-# @(#)australasia 7.58
+# <pre>
+# @(#)australasia 8.11
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
# This file also includes Pacific islands.
# Notes are at the end of this file
# Australia
+# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
9:00 - CST 1899 May
9:30 Aus CST
# Western Australia
+#
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
- 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
- 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
- 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
- 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
- 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
- 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
- 8:00 - WST
+ 8:00 AW WST
+Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
+ 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
+ 8:45 AW CWST
+
# Queensland
#
-# From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
+# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
# Queensland ceased to.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
9:00 - CST 1899 May
9:30 AS CST
# Tasmania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
+# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
+# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
10:00 Aus EST 1967
10:00 AT EST
+Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
+ 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
+ 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
+ 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
+ 10:00 AT EST
# Victoria
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
10:00 Aus EST 1971
Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
+Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
10:00 Aus EST 1971
# Lord Howe Island
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
-Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 0:30 -
-Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
+Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
+Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
10:30 LH LHST
#
# Ashmore Is, Cartier
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
-# like Australia/Perth, says Turner
+# no times are set
#
# Coral Sea Is
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
-# no information
+# no times are set
#
# Macquarie
# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
-# like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
+# like Australia/Hobart
# Christmas
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
# Cook Is
-# From Shanks:
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
-10:00 Cook CK%sT
# Cocos
-# From USNO (1989):
+# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
+# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
+Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
+ 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
# Fiji
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Fiji 1998 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Fiji 1999 max - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
+Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
# Guam
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Guam 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
- 10:00 - GST
+Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
+ 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
+ 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
+ 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
# Kiribati
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# N Mariana Is
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Saipan 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
+Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
+ 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
- 10:00 - MPT
+ 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
+ 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
# Marshall Is
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Micronesia
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
- 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
- 10:00 - YAPT
Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
# New Zealand
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
-# 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
-Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 26 2:00 0:30 HD
-Rule NZ 1928 1929 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
-Rule NZ 1928 only - Nov 4 2:00 0:30 HD
-Rule NZ 1929 only - Oct 30 2:00 0:30 HD
-Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
-Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 HD
-# Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
-# didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
-Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 S
-Rule NZ 1934 1939 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 HD
-Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov 3 2:00s 1:00 D
+Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
+Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
+Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
+Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
+Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
+Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
+# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
+Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
+Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
+Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
-Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct 8 2:00s 1:00 D
-Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
-Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00s 0 S
+Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
-Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
-Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
-Rule Chatham 1991 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
+Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
+Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
+Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
+Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
+Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
+Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
+Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
+Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
+Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
+Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
+Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868
- 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1940 Sep 29 2:00
+Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
+ 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
12:00 NZ NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
+Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
+ 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
# Auckland Is
# Papua New Guinea
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
- 9:48:40 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+ 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
# Pitcairn
-11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
-11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
-# W Samoa
+# Samoa
Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
-11:26:56 - LMT 1911
-11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
- -11:00 - WST # W Samoa Time
+ -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
# Solomon Is
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
# Tonga
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Tonga 1999 max - Oct Sat>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Tonga 2000 max - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
# US minor outlying islands
# Howland, Baker
-# uninhabited since World War II
-# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
+# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
+# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
+# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
+# uninhabited thereafter.
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
+# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
+# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
+# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
+# until they were abandoned after the war.
# Jarvis
-# uninhabited since 1958
+# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
+# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
+# uninhabited thereafter.
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
# Johnston
# uninhabited
# Midway
+#
+# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
+# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
+# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
+# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
+# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
+# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
+# designations that I've never seen before:....
+# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
+# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
+#
Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
+ -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
+ -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
-11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
-11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
-11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
#
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
-# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
+# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# std dst
# LMT Local Mean Time
# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
+# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
# 9:00 JST Japan
# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
-# 10:00 GST Guam
+# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
-# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
+# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
+# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
# -11:00 SST Samoa
# -10:00 HST Hawaii
# Australia
-# <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
-# Australia's Daylight Saving Times
-# </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
+# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
+# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
+# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
+# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
+# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
+# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
-# From Arthur David Olson (March 8 1992):
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
+# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
+# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
+# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
+# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
+# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
+# versus "AEST" etc.:
+#
+# I see the following points of dispute:
+#
+# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#
+# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
+# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
+# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
+# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
+# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
+# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
+# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
+# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#
+# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
+# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
+# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
+# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+#
+# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#
+# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
+# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
+# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
+# Time, for example.
+#
+# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
+# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
+# tiebreaker.
+#
+# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
+# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
+# the word "Australian"?
+#
+# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
+# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
+# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
+# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
+# following count of page hits:
+#
+# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#
+# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
+# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
+# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
+# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#
+# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
+# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
+# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
+# are the hit counts anyway:
+#
+# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
+# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
+# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
+# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#
+# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
+# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
+# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
+# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#
+# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
+# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
+#
+# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
+# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
+# the ambiguities involved.
+#
+# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
+#
+# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
+# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
+# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
+# understood in Australia.
+
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
-# Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
+# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
+# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
-# From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
-#
+# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
+#
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
-#
+#
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# Standard Time Act, 1898
# </a>
+# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
+# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
+# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
+# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
+# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
+# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
+# to extend DST together in 2006.
+# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
+# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
+# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
+# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
+# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
+# allude to it.
+# But not Queensland
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
+
# Northern Territory
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
-# South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
+# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
+# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# WA are trialing DST for three years.
+# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
+# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
+# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
+# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
+# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
+# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
+# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
+# Australia and Western Australia....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
+# This is confirmed by the section entitled
+# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
+# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
+#
+# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
+# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
+# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
+# coast of the continent.
+#
+# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
+# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
+# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
+# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
+# the largest population centre in this zone....
+#
+# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
+# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
+# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
+# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
+#
+# (2006-12-09):
+# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
+# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
+# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
+# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
+# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
+# introduction of standard time in 1895.
+
+
+# southeast Australia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
+# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
+# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# The rules from version 7.1 follow.
-# There are lots of differences between these rules and
-# the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
-# and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
-# current DST ending dates, no worries.
-#
-# Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
-# Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
-# Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
-# Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
-# Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
-# Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
-# Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
-# Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
-# 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
-# 10:00 Oz EST
-
-# From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
-# I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
-# that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
-# original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
-# that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
-# The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
-# that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
# South Australia
# ...
# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
-# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
+# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
-# From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
+# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
# Tasmania
# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
# Victoria
# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
+# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
+# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
+# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
+# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
+# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
+# in Melbourne, Australia.
+#
+# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
+# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
+# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
+# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
+# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
+# expected time.
+#
+# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
+# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
+# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
+# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
+#
+# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
+# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
# New South Wales
# From Arthur David Olson:
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
-# Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
+# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
# who notes:
# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
# legislation. This is very important to understand.
# I have researched New South Wales time only...
-# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
-# The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
-# <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
-# Daylight Saving
-# </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
-# The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
-# publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
-# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
-# Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
-# </a>
-
-# From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
+# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
-# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
+# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
#
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
+# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
+# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
+# towns to use Queensland time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
# Yancowinna
-# From John Basser (1989-01-04):
+# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# Lord Howe Island
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
-# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
+# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
# [ Dec 1990 ]
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.
# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-31):
-# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
+# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
+# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
+# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
+# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
+# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
+# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
+# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
+# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
+# summer (southern hemisphere).
+#
+# From
+# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
+# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
+# </a>
+# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
+# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
+# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
+# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
+# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
+# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
+# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
+#
+# We have a wrap-up here:
+# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
+# </a>
###############################################################################
# New Zealand
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
-# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
+# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# rather than the October 1 value.
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
-# Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
-# Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
+# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
+# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
#
-# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
-# Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
-# usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
-# gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
-# Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
+# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
+#
+# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
+# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
+# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
+
+# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
+# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
+# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
+# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
+# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
###############################################################################
# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
-# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
+# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
# millenium.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
+# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
# Johnston
# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
-# Ignore this for now, as we have no hard data. See also Asia/Manila.
+# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
+# see Asia/Manila.
+
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
+# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
+# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
+# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
# Micronesia
-# Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
+# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
#
-# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
-# ignore this for now.
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
+# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
+# Midway
+
+# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
+# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
+# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
+# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
+# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
+# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
+# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
+# air at 6am your time.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
+# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
+# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
+
+
# Pitcairn
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
# to say your prayers in the morning."
-# From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
-# Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# Government.
-# From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
+# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
-#
-# I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
-# <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
+#
+# I was given this link by John Letts:
+# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
# </a>
-#
+#
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
# (12 + 1 hour DST).
-# From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
-# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
+# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
+# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
# </a>:
-# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
-# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
-# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
-# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
+# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
+# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
+# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
+# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
# set back an hour on the closing date."
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
+# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
+# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
+# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
+# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
+# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
+# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
+
+# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
+# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
+# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
+# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
+# hour to 1:00am.
+
+# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
+# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
+
+
+# Wake
+
+# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
+# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
+#
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
+# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
+# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
+# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
+# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
+# impossible.
+#
+# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
###############################################################################
# The International Date Line
# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
-#
+#
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
-# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
-#
-# An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
-# legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
-# the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
+# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
# correct date is ambiguous.
+
+# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
+# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
+# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
+# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
+# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
+# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
+# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
+# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
+# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
+# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
+# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
+# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
+# independent merchant ships until World War II.
+
+# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
+# (2005-03-20):
+#
+# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
+# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
+# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
+# international waters; it ignores the international date line.