syslog: Fix heap buffer overflow in __vsyslog_internal (CVE-2023-6246)

syslog: Fix heap buffer overflow in __vsyslog_internal (CVE-2023-6246)

__vsyslog_internal did not handle a case where printing a SYSLOG_HEADER
containing a long program name failed to update the required buffer
size, leading to the allocation and overflow of a too-small buffer on
the heap.  This commit fixes that.  It also adds a new regression test
that uses glibc.malloc.check.

Reviewed-by: Adhemerval Zanella  <adhemerval.zanella@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
Cherry-picked from: 6bd0e4efcc78f3c0115e5ea9739a1642807450da
Change-Id: Ieec10f1d29f4b5040a09cfd96aedcab0addc70fe