<title>Incomplete Gamma Functions</title>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_q</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_q</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_q</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma_lower</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma_lower</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma_lower</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
<span class="special">}}</span> <span class="comment">// namespaces</span>
</pre>
incomplete gamma functions) that return values in the range [0, 1], and two
are non-normalised and return values in the range [0, Γ(a)]. Users interested
in statistical applications should use the <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RegularizedGammaFunction.html" target="_top">normalised
- versions (gamma_p and gamma_q)</a>.
+ versions (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gamma_p</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gamma_q</span></code>)</a>.
</p>
<p>
All of these functions require <span class="emphasis"><em>a > 0</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>z
>= 0</em></span>, otherwise they return the result of <a class="link" href="../error_handling.html#math_toolkit.error_handling.domain_error">domain_error</a>.
</p>
<p>
- The final <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a> argument is optional and can
+ The final <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a> argument is optional and can
be used to control the behaviour of the function: how it handles errors,
- what level of precision to use etc. Refer to the <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">policy
+ what level of precision to use etc. Refer to the <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">policy
documentation for more details</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Policy</span><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_p</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the normalised lower incomplete gamma function of a and z:
</p>
-<p>
- <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma4.svg"></span>
- </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma4.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
This function changes rapidly from 0 to 1 around the point z == a:
</p>
-<p>
- <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../graphs/gamma_p.svg" align="middle"></span>
- </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../graphs/gamma_p.svg" align="middle"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_q</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_q</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">gamma_q</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the normalised upper incomplete gamma function of a and z:
</p>
-<p>
- <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma3.svg"></span>
- </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma3.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
This function changes rapidly from 1 to 0 around the point z == a:
</p>
-<p>
- <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../graphs/gamma_q.svg" align="middle"></span>
- </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../graphs/gamma_q.svg" align="middle"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma_lower</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma_lower</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma_lower</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the full (non-normalised) lower incomplete gamma function of a and
z:
</p>
-<p>
- <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma2.svg"></span>
- </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma2.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
-<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
-<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 19. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
+<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
+<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">tgamma</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Returns the full (non-normalised) upper incomplete gamma function of a and
z:
</p>
-<p>
- <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma1.svg"></span>
- </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma1.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.accuracy"></a></span><a class="link" href="igamma.html#math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.accuracy">Accuracy</a>
The following tables give peak and mean relative errors in over various domains
of a and z, along with comparisons to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/" target="_top">GSL-1.9</a>
and <a href="http://www.netlib.org/cephes/" target="_top">Cephes</a> libraries.
- Note that only results for the widest floating point type on the system are
+ Note that only results for the widest floating-point type on the system are
given as narrower types have <a class="link" href="../relative_error.html#math_toolkit.relative_error.zero_error">effectively
zero error</a>.
</p>
All values are in units of epsilon.
</p>
<div class="table">
-<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_gamma_p"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 7.9. Error rates for gamma_p</b></p>
+<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_gamma_p"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 8.9. Error rates for gamma_p</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Error rates for gamma_p">
<colgroup>
<col>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><div class="table">
-<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_gamma_q"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 7.10. Error rates for gamma_q</b></p>
+<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_gamma_q"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 8.10. Error rates for gamma_q</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Error rates for gamma_q">
<colgroup>
<col>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><div class="table">
-<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_tgamma_lower"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 7.11. Error rates for tgamma_lower</b></p>
+<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_tgamma_lower"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 8.11. Error rates for tgamma_lower</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Error rates for tgamma_lower">
<colgroup>
<col>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><div class="table">
-<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_tgamma_incomplete_"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 7.12. Error rates for tgamma (incomplete)</b></p>
+<a name="math_toolkit.sf_gamma.igamma.table_tgamma_incomplete_"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 8.12. Error rates for tgamma (incomplete)</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Error rates for tgamma (incomplete)">
<colgroup>
<col>
via:
</p>
<p>
- 1) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma5.svg"></span>
+ 1)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma5.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
- 2) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma6.svg"></span>
+ 2)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma6.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
- 3) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma7.svg"></span>
+ 3)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma7.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
The lower incomplete gamma is computed from its series representation:
</p>
<p>
- 4) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma8.svg"></span>
+ 4)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma8.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
Or by subtraction of the upper integral from either Γ(a) or 1 when <span class="emphasis"><em>x
- (1</em></span>(3x)) > a and x > 1.1/.
The upper integral is computed from Legendre's continued fraction representation:
</p>
<p>
- 5) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma9.svg"></span>
+ 5)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma9.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
When <span class="emphasis"><em>(x > 1.1)</em></span> or by subtraction of the lower integral
from either Γ(a) or 1 when <span class="emphasis"><em>x - (1</em></span>(3x)) < a/.
area. However there is another series representation for the lower integral:
</p>
<p>
- 6) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma10.svg"></span>
+ 6)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma10.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
That lends itself to calculation of the upper integral via rearrangement
to:
</p>
<p>
- 7) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma11.svg"></span>
+ 7)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma11.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
Refer to the documentation for <a class="link" href="../powers/powm1.html" title="powm1">powm1</a>
and <a class="link" href="tgamma.html" title="Gamma">tgamma1pm1</a> for details
- of their implementation. Note however that the precision of <a class="link" href="tgamma.html" title="Gamma">tgamma1pm1</a>
- is capped to either around 35 digits, or to that of the <a class="link" href="../lanczos.html" title="The Lanczos Approximation">Lanczos
- approximation</a> associated with type T - if there is one - whichever
- of the two is the greater. That therefore imposes a similar limit on the
- precision of this function in this region.
+ of their implementation.
</p>
<p>
For <span class="emphasis"><em>x < 1.1</em></span> the crossover point where the result
30</em></span> then the following finite sum is used:
</p>
<p>
- 9) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma1f.svg"></span>
+ 9)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma1f.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
- While for half integers in the range <span class="emphasis"><em>0.5 <= a < 30</em></span>
+ While for half-integers in the range <span class="emphasis"><em>0.5 <= a < 30</em></span>
then the following finite sum is used:
</p>
<p>
- 10) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma2f.svg"></span>
+ 10)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma2f.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
These are both more stable and more efficient than the continued fraction
alternative.
In this area an expansion due to Temme is used:
</p>
<p>
- 11) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma16.svg"></span>
+ 11)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma16.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
- 12) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma17.svg"></span>
+ 12)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma17.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
- 13) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma18.svg"></span>
+ 13)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma18.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
- 14) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma19.svg"></span>
+ 14)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma19.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
The double sum is truncated to a fixed number of terms - to give a specific
target precision - and evaluated as a polynomial-of-polynomials. There are
approximation</a> gives the greatest accuracy:
</p>
<p>
- 15) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma12.svg"></span>
+ 15)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma12.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
In the event that this causes underflow/overflow then the exponent can be
reduced by a factor of <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and brought inside the power
can be avoided by using:
</p>
<p>
- 16) <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma13.svg"></span>
+ 16)
</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/igamma13.svg"></span>
+
+ </p></blockquote></div>
<p>
when <span class="emphasis"><em>a-x</em></span> is small and a and x are large. There is still
a subtraction and therefore some cancellation errors - but the terms are