Imported Upstream version 1.72.0
[platform/upstream/boost.git] / libs / math / doc / html / math_toolkit / univariate_statistics.html
index d4b8996..67cabb1 100644 (file)
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 <title>Univariate Statistics</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="../math.css" type="text/css">
 <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1">
-<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Math Toolkit 2.10.0">
-<link rel="up" href="../vector_functionals.html" title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Vector Functionals">
-<link rel="prev" href="../vector_functionals.html" title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Vector Functionals">
+<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Math Toolkit 2.11.0">
+<link rel="up" href="../statistics.html" title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Statistics">
+<link rel="prev" href="../statistics.html" title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Statistics">
 <link rel="next" href="bivariate_statistics.html" title="Bivariate Statistics">
 </head>
 <body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 </tr></table>
 <hr>
 <div class="spirit-nav">
-<a accesskey="p" href="../vector_functionals.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../vector_functionals.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="bivariate_statistics.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+<a accesskey="p" href="../statistics.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../statistics.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="bivariate_statistics.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
 <a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.h0"></a>
       <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="univariate_statistics.html#math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
     </h4>
-<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">univariate_statistics</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">univariate_statistics</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 
-<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">tools</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">statistics</span> <span class="special">{</span>
 
     <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Container</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
     <span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Container</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@
     <span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">sample_variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
 
     <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Container</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">mean_and_sample_variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Container</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Container</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
     <span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">skewness</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Container</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
 
     <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
       <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.description"></a></span><a class="link" href="univariate_statistics.html#math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.description">Description</a>
     </h4>
 <p>
-      The file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">univariate_statistics</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> is a
+      The file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">univariate_statistics</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> is a
       set of facilities for computing scalar values from vectors.
     </p>
 <p>
       <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.mean"></a></span><a class="link" href="univariate_statistics.html#math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.mean">Mean</a>
     </h4>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mu</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cbegin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cend</span><span class="special">());</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mu</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cbegin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cend</span><span class="special">());</span>
 <span class="comment">// Alternative syntax if you want to use entire container:</span>
-<span class="identifier">mu</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="identifier">mu</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       The implementation follows <a href="https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898718027" target="_top">Higham
       <span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.variance"></a></span><a class="link" href="univariate_statistics.html#math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.variance">Variance</a>
     </h4>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">sigma_sq</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cbegin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cend</span><span class="special">());</span>
+<span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">sigma_sq</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cbegin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cend</span><span class="special">());</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       If you don't need to calculate on a subset of the input, then the range call
       is more terse:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">sigma_sq</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">sigma_sq</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       The implementation follows <a href="https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898718027" target="_top">Higham
       input, then the output is a double precision float.
     </p>
 <p>
-      <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variance</span></code>
+      <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variance</span></code>
       returns the population variance. If you want a sample variance, use
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">sn_sq</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sample_variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="identifier">Real</span> <span class="identifier">sn_sq</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sample_variance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <h4>
 <a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.h4"></a>
       Computes the skewness of a dataset:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">skewness</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">skewness</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">skewness</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">skewness</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 <span class="comment">// skewness = 0.</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       Computes the kurtosis of a dataset:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">kurtosis</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">kurtosis</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">kurtosis</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">kurtosis</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 <span class="comment">// kurtosis = 17/10</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       The input data must be forward iterable and must consist of real or integral
       values. If the input data is integral, the output is a double precision float.
       Note that this is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the excess kurtosis. If you require
-      the excess kurtosis, use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">excess_kurtosis</span></code>.
-      This function simply subtracts 3 from the kurtosis, but it makes eminently
-      clear our definition of kurtosis.
+      the excess kurtosis, use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">excess_kurtosis</span></code>. This function simply subtracts
+      3 from the kurtosis, but it makes eminently clear our definition of kurtosis.
     </p>
 <h4>
 <a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.h6"></a>
       moments</a> in a single pass through the data:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">M1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">M2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">M3</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">M4</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">first_four_moments</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">M1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">M2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">M3</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">M4</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">first_four_moments</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <h4>
 <a name="math_toolkit.univariate_statistics.h7"></a>
       Computes the median of a dataset:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">m</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">m</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       <span class="emphasis"><em>Nota bene: The input vector is modified.</em></span> The calculation
       absolute deviation</a> of a dataset:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mad</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median_absolute_deviation</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mad</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median_absolute_deviation</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       By default, the deviation from the median is used. If you have some prior that
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// prior is that center is zero:</span>
 <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">center</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mad</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median_absolute_deviation</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">center</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mad</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median_absolute_deviation</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">center</span><span class="special">);</span>
 
 <span class="comment">// compute median absolute deviation from the mean:</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mu</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mad</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median_absolute_deviation</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">mu</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mu</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">mad</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">median_absolute_deviation</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">mu</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
       <span class="emphasis"><em>Nota bene:</em></span> The input vector is modified. Again the vector
       Compute the Gini coefficient of a dataset:
     </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">gini</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gini_coefficient</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">gini</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gini_coefficient</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 <span class="comment">// gini = 3/4</span>
-<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">s_gini</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sample_gini_coefficient</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">s_gini</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sample_gini_coefficient</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
 <span class="comment">// s_gini = 1.</span>
 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">};</span>
-<span class="identifier">gini</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gini_coefficient</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
+<span class="identifier">gini</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">statistics</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gini_coefficient</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
 <span class="comment">// gini = 0, as all elements are now equal.</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
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