3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
12 # Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29 # History of Summer Time
30 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
33 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35 # Corrections are welcome!
39 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44 # 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
45 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
46 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
47 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
48 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
51 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
52 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
54 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
55 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
56 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
58 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
60 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
61 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
62 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
63 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
64 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
66 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
67 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
69 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
70 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
71 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
72 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
76 ###############################################################################
78 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
80 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
82 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
83 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
84 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
87 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
88 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
89 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
90 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
91 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
92 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
93 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
95 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
96 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
97 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
99 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
101 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
103 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
104 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
105 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
106 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
107 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
108 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
109 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
110 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
111 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
112 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
113 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
114 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
115 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
116 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
117 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
118 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
119 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
120 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
121 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
122 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
124 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
125 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
126 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
128 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
129 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
130 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
131 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
132 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
133 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
134 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
135 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
136 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
138 # <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
139 # Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
141 # A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
142 # near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
145 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
146 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
147 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
148 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
149 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
151 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
153 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
154 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
156 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
157 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
158 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
159 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
160 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
162 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
163 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
164 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
165 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
166 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
168 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
169 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
170 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
171 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
173 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
174 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
175 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
176 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
177 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
178 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
179 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
180 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
182 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
183 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
184 # which is to be introduced in May....
185 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
186 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
188 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
189 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
190 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
193 # Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
194 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
195 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
196 # and extending this list, which can be found in
197 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
198 # History of legal time in Britain
201 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
203 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
204 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
205 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
206 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
209 # From Paul Eggert (2000-02-17):
211 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
213 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
214 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
215 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
216 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
217 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
218 # It actually just had one transition.
219 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
220 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
221 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
222 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
223 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
225 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
226 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
227 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
228 # conform with Great Britain.
229 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
231 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
232 # we'll ignore it for now.
233 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
236 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
238 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
239 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
240 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
241 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
242 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
243 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
244 # and Frethun run in CT.
245 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
246 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
247 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
248 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
249 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
250 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
252 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
253 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
254 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
255 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
256 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
257 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
258 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
260 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
261 # Summer Time Act, 1916
262 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
263 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
264 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
265 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
266 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
267 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
268 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
269 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
270 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
271 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
272 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
273 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
274 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
275 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
276 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
277 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
278 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
279 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
280 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
281 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
282 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
283 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
284 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
285 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
286 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
287 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
288 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
289 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
290 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
291 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
292 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
293 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
294 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
295 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
296 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
297 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
298 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
299 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
300 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
301 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
302 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
303 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
304 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
305 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
306 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
307 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
308 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
309 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
310 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
311 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
312 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
313 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
314 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
315 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
316 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
317 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
318 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
319 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
320 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
321 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
323 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
324 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
325 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
326 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
327 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
328 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
329 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
330 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
331 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
332 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
333 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
334 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
335 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
336 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
338 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
342 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
343 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
344 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
346 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
347 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
348 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
349 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
351 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
354 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
355 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
357 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
358 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
359 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
360 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
361 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
363 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
364 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
365 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
366 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
367 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
368 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
372 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
373 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
376 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
377 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
378 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
379 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
380 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
383 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
384 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
385 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
386 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
387 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
388 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
389 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
390 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
391 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
392 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
393 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
394 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
397 ###############################################################################
401 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
402 # Common Market, etc.
404 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
405 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
406 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
407 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
408 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
409 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
410 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
411 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
412 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
413 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
414 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
417 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
418 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
419 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
420 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
421 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
422 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
423 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
425 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
426 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
427 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
428 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
429 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
430 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
431 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
432 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
433 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
434 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
435 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
436 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
437 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
438 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
439 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
440 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
441 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
442 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
443 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
445 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
446 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
447 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
448 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
449 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
450 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
451 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
453 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
454 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
455 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
456 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
457 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
458 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
459 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
460 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
461 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
462 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
463 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
464 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
465 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
466 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
467 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
468 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
469 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
470 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
471 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
473 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
474 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
475 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
476 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
477 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
479 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
481 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
482 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
483 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
484 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
485 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
487 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
488 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
490 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
491 # The official German names ... are
493 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
494 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
496 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
497 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
498 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
500 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
501 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
503 # D-38023 Braunschweig
504 # phone: +49 531 592-0
506 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
507 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
508 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
510 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
511 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
515 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
516 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
517 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
518 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
519 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
520 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
521 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
522 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
523 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
524 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
525 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
526 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
527 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
528 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
529 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
530 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
531 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
532 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
533 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
534 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
535 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
536 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
537 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
538 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
539 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
540 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
541 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
542 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
543 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
544 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
548 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
549 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
550 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
551 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
555 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
557 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
558 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
559 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
560 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
561 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
562 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
563 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
564 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
565 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
566 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
567 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
568 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
569 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
573 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
574 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
575 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
576 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
577 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
578 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
579 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
580 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
581 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
582 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
583 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
588 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
589 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
590 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
591 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
592 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
594 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
595 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
596 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
597 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
598 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
600 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
601 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
602 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
603 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
604 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
605 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
606 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
607 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
608 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
609 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
610 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
611 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
612 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
613 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
614 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
615 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
616 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
617 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
619 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
620 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
621 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
622 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
623 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
624 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
625 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
626 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
627 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
628 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
629 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
630 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
631 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
632 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
633 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
634 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
635 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
636 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
637 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
638 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
639 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
640 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
641 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
642 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
643 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
644 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
645 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
646 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
647 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
650 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
655 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
656 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
657 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
658 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
660 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
661 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
662 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
663 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
664 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
665 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
666 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
667 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
668 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
669 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
670 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
671 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
672 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
673 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
674 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
682 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
683 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
684 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
685 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
686 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
687 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
689 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
690 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
691 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
692 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
693 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
696 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
697 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
698 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
699 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
700 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
701 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
702 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
703 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
704 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
705 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
706 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
707 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
708 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
709 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
710 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
712 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
713 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
714 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
715 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
716 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
717 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
718 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
720 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
724 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
725 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
726 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
727 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
728 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
729 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
732 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
733 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
734 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
736 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
737 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
738 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
739 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
741 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
742 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
744 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
748 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
749 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
750 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
751 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
753 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
754 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
755 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
756 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
757 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
758 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
759 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
760 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
761 # summer time next spring.''
763 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
764 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
765 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
767 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
768 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
770 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
771 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
772 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
774 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
775 # via Steffen Thorsen:
776 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
777 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
778 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
779 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
780 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
783 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
784 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
785 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
786 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
788 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
789 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
790 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
791 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
792 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
793 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
794 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
796 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
797 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
798 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
799 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
804 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
805 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
806 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
808 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
809 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
810 # Go with Strang instead.
812 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
813 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
814 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
815 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
816 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
817 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
818 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
823 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
825 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
826 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
828 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
831 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
832 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
836 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
837 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
838 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
840 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
844 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
845 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
846 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
847 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
848 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
849 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
850 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
851 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
852 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
855 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
857 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
858 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
859 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
860 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
864 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
867 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
868 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
869 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
870 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
871 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
872 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
873 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
874 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
875 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
876 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
877 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
878 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
879 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
880 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
881 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
882 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
883 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
884 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
885 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
886 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
887 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
888 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
889 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
890 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
891 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
892 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
893 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
894 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
895 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
896 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
897 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
898 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
899 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
900 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
901 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
902 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
903 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
904 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
905 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
906 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
908 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
909 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
910 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
915 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
916 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
917 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
919 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
920 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
923 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
924 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
925 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
926 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
927 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
928 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
929 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
930 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
931 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
932 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
934 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
935 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
937 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
938 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
939 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
941 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
942 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
944 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
948 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
949 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
950 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
955 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
956 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
957 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
958 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
959 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
960 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
961 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
962 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
963 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
964 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
965 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
966 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
967 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
968 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
969 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
970 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
971 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
972 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
973 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
974 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
975 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
976 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
977 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
978 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
979 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
980 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
981 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
982 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
983 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
984 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
985 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
986 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
990 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
991 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
992 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
993 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
994 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
995 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
996 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
997 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
998 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
999 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1000 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1001 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1002 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1003 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1004 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1005 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1006 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1007 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1008 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1009 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1010 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1011 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1012 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1013 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1014 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1016 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1021 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1022 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1025 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1028 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1029 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1030 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1031 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1033 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1034 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1035 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1036 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1039 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1040 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1041 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1042 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1043 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1044 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1045 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1046 # might mean something else (???).
1048 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1049 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1050 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1051 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1053 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1054 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1055 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1056 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1057 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1058 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1059 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1060 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1061 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1062 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1063 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1064 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1065 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1066 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1067 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1068 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1069 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1070 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1071 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1072 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1073 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1074 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1075 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1076 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1077 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1082 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1083 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1084 # called ``Palermo Time'' (+0053) and ``Cagliari Time'' (+0038).
1085 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1086 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1087 # so record only the time in Rome.
1089 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1090 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1091 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1092 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1094 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1095 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1097 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1098 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1099 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1100 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1101 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1102 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1103 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1104 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1105 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1106 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1107 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1108 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1109 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1110 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1111 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1112 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1114 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1115 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1116 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1117 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1118 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1119 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1120 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1121 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1122 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1123 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1124 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1125 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1126 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1127 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1128 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1129 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1130 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1131 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1132 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1133 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1134 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1135 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1136 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1137 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1138 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1139 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1140 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1141 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1142 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1143 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1144 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1145 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1147 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1150 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1152 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1153 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1154 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1155 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1156 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1159 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1160 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1164 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1166 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1167 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1168 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1169 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1171 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1172 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1173 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1174 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1175 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1177 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1178 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1179 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1180 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1181 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1182 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1184 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1185 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1186 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1187 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1188 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1189 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1190 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1191 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1192 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1193 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1195 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1196 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1197 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1199 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1200 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1201 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1202 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1203 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1205 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1206 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1208 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1209 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1210 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1211 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1212 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1213 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1214 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1215 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1216 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1217 # appears that they will not do so....
1219 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1220 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1221 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1222 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1223 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1224 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1225 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1226 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1227 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1228 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1229 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1231 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1232 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1233 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1234 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1235 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1240 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1241 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1247 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1248 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1249 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1251 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1252 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1253 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1255 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1256 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1257 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1258 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1259 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1260 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1261 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1262 # already done by Estonia.
1264 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1265 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1266 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1268 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1269 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1270 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1271 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1272 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1273 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1274 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1275 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1276 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1277 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1278 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1279 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1280 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1281 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1285 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1286 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1287 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1288 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1289 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1290 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1291 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1292 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1293 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1294 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1295 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1296 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1297 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1298 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1299 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1300 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1301 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1302 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1303 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1304 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1305 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1306 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1307 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1308 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1309 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1310 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1311 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1312 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1313 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1314 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1315 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1316 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1323 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1324 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1325 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1326 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1327 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1328 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1329 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1330 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1331 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1332 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1333 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1334 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1335 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1336 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1341 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1342 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1343 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1344 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1345 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1346 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1347 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1348 # But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1349 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1350 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1353 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1354 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1355 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1356 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1357 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1358 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1359 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1360 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1362 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1363 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1364 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1368 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1369 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1370 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1371 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1372 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1373 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1378 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1379 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1381 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1382 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1383 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1384 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1385 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1386 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1387 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1388 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1389 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1392 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1393 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1394 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1397 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1398 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1399 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1400 # actually followed.
1402 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1403 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1404 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1405 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1406 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1408 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1409 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1410 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1411 # Amsterdam mean time.
1413 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1414 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1416 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1417 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1418 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1419 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1420 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1421 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1422 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1423 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1424 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1425 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1426 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1427 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1428 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1429 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1430 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1431 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1432 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1433 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1434 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1435 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1436 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1437 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1438 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1440 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1441 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1442 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1443 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1444 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1445 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 17 0:00 # Dutch Time
1446 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1447 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1451 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1452 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1453 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1454 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1455 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1456 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1457 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1458 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1459 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1460 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1461 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1462 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1463 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1464 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1465 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1466 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1469 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1471 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1472 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1473 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1474 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1475 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1476 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1477 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1478 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1479 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1480 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1481 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1482 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1483 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1484 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1485 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1486 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1487 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1488 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1490 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1492 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1493 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was
1494 # keeping Berlin time.
1496 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1497 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1498 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1499 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1500 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1501 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1502 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1504 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1505 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1506 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1507 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1508 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1509 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1510 # <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm>
1511 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1512 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1514 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1515 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1516 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1517 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1518 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1521 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1522 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1523 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1524 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1525 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1526 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1527 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1529 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1531 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1532 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1533 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1534 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1535 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1536 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1537 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1538 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1539 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1540 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1541 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1542 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1543 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1544 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1545 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1546 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1547 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1548 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1549 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1550 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1551 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1552 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1553 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1554 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1556 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1557 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1559 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1560 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1561 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1562 # worth further discussion.
1564 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1565 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1566 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1572 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1573 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1574 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1576 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1577 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1578 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1580 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1581 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1582 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1583 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1584 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1585 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1586 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1588 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1589 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1590 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1592 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1593 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1594 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1595 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1596 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1597 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1598 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1599 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1600 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1601 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1602 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1603 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1604 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1605 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1606 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1607 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1608 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1609 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1610 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1611 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1612 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1613 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1614 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1615 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1616 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1617 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1618 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1619 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1620 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1621 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1622 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1623 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1624 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1625 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1626 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1627 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1628 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1629 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1630 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1631 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1632 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1633 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1634 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1635 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1636 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1637 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1638 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1639 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1640 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1641 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1642 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1643 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1644 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1645 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1646 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1647 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1648 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1649 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1650 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1651 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1652 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1653 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1654 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1655 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1656 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1657 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1658 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1659 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1661 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1662 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1663 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1664 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1665 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1666 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1668 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1669 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1670 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1671 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1676 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1677 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1678 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1679 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1680 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1681 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1683 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1684 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1685 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1686 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1687 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1688 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1689 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1690 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1691 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1692 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1693 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1694 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1695 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1696 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1697 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1698 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1699 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1704 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1705 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1706 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1707 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1708 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1710 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1711 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1712 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1713 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1714 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1716 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1717 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1718 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1719 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1721 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1722 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1723 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1724 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1725 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1726 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1728 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1729 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1730 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1731 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1732 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1734 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1735 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1736 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1737 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1738 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1739 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1740 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1742 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1743 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1744 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1745 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1746 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1747 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1748 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1749 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1750 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1751 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1752 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1753 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1754 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1755 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1756 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1757 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1759 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1760 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1761 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1762 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1763 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1764 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1765 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1766 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1767 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1768 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1770 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1771 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1772 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1773 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1775 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1776 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1777 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1778 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1779 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1781 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1782 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1783 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1784 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1786 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1787 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1788 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1789 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1791 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1792 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1793 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1794 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1796 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1797 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1798 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1799 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1800 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1802 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1803 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
1804 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
1805 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1806 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1810 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1816 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1817 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1818 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1819 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1820 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1821 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1822 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1823 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1824 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1825 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1826 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1827 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1828 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1829 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1830 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1831 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1832 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1833 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1834 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1835 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1836 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1837 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1838 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1839 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1840 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1841 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
1842 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1843 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1844 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1845 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1846 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1847 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1848 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1849 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1850 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1851 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1852 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1853 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1854 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1855 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1857 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1858 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1859 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1860 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1861 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1862 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1863 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1864 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1865 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1866 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1867 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1869 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1870 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
1871 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
1873 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
1874 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
1877 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1878 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
1879 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1880 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1882 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
1883 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
1887 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks:
1889 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
1890 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
1891 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
1892 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
1893 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
1895 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
1896 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
1897 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
1899 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
1900 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
1901 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
1902 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
1903 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
1904 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
1905 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
1906 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
1908 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
1909 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
1910 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
1911 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
1913 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
1914 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
1915 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
1916 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
1917 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
1922 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
1923 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
1924 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
1925 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
1926 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
1927 # hour before the event took place.
1929 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
1931 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1932 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
1933 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
1934 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
1935 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
1941 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1942 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1943 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1944 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1945 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1946 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
1947 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1949 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1950 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1951 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1952 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1953 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
1954 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1958 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1959 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1960 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1961 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1962 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1963 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1964 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1965 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1966 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1967 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1968 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
1969 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1970 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1971 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
1972 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1973 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
1974 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1975 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1976 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1977 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1978 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
1979 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1980 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1981 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1982 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
1983 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1984 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1985 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
1986 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
1987 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1988 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
1989 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1990 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1991 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1992 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
1993 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1994 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
1995 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1996 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1997 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1998 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1999 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2000 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2001 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2002 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2003 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2004 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2005 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2006 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2007 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2008 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2009 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2010 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2012 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2013 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2014 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2015 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2016 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2018 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2021 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2022 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2023 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2024 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2025 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2026 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2027 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2028 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2029 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2031 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2033 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2034 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2036 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2037 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2038 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2039 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2040 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2041 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2043 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2045 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2046 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2047 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2048 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2049 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2050 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2051 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2052 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2053 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2055 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2056 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2057 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2058 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2060 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2061 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2062 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2064 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
2065 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2066 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2067 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2068 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
2069 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2070 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2071 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2072 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2073 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2074 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2075 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2076 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2080 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2082 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2084 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2085 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2086 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2087 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2088 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2090 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2091 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2092 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2093 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2095 ###############################################################################
2097 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2098 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2099 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2101 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2102 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2103 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2104 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2105 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2106 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2109 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2110 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2111 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2114 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2115 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2116 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2117 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2118 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2120 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2121 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2122 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2123 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2125 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2126 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2128 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2129 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2130 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2133 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2134 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2137 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2138 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2139 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2141 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2142 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2143 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2144 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2145 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2146 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2149 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2150 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2151 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2152 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2153 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2154 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2155 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2156 # in advance of normal time.
2159 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2160 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2161 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2163 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2165 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2166 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2168 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
projects / platform / upstream / glibc.git / blob