[debugger][exception] Debugger breaks on handled exceptions (mono/mono#17106)

[debugger][exception] Debugger breaks on handled exceptions (mono/mono#17106)

* If there is a perform_wait_callback in the stack there will be another catch generated by the owner thread, so we don't need to throw, we can continue and find the next catch.
Fixes mono/mono#17083

* Reverting unit test changed on commit 405d521.

* Fixing assert when calling mono_jit_info_get_method if it was a trampoline.

Commit migrated from https://github.com/mono/mono/commit/18fac0a24190cb3f90057d86232e773758bb1284