[flang] Add lowering for integer constant
This patch enables the lowering of integer constant.
The `ScalarExprLowering` class is introduced in `ConvertExpr.cpp` to help
the lowering of expression. This patch adds all the placeholder as well for future
expression lowering with the appropriate TODOs.
Integer constant expression are lowered to `arith.constant` with an integer type corresponding to the kind value.
This patch is in support of D118787
This patch is part of the upstreaming effort from fir-dev branch.
Reviewed By: schweitz, kiranchandramohan
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D118786