libstdc++: Ensure that std::from_chars is declared when supported

libstdc++: Ensure that std::from_chars is declared when supported

This adjusts the declarations in <charconv> to match when the definition
is present. This solves the issue that std::from_chars is present on
Solaris 11.3 (using fast_float) but was not declared in the header
(because the declarations were guarded by _GLIBCXX_HAVE_USELOCALE).

Additionally, do not define __cpp_lib_to_chars unless both from_chars
and to_chars are supported (which is only true for IEEE float and
double). We might still provide from_chars (via strtold) but if to_chars
isn't provided, we shouldn't define the feature test macro.

Finally, this simplifies some of the preprocessor checks in the bodies
of std::from_chars in src/c++17/floating_from_chars.cc and hoists the
repeated code for the strtod version into a new function template.

N.B. the long double overload of std::from_chars will always be defined
if the float and double overloads are defined. We can always use one of
strtold or fast_float's binary64 routines (although the latter might
produce errors for some long double values if they are not representable
as binary64).

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/std/charconv (__cpp_lib_to_chars): Only define when
	both from_chars and to_chars are supported for floating-point
	types.
	(from_chars, to_chars): Adjust preprocessor conditions guarding
	declarations.
	* include/std/version (__cpp_lib_to_chars): Adjust condition to
	match <charconv> definition.
	* src/c++17/floating_from_chars.cc (from_chars_strtod): New
	function template.
	(from_chars): Simplify preprocessor checks and use
	from_chars_strtod when appropriate.