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2 LINUX KERNEL MEMORY CONSISTENCY MODEL
3 =====================================
9 This directory contains the memory consistency model (memory model, for
10 short) of the Linux kernel, written in the "cat" language and executable
11 by the externally provided "herd7" simulator, which exhaustively explores
12 the state space of small litmus tests.
14 In addition, the "klitmus7" tool (also externally provided) may be used
15 to convert a litmus test to a Linux kernel module, which in turn allows
16 that litmus test to be exercised within the Linux kernel.
23 Version 7.52 or higher of the "herd7" and "klitmus7" tools must be
24 downloaded separately:
26 https://github.com/herd/herdtools7
28 See "herdtools7/INSTALL.md" for installation instructions.
30 Note that although these tools usually provide backwards compatibility,
31 this is not absolutely guaranteed.
33 For example, a future version of herd7 might not work with the model
34 in this release. A compatible model will likely be made available in
35 a later release of Linux kernel.
37 If you absolutely need to run the model in this particular release,
38 please try using the exact version called out above.
40 klitmus7 is independent of the model provided here. It has its own
41 dependency on a target kernel release where converted code is built
42 and executed. Any change in kernel APIs essential to klitmus7 will
43 necessitate an upgrade of klitmus7.
45 If you find any compatibility issues in klitmus7, please inform the
46 memory model maintainers.
48 klitmus7 Compatibility Table
49 ----------------------------
51 ============ ==========
52 target Linux herdtools7
53 ------------ ----------
59 ============ ==========
66 The memory model is used, in conjunction with "herd7", to exhaustively
67 explore the state space of small litmus tests. Documentation describing
68 the format, features, capabilities and limitations of these litmus
69 tests is available in tools/memory-model/Documentation/litmus-tests.txt.
71 Example litmus tests may be found in the Linux-kernel source tree:
73 tools/memory-model/litmus-tests/
74 Documentation/litmus-tests/
76 Several thousand more example litmus tests are available here:
78 https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus
79 https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/perfbook.git/tree/CodeSamples/formal/herd
80 https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/perfbook.git/tree/CodeSamples/formal/litmus
82 Documentation describing litmus tests and now to use them may be found
85 tools/memory-model/Documentation/litmus-tests.txt
87 The remainder of this section uses the SB+fencembonceonces.litmus test
88 located in the tools/memory-model directory.
90 To run SB+fencembonceonces.litmus against the memory model:
92 $ cd $LINUX_SOURCE_TREE/tools/memory-model
93 $ herd7 -conf linux-kernel.cfg litmus-tests/SB+fencembonceonces.litmus
95 Here is the corresponding output:
97 Test SB+fencembonceonces Allowed
104 Positive: 0 Negative: 3
105 Condition exists (0:r0=0 /\ 1:r0=0)
106 Observation SB+fencembonceonces Never 0 3
107 Time SB+fencembonceonces 0.01
108 Hash=d66d99523e2cac6b06e66f4c995ebb48
110 The "Positive: 0 Negative: 3" and the "Never 0 3" each indicate that
111 this litmus test's "exists" clause can not be satisfied.
113 See "herd7 -help" or "herdtools7/doc/" for more information on running the
114 tool itself, but please be aware that this documentation is intended for
115 people who work on the memory model itself, that is, people making changes
116 to the tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.* files. It is not intended for
117 people focusing on writing, understanding, and running LKMM litmus tests.
120 =====================
121 BASIC USAGE: KLITMUS7
122 =====================
124 The "klitmus7" tool converts a litmus test into a Linux kernel module,
125 which may then be loaded and run.
127 For example, to run SB+fencembonceonces.litmus against hardware:
130 $ klitmus7 -o mymodules litmus-tests/SB+fencembonceonces.litmus
131 $ cd mymodules ; make
134 The corresponding output includes:
136 Test SB+fencembonceonces Allowed
138 644580 :>0:r0=1; 1:r0=0;
139 644328 :>0:r0=0; 1:r0=1;
140 711092 :>0:r0=1; 1:r0=1;
143 Positive: 0, Negative: 2000000
144 Condition exists (0:r0=0 /\ 1:r0=0) is NOT validated
145 Hash=d66d99523e2cac6b06e66f4c995ebb48
146 Observation SB+fencembonceonces Never 0 2000000
147 Time SB+fencembonceonces 0.16
149 The "Positive: 0 Negative: 2000000" and the "Never 0 2000000" indicate
150 that during two million trials, the state specified in this litmus
151 test's "exists" clause was not reached.
153 And, as with "herd7", please see "klitmus7 -help" or "herdtools7/doc/"
154 for more information. And again, please be aware that this documentation
155 is intended for people who work on the memory model itself, that is,
156 people making changes to the tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.* files.
157 It is not intended for people focusing on writing, understanding, and
158 running LKMM litmus tests.
166 Guide to the other documents in the Documentation/ directory.
169 Categorizes the relevant instructions, including memory
170 references, memory barriers, atomic read-modify-write operations,
171 lock acquisition/release, and RCU operations.
173 More formally, this file (1) lists the subtypes of the various
174 event types used by the memory model and (2) performs RCU
175 read-side critical section nesting analysis.
178 Specifies what reorderings are forbidden by memory references,
179 memory barriers, atomic read-modify-write operations, and RCU.
181 More formally, this file specifies what executions are forbidden
182 by the memory model. Allowed executions are those which
183 satisfy the model's "coherence", "atomic", "happens-before",
184 "propagation", and "rcu" axioms, which are defined in the file.
187 Convenience file that gathers the common-case herd7 command-line
191 Maps from C-like syntax to herd7's internal litmus-test
192 instruction-set architecture.
195 Directory containing a few representative litmus tests, which
196 are listed in litmus-tests/README. A great deal more litmus
197 tests are available at https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus.
199 By "representative", it means the one in the litmus-tests
202 1) simple, the number of threads should be relatively
203 small and each thread function should be relatively
205 2) orthogonal, there should be no two litmus tests
206 describing the same aspect of the memory model.
207 3) textbook, developers can easily copy-paste-modify
208 the litmus tests to use the patterns on their own
212 Provides a front-end analysis of lock acquisition and release,
213 for example, associating a lock acquisition with the preceding
214 and following releases and checking for self-deadlock.
216 More formally, this file defines a performance-enhanced scheme
217 for generation of the possible reads-from and coherence order
218 relations on the locking primitives.
223 scripts Various scripts, see scripts/README.