[/==============================================================================
    Copyright (C) 2001-2011 Joel de Guzman
    Copyright (C) 2001-2011 Hartmut Kaiser

    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
    file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
===============================================================================/]

[section Mini XML - Error Handling]

A parser will not be complete without error handling. Spirit2 provides some
facilities to make it easy to adapt a grammar for error handling. We'll wrap up
the Qi tutorial with another version of the mini xml parser, this time, with
error handling.

The full cpp file for this example can be found here:
[@../../example/qi/mini_xml3.cpp]

[import ../../example/qi/mini_xml3.cpp]

Here's the grammar:

[tutorial_xml3_grammar]

What's new?

[heading Readable Names]

First, when we call the base class, we give the grammar a name:

    : mini_xml_grammar::base_type(xml, "xml")

Then, we name all our rules:

    xml.name("xml");
    node.name("node");
    text.name("text");
    start_tag.name("start_tag");
    end_tag.name("end_tag");

[heading On Success]

`on_success` declares a handler that is applied when a rule is
succesfully matched.

	on_success(rule, handler)

This specifies that the handler will be called when a rule is
matched successfully.  The handler has the following signature:

	void handler(
		fusion::vector<
			Iterator& first,
			Iterator const& last,
			Iterator const& i> args,
		Context& context)

`first` points to the position in the input sequence before the rule
is matched.  `last` points to the last position in the input sequence.
`i` points to the position in the input sequence following the last
character that was consumed by the rule.

A success handler can be used to annotate each matched rule in the
grammar with additional information about the portion of the input
that matched the rule.  In a compiler application, this can be a
combination of file, line number and column number from the input
stream for reporting diagnostics or other messages.

[heading On Error]

`on_error` declares our error handler:

    on_error<Action>(rule, handler)

This will specify what we will do when we get an error. We will print out an
error message using phoenix:

    on_error<fail>
    (
        xml
      , std::cout
            << val("Error! Expecting ")
            << _4                               // what failed?
            << val(" here: \"")
            << construct<std::string>(_3, _2)   // iterators to error-pos, end
            << val("\"")
            << std::endl
    );

we choose to `fail` in our example for the `Action`: Quit and fail. Return a
no_match (false). It can be one of:

[table
    [[`Action`]     [Description]]
    [[fail]         [Quit and fail. Return a no_match.]]
    [[retry]        [Attempt error recovery, possibly moving the iterator position.]]
    [[accept]       [Force success, moving the iterator position appropriately.]]
    [[rethrow]      [Rethrows the error.]]
]


`rule` is the rule to which the handler is attached. In our case, we are attaching to the
`xml` rule.

`handler` is the actual error handling function. It expects 4 arguments:

[table
    [[Arg]          [Description]]
    [[first]        [The position of the iterator when the rule with the handler was entered.]]
    [[last]         [The end of input.]]
    [[error-pos]    [The actual position of the iterator where the error occured.]]
    [[what]         [What failed: a string describing the failure.]]
]

[heading Expectation Points]

You might not have noticed it, but some of our expressions changed from using
the `>>` to `>`. Look, for example:

    end_tag =
            "</"
        >   lit(_r1)
        >   '>'
    ;

What is it? It's the /expectation/ operator. You will have some "deterministic
points" in the grammar. Those are the places where backtracking *cannot* occur.
For our example above, when you get a `"</"`, you definitely must see a valid
end-tag label next. It should be the one you got from the start-tag. After that,
you definitely must have a `'>'` next. Otherwise, there is no point in
proceeding and trying other branches, regardless where they are. The
input is definitely erroneous. When this happens, an expectation_failure
exception is thrown. Somewhere outward, the error handler will catch the
exception.

Try building the parser: [@../../example/qi/mini_xml3.cpp]. You can find some
examples in: [@../../example/qi/mini_xml_samples] for testing purposes.
"4.toyxml" has an error in it:

    <foo><bar></foo></bar>

Running the example with this gives you:

    Error! Expecting "bar" here: "foo></bar>"
    Error! Expecting end_tag here: "<bar></foo></bar>"
    -------------------------
    Parsing failed
    -------------------------

[endsect]