[bcl] Add null reference checks to Interlocked.Exchange<T> (mono/mono#17400)

[bcl] Add null reference checks to Interlocked.Exchange<T> (mono/mono#17400)

* [bcl] Add null reference checks to Interlocked.Exchange<T>

and Interlocked.CompareExchange<T>

This is to mimic the old behavior in unmanaged when the intrinsic cannot be
used.

The issue was detected via the coreclr acceptance test:
https://github.com/mono/coreclr/blob/mono/tests/src/baseservices/threading/interlocked/exchange/exchangetneg.il

* and netcore

Commit migrated from https://github.com/mono/mono/commit/d8ae32a9ee7763c861bdc31831271d82aa8a4953