PR23029 / C++ DR2233: Allow expanded parameter packs to follow

PR23029 / C++ DR2233: Allow expanded parameter packs to follow
parameters with default arguments.

Directly follow the wording by relaxing the AST invariant that all
parameters after one with a default arguemnt also have default
arguments, and removing the diagnostic on missing default arguments
on a pack-expanded parameter following a parameter with a default
argument.

Testing also revealed that we need to special-case explicit
specializations of templates with a pack following a parameter with a
default argument, as such explicit specializations are otherwise
impossible to write. The standard wording doesn't address this case; a
issue has been filed.

This exposed a bug where we would briefly consider a parameter to have
no default argument while we parse a delay-parsed default argument for
that parameter, which is also fixed.

Partially incorporates a patch by Raul Tambre.