages to the system or session buses respectively. If neither is
+specified, <command>dbus-send</command> sends to the session bus.</para>
+
+
+<para>Nearly all uses of <command>dbus-send</command> must provide the --dest argument
+which is the name of a connection on the bus to send the message to. If
+--dest is omitted, no destination is set.</para>
+
+
+<para>The object path and the name of the message to send must always be
+specified. Following arguments, if any, are the message contents
+(message arguments). These are given as type-specified values and
+may include containers (arrays, dicts, and variants) as described below.</para>
+
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+<contents> ::= <item> | <container> [ <item> | <container>...]
+<item> ::= <type>:<value>
+<container> ::= <array> | <dict> | <variant>
+<array> ::= array:<type>:<value>[,<value>...]
+<dict> ::= dict:<type>:<type>:<key>,<value>[,<key>,<value>...]
+<variant> ::= variant:<type>:<value>
+<type> ::= string | int16 | uint 16 | int32 | uint32 | int64 | uint64 | double | byte | boolean | objpath
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+<para>D-Bus supports more types than these, but <command>dbus-send</command> currently
+does not. Also, <command>dbus-send</command> does not permit empty containers
+or nested containers (e.g. arrays of variants).</para>
+
+
+<para>Here is an example invocation:</para>
+<literallayout remap='.nf'>
+
+ dbus-send --dest=org.freedesktop.ExampleName \
+ /org/freedesktop/sample/object/name \
+ org.freedesktop.ExampleInterface.ExampleMethod \
+ int32:47 string:'hello world' double:65.32 \
+ array:string:"1st item","next item","last item" \
+ dict:string:int32:"one",1,"two",2,"three",3 \
+ variant:int32:-8 \
+ objpath:/org/freedesktop/sample/object/name
+
+</literallayout> <!-- .fi -->
+
+<para>Note that the interface is separated from a method or signal
+name by a dot, though in the actual protocol the interface
+and the interface member are separate fields.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='options'><title>OPTIONS</title>
+<para>The following options are supported:</para>
+<variablelist remap='TP'>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--dest=NAME</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Specify the name of the connection to receive the message.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--print-reply</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Block for a reply to the message sent, and print any reply received.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--system</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Send to the system message bus.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--session</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Send to the session message bus. (This is the default.)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--type=TYPE</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+<para>Specify "method_call" or "signal" (defaults to "signal").</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='author'><title>AUTHOR</title>
+<para>dbus-send was written by Philip Blundell.</para>
+
+</refsect1>
+
+<refsect1 id='bugs'><title>BUGS</title>
+<para>Please send bug reports to the D-Bus mailing list or bug tracker,
+see <ulink url='http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/'>http://www.freedesktop.org/software/dbus/</ulink></para>
+</refsect1>
+</refentry>
+
projects / platform / upstream / dbus.git / commitdiff