Fix exception leaking from filter in nativeAOT (#85366)

Fix exception leaking from filter in nativeAOT (#85366)

* Fix exception leaking from filter in nativeAOT

There is a bug in handling exceptions that occur in exception filters in
nativeAOT. If such exception is not handled in the filter, it needs to
be swallowed and the filter should behave as if it returned `false`.
Instead of that, the current behavior is that debug build of the runtime
asserts and the release build fails fast without any message.

This change fixes it by catching the exception in the exception handling
code. It was also necessary to modify the stack frame iterator to let it
unwind past the filter funclet instead of failing fast.

* Reenable tests disabled due to the issue