[libcxx][ranges] adds `ranges::range`, `ranges::common_range`, and range aliases
* `std::ranges::range`
* `std::ranges::sentinel_t`
* `std::ranges::range_difference_t`
* `std::ranges::range_value_t`
* `std::ranges::range_reference_t`
* `std::ranges::range_rvalue_reference_t`
* `std::ranges::common_range`
`range_size_t` depends on `sized_range` and will be added alongside it.
Implements parts of:
* P0896R4 The One Ranges Proposal`
Depends on D100255.
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D100269