3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
12 # Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29 # History of Summer Time
30 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
33 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35 # Corrections are welcome!
39 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
45 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
48 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
49 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
51 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
52 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
53 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
54 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
55 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
56 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
58 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
59 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
60 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
61 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
63 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
64 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
66 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
67 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
68 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
69 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
73 ###############################################################################
75 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
77 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
79 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
80 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
81 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
84 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
85 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
86 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
87 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
88 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
89 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
90 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
92 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
93 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
94 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
96 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
98 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
100 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
101 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
102 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
103 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
104 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
105 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
106 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
107 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
108 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
109 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
110 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
111 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
112 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
113 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
114 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
115 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
116 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
117 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
118 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
119 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
121 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
122 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
123 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
125 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
126 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
127 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
128 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
129 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
130 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
131 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
132 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
133 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
135 # <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
136 # Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
139 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
140 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
141 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
142 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
143 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
145 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
147 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
148 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
150 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
151 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
152 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
153 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
154 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
156 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
157 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
158 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
159 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
160 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
162 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
163 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
164 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
165 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
167 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST'; let's assume this is a typo.
169 # Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
170 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
171 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
172 # and extending this list, which can be found in
173 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
174 # History of legal time in Britain
177 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
179 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
180 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
181 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
182 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
185 # From Paul Eggert (2000-02-17):
187 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
189 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
190 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
191 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
192 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
193 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
194 # It actually just had one transition.
195 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
196 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
197 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
198 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
199 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
201 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
202 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
203 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
204 # conform with Great Britain.
205 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
207 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
208 # we'll ignore it for now.
209 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
212 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
214 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
215 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
216 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
217 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
218 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
219 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
220 # and Frethun run in CT.
221 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
222 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
223 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
224 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
225 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
226 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
228 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
229 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
230 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
231 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
232 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
233 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
234 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
236 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
237 # Summer Time Act, 1916
238 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
239 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
240 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
241 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
242 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
243 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
244 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
245 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
246 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
247 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
248 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
249 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
250 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
251 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
252 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
253 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
254 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
255 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
256 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
257 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
258 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
259 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
260 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
261 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
262 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
263 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
264 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
265 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
266 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
267 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
268 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
269 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
270 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
271 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
272 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
273 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
274 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
275 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
276 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
277 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
278 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
279 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
280 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
281 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
282 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
283 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
284 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
285 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
286 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
287 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
288 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
289 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
290 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
291 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
292 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
293 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
294 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
295 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
296 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
297 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
298 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
299 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
300 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
301 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
302 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
303 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
304 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
305 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
306 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
307 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
308 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
309 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
310 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
311 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
312 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
313 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
314 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
315 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
316 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
317 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
318 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
319 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
320 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
321 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
323 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
324 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
325 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
326 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
327 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
328 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
330 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
331 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
332 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
333 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
334 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
335 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
336 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
337 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
338 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
339 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
340 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
341 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
342 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
343 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
344 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
346 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
347 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
348 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
349 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
352 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
353 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
354 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
355 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
356 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
359 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
360 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
361 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
362 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
363 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
364 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
365 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
366 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
367 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
368 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
369 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
370 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
373 ###############################################################################
377 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
378 # Common Market, etc.
380 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
381 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
382 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
383 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
384 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
385 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
386 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
388 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
389 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
390 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
391 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
392 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
393 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
394 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
396 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
397 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
398 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
399 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
400 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
401 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
402 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
403 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
404 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
405 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
406 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
407 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
408 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
409 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
410 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
411 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
412 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
413 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
414 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
416 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
417 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
418 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
419 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
420 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
421 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
422 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
424 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
425 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
426 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
427 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
428 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
429 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
430 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
431 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
432 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
433 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
434 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
435 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
436 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
437 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
438 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
439 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
440 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
441 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
442 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
444 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
445 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
446 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
447 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
448 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
450 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
453 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
454 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
455 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
456 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
458 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
459 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
461 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
462 # The official German names ... are
464 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
465 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
467 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
468 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
469 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
471 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
472 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
474 # D-38023 Braunschweig
475 # phone: +49 531 592-0
477 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
478 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
479 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
481 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
482 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
486 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
487 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
488 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
489 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
490 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
491 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
492 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
493 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
494 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
495 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
496 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
497 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
498 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
499 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
500 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
501 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
502 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
503 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
504 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
505 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
506 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
507 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
508 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
509 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
510 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
511 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
512 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
513 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
514 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
515 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
519 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
520 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
521 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
522 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
526 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
527 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
528 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
529 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
530 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
531 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
532 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
533 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
534 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
535 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
536 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
537 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
538 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
539 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
540 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
544 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
545 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
546 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
547 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
548 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
549 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
550 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
551 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
552 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
553 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
554 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
559 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
560 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
561 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
562 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
563 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
565 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
566 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
567 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
568 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
569 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
571 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
572 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
573 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
574 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
575 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
576 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
577 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
578 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
579 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
580 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
581 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
582 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
583 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
584 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
585 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
586 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
587 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
588 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
589 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
590 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
591 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
592 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
593 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
594 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
595 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
596 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
597 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
598 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
599 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
600 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
601 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
602 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
603 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
604 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
605 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
606 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
607 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
608 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
609 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
610 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
611 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
612 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
613 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
614 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
615 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
616 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
617 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
618 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
621 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
626 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
627 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
628 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
629 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
631 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
632 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
633 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
634 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
635 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
636 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
637 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
638 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
639 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
640 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
641 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
642 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
643 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
644 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
645 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
652 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
654 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
655 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
656 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
657 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
658 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
659 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
660 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
661 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
662 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
664 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
667 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
668 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
669 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
670 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
671 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
672 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
673 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
674 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
675 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
676 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
678 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
679 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
680 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
681 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
683 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
684 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
685 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
686 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
687 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
688 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
689 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
691 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
695 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
696 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
697 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
698 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
699 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
700 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
703 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
704 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
705 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
707 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
708 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
709 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
710 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
712 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
713 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
715 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
719 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
720 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
721 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
722 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
724 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
725 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
726 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
727 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
728 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
729 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
730 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
731 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
732 # summer time next spring.''
734 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
735 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
736 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
738 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
739 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
741 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
742 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
743 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
745 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
746 # via Steffen Thorsen:
747 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
748 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
749 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
750 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
751 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
754 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
755 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
756 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
757 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
759 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
760 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
761 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
762 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
763 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
764 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
765 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
766 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
767 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
768 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
769 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
770 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
775 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
776 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
777 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
779 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
780 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
781 # Go with Strang instead.
783 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
784 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
785 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
787 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
788 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
789 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
794 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
795 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
796 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
797 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
798 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
799 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
800 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
801 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
802 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
803 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
804 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
805 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
806 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
807 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
808 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
809 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
810 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
811 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
813 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
814 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
815 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
816 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
817 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
818 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
819 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
820 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
821 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
822 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
823 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
824 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
825 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
826 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
828 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
829 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
830 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
831 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
832 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
833 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
834 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
835 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
836 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
837 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
838 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
839 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
840 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
841 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
842 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
843 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
844 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
845 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
846 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
847 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
848 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
849 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
850 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
851 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
852 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
853 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
854 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
855 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
856 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
857 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
859 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
860 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
865 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
866 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
867 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
869 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
870 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
873 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
874 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
875 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
876 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
877 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
878 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
879 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
880 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
881 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
882 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
883 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
884 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
885 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
887 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
888 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
889 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
890 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
892 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
893 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
894 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
898 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
899 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
900 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
905 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
906 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
907 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
908 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
909 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
910 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
911 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
912 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
913 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
914 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
915 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
916 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
917 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
918 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
920 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
921 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
922 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
923 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
924 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
925 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
926 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
927 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
928 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
929 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
930 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
931 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
932 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
933 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
934 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
935 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
936 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
940 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
941 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
942 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
943 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
944 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
945 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
946 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
947 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
948 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
949 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
950 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
951 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
952 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
953 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
954 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
955 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
956 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
957 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
958 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
959 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
960 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
961 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
962 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
963 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
964 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
965 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
966 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
971 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
972 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
975 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
978 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
979 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
980 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
981 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
983 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
984 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
985 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
986 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
989 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
990 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
991 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
992 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
993 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
994 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
995 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
996 # might mean something else (???).
998 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
999 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1000 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1001 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1003 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1004 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1005 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1006 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1007 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1008 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1009 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1010 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1011 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1012 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1013 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1014 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1015 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1016 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1017 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1018 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1019 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1020 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1021 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1022 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1023 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1024 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1025 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1026 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1027 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1032 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1033 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1034 # <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
1035 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1037 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1038 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1040 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1041 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1042 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1043 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1044 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1045 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1046 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1047 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1048 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1049 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1050 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1051 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1052 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1053 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1054 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1055 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1057 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1058 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1059 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1060 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1061 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1062 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1063 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1064 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1065 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1066 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1067 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1068 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1069 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1070 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1071 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1072 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1073 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1074 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1075 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1076 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1077 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1078 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1079 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1080 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1081 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1082 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1083 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1084 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1085 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1086 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1087 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1088 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1089 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1090 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1091 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1092 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1093 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1094 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1095 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1096 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1097 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1098 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1099 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1102 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1103 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1107 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1109 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1110 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1111 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1112 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1114 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1115 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1116 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1117 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1118 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1120 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1121 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1122 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1123 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1124 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1125 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1127 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1128 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1129 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1130 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1131 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1132 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1133 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1134 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1135 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1136 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1138 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1139 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1140 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1142 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1143 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1144 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1145 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1146 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1148 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1149 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1152 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1153 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1154 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1155 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1156 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1157 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1158 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1160 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1161 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1162 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1163 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1164 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1168 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1169 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1175 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1176 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1177 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1179 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1180 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1181 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1183 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1184 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1185 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1186 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1187 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1188 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1189 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1190 # already done by Estonia.
1192 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1193 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1194 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1195 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1196 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1197 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1198 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1199 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1200 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1201 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1202 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1203 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1204 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1205 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1209 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1210 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1211 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1212 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1213 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1214 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1215 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1216 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1217 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1218 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1219 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1220 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1221 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1222 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1223 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1224 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1225 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1226 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1227 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1228 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1229 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1230 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1231 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1232 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1233 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1234 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1235 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1236 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1237 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1238 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1239 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1240 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1247 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1248 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1250 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1251 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1252 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1253 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1254 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1256 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1257 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1258 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1259 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1260 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1264 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1265 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1266 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1267 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1268 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1269 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1270 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1271 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1272 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1274 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1275 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1276 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1278 Zone Europe/Tiraspol 1:58:32 - LMT 1880
1279 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1280 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1281 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1282 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1283 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1284 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
1285 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
1289 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1290 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1291 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1292 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1293 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1294 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1298 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1299 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1300 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1301 # Shanks gives 1916 Apr 30 24:00 and 1916 Oct 1 00:00; go with Whitman.
1302 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1303 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1304 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1305 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1306 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1307 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1308 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1309 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1310 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1311 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1312 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1313 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1314 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1315 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1316 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1317 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1318 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1319 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1320 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1321 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1322 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1323 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1324 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1325 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1327 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1328 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1329 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1330 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1331 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1332 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1336 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1337 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1338 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1339 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1340 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1341 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1342 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1344 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1345 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1346 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1347 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1348 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1349 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1350 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1351 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1354 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1355 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1357 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1358 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1361 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1362 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1363 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1364 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1365 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1366 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1367 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1368 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1369 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1370 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1371 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1372 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1373 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1374 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1375 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1376 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1377 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1379 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1380 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1382 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1383 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1384 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1385 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1386 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1387 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1388 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1389 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1390 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1391 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1392 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1393 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1394 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1396 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1397 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1399 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1400 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1401 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1402 # worth further discussion.
1404 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1405 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1406 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1412 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1413 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1414 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1416 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1417 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1418 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1420 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1421 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1422 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1423 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1424 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1425 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1426 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1428 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1429 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1430 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1432 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1433 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1434 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1435 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1436 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1437 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1438 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1439 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1440 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1441 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1442 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1443 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1444 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1445 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1446 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1447 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1448 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1449 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1450 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1451 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1452 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1453 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1454 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1455 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1456 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1457 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1458 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1459 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1460 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1461 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1462 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1463 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1464 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1465 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1466 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1467 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1468 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1469 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1470 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1471 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1472 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1473 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1474 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1476 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1477 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1478 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1479 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1480 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1481 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1482 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1483 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1484 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1485 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1486 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1487 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1489 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1490 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1491 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1492 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1493 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1494 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1495 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1496 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1497 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1498 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1499 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1501 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1502 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1503 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1504 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1505 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1506 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1508 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1509 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1510 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1511 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1516 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1517 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1518 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1519 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1520 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1521 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1523 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1524 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1525 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1526 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1527 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1529 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1531 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1533 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1534 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1535 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1536 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1537 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1538 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1539 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1544 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1545 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1546 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1547 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1548 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1550 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1551 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1552 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1553 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1554 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1556 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1557 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1558 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1559 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1561 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1562 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1563 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1564 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1565 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1567 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1568 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1569 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1570 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1571 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1572 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1573 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1575 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1576 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1577 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1578 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1579 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1580 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1581 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1582 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1583 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1584 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1585 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1586 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1587 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1588 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1589 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1590 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1592 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1593 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1594 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1595 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1596 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1597 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1598 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1599 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1600 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1601 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1603 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1604 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1605 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1606 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1608 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1609 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1610 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1611 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1612 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1614 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1615 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1616 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1617 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1619 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1620 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1621 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1622 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1624 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1625 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1626 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1627 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1629 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1630 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1631 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1632 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1633 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1635 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1636 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
1637 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
1638 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1639 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1643 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1649 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1650 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1651 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1652 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1653 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1654 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1655 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1656 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1657 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1658 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1659 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1660 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1661 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1662 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1663 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1664 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1665 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1666 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1667 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1668 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1669 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1670 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1671 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1672 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1673 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1674 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
1675 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1676 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1677 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1678 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1679 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1680 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1681 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1682 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1683 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1684 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1685 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1686 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1687 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1688 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1689 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1690 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1691 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1692 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1693 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1694 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1695 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1696 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1697 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1698 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1699 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1700 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1702 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1703 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
1704 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
1706 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
1707 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
1710 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1711 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
1712 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1713 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1715 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
1716 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
1719 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1720 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1721 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1722 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1723 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1729 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1730 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1731 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1732 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1733 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1734 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
1735 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1737 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1738 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1739 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1740 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1741 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
1742 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1746 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1747 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1748 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1749 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1750 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1751 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1752 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1753 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1754 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1755 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1756 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
1757 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1758 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1759 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
1760 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1761 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
1762 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1763 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1764 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1765 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1766 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
1767 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1768 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1769 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1770 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
1771 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1772 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1773 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
1774 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
1775 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1776 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
1777 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1778 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1779 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1780 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
1781 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1782 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
1783 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1784 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1785 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1786 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1787 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1788 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1789 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1790 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1791 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
1792 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
1793 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
1794 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
1795 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1796 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
1797 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1798 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1799 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1800 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
1801 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
1802 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
1803 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
1804 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1806 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1809 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1810 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
1811 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
1812 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
1813 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1814 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
1815 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
1816 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1817 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
1819 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
1821 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
1822 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
1824 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1825 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
1826 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
1827 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1828 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
1829 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
1831 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
1833 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
1834 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
1835 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
1836 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
1837 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1838 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
1839 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
1840 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
1841 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
1843 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
1844 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
1845 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
1846 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1848 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
1849 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1850 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
1852 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1853 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
1854 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
1855 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
1856 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
1857 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
1858 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
1859 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
1860 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
1861 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
1862 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
1863 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
1864 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
1868 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1869 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1870 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1871 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1872 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1873 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
1874 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
1875 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
1876 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
1878 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
1879 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1880 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
1881 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
1883 ###############################################################################
1885 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
1886 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
1887 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
1889 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
1890 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
1891 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
1892 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
1893 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
1894 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
1897 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
1898 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
1899 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
1902 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
1903 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
1904 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
1905 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
1906 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
1908 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
1909 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
1910 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
1911 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
1913 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
1914 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
1916 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
1917 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
1918 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
1921 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
1922 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
1925 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
1926 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
1927 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
1929 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
1930 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
1931 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
1932 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
1933 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
1934 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
1937 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
1938 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
1939 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
1940 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
1941 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
1942 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
1943 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
1944 # in advance of normal time.
1947 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
1948 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
1949 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
1951 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
1953 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
1954 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
1956 # Monaco: has same DST as France.