Add Span-based {Try}Parse methods to primitive types (#13389)

Add Span-based {Try}Parse methods to primitive types (#13389)

* Add Span-based {Try}Parse methods to primitive types

Adds Parse and TryParse methods to Boolean, Byte, Double, Int16, Int32, Int64, SByte, Single, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, and Decimal.

* Address PR feedback

- Make delegation between overloads as consistent as possible across the primitive types: Boolean, SByte/Byte, Int16/UInt16, and Single/Double were doing it one way, whereas Decimal, Int32/UInt32, and Int64/UInt64 were doing it another way (most of this inconsistency was preexisting this PR, but my previous commit doubled-down on the inconsistency).  Changed the former to be like the latter.