[clang] Add --start-no-unused-arguments/--end-no-unused-arguments to silence some...

[clang] Add --start-no-unused-arguments/--end-no-unused-arguments to silence some unused argument warnings

When passing a set of flags to configure defaults for a specific
target (similar to the cmake settings `CLANG_DEFAULT_RTLIB`,
`CLANG_DEFAULT_UNWINDLIB`, `CLANG_DEFAULT_CXX_STDLIB` and
`CLANG_DEFAULT_LINKER`, but without hardcoding them in the binary),
some of the flags may cause warnings (e.g. `-stdlib=` when compiling C
code). Allow requesting selectively ignoring unused arguments among
some of the arguments on the command line, without needing to resort
to `-Qunused-arguments` or `-Wno-unused-command-line-argument`.

Fix up the existing diagnostics.c testcase. It was added in
response to PR12181 to fix handling of
`-Werror=unused-command-line-argument`, but the command line option
in the test (`-fzyzzybalubah`) now triggers "error: unknown argument"
instead of the intended warning. Change it into a linker input
(`-lfoo`) which triggers the intended diagnostic. Extend the
existing test case to check more cases and make sure that it keeps
testing the intended case.

Add testing of the new option to this existing test.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D116503