-# @(#)europe 7.57
+# <pre>
+# @(#)europe 8.21
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
#
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
-# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
+# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
-# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
-# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
-# I found in the UCLA library.
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+# which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
+# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+# </a> (1914-03)
+#
+# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
+# History of Summer Time
+# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
-# std dst
-# LMT Local Mean Time
-# -4:00 AST Atlantic
-# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
-# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
-# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
-# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
-# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
-# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
-# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
-# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
+# std dst 2dst
+# LMT Local Mean Time
+# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
+# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
+# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
+# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
+# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
+# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
+# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
+# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
+# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
+# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
+# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
+# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
###############################################################################
# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
-# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
-# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
-# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
-# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
+# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
+# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
-# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
+# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
-# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
+# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
+# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
+# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
-# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
-# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
+# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
+# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
-# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
+# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
-# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
-# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
+# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
+# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
-# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
+# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
-# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
+# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
+# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
+# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
+# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
+
+# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
+# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
+# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
+# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
+# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
+# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
+# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
+# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
+# </a>
# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
-# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
+# From: Jonathan Leffler
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.
-# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
-# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
-# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
-# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
-#
-# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
-# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
-# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
-# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
-# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
-# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
-# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
-# volumes.
-#
-# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
-# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
-# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
-# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
-# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
-# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
-#
-# Some definitions:
-#
-# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
-# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
-# Ireland (since 1922)
-# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
-# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
-#
-# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
-# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
-# or the Channel Islands.
-#
-# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
-# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
-# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
-# check these documents again.
-#
-# ---
-#
-# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
-#
-# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
-# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
-# various forms of local mean time.
-#
-# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
-#
-# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
-# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
-# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
-# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
-#
-# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
-#
-# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
-# to the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
-#
-# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
-# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
-# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
-# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
-# of the then current war.
-#
-# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
-#
-# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
-# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
-# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
-# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
-# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
-# would have been:
-# Dublin London
-# 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST
-# 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT
-# 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT
-# 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT
-# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
-#
-# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
-# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
-# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
-# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
-# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
-# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
-# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
-# (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
-#
-# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
-# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
-# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
-# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
-# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
-# both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
-#
-# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
-# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
-# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
-# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
-#
-# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
-#
-# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
-# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
-# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
-# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
-# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
-# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
-#
-# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
-# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
-# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
-# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
-# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
-# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
-# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
-#
-# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
-#
-# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
-# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
-# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
-# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
-# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
-# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
-#
-# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
-# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
-# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
-#
-# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
-# 31 December 1924.
-#
-# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
-#
-# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
-# 31 December 1925.
-#
-# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
-#
-# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
-# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
-# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
-# accordingly.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
-#
-# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
-# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
-#
-# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
-#
-# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
-# do all manner of things during the newly started war.
-#
-# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
-#
-# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
-# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
-#
-# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
-# (ie. 25 Feb 1940).
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
-# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
-# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
-# which continues throughout the rest of the year.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
-# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
-# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
-#
-# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
-# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
-# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
-#
-# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
-# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
-# unusual start on a Monday:
-#
-# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
-# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
-# regarding double summer time.
-#
-# [two other similar questions omitted]
-#
-# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
-# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
-# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
-# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
-# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
-# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
-# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
-# Monday, 2nd April.'
-#
-# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
-#
-# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
-# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
-# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
-# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
-# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
-#
-# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
-# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
-# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
-# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
-# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
-# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
-# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
-# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
-#
-# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
-# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
-# not continued after 1947.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
-# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
-# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
-# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
-#
-# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
-# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
-#
-# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
-# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
-#
-# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
-#
-# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
-# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
-# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
-#
-# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
-#
-# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
-#
-# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
-#
-# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
-#
-# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
-#
-# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
-#
-# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
-# 1965: 21 March to 24 October
-# 1966: 20 March to 23 October
-# 1967: 19 March to 29 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
-# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
-#
-# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
-# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
-# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
-# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
-#
-# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
-#
-# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
-# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
-# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
-# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
-#
-# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
-# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
-# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
-# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
-# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
-# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
-# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
-# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
-# summer time in 1968.
-#
-# - The Manx Time Act 1968
-#
-# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
-# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
-#
-# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
-# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
-# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
-# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
-# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
-# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
-# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
-#
-# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
-#
-# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
-# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
-# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
-# has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
-#
-# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
-#
-# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
-# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
-# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
-# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
-# time. The dates:
-# 1981: 29 March
-# 1982: 28 March
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
-#
-# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
-# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
-# 1981: 29 March to 25 October
-# 1982: 28 March to 24 October
-#
-# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
-# (82/399/EEC)
-#
-# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
-# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
-# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
-# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
-# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
-# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
-# 1983: 25 September or 23 October
-# 1984: 30 September or 28 october
-# 1985: 29 September or 27 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
-#
-# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
-# 1983: 27 March to 23 October
-# 1984: 25 March to 28 october
-# 1985: 31 March to 27 October
-#
-# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
-# (84/634/EEC)
-#
-# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
-# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
-# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
-# 1986: 28 September or 26 October
-# 1987: 27 September or 25 October
-# 1988: 25 September or 23 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
-#
-# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
-# 1986: 30 March to 26 October
-# 1987: 29 March to 25 October
-# 1988: 27 March to 23 October
-#
-# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
-# on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
-#
-# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
-# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
-# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
-# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
-# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
-# without any change to the dates themselves.
-#
-# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
-# (88/14/EEC)
-#
-# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
-# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
-# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
-# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
-# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
-# 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
-#
-# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
-#
-# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
-# (89/47/EEC)
-#
-# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
-# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
-# in October) and specific dates:
-# 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
-# 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
-# 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
-#
-# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
-#
-# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
-# arrangements
-#
-# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
-# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
-# 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
-# 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
-#
-# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
-#
-# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
-# of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
-#
-# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
-# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
-# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
-# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
-# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
-# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
-# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
-# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
-# 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
-# 1996: 31 March to 27 October
-# 1997: 30 March to 26 October
-#
-# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
-#
-# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
-# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
-# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
-# on the subject.
-#
-# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
-# of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
-#
-# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
-# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
-# 1998: 29 March to 25 October
-# 1999: 28 March to 31 October
-# 2000: 26 March to 29 October
-# 2001: 25 March to 28 October
-#
-# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
-# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
+# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
+# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
+# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
+# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
+# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
+# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
+# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
+# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
+# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+
+# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
+# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
+# which is to be introduced in May....
+# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
+# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
+# so we use `BDST'.
+
+# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
+# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
+# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
+# and extending this list, which can be found in
+# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
+# History of legal time in Britain
# </a>
-#
-# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
-# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
-# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
#
# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
# </a>.
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
#
-# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
-# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
-# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
-# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
-# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
-# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
-# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
-# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
-# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
+# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
-# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
+# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
+# are incorrect:
# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
-# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
-# we'll ignore them for now.
+# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
# conform with Great Britain.
+# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
+#
+# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
+# we'll ignore it for now.
# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
#
#
-# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
+# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
+# Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
+# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
+# to London. For example:
+#
+# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
+# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
+# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
+# various relating to legal time, for example:
+#
+# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
+#
+# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
+# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
+#
+# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
+# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
+# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
+#
+# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
+# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
+# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
+#
+# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
+# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
+#
+# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
+# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
+# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
+#
+# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
+# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
+# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
+# being GMT+1.)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
+# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
+# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
+# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
+# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
+# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
+# and Frethun run in CT.
+# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
+# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
+# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
+# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
+# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
+# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
- 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
- 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
- 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
- 0:00 EU GMT/BST
-Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
- -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
- -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
+Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EU GMT/BST
-Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
- -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
+Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
+Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
+Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
+Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
+ -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
-0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
###############################################################################
-# Continental Europe
+# Europe
# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
# Common Market, etc.
Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
+# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
+# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html">
+# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
+# </a>
# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
+Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
+# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
+# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+#
+# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
+# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
+# tz database itself, as seen below:
+#
+# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
+# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+#
+# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
+# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+#
+# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
+# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
+#
+# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
+# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+#
+# The rule line to be changed is:
+#
+# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
+#
+# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
+# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
+# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
+# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
+# CET and MET:
+#
+# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
+# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
+#
+# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
+#
+# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+#
+# A small step for mankind though 8-)
+Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
-Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
+Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
-# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
-# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
-# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
-# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
+# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
-# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
1:00 EU CE%sT
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Austria
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
+# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
+# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
+# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
+# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
- 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
+ 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
+ 1:00 - CET 1946
1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Belarus
-# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 2:00s
+ 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
+ 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
2:00 Russia EE%sT
# Belgium
# pp 8-9.
# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
-# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
+# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
-#
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
+# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
+# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
+# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
+# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# see Yugoslavia
+# see Serbia
# Bulgaria
+#
+# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
+# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
+ 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Croatia
-# see Yugosloavia
+# see Serbia
+
+# Cyprus
+# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
# Czech Republic
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
+# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
+
+# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
+# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
+# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
+# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
+#
+# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
+# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
+#
+# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
+# in subsequenet decrees with the law
+# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
+#
+# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
+# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
+# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
+# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
+# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
+# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
+# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
+# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
+# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
+# was suspended on that night):
+# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
+
+# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
+# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
+# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
+# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
-# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
-# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
-# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
- 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
+ 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
0:00 - WET 1981
0:00 EU WE%sT
#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
+# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
+# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
+# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
+# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
+# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
+#
+# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
+# is according to the following time line:
+#
+# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
+# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
+# Scoresbysund UTC-1
+# Danmarkshavn UTC
+#
+# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
+# introduced.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
+#
+# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
+# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
+# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
+# info from earlier correspondence.]
+#
+# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
+# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
+# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
+#
+# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
+# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
+# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
+# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
+# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
+# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
+# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
+#
+# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+#
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
+# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
+#
+# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
+# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
+# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
+# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
+# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
+# there at 2:00 AM.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
+# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
+# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
+# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
+Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
+Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
+Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
+Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
+ -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
+ -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
+ 0:00 - GMT
+Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
-2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
-2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
-1:00 EU EG%sT
Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
-3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
-3:00 EU WG%sT
-Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
+Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
-4:00 Thule A%sT
# Estonia
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
+# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring.''
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
+# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
+# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
+# </a>
+# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+#
+# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
+# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
+# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
+
+# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
+# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
+# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
+# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
+# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
+# after that.
+
+# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
+# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
+
+# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
+# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
+# Now we are using again EU rules.
+#
+# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
+ 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
2:00 EU EE%sT
# Finland
-# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
#
-# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
+# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
#
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
-# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
-# Go with Strang instead.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
+# since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Aaland Is
+Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
+
+
# France
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
-# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
-# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
+
+# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
#
-# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
+#
+# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Paris, 1991
+#
+# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
+# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+
+
+#
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
+# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
+# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
+# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
-# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
-# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
+# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
+# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
+# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
+# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
-# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
-# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
+# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
+# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
-# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
+# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
-# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
- 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
-# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
+ 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
+# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1:00 France CE%sT 1977
# Germany
-# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
+# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
-#
-# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
-# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
-# </a>
+# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
+
+# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
+# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
+# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
+# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
+# </a>
+# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
+# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
+# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
-# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
-# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
-Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
-Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
-# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
-# go with Shanks.
+# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
+# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Go with the PTB.
+Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
+
+Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
+Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
+Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
+ 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
+# Georgia
+# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
+# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
+# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
+
# Gibraltar
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1:00 - CET 1982
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Greece
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
- # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
+ # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
2:00 EU EE%sT
# Hungary
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Iceland
#
-# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
+# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (1993-12-05):
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
-# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
-# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
-# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
+# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
+# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
0:00 - GMT
# Italy
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
-# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
-# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
-# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
+# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
+# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
+# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
+# so record only the time in Rome.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
+# F. Pollastri
+# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
+# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
# </a>
# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
#
-# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
+# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
- 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
+ 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
# Latvia
-# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
+# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
+# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
+# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
+# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
+
+# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
+# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
+# </a>
+# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
+# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
+# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
+# clocks one hour in the spring....
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
+# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
+# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
+# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
+# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
+# appears that they will not do so....
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
- # Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
- # Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
+ 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
2:00 EU EE%sT
# Liechtenstein
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Lithuania
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
+# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+
+# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
+# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
+# to be valid here starting from October 31,
+# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
+# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
+# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
+# already done by Estonia.
+
+# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
+# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+
+# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
+# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
+# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
+# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
+# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
+# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
+# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
+
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
-# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
-
-# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
-# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
-# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
+ 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Luxembourg
-# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Macedonia
-# see Yugoslavia
+# see Serbia
# Malta
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
+Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Moldova
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
+# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
+# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
+# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
+# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
+# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
+# But [two people] separately reported via
+# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
+Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
+ 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+ 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+ 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
+ 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
+ 2:00 - EET 1991
+ 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
+# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Monaco
-# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
+# more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
+# Montenegro
+# see Serbia
+
# Netherlands
+
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
+# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
+# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
+# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
+# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
+# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
+# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
+# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
+# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
+#
+# (2001-04-08):
+# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
+# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
+# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# (2001-04-09):
+# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
+# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
+# actually followed.
+#
+# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
+# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
+# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
+# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
+# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
+# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
+# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# The data before 1945 are taken from
+# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
-Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
+Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
-# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
+Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
+Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
-Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
+Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
+# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
+# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
-# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
+Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+#
+# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
+# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
- 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
- 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
+Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
+ 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
+ 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Norway
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
+# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
+# Pottenger.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
-# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
-Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
-# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
+Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
+# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
+# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
+# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
+# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
+# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
+# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
+# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
+# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
+# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
+# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
+# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
+# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
+# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
+# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
+#
+# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
+# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
+# keeping Berlin time.
+#
+# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
+# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
+# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
+# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
+# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
+# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
+#
+# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
+# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
+# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
+# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
+# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
+# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
+# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
+# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
+# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
+#
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
+# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
+# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
-# From Whitman:
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
# Poland
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
+Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
+# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
-# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
+# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
-Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
+# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
+# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
+# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# He also gives these further references:
+# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
+# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
+Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
- 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
- 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
-# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
-# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
-# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
-# </a>
-# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
-# Stick with W-Eur for now.
+ 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
+ 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
# Portugal
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
-# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
+# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
-# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
+# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
+# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
+# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
-# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
+# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
+# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
+# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
- -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
+ -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
0:00 EU WE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
- -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
+ -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
-2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
-1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
-1:00 EU AZO%sT
Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
- -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
+ -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
-1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0:00 EU WE%sT
# Romania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
+# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
+# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
+# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
+# the same year as Bulgaria.
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Russia
-# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
-# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
-# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
-# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
-# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
-# reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days
-# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
-# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
-#
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
-# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
-# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
-# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
+# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
+# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
+# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
+#
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
+# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
+# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
+# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
#
-# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
+# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
-# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
+# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
-# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
+# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
+# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
+# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
+# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
+# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
+# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
+# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
+# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
+# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
+# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
+# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
+#
+# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
- 2:00 Poland CET 1946
+ 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
-# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
2:00 Russia EE%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
+# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
+# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
+# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
+# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
+# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
+# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
+# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
+# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
+# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
+# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
+# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
+# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
+# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
+# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
+# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
+# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
- 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
+ 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
-Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
- 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
- 4:00 Russia SAM%sT
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
+#
+# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
+# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
+# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
+# others? But we have no data.
+Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
+ 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
+ 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
+ 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
+ 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
+ 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
+Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
+ 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
+ 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
+ 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
+ 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+ 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
+ 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
+# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
+# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
+# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
+ 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
-Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
+Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
+ 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
6:00 Russia OMS%sT
-# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
-# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
-# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
-# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
-# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
+# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
+# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
+ 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
- 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
6:00 Russia NOV%sT
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
+# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
+ 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
7:00 Russia KRA%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
+# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
- 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
- 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
+ 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+ 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
8:00 Russia IRK%sT
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
+# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
+# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
+# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
+# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
+# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
+# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
+# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
+# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
+ 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
9:00 Russia YAK%sT
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
- 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
- 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
+# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
+# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
+# Ust'-Yanskij.
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
+ 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
10:00 Russia VLA%sT
+#
+# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
+# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
+ 9:00 - CJT 1938
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
+ 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
+ 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
+# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
+# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
+# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
+ 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
11:00 Russia MAG%sT
-# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
-Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+#
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
+ 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
12:00 Russia PET%sT
+#
+# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
- 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 13:00 Russia ANA%sT
+ 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
+ 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
+ 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
+
+# Serbia
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
+ 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
+ 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
+# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
+# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+ 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
# Slovenia
-# see Yugoslavia
+# see Serbia
# Spain
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
+# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
+Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Sweden
-# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
-# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
-# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
-# </a>
-# Date: 1996-07-06
-#
-# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
-# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
-# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
-# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
-# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
-#
-# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
-# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
-# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
-# year!...
-#
-# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
-# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
-#
-# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
-# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
-# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
-# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
+# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
+# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
+# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
+#
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
+# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
+# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
+#
+# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
+# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
+# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
+# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
+# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
+# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
+#
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
+# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
+# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
+#
+# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
+# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
+# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
+# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
+# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
+# the Sok-button).
+#
+# (2001-05-13):
+#
+# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
+# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
+# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
+# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
+# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
+# hour before the event took place.
+#
+# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
- 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
- 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
+Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
+ 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
+ 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
1:00 - CET 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Switzerland
-# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
-# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
-# From Howse (1988), p 82:
+# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
-Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
-# From Shanks (1991):
-Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
+# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
+# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
+# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
+# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
+#
+# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
+# to be wrong. This is now verified.
+#
+# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
+# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# federal law collection)...
+#
+# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
+# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
+#
+# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
+# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
+#
+# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
+# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
+# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
+# other years are made.
+#
+# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
+# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
+# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
+# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
+#
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
+# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
+# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
+# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
+#
+# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
+# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
+# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
+#
+# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
+#
+# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
+# most users of tzdata:
+# The zone file
+# Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
+# 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
+# 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
+# 1:00 EU CE%sT
+# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
+# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
+# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
+# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
+Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Turkey
+
+# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
+# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
+# ... The latest rules are available at -
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
+# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
+# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
+# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
+# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
+# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
+# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
+# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
+# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
+# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
+# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
+# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
+# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
+# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
+
+# From Sue Williams (2008-08-11):
+# I spotted this news article about a potential change in Turkey.
+#
+# <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1">
+# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1
+# </a>
+
+# From Sue Williams (2008-08-20):
+# This article says that around the end of March 2011, Turkey wants to
+# adjust the clocks forward by 1/2 hour and stay that way permanently.
+# The article indicates that this is a change in timezone offset in addition
+# to stopping observance of DST.
+# This proposal has not yet been approved.
+#
+# Read more here...
+#
+# Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011
+# <a href="http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989">
+# http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989
+# </a>
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
+# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
+Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
+Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
- 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
+ 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2:00 EU EE%sT
Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
# Ukraine
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
-Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
-Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
-Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
-Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
-Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
-Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
-Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
-Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
-Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
-Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
-Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
+#
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
+# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
+# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
+# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
+# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
+# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Kiev" is more common in English.
Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
- 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
+ 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
+ 1:00 - CET 1940
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
+ 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
+# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
+# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
+# portable Posix file names.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
+ 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
+ 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
- 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
+ 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
+# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
- 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
+ 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
+ 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
- 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
+ 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Yugoslavia
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
- 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
-# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
- 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
-
###############################################################################
# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
-# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
-# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
+# From: Tom Hofmann
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
-# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
+# ...
# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
-# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
+# From: Dik T. Winter
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
-# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
-# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
+# ...
# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...