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<hr>
-<p valign="top">BSDTAR(1) FreeBSD General Commands Manual
-BSDTAR(1)</p>
+<p>TAR(1) BSD General Commands Manual TAR(1)</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>NAME</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>NAME</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;"><b>tar</b> — manipulate
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>tar</b> — manipulate
tape archives</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>SYNOPSIS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>SYNOPSIS</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar</b>
+<p style="margin-left:12%;"><b>tar</b>
[<i>bundled-flags </i>⟨</p>
-<p valign="top">args ⟩] [⟨ <i><br>
-file</i> ⟩ | ⟨ <i><br>
-pattern</i> ⟩ ...]</p>
+<p>args ⟩ ] [⟨ <i><br>
+file</i> ⟩ | ⟨ <i><br>
+pattern</i> ⟩ ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar</b> {<b>−c</b>}
+<p style="margin-left:12%;"><b>tar</b> {<b>−c</b>}
[<i>options</i>]
[<i>files </i>| <i>directories</i>] <b><br>
tar</b> {<b>−r </b>| <b>−u</b>}
tar</b> {<b>−t </b>| <b>−x</b>}
[<i>options</i>] [<i>patterns</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>DESCRIPTION</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>DESCRIPTION</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:8%;"><b>tar</b> creates and
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>tar</b> creates and
manipulates streaming archive files. This implementation can
-extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip, jar, ar, and ISO 9660
-cdrom images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar, and shar
-archives.</p>
+extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip, jar, ar, xar, rpm, 7-zip,
+and ISO 9660 cdrom images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar,
+zip, 7-zip, and shar archives.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The first
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The first
synopsis form shows a ‘‘bundled’’
option word. This usage is provided for compatibility with
historical implementations. See COMPATIBILITY below for
details.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The other
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The other
synopsis forms show the preferred usage. The first option to
<b>tar</b> is a mode indicator from the following list:</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>−c</b></p>
+<p><b>−c</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Create a new
-archive containing the specified items.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">Create a new
+archive containing the specified items. The long option form
+is <b>−−create</b>.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>−r</b></p>
+<p><b>−r</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Like
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">Like
<b>−c</b>, but new entries are appended to the
archive. Note that this only works on uncompressed archives
stored in regular files. The <b>−f</b> option is
-required.</p>
+required. The long option form is
+<b>−−append</b>.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>−t</b></p>
+<p><b>−t</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">List archive
-contents to stdout.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">List archive
+contents to stdout. The long option form is
+<b>−−list</b>.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>−u</b></p>
+<p><b>−u</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Like
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">Like
<b>−r</b>, but new entries are added only if they have
a modification date newer than the corresponding entry in
the archive. Note that this only works on uncompressed
archives stored in regular files. The <b>−f</b> option
-is required.</p>
+is required. The long form is
+<b>−−update</b>.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>−x</b></p>
+<p><b>−x</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Extract to disk
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">Extract to disk
from the archive. If a file with the same name appears more
than once in the archive, each copy will be extracted, with
-later copies overwriting (replacing) earlier copies.</p>
+later copies overwriting (replacing) earlier copies. The
+long option form is <b>−−extract</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">In
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In
<b>−c</b>, <b>−r</b>, or <b>−u</b> mode,
each specified file or directory is added to the archive in
the order specified on the command line. By default, the
contents of each directory are also archived.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">In extract or
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In extract or
list mode, the entire command line is read and parsed before
the archive is opened. The pathnames or patterns on the
command line indicate which items in the archive should be
processed. Patterns are shell-style globbing patterns as
documented in tcsh(1).</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>OPTIONS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>OPTIONS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">Unless specifically stated
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">Unless specifically stated
otherwise, options are applicable in all operating
modes.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>@</b><i>archive</i></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>@</b><i>archive</i></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c and r mode only) The
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c and r modes only) The
specified archive is opened and the entries in it will be
appended to the current archive. As a simple example,</p>
-<p style="margin-left:29%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
<i>- newfile</i> <b>@</b><i>original.tar</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">writes a new archive to
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">writes a new archive to
standard output containing a file <i>newfile</i> and all of
the entries from <i>original.tar</i>. In contrast,</p>
-<p style="margin-left:29%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
<i>- newfile original.tar</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">creates a new archive with only
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">creates a new archive with only
two entries. Similarly,</p>
-<p style="margin-left:29%;"><b>tar −czf</b> <i>-</i>
-<b>−-format pax @</b><i>-</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −czf</b> <i>-</i>
+<b>−−format pax @</b><i>-</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">reads an archive from standard
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">reads an archive from standard
input (whose format will be determined automatically) and
converts it into a gzip-compressed pax-format archive on
stdout. In this way, <b>tar</b> can be used to convert
archives from one format to another.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−b</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−a</b>,
+<b>−−auto-compress</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c mode only) Use the archive
+suffix to decide a set of the format and the compressions.
+As a simple example,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −a −cf</b>
+<i>archive.tgz source.c source.h</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">creates a new archive with
+restricted pax format and gzip compression,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −a −cf</b>
+<i>archive.tar.bz2.uu source.c source.h</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">creates a new archive with
+restricted pax format and bzip2 compression and uuencode
+compression,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −a −cf</b>
+<i>archive.zip source.c source.h</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">creates a new archive with zip
+format,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −a −jcf</b>
+<i>archive.tgz source.c source.h</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">ignores the
+‘‘-j’’ option, and creates a new
+archive with restricted pax format and gzip compression,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −a −jcf</b>
+<i>archive.xxx source.c source.h</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">if it is unknown suffix or no
+suffix, creates a new archive with restricted pax format and
+bzip2 compression.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−acls</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c, r, u, x
+modes only) Archive or extract POSIX.1e or NFSv4 ACLs. This
+is the reverse of <b>−−no-acls</b> and the
+default behavior in c, r, and u modes (except Mac OS X) or
+if <b>tar</b> is run in x mode as root. On Mac OS X this
+option translates extended ACLs to NFSv4 ACLs. To store
+extended ACLs the <b>−−mac-metadata</b> option
+is preferred.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−B</b>,
+<b>−−read-full-blocks</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Ignored for compatibility with
+other tar(1) implementations.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−b</b>
+<i>blocksize</i>, <b>−−block-size</b>
<i>blocksize</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Specify the block size, in
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Specify the block size, in
512-byte records, for tape drive I/O. As a rule, this
argument is only needed when reading from or writing to tape
drives, and usually not even then as the default block size
of 20 records (10240 bytes) is very common.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−C</b>
-<i>directory</i></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−C</b>
+<i>directory</i>, <b>−−cd</b> <i>directory</i>,
+<b>−−directory</b> <i>directory</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">In c and r mode, this changes
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">In c and r mode, this changes
the directory before adding the following files. In x mode,
change directories after opening the archive but before
extracting entries from the archive.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−chroot</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-check-links</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c and r modes only) Issue a
-warning message unless all links to each file are
-archived.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-chroot</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(x mode only) <b>chroot</b>()
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) <b>chroot</b>()
to the current directory after processing any
<b>−C</b> options and before extracting any files.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-exclude</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−clear-nochange-fflags</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Before removing
+file system objects to replace them, clear platform-specific
+file flags that might prevent removal.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−exclude</b>
<i>pattern</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Do not process files or
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Do not process files or
directories that match the specified pattern. Note that
exclusions take precedence over patterns or filenames
specified on the command line.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−fflags</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u, x modes only) Archive
+or extract file flags. This is the reverse of
+<b>−−no-fflags</b> and the default behavior in
+c, r, and u modes or if <b>tar</b> is run in x mode as
+root.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-format</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−format</b>
<i>format</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c, r, u mode only) Use the
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u mode only) Use the
specified format for the created archive. Supported formats
include ‘‘cpio’’,
‘‘pax’’,
must be compatible with the format of the existing archive
on disk.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−f</b>
-<i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−f</b> <i>file</i>,
+<b>−−file</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Read the archive from or write
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Read the archive from or write
the archive to the specified file. The filename can be
-<i>-</i> for standard input or standard output. If not
-specified, the default tape device will be used. (On
-FreeBSD, the default tape device is <i>/dev/sa0</i>.)</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−H</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c and r mode
+<i>-</i> for standard input or standard output. The default
+varies by system; on FreeBSD, the default is
+<i>/dev/sa0</i>; on Linux, the default is
+<i>/dev/st0</i>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−gid</b>
+<i>id</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Use the provided group id
+number. On extract, this overrides the group id in the
+archive; the group name in the archive will be ignored. On
+create, this overrides the group id read from disk; if
+<b>−−gname</b> is not also specified, the group
+name will be set to match the group id.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−gname</b>
+<i>name</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Use the provided group name. On
+extract, this overrides the group name in the archive; if
+the provided group name does not exist on the system, the
+group id (from the archive or from the
+<b>−−gid</b> option) will be used instead. On
+create, this sets the group name that will be stored in the
+archive; the name will not be verified against the system
+group database.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−H</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c and r modes
only) Symbolic links named on the command line will be
followed; the target of the link will be archived, not the
link itself.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−h</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−h</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c and r mode
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c and r modes
only) Synonym for <b>−L</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−I</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−I</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Synonym for
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">Synonym for
<b>−T</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−help</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">Show usage.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−hfsCompression</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-include</b>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Mac OS X specific
+(v10.6 or later). Compress extracted regular files with HFS+
+compression.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−ignore-zeros</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">An alias of
+<b>−−options read_concatenated_archives</b> for
+compatibility with GNU tar.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−include</b>
<i>pattern</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Process only files or
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Process only files or
directories that match the specified pattern. Note that
-exclusions specified with <b>−-exclude</b> take
+exclusions specified with <b>−−exclude</b> take
precedence over inclusions. If no inclusions are explicitly
specified, all entries are processed by default. The
-<b>−-include</b> option is especially useful when
-filtering archives. For example, the command</p>
+<b>−−include</b> option is especially useful
+when filtering archives. For example, the command</p>
-<p style="margin-left:29%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
-<i>new.tar</i> <b>−-include=’*foo*’
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
+<i>new.tar</i> <b>−−include=’*foo*’
@</b><i>old.tgz</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">creates a new archive
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">creates a new archive
<i>new.tar</i> containing only the entries from
<i>old.tgz</i> containing the string ‘foo’.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−J</b>,
+<b>−−xz</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−j</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c mode only) Compress the
+resulting archive with xz(1). In extract or list modes, this
+option is ignored. Note that, unlike other <b>tar</b>
+implementations, this implementation recognizes XZ
+compression automatically when reading archives.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
-Compress the resulting archive with bzip2(1). In extract or
-list modes, this option is ignored. Note that, unlike other
-<b>tar</b> implementations, this implementation recognizes
-bzip2 compression automatically when reading archives.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−j</b>,
+<b>−−bzip</b>, <b>−−bzip2</b>,
+<b>−−bunzip2</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c mode only) Compress the
+resulting archive with bzip2(1). In extract or list modes,
+this option is ignored. Note that, unlike other <b>tar</b>
+implementations, this implementation recognizes bzip2
+compression automatically when reading archives.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−k</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−k</b>,
+<b>−−keep-old-files</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode only)
-Do not overwrite existing files. In particular, if a file
-appears more than once in an archive, later copies will not
-overwrite earlier copies.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Do not overwrite
+existing files. In particular, if a file appears more than
+once in an archive, later copies will not overwrite earlier
+copies.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-keep-newer-files</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−keep-newer-files</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(x mode only) Do not overwrite
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Do not overwrite
existing files that are newer than the versions appearing in
the archive being extracted.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−L</b>,
+<b>−−dereference</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−L</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c and r modes only) All
+symbolic links will be followed. Normally, symbolic links
+are archived as such. With this option, the target of the
+link will be archived instead.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c and r mode
-only) All symbolic links will be followed. Normally,
-symbolic links are archived as such. With this option, the
-target of the link will be archived instead.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−l</b>,
+<b>−−check-links</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c and r modes only) Issue a
+warning message unless all links to each file are
+archived.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−l</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−lrzip</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">This is a
-synonym for the <b>−-check-links</b> option.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c mode only) Compress the
+resulting archive with lrzip(1). In extract or list modes,
+this option is ignored.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−lz4</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−m</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
+Compress the archive with lz4-compatible compression before
+writing it. In input mode, this option is ignored; lz4
+compression is recognized automatically on input.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode only)
-Do not extract modification time. By default, the
-modification time is set to the time stored in the
-archive.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−lzma</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
+Compress the resulting archive with the original LZMA
+algorithm. Use of this option is discouraged and new
+archives should be created with <b>−−xz</b>
+instead. Note that, unlike other <b>tar</b> implementations,
+this implementation recognizes LZMA compression
+automatically when reading archives.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−n</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−lzop</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
+Compress the resulting archive with lzop(1). In extract or
+list modes, this option is ignored.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−m</b>,
+<b>−−modification-time</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Do not extract
+modification time. By default, the modification time is set
+to the time stored in the archive.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c, r, u modes
-only) Do not recursively archive the contents of
-directories.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−mac-metadata</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-newer</b>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u and x mode only) Mac
+OS X specific. Archive or extract extended ACLs and extended
+attributes using copyfile(3) in AppleDouble format. This is
+the reverse of <b>−−no-mac-metadata</b>. and the
+default behavior in c, r, and u modes or if <b>tar</b> is
+run in x mode as root.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−n</b>,
+<b>−−norecurse</b>,
+<b>−−no-recursion</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Do not
+recursively archive the contents of directories.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−newer</b>
<i>date</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c, r, u modes only) Only
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Only
include files and directories newer than the specified date.
This compares ctime entries.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-newer-mtime</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−newer-mtime</b>
<i>date</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c, r, u modes only) Like
-<b>−-newer</b>, except it compares mtime entries
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Like
+<b>−−newer</b>, except it compares mtime entries
instead of ctime entries.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-newer-than</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−newer-than</b>
<i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c, r, u modes only) Only
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Only
include files and directories newer than the specified file.
This compares ctime entries.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-newer-mtime-than</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−newer-mtime-than</b>
<i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c, r, u modes only) Like
-<b>−-newer-than</b>, except it compares mtime entries
-instead of ctime entries.</p>
-
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Like
+<b>−−newer-than</b>, except it compares mtime
+entries instead of ctime entries.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-nodump</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−nodump</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c and r modes only) Honor the
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c and r modes only) Honor the
nodump file flag by skipping this file.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-null</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−nopreserveHFSCompression</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Mac OS X
+specific(v10.6 or later). Do not compress extracted regular
+files which were compressed with HFS+ compression before
+archived. By default, compress the regular files again with
+HFS+ compression.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−null</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(use with
+<b>−I</b> or <b>−T</b>) Filenames or patterns
+are separated by null characters, not by newlines. This is
+often used to read filenames output by the
+<b>−print0</b> option to find(1).</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−no-acls</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u, x modes only) Do not
+archive or extract POSIX.1e or NFSv4 ACLs. This is the
+reverse of <b>−−acls</b> and the default
+behavior if <b>tar</b> is run as non-root in x mode (on Mac
+OS X also in c, r and u modes).</p>
+
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(use with
-<b>−I</b>, <b>−T</b>, or <b>−X</b>)
-Filenames or patterns are separated by null characters, not
-by newlines. This is often used to read filenames output by
-the <b>−print0</b> option to find(1).</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−no-fflags</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u, x modes only) Do not
+archive or extract file flags. This is the reverse of
+<b>−−fflags</b> and the default behavior if
+<b>tar</b> is run as non-root in x mode.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-numeric-owner</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(x mode only) Ignore symbolic
-user and group names when restoring archives to disk, only
-numeric uid and gid values will be obeyed.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−no-mac-metadata</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Mac OS X
+specific. Do not archive or extract ACLs and extended
+attributes using copyfile(3) in AppleDouble format. This is
+the reverse of <b>−−mac-metadata</b>. and the
+default behavior if <b>tar</b> is run as non-root in x
+mode.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−O</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−n</b>,
+<b>−−norecurse</b>,
+<b>−−no-recursion</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x, t modes
-only) In extract (-x) mode, files will be written to
-standard out rather than being extracted to disk. In list
-(-t) mode, the file listing will be written to stderr rather
-than the usual stdout.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−no-same-owner</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−o</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Do not extract
+owner and group IDs. This is the reverse of
+<b>−−same-owner</b> and the default behavior if
+<b>tar</b> is run as non-root.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode) Use
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−no-same-permissions</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Do not extract
+full permissions (SGID, SUID, sticky bit, ACLs, extended
+attributes or extended file flags). This is the reverse of
+<b>−p</b> and the default behavior if <b>tar</b> is
+run as non-root and can be overridden by also specifying
+<b>−−acls</b>, <b>−−fflags</b>,
+<b>−−mac-metadata, −−same-owner</b>,
+<b>−−same-permissions</b> and
+<b>−−xattrs</b>.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−no-xattrs</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u, x modes only) Do not
+archive or extract extended attributes. This is the reverse
+of <b>−−xattrs</b> and the default behavior if
+<b>tar</b> is run as non-root in x mode.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−numeric-owner</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">This is equivalent to
+<b>−−uname</b> ""
+<b>−−gname</b> "". On extract, it
+causes user and group names in the archive to be ignored in
+favor of the numeric user and group ids. On create, it
+causes user and group names to not be stored in the
+archive.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−O</b>,
+<b>−−to-stdout</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x, t modes only) In extract
+(-x) mode, files will be written to standard out rather than
+being extracted to disk. In list (-t) mode, the file listing
+will be written to stderr rather than the usual stdout.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−o</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode) Use
the user and group of the user running the program rather
than those specified in the archive. Note that this has no
significance unless <b>−p</b> is specified, and the
ACLs or owner information in the archive will be
discarded.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−o</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c, r, u mode)
+A synonym for <b>−−format</b> <i>ustar</i></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−o</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−older</b>
+<i>date</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c, r, u mode)
-A synonym for <b>−-format</b> <i>ustar</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Only
+include files and directories older than the specified date.
+This compares ctime entries.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-one-file-system</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−older-mtime</b>
+<i>date</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Like
+<b>−−older</b>, except it compares mtime entries
+instead of ctime entries.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−older-than</b>
+<i>file</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Only
+include files and directories older than the specified file.
+This compares ctime entries.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−older-mtime-than</b>
+<i>file</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) Like
+<b>−−older-than</b>, except it compares mtime
+entries instead of ctime entries.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(c, r, and u modes) Do not
-cross mount points.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−one-file-system</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-options</b>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, and u modes) Do not
+cross mount points.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−options</b>
<i>options</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Select optional behaviors for
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Select optional behaviors for
particular modules. The argument is a text string containing
comma-separated keywords and values. These are passed to the
modules that handle particular formats to control how those
formats will behave. Each option has one of the following
forms:</p>
-<p valign="top"><i>key=value</i></p>
+<p><i>key=value</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">The key will be set to the
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">The key will be set to the
specified value in every module that supports it. Modules
that do not support this key will ignore it.</p>
-<p valign="top"><i>key</i></p>
+<p><i>key</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%; margin-top: 1em">The key will be
+<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">The key will be
enabled in every module that supports it. This is equivalent
to <i>key</i><b>=1</b>.</p>
-<p valign="top"><i>!key</i></p>
+<p><i>!key</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%; margin-top: 1em">The key will be
+<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">The key will be
disabled in every module that supports it.</p>
-<p valign="top"><i>module:key=value</i>, <i>module:key</i>,
+<p><i>module:key=value</i>, <i>module:key</i>,
<i>module:!key</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">As above, but the corresponding
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">As above, but the corresponding
key and value will be provided only to modules whose name
matches <i>module</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">The currently supported modules
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">The currently supported modules
and keys are:</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>iso9660:joliet</b></p>
+<p><b>iso9660:joliet</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">Support Joliet extensions. This
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Support Joliet extensions. This
is enabled by default, use <b>!joliet</b> or
<b>iso9660:!joliet</b> to disable.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>iso9660:rockridge</b></p>
+<p><b>iso9660:rockridge</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">Support Rock Ridge extensions.
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Support Rock Ridge extensions.
This is enabled by default, use <b>!rockridge</b> or
<b>iso9660:!rockridge</b> to disable.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>gzip:compression-level</b></p>
+<p><b>gzip:compression-level</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">A decimal integer from 0 to 9
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">A decimal integer from 1 to 9
specifying the gzip compression level.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>xz:compression-level</b></p>
+<p><b>gzip:timestamp</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Store timestamp. This is
+enabled by default, use <b>!timestamp</b> or
+<b>gzip:!timestamp</b> to disable.</p>
+
+<p><b>lrzip:compression</b>=<i>type</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Use <i>type</i> as compression
+method. Supported values are bzip2, gzip, lzo (ultra fast),
+and zpaq (best, extremely slow).</p>
+
+<p><b>lrzip:compression-level</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">A decimal integer from 1 to 9
+specifying the lrzip compression level.</p>
+
+<p><b>lz4:compression-level</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">A decimal integer from 1 to 9
+specifying the lzop compression level.</p>
+
+<p><b>lz4:stream-checksum</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Enable stream checksum. This is
+by default, use <b>lz4:!stream-checksum</b> to disable.</p>
+
+<p><b>lz4:block-checksum</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Enable block checksum (Disabled
+by default).</p>
+
+<p><b>lz4:block-size</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">A decimal integer from 4 to 7
+specifying the lz4 compression block size (7 is set by
+default).</p>
+
+<p><b>lz4:block-dependence</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Use the previous block of the
+block being compressed for a compression dictionary to
+improve compression ratio.</p>
+
+<p><b>lzop:compression-level</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">A decimal integer from 0 to 9
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">A decimal integer from 1 to 9
+specifying the lzop compression level.</p>
+
+<p><b>xz:compression-level</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">A decimal integer from 0 to 9
specifying the xz compression level.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>mtree:</b><i>keyword</i></p>
+<p><b>mtree:</b><i>keyword</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">The mtree writer module allows
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">The mtree writer module allows
you to specify which mtree keywords will be included in the
output. Supported keywords include: <b>cksum</b>,
<b>device</b>, <b>flags</b>, <b>gid</b>, <b>gname</b>,
‘‘device, flags, gid, gname, link, mode, nlink,
size, time, type, uid, uname’’.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>mtree:all</b></p>
+<p><b>mtree:all</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">Enables all of the above
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Enables all of the above
keywords. You can also use <b>mtree:!all</b> to disable all
keywords.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>mtree:use-set</b></p>
+<p><b>mtree:use-set</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">Enable generation of
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Enable generation of
<b>/set</b> lines in the output.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>mtree:indent</b></p>
+<p><b>mtree:indent</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">Produce human-readable output
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Produce human-readable output
by indenting options and splitting lines to fit into 80
columns.</p>
-<p valign="top"><b>zip:compression</b>=<i>type</i></p>
+<p><b>zip:compression</b>=<i>type</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:32%;">Use <i>type</i> as compression
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Use <i>type</i> as compression
method. Supported values are store (uncompressed) and
deflate (gzip algorithm).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">If a provided option is not
-supported by any module, that is a fatal error.</p>
+<p><b>zip:encryption</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Enable encryption using
+traditional zip encryption.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−P</b></p>
+<p><b>zip:encryption</b>=<i>type</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Preserve
-pathnames. By default, absolute pathnames (those that begin
-with a / character) have the leading slash removed both when
-creating archives and extracting from them. Also, <b>tar</b>
-will refuse to extract archive entries whose pathnames
-contain <i>..</i> or whose target directory would be altered
-by a symlink. This option suppresses these behaviors.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Use <i>type</i> as encryption
+type. Supported values are zipcrypt (traditional zip
+encryption), aes128 (WinZip AES-128 encryption) and aes256
+(WinZip AES-256 encryption).</p>
+<p><b>read_concatenated_archives</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−p</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:27%;">Ignore zeroed blocks in the
+archive, which occurs when multiple tar archives have been
+concatenated together. Without this option, only the
+contents of the first concatenated archive would be read.
+This option is comparable to the <b>−i</b>,
+<b>−−ignore-zeros</b> option of GNU tar.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode only)
-Preserve file permissions. Attempt to restore the full
-permissions, including owner, file modes, file flags and
-ACLs, if available, for each item extracted from the
-archive. By default, newly-created files are owned by the
-user running <b>tar</b>, the file mode is restored for
-newly-created regular files, and all other types of entries
-receive default permissions. If <b>tar</b> is being run by
-root, the default is to restore the owner unless the
-<b>−o</b> option is also specified.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−q</b>
-(<b>−-fast-read</b>)</p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">If a provided option is not
+supported by any module, that is a fatal error.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(x and t mode only) Extract or
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−P</b>,
+<b>−−absolute-paths</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Preserve pathnames. By default,
+absolute pathnames (those that begin with a / character)
+have the leading slash removed both when creating archives
+and extracting from them. Also, <b>tar</b> will refuse to
+extract archive entries whose pathnames contain <i>..</i> or
+whose target directory would be altered by a symlink. This
+option suppresses these behaviors.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−p</b>,
+<b>−−insecure</b>,
+<b>−−preserve-permissions</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Preserve file
+permissions. Attempt to restore the full permissions,
+including owner, file modes, ACLs, extended atributes and
+extended file flags, if available, for each item extracted
+from the archive. This is the default, if <b>tar</b> is
+being run by root and can be overridden by also specifying
+<b>−−no-acls</b>,
+<b>−−no-fflags</b>,
+<b>−−no-mac-metadata,
+−−no-same-owner</b>,
+<b>−−no-same-permissions</b> and
+<b>−−no-xattrs</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−passphrase</b>
+<i>passphrase</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">The <i>passphrase</i> is used
+to extract or create an encrypted archive. Currently, zip is
+the only supported format that supports encryption. You
+shouldn’t use this option unless you realize how
+insecure use of this option is.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−posix</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u mode only) Synonym for
+<b>−−format</b> <i>pax</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−q</b>,
+<b>−−fast-read</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x and t mode only) Extract or
list only the first archive entry that matches each pattern
or filename operand. Exit as soon as each specified pattern
or filename has been matched. By default, the archive is
overwrite earlier entries. This option is provided as a
performance optimization.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−S</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−S</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode only)
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode only)
Extract files as sparse files. For every block on disk,
check first if it contains only NULL bytes and seek over it
-otherwise. This works similiar to the conv=sparse option of
+otherwise. This works similar to the conv=sparse option of
dd.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-strip-components</b>
-<i>count</i></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">(x mode only) Remove the
-specified number of leading path elements. Pathnames with
-fewer elements will be silently skipped. Note that the
-pathname is edited after checking inclusion/exclusion
-patterns but before security checks.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−s</b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−s</b>
<i>pattern</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Modify file or archive member
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Modify file or archive member
names according to <i>pattern</i>. The pattern has the
-format <i>/old/new/</i>[gps] where <i>old</i> is a basic
-regular expression, <i>new</i> is the replacement string of
-the matched part, and the optional trailing letters modify
-how the replacement is handled. If <i>old</i> is not
-matched, the pattern is skipped. Within <i>new</i>, ~ is
-substituted with the match, 1 to 9 with the content of the
-corresponding captured group. The optional trailing g
+format <i>/old/new/</i>[ghHprRsS] where <i>old</i> is a
+basic regular expression, <i>new</i> is the replacement
+string of the matched part, and the optional trailing
+letters modify how the replacement is handled. If <i>old</i>
+is not matched, the pattern is skipped. Within <i>new</i>, ~
+is substituted with the match, \1 to \9 with the content of
+the corresponding captured group. The optional trailing g
specifies that matching should continue after the matched
-part and stopped on the first unmatched pattern. The
-optional trailing s specifies that the pattern applies to
-the value of symbolic links. The optional trailing p
-specifies that after a successful substitution the original
-path name and the new path name should be printed to
-standard error.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−T</b>
-<i>filename</i></p>
+part and stop on the first unmatched pattern. The optional
+trailing s specifies that the pattern applies to the value
+of symbolic links. The optional trailing p specifies that
+after a successful substitution the original path name and
+the new path name should be printed to standard error.
+Optional trailing H, R, or S characters suppress
+substitutions for hardlink targets, regular filenames, or
+symlink targets, respectively. Optional trailing h, r, or s
+characters enable substitutions for hardlink targets,
+regular filenames, or symlink targets, respectively. The
+default is <i>hrs</i> which applies substitutions to all
+names. In particular, it is never necessary to specify h, r,
+or s.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−same-owner</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Extract owner and
+group IDs. This is the reverse of
+<b>−−no-same-owner</b> and the default behavior
+if <b>tar</b> is run as root.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−strip-components</b>
+<i>count</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Remove the specified number of
+leading path elements. Pathnames with fewer elements will be
+silently skipped. Note that the pathname is edited after
+checking inclusion/exclusion patterns but before security
+checks.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">In x or t mode, <b>tar</b> will
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−T</b> <i>filename</i>,
+<b>−−files-from</b> <i>filename</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">In x or t mode, <b>tar</b> will
read the list of names to be extracted from <i>filename</i>.
In c mode, <b>tar</b> will read names to be archived from
<i>filename</i>. The special name
‘‘-C’’ on a line by itself will
cause the current directory to be changed to the directory
specified on the following line. Names are terminated by
-newlines unless <b>−-null</b> is specified. Note that
-<b>−-null</b> also disables the special handling of
-lines containing ‘‘-C’’.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−U</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(x mode only)
-Unlink files before creating them. Without this option,
-<b>tar</b> overwrites existing files, which preserves
-existing hardlinks. With this option, existing hardlinks
-will be broken, as will any symlink that would affect the
-location of an extracted file.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-use-compress-program</b>
+newlines unless <b>−−null</b> is specified. Note
+that <b>−−null</b> also disables the special
+handling of lines containing ‘‘-C’’.
+Note: If you are generating lists of files using find(1),
+you probably want to use <b>−n</b> as well.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−totals</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u modes only) After
+archiving all files, print a summary to stderr.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−U</b>,
+<b>−−unlink</b>,
+<b>−−unlink-first</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(x mode only) Unlink files
+before creating them. This can be a minor performance
+optimization if most files already exist, but can make
+things slower if most files do not already exist. This flag
+also causes <b>tar</b> to remove intervening directory
+symlinks instead of reporting an error. See the SECURITY
+section below for more details.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−uid</b>
+<i>id</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Use the provided user id number
+and ignore the user name from the archive. On create, if
+<b>−−uname</b> is not also specified, the user
+name will be set to match the user id.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−uname</b>
+<i>name</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Use the provided user name. On
+extract, this overrides the user name in the archive; if the
+provided user name does not exist on the system, it will be
+ignored and the user id (from the archive or from the
+<b>−−uid</b> option) will be used instead. On
+create, this sets the user name that will be stored in the
+archive; the name is not verified against the system user
+database.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−use-compress-program</b>
<i>program</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Pipe the input (in x or t mode)
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Pipe the input (in x or t mode)
or the output (in c mode) through <i>program</i> instead of
using the builtin compression support.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−v</b>,
+<b>−−verbose</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−v</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Produce verbose output. In
+create and extract modes, <b>tar</b> will list each file
+name as it is read from or written to the archive. In list
+mode, <b>tar</b> will produce output similar to that of
+ls(1). An additional <b>−v</b> option will also
+provide ls-like details in create and extract mode.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Produce verbose
-output. In create and extract modes, <b>tar</b> will list
-each file name as it is read from or written to the archive.
-In list mode, <b>tar</b> will produce output similar to that
-of ls(1). Additional <b>−v</b> options will provide
-additional detail.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−version</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−-version</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Print version of <b>tar</b> and
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Print version of <b>tar</b> and
<b>libarchive</b>, and exit.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−w</b>,
+<b>−−confirmation</b>,
+<b>−−interactive</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−w</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Ask for confirmation for every
+action.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Ask for
-confirmation for every action.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−X</b> <i>filename</i>,
+<b>−−exclude-from</b> <i>filename</i></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−X</b>
-<i>filename</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Read a list of exclusion
+patterns from the specified file. See
+<b>−−exclude</b> for more information about the
+handling of exclusions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Read a list of exclusion
-patterns from the specified file. See <b>−-exclude</b>
-for more information about the handling of exclusions.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−−xattrs</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c, r, u, x modes only) Archive
+or extract extended attributes. This is the reverse of
+<b>−−no-xattrs</b> and the default behavior in
+c, r, and u modes or if <b>tar</b> is run in x mode as
+root.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−y</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−y</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
+<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
Compress the resulting archive with bzip2(1). In extract or
list modes, this option is ignored. Note that, unlike other
<b>tar</b> implementations, this implementation recognizes
bzip2 compression automatically when reading archives.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−Z</b>,
+<b>−−compress</b>,
+<b>−−uncompress</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−z</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
-Compress the resulting archive with gzip(1). In extract or
-list modes, this option is ignored. Note that, unlike other
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c mode only) Compress the
+resulting archive with compress(1). In extract or list
+modes, this option is ignored. Note that, unlike other
<b>tar</b> implementations, this implementation recognizes
-gzip compression automatically when reading archives.</p>
+compress compression automatically when reading
+archives.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−z</b>,
+<b>−−gunzip</b>, <b>−−gzip</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−Z</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">(c mode only) Compress the
+resulting archive with gzip(1). In extract or list modes,
+this option is ignored. Note that, unlike other <b>tar</b>
+implementations, this implementation recognizes gzip
+compression automatically when reading archives.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">(c mode only)
-Compress the resulting archive with compress(1). In extract
-or list modes, this option is ignored. Note that, unlike
-other <b>tar</b> implementations, this implementation
-recognizes compress compression automatically when reading
-archives.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>ENVIRONMENT</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">The following environment
+variables affect the execution of <b>tar</b>:</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">TAR_READER_OPTIONS</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>ENVIRONMENT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:21%;">The default options for format
+readers and compression readers. The
+<b>−−options</b> option overrides this.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">The following environment
-variables affect the execution of <b>tar</b>:</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">TAR_WRITER_OPTIONS</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">LANG</p>
+<p style="margin-left:21%;">The default options for format
+writers and compression writers. The
+<b>−−options</b> option overrides this.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:25%; margin-top: 1em">The locale to
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">LANG</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:21%; margin-top: 1em">The locale to
use. See environ(7) for more information.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">TAPE</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">TAPE</p>
-<p style="margin-left:25%; margin-top: 1em">The default
-tape device. The <b>−f</b> option overrides this.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:21%; margin-top: 1em">The default
+device. The <b>−f</b> option overrides this. Please
+see the description of the <b>−f</b> option above for
+more details.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">TZ</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">TZ</p>
-<p style="margin-left:25%; margin-top: 1em">The timezone to
+<p style="margin-left:21%; margin-top: 1em">The timezone to
use when displaying dates. See environ(7) for more
information.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>FILES</b> <br>
-/dev/sa0</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:25%; margin-top: 1em">The default
-tape device, if not overridden by the TAPE environment
-variable or the <b>−f</b> option.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>EXIT
-STATUS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>EXIT STATUS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">The <b>tar</b> utility
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">The <b>tar</b> utility
exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error
occurs.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>EXAMPLES</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>EXAMPLES</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">The following creates a new
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">The following creates a new
archive called <i>file.tar.gz</i> that contains two files
<i>source.c</i> and <i>source.h</i>:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −czf</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −czf</b>
<i>file.tar.gz source.c source.h</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">To view a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To view a
detailed table of contents for this archive:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −tvf</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −tvf</b>
<i>file.tar.gz</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">To extract all
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To extract all
entries from the archive on the default tape drive:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −x</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −x</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">To examine the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To examine the
contents of an ISO 9660 cdrom image:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −tf</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −tf</b>
<i>image.iso</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">To move file
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To move file
hierarchies, invoke <b>tar</b> as</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −cf</b> <i>-</i>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −cf</b> <i>-</i>
<b>−C</b> <i>srcdir .</i> | <b>tar −xpf</b>
<i>-</i> <b>−C</b> <i>destdir</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">or more traditionally</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">or more traditionally</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;">cd srcdir ; <b>tar
+<p style="margin-left:14%;">cd srcdir ; <b>tar
−cf</b> <i>- .</i> | (<i>cd destdir ;</i> <b>tar
−xpf</b> <i>-</i>)</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">In create mode,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In create mode,
the list of files and directories to be archived can also
include directory change instructions of the form
<b>-C</b><i>foo/baz</i> and archive inclusions of the form
<b>@</b><i>archive-file</i>. For example, the command
line</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −c −f</b>
<i>new.tar foo1</i> <b>@</b><i>old.tgz</i> <b>-C</b><i>/tmp
foo2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">will create a new archive
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">will create a new archive
<i>new.tar</i>. <b>tar</b> will read the file <i>foo1</i>
from the current directory and add it to the output archive.
It will then read each entry from <i>old.tgz</i> and add
to the <i>/tmp</i> directory and add <i>foo2</i> to the
output archive.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">An input file in
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An input file in
mtree(5) format can be used to create an output archive with
arbitrary ownership, permissions, or names that differ from
existing data on disk:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">$ cat
+<p style="margin-left:14%; margin-top: 1em">$ cat
input.mtree <br>
#mtree <br>
usr/bin uid=0 gid=0 mode=0755 type=dir <br>
usr/bin/ls uid=0 gid=0 mode=0755 type=file content=myls <br>
$ tar -cvf output.tar @input.mtree</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−-newer</b> and <b>−-newer-mtime</b> switches
-accept a variety of common date and time specifications,
-including ‘‘12 Mar 2005 7:14:29pm’’,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<b>−−newer</b> and
+<b>−−newer-mtime</b> switches accept a variety
+of common date and time specifications, including
+‘‘12 Mar 2005 7:14:29pm’’,
‘‘2005-03-12 19:14’’,
‘‘5 minutes ago’’, and
‘‘19:14 PST May 1’’.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−-options</b> argument can be used to control
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<b>−−options</b> argument can be used to control
various details of archive generation or reading. For
example, you can generate mtree output which only contains
<b>type</b>, <b>time</b>, and <b>uid</b> keywords:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −cf</b>
-<i>file.tar</i> <b>−-format=mtree
-−-options=’!all,type,time,uid’</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −cf</b>
+<i>file.tar</i> <b>−−format=mtree
+−−options=’!all,type,time,uid’</b>
<i>dir</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">or you can set the compression
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">or you can set the compression
level used by gzip or xz compression:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −czf</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −czf</b>
<i>file.tar</i>
-<b>−-options=’compression-level=9’</b>.</p>
+<b>−−options=’compression-level=9’</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">For more details, see the
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">For more details, see the
explanation of the <b>archive_read_set_options</b>() and
<b>archive_write_set_options</b>() API calls that are
described in archive_read(3) and archive_write(3).</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>COMPATIBILITY</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>COMPATIBILITY</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">The bundled-arguments format is
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">The bundled-arguments format is
supported for compatibility with historic implementations.
It consists of an initial word (with no leading - character)
in which each character indicates an option. Arguments
match the order of the corresponding characters in the
bundled command word. For example,</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar tbf 32</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar tbf 32</b>
<i>file.tar</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">specifies three flags <b>t</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">specifies three flags <b>t</b>,
<b>b</b>, and <b>f</b>. The <b>b</b> and <b>f</b> flags both
require arguments, so there must be two additional items on
the command line. The <i>32</i> is the argument to the
<b>b</b> flag, and <i>file.tar</i> is the argument to the
<b>f</b> flag.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The mode options
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The mode options
c, r, t, u, and x and the options b, f, l, m, o, v, and w
comply with SUSv2.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">For maximum
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">For maximum
portability, scripts that invoke <b>tar</b> should use the
bundled-argument format above, should limit themselves to
the <b>c</b>, <b>t</b>, and <b>x</b> modes, and the
<b>b</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>v</b>, and <b>w</b>
options.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">Additional long
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Additional long
options are provided to improve compatibility with other tar
implementations.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>SECURITY</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>SECURITY</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">Certain security issues are
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">Certain security issues are
common to many archiving programs, including <b>tar</b>. In
particular, carefully-crafted archives can request that
<b>tar</b> extract files to locations outside of the target
mechanisms to protect against each one, savvy users should
be aware of the implications:</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>•</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>•</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Archive entries can have
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Archive entries can have
absolute pathnames. By default, <b>tar</b> removes the
leading <i>/</i> character from filenames before restoring
them to guard against this problem.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>•</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>•</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Archive entries can have
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Archive entries can have
pathnames that include <i>..</i> components. By default,
<b>tar</b> will not extract files containing <i>..</i>
components in their pathname.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>•</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>•</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:20%;">Archive entries can exploit
+<p style="margin-left:17%;">Archive entries can exploit
symbolic links to restore files to other directories. An
archive can restore a symbolic link to another directory,
then use that link to restore a file into that directory. To
nor <b>−P</b> is specified, <b>tar</b> will refuse to
extract the entry.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">To protect yourself, you should
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">To protect yourself, you should
be wary of any archives that come from untrusted sources.
You should examine the contents of an archive with</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −tf</b>
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −tf</b>
<i>filename</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">before extraction. You should
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">before extraction. You should
use the <b>−k</b> option to ensure that <b>tar</b>
will not overwrite any existing files or the <b>−U</b>
option to remove any pre-existing files. You should
pathnames, <i>..</i> components, or symlinks to other
directories.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>SEE ALSO</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>SEE ALSO</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">bzip2(1), compress(1), cpio(1),
-gzip(1), mt(1), pax(1), shar(1), libarchive(3),
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">bzip2(1), compress(1), cpio(1),
+gzip(1), mt(1), pax(1), shar(1), xz(1), libarchive(3),
libarchive-formats(5), tar(5)</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>STANDARDS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>STANDARDS</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">There is no current POSIX
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">There is no current POSIX
standard for the tar command; it appeared in ISO/IEC
9945-1:1996 (‘‘POSIX.1’’) but was
dropped from IEEE Std 1003.1-2001
-(‘‘POSIX.1’’). The options used by
-this implementation were developed by surveying a number of
-existing tar implementations as well as the old POSIX
+(‘‘POSIX.1’’). The options supported
+by this implementation were developed by surveying a number
+of existing tar implementations as well as the old POSIX
specification for tar and the current POSIX specification
for pax.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The ustar and
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The ustar and
pax interchange file formats are defined by IEEE Std
1003.1-2001 (‘‘POSIX.1’’) for the
pax command.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>HISTORY</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>HISTORY</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">A <b>tar</b> command appeared in
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">A <b>tar</b> command appeared in
Seventh Edition Unix, which was released in January, 1979.
There have been numerous other implementations, many of
which extended the file format. John Gilmore’s
tar. GNU tar was included as the standard system tar in
FreeBSD beginning with FreeBSD 1.0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">This is a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This is a
complete re-implementation based on the libarchive(3)
-library.</p>
+library. It was first released with FreeBSD 5.4 in May,
+2005.</p>
-<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>BUGS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BUGS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">This program follows ISO/IEC
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">This program follows ISO/IEC
9945-1:1996 (‘‘POSIX.1’’) for the
definition of the <b>−l</b> option. Note that GNU tar
prior to version 1.15 treated <b>−l</b> as a synonym
-for the <b>−-one-file-system</b> option.</p>
+for the <b>−−one-file-system</b> option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
<b>−C</b> <i>dir</i> option may differ from historic
implementations.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">All archive
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">All archive
output is written in correctly-sized blocks, even if the
output is being compressed. Whether or not the last output
block is padded to a full block size varies depending on the
archive created by <b>tar</b>, although they still extract
it correctly.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The compression
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The compression
and decompression is implemented internally, so there may be
insignificant differences between the compressed output
generated by</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −czf</b> <i>-
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −czf</b> <i>-
file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%;">and that generated by</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">and that generated by</p>
-<p style="margin-left:17%;"><b>tar −cf</b> <i>-
+<p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>tar −cf</b> <i>-
file</i> | <b>gzip</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The default
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The default
should be to read and write archives to the standard I/O
paths, but tradition (and POSIX) dictates otherwise.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>r</b> and
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>r</b> and
<b>u</b> modes require that the archive be uncompressed and
located in a regular file on disk. Other archives can be
modified using <b>c</b> mode with the <i>@archive-file</i>
extension.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">To archive a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To archive a
file called <i>@foo</i> or <i>-foo</i> you must specify it
as <i>./@foo</i> or <i>./-foo</i>, respectively.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">In create mode,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In create mode,
a leading <i>./</i> is always removed. A leading <i>/</i> is
stripped unless the <b>−P</b> option is specified.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">There needs to
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There needs to
be better support for file selection on both create and
extract.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">There is not yet
-any support for multi-volume archives or for archiving
-sparse files.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There is not yet
+any support for multi-volume archives.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">Converting
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Converting
between dissimilar archive formats (such as tar and cpio)
using the <b>@</b><i>-</i> convention can cause hard link
information to be lost. (This is a consequence of the
incompatible ways that different archive formats store
hardlink information.)</p>
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">There are
-alternative long options for many of the short options that
-are deliberately not documented.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">FreeBSD 9.0
-Oct 12, 2009 FreeBSD 9.0</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">BSD
+February 24, 2017 BSD</p>
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