libstdc++: Add missing constexpr to std::optional (P2231R1)

libstdc++: Add missing constexpr to std::optional (P2231R1)

This implements the changes in P2231R1 which make std::optional fully
constexpr in C++20.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/bits/stl_construct.h (_Construct): Use
	std::construct_at when constant evaluated.
	* include/std/optional (_Storage, _Optional_payload, optional):
	Add constexpr as specified by P2231R1.
	* include/std/version (__cpp_lib_optional): Update value for
	C++20.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/requirements.cc: Check feature test
	macro.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/constexpr/assign.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/constexpr/cons/conv.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/constexpr/modifiers.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/constexpr/swap.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/version.cc: New test.