libstdc++: Implement range_adaptor_closure from P2387R3 [PR108827]

libstdc++: Implement range_adaptor_closure from P2387R3 [PR108827]

	PR libstdc++/108827

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/bits/ranges_cmp.h (__cpp_lib_ranges): Bump value
	for C++23.
	* include/std/ranges (range_adaptor_closure): Define for C++23.
	* include/std/version (__cpp_lib_ranges): Bump value for
	C++23.
	* testsuite/std/ranges/version_c++23.cc: Bump expected value
	of __cpp_lib_ranges.
	* testsuite/std/ranges/range_adaptor_closure.cc: New test.

(cherry picked from commit cb5c71d16d0fb47638498365f5c857ce7c673eaf)