3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
12 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29 # History of Summer Time
30 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
33 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35 # Corrections are welcome!
39 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
45 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
48 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
49 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
51 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
52 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
53 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
54 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
55 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
56 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
58 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
59 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
60 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
61 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
63 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
64 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
66 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
67 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
68 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
69 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
73 ###############################################################################
75 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
77 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
79 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
80 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
81 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
84 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
85 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
86 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
87 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
88 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
89 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
90 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
92 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
93 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
94 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
96 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
98 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
100 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
101 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
102 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
103 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
104 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
105 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
106 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
107 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
108 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
109 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
110 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
111 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
112 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
113 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
114 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
115 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
116 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
117 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
118 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
119 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
121 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
122 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
123 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
125 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
126 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
127 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
128 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
129 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
130 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
131 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
132 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
133 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
135 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
136 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
137 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
138 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
139 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
141 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
143 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
144 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
146 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
147 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
148 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
149 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
150 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
152 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
153 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
154 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
155 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
156 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
158 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
159 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
160 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
161 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
163 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST'; let's assume this is a typo.
165 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
166 # The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
167 # legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
168 # the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
170 # Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
171 # I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
172 # with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
173 # keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
174 # get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
175 # this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
176 # to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
179 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
180 # the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
181 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
182 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
183 # and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
184 # up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
188 # Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
189 # United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
190 # Ireland (since 1922)
191 # S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
192 # S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
194 # Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
195 # to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
196 # or the Channel Islands.
198 # Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
199 # have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
200 # like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
201 # check these documents again.
205 # - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
207 # Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
208 # and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
209 # various forms of local mean time.
211 # - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
213 # An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
214 # defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
215 # seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
216 # or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
218 # - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
220 # Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
221 # to the Isle of Man.
223 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
225 # Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
226 # Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
227 # Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
228 # Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
229 # of the then current war.
231 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
233 # This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
234 # bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
235 # GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
236 # Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
237 # derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
240 # 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST
241 # 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT
242 # 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT
243 # 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT
244 # with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
246 # - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
248 # An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
249 # extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
250 # 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
251 # the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
252 # time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
254 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
256 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
257 # for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
258 # both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
260 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
262 # An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
263 # (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
264 # dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
266 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
268 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
269 # for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
272 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
274 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
276 # - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
277 # (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
279 # This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
280 # which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
281 # only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
282 # ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
284 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
286 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
287 # for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
290 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
292 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
294 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
296 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
297 # for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
300 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
302 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
304 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
306 # An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
307 # change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
308 # Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
309 # Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
311 # - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
313 # This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
314 # for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
315 # Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
316 # than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
318 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
320 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
321 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
322 # in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
324 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
326 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
328 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
330 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
331 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
332 # in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
333 # It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
334 # for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
335 # Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
336 # a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
337 # Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
339 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
341 # This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
343 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
345 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
346 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
347 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
348 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
349 # so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
350 # Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
352 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
354 # An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
355 # dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
356 # the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
358 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
360 # This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
363 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
365 # This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
368 # - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
370 # This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
371 # to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
372 # in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
375 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
377 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
378 # day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
380 # - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
382 # I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
383 # do all manner of things during the newly started war.
385 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
387 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
388 # They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
390 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
392 # An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
393 # It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
396 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
398 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
399 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
401 # - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
403 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
404 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
405 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
406 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
407 # which continues throughout the rest of the year.
409 # - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
411 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
412 # This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
413 # Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
415 # - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
417 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
418 # This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
419 # third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
421 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
423 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
424 # This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
425 # day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
426 # in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
428 # I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
429 # Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
430 # unusual start on a Monday:
432 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
433 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
434 # regarding double summer time.
436 # [two other similar questions omitted]
438 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
439 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
440 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
441 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
442 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
443 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
444 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
445 # Monday, 2nd April.'
447 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
449 # An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
450 # a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
451 # This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
452 # It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
453 # date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
455 # - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
457 # Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
458 # 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
459 # (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
460 # offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
461 # 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
462 # Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
463 # both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
464 # to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
466 # - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
468 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
469 # 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
471 # Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
472 # not continued after 1947.
474 # - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
476 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
477 # of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
479 # - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
481 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
482 # of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
484 # - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
486 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
487 # of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
489 # - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
491 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
492 # of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
494 # This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
495 # to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
497 # - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
499 # I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
500 # Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
501 # legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
503 # - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
505 # Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
507 # - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
509 # Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
511 # - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
513 # Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
515 # - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
517 # Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
519 # - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
521 # Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
522 # 1965: 21 March to 24 October
523 # 1966: 20 March to 23 October
524 # 1967: 19 March to 29 October
526 # - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
527 # - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
529 # The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
530 # Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
531 # all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
532 # to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
534 # - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
536 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
537 # the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
538 # Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
539 # It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
541 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
542 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
543 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
544 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
545 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
546 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
547 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
548 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
549 # summer time in 1968.
551 # - The Manx Time Act 1968
553 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
554 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
556 # - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
558 # This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
559 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
560 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
561 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
562 # 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
563 # times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
564 # implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
566 # - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
568 # Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
569 # Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
570 # time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
571 # has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
573 # - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
575 # The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
576 # dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
577 # Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
578 # The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
583 # - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
585 # Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
586 # EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
587 # 1981: 29 March to 25 October
588 # 1982: 28 March to 24 October
590 # - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
593 # The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
594 # Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
595 # be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
596 # date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
597 # end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
598 # All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
599 # 1983: 25 September or 23 October
600 # 1984: 30 September or 28 october
601 # 1985: 29 September or 27 October
603 # - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
605 # Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
606 # 1983: 27 March to 23 October
607 # 1984: 25 March to 28 october
608 # 1985: 31 March to 27 October
610 # - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
613 # Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
614 # dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
615 # 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
616 # 1986: 28 September or 26 October
617 # 1987: 27 September or 25 October
618 # 1988: 25 September or 23 October
620 # - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
622 # Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
623 # 1986: 30 March to 26 October
624 # 1987: 29 March to 25 October
625 # 1988: 27 March to 23 October
627 # - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
628 # on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
630 # This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
631 # The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
632 # to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
633 # sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
634 # to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
635 # without any change to the dates themselves.
637 # - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
640 # This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
641 # this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
642 # end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
643 # the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
644 # All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
645 # 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
647 # - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
649 # Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
651 # - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
654 # Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
655 # rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
656 # in October) and specific dates:
657 # 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
658 # 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
659 # 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
661 # - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
663 # Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
665 # - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
668 # Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
669 # both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
670 # 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
671 # 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
673 # - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
675 # Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
677 # - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
678 # of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
680 # Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
681 # on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
682 # The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
683 # or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
684 # last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
685 # the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
686 # but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
687 # than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
688 # 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
689 # 1996: 31 March to 27 October
690 # 1997: 30 March to 26 October
692 # - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
694 # Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
695 # Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
696 # Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
699 # - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
700 # of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
702 # Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
703 # rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
704 # 1998: 29 March to 25 October
705 # 1999: 28 March to 31 October
706 # 2000: 26 March to 29 October
707 # 2001: 25 March to 28 October
709 # <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
710 # - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
713 # Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
714 # Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
716 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
717 # I today found the 1916 summer time orders for the Channel Islands in
718 # the Public Record Office (HO 45/10811/312364).... Alderney,
719 # Jersey and Guernsey all enacted summer time for 1916 (and the
720 # enactment for the Isle of Man is already noted). This doesn't
721 # complete the resolution of timekeeping in the Channel Islands, since
722 # 1917-1921 need to be resolved for the Channel Islands, and it isn't
723 # clear whether the islands were using GMT or local time then. The
724 # changes in Alderney and Guernsey were at the same 2am GMT time as
725 # for Great Britain; the order for Jersey is more interesting.
727 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-22):
728 # Mark Brader kindly translated the 1916 Jersey order from the French.
729 # It says that the 1916 transitions were 05-20 and 09-30 at midnight.
730 # No doubt this was 24:00, two or three hours earlier than Great Britain.
731 # It also says that after 1916 they'll sync with Great Britain.
733 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-28):
734 # I have the 1918 orders for Guernsey, Alderney (both changing on same
735 # dates as UK, 2am GMT) and Sark (same dates; start and end at 2am,
736 # start "temps de Greenwich" (not specified as "temps moyen de
737 # Greenwich" which was used in the other orders) and end in an
738 # unspecified zone). For Jersey the same file (Public Record Office: HO
739 # 45/10892/357138) includes letters to the effect that in 1918 and 1919
740 # the States of Jersey agreed the same start and end dates as the UK
741 # (times unspecified, and it was the 1916 Jersey order that specified
742 # change at midnight of an unspecified zone).
744 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
746 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
747 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
748 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
749 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
752 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
754 # The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
755 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
756 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
757 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
758 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
759 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
760 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
761 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
762 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
764 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
765 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
766 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
767 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
768 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
769 # It actually just had one transition.
770 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
771 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
772 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
773 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
774 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
776 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
777 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
778 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
779 # conform with Great Britain.
780 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
782 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
783 # we'll ignore it for now.
784 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
787 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
789 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
790 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
791 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
792 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
793 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
794 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
795 # and Frethun run in CT.
796 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
797 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
798 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
799 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
800 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
801 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
803 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
804 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
805 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
806 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
807 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
808 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
809 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
811 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
812 # Summer Time Act, 1916
813 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
814 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
815 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
816 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
817 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
818 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
819 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
820 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
821 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
822 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
823 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
824 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
825 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
826 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
827 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
828 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
829 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
830 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
831 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
832 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
833 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
834 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
835 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
836 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
837 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
838 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
839 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
840 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
841 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
842 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
843 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
844 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
845 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
846 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
847 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
848 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
849 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
850 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
851 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
852 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
853 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
854 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
855 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
856 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
857 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
858 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
859 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
860 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
861 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
862 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
863 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
864 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
865 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
866 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
867 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
868 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
869 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
870 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
871 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
872 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
873 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
874 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
875 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
876 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
877 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
878 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
879 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
880 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
881 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
882 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
883 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
884 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
885 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
886 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
887 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
888 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
889 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
890 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
891 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
892 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
893 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
894 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
895 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
896 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
897 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
898 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
899 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
900 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
901 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
902 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
903 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
905 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
906 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
907 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
908 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
909 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
910 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
911 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
912 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
913 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
914 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
915 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
916 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
917 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
918 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
919 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
921 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
922 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
923 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
924 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
927 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
928 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
929 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
930 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
931 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
934 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
935 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
936 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
937 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
938 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
939 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
940 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
941 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
942 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
943 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
944 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
945 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
948 ###############################################################################
952 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
953 # Common Market, etc.
955 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
956 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
957 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
958 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
959 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
960 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
961 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
963 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
964 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
965 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
966 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
967 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
968 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
969 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
971 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
972 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
973 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
974 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
975 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
976 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
977 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
978 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
979 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
980 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
981 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
982 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
983 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
984 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
985 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
986 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
987 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
988 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
989 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
991 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
992 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
993 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
994 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
995 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
996 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
997 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
999 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1000 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
1001 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
1002 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
1003 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
1004 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
1005 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
1006 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
1007 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1008 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1009 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
1010 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1011 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
1012 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1013 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1014 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
1015 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
1016 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1017 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1019 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
1020 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
1021 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1022 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1023 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1025 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
1027 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1028 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
1029 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
1030 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
1031 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
1033 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
1034 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
1036 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
1037 # The official German names ... are
1039 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
1040 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
1042 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
1043 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
1044 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
1046 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
1047 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
1049 # D-38023 Braunschweig
1050 # phone: +49 531 592-0
1052 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
1053 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
1054 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
1056 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
1057 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
1061 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1062 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
1063 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1064 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
1065 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
1066 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1067 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1068 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1069 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1070 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1071 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1072 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1073 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1074 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
1075 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1076 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
1077 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1078 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
1079 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1080 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
1081 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1082 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1083 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1084 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1085 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1086 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1087 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1088 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1089 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
1090 # The following transition is from Shanks.
1091 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
1095 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1096 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
1097 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
1098 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
1102 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1103 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
1105 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1107 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1108 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1109 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1110 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1111 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1112 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
1113 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
1114 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
1115 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1116 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
1120 # Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks.
1121 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1122 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
1123 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
1124 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1125 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
1126 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
1127 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1128 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1129 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1130 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
1131 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
1136 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
1137 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
1138 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
1139 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
1140 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
1142 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
1143 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
1144 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
1145 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
1146 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
1148 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1149 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1151 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1152 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1154 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1156 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1158 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
1162 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
1163 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
1164 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
1165 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1166 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1167 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1168 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1169 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
1170 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1179 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1181 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1182 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1183 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1185 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1186 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1187 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1188 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
1189 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1190 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
1191 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
1192 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
1193 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
1194 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
1195 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1198 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1203 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1204 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
1205 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
1206 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
1208 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1209 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1210 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1211 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1212 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1213 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1214 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1215 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1216 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1217 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1218 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1219 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1220 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1221 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1222 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1229 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1230 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1231 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1232 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1233 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1234 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1235 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1238 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1239 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1240 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1241 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1244 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
1245 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1246 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1247 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1248 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1249 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1250 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1251 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1253 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1254 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1255 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1256 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1257 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1258 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1260 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1262 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1263 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1264 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1265 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1266 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1268 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1272 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1273 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1274 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1275 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1276 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1277 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1280 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1281 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1282 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1284 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1285 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1286 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1287 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1289 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1290 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1292 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1296 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1297 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1298 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1299 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1301 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1302 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1303 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1304 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1305 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1306 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1307 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1308 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1309 # summer time next spring.''
1311 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1312 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1313 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1315 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1316 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1318 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1319 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1320 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1322 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1323 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1324 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1325 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1326 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1327 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1328 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1331 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1332 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1333 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1334 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1335 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1336 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1337 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1338 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1339 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1340 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1341 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1347 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1348 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1349 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1351 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1352 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1353 # Go with Strang instead.
1355 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1356 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1357 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1358 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1359 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1360 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1361 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1366 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1367 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1368 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1369 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1370 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1371 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1372 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1373 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1374 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1375 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1376 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1377 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1378 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1379 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1380 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1381 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1382 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1384 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1386 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1387 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1388 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1389 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1390 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1391 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1392 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1393 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1394 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1395 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1396 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1397 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1398 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1399 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1400 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1401 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1402 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1403 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1404 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1405 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
1406 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1407 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1408 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1409 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1410 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1411 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1412 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1413 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1414 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1415 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1416 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1417 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1418 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1419 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1420 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1421 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1422 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1423 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1424 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1425 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1426 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1427 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1428 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
1429 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1430 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1431 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1432 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1437 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1438 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1439 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1441 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
1442 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
1445 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1446 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1447 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
1448 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
1449 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
1450 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1451 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
1452 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1454 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1455 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1456 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1457 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
1459 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1460 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1461 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1462 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1463 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1464 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1465 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1466 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1470 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1471 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1472 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1477 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1478 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1479 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1480 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1481 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1482 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1483 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1484 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1485 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1487 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1488 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1489 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1490 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1491 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1492 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1493 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1494 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1495 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1496 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1497 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1498 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1499 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1500 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1502 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1503 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1504 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1505 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1506 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1507 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1508 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1512 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1513 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1514 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1515 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1516 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1517 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1518 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1519 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1520 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1521 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1522 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1523 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1524 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1525 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1526 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1527 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1528 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1529 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1530 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1531 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1532 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1533 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1534 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1535 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1536 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1537 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1538 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1543 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1544 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1547 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1550 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1551 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1552 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1553 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1555 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1556 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1557 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1558 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1561 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1562 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1563 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1564 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1565 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1566 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1567 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1568 # might mean something else (???).
1570 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1571 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1572 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1573 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1575 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1576 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1577 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1578 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1579 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1580 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1581 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1582 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1583 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1584 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1585 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1586 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1587 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1588 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1589 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1590 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1591 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1592 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1593 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1594 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1595 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1596 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1597 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1598 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1599 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1604 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1605 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1606 # <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
1607 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1609 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1610 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1612 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1613 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1614 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1615 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1616 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1617 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1618 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1619 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1620 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1621 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1622 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1623 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1624 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1625 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1626 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1627 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1629 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1630 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1631 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1632 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1633 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1634 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1635 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1636 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1637 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1638 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1639 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1640 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1641 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1642 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1643 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1644 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1645 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1646 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1647 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1648 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1649 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1650 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1651 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1652 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1653 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1654 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1655 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1656 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1657 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1658 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1659 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1660 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1661 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1662 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1663 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1664 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1665 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1666 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1667 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1668 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1669 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1670 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1671 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1674 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1675 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1679 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1681 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1682 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1683 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1684 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1686 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1687 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1688 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1689 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1690 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1692 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1693 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1694 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1695 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1696 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1697 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1699 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1700 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1701 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1702 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1703 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1704 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1705 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1706 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1707 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1708 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1710 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1711 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1712 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1714 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1715 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1716 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1717 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1718 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1719 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1720 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1721 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1722 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1723 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1724 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1726 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1727 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1728 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1729 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1733 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1734 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1740 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1741 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1742 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1744 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1745 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1746 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1748 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1749 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1750 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1751 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1752 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1753 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1754 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1755 # already done by Estonia.
1757 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1758 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1759 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1760 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1761 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1762 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1763 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1764 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1765 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1766 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1767 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1768 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1769 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1770 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1774 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1775 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1776 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1777 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1778 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1779 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1780 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1781 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1782 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1783 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1784 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1785 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1786 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1787 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1788 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1789 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1790 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1791 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1792 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1793 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1794 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1795 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1796 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1797 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1798 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1799 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1800 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1801 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1802 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1803 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1804 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1805 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1812 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1813 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1814 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1815 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1816 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1817 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1818 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1819 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1820 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1821 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1822 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1824 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1825 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1829 # see commentary for Romania
1830 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1831 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1832 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1833 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1834 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1835 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1839 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1840 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1841 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1842 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1843 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1844 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1848 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1849 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1850 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1851 # Shanks gives 1916 Apr 30 24:00 and 1916 Oct 1 00:00; go with Whitman.
1852 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1853 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1854 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1855 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1856 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1857 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1858 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1859 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1860 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1861 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1862 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1863 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1864 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1865 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1866 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1867 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1868 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1869 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1870 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1871 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1872 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1873 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1874 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1875 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1876 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1877 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1878 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1879 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1880 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1881 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1882 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1886 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1887 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1888 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1889 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1890 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1891 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1892 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1893 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1894 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1895 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1896 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1897 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1898 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1899 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1900 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1901 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1904 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1905 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1907 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1908 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1911 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1912 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1913 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1914 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1915 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1916 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1917 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1918 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1919 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1920 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1921 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1922 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1923 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1924 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1925 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1926 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1927 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1928 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1929 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1930 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1931 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1932 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1933 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1934 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1935 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1936 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1937 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1938 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1939 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1940 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1941 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1942 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1943 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1944 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1946 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1947 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1949 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1950 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1951 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1952 # worth further discussion.
1954 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1955 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1956 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1962 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1963 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1964 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1966 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1967 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1968 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1970 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1971 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1972 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1973 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1974 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1975 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1976 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1978 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1979 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1980 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1982 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1983 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1984 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1985 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1986 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1987 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1988 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1989 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1990 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1991 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1992 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1993 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1994 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1995 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1996 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1997 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1998 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1999 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
2000 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2001 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2002 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
2003 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2004 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
2005 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2006 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2007 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2008 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2009 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
2010 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2011 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2012 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2013 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
2014 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2015 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2016 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2017 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2018 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2019 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2020 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2021 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2023 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2024 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2025 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2026 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2027 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2028 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2029 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2030 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2031 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
2032 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2033 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2034 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2035 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2036 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2037 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2038 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2039 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2040 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2041 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2042 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2043 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2044 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
2045 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2046 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2047 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2048 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2049 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2051 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2052 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2053 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2054 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2055 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2056 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2058 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2059 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2060 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2061 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2066 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2067 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2068 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2069 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2070 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2071 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2073 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2074 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2075 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2076 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2077 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2078 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2079 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2080 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2081 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2082 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2083 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2084 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2085 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2086 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2087 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2088 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2089 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2094 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
2095 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
2096 # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
2097 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2098 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
2100 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
2101 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2102 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2103 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2104 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2106 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
2107 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2108 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2109 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2111 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2112 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2113 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2114 2:00 Poland CET 1946
2115 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2116 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2117 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2118 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
2119 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
2121 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2122 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2123 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2124 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2125 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2126 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2127 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2129 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2130 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
2131 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2132 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2133 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
2135 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
2136 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
2137 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2138 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2139 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2140 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2141 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2142 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
2143 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2144 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2145 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2147 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
2148 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2149 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2150 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2151 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2152 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2153 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
2154 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2155 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2156 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2157 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2158 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2160 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2161 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
2162 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2163 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2164 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2166 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2167 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2168 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
2169 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2170 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2171 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2173 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2174 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
2175 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2176 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2177 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2179 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
2180 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
2181 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
2182 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2183 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2184 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2186 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2187 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
2188 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2189 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2190 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2192 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2193 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2194 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
2195 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2196 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2197 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2199 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2200 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
2201 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2202 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2203 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2207 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2213 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2214 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2215 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2216 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2217 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2218 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2219 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2220 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2221 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2222 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2223 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2224 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2225 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2226 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2227 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2228 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2229 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2230 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2231 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2232 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2233 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2234 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2235 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2236 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2237 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2238 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2239 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2240 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2241 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2242 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2243 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2244 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2245 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2246 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2247 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2248 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2249 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2250 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2251 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2252 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2253 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2254 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2255 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2256 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2257 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2258 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2259 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2260 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2262 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2263 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2264 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2266 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2267 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2268 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2270 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2271 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2274 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2275 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2276 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2277 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2279 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2280 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2283 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2284 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2285 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2286 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2287 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2293 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2294 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2295 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2296 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2297 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2298 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2299 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2301 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2302 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2303 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2304 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2305 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2306 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2310 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2311 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2312 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2313 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2314 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2315 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2316 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2317 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2318 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2319 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2320 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2321 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2322 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2323 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2324 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2325 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2326 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2327 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2328 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2329 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2330 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2331 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2332 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2333 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2334 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2335 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2336 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2337 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2338 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2339 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2340 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2341 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2342 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2343 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2344 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2345 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2346 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2347 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2348 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2349 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2350 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2351 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2352 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2353 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2354 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2355 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2356 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2357 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2358 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2359 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2360 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2361 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2362 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2363 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2364 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2365 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2366 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2367 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2368 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2370 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2373 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2374 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2375 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
2376 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2377 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2378 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2379 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2380 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2381 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2382 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2383 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2384 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2385 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2386 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2387 Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2388 Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2389 Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2390 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2391 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2392 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2393 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2394 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2395 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2396 Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2397 Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2398 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2399 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2400 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2401 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2402 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2403 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2405 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2406 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2407 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2408 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2409 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2410 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2411 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2412 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2413 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2414 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2415 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2416 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2417 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2418 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2419 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2423 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2424 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2425 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2426 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2427 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2428 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2429 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2430 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2431 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2433 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2434 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2435 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2436 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2438 ###############################################################################
2440 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2441 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2442 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2444 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2445 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2446 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2447 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2448 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2449 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2452 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2453 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2454 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2457 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2458 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2459 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2460 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2461 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2463 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2464 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2465 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2466 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2468 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2469 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2471 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2472 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2473 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2476 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2477 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2480 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2481 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2482 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2484 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2485 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2486 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2487 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2488 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2489 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2492 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2493 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2494 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2495 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2496 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2497 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2498 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2499 # in advance of normal time.
2502 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2503 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2504 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2506 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2508 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2509 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2511 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
projects / platform / upstream / glibc.git / blob