[clang][driver][clang-cl] Support `--precompile` and `-fmodule-*` options in Clang...

[clang][driver][clang-cl] Support `--precompile` and `-fmodule-*` options in Clang-CL (#98761)

This PR is the first step in improving the situation for `clang-cl`
detailed in [this LLVM Discourse
thread](https://discourse.llvm.org/t/clang-cl-exe-support-for-c-modules/72257/28).
There has been some work done in #89772. I believe this is somewhat
orthogonal.

This is a work-in-progress; the functionality has only been tested with
the [basic 'Hello World'
example](https://clang.llvm.org/docs/StandardCPlusPlusModules.html#quick-start),
and proper test cases need to be written. I'd like some thoughts on
this, thanks!

Partially resolves #64118.

(cherry picked from commit bd576fe34285c4dcd04837bf07a89a9c00e3cd5e)