3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
12 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29 # History of Summer Time
30 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
33 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35 # Corrections are welcome!
39 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
45 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
48 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
49 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
50 # Oxford University Press (1980).
52 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
53 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
54 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
55 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
56 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
58 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
59 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
60 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
61 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
62 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
64 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
65 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
67 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
68 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
69 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
70 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
74 ###############################################################################
76 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
77 # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
79 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
81 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
82 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
83 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
87 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
88 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
89 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
90 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
91 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
92 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
94 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
95 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
96 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
98 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
100 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
102 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
103 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
104 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
105 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
106 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
107 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
108 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
109 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
110 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
111 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
112 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
113 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
114 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
115 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
116 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
117 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
118 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
119 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
120 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
122 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
123 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
124 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
126 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
127 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
128 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
129 # who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
130 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
131 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
132 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
133 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
134 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
136 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
137 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
138 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
139 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
140 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
142 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
144 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
145 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
147 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
148 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
149 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
150 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
151 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
153 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
154 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
155 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
156 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
157 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
159 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
160 # The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
161 # legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
162 # the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
164 # Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
165 # I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
166 # with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
167 # keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
168 # get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
169 # this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
170 # to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
173 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
174 # the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
175 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
176 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
177 # and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
178 # up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
182 # Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
183 # United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
184 # Ireland (since 1922)
185 # S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
186 # S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
188 # Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
189 # to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
190 # or the Channel Islands.
192 # Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
193 # have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
194 # like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
195 # check these documents again.
199 # - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
201 # Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
202 # and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
203 # various forms of local mean time.
205 # - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
207 # An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
208 # defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
209 # seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
210 # or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
212 # - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
214 # Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
215 # to the Isle of Man.
217 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
219 # Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
220 # Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
221 # Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
222 # Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
223 # of the then current war.
225 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
227 # This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
228 # bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
229 # GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
230 # Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
231 # derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
234 # 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST
235 # 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT
236 # 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT
237 # 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT
238 # with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
240 # - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
242 # An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
243 # extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
244 # 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
245 # the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
246 # time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
248 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
250 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
251 # for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
252 # both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
254 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
256 # An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
257 # (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
258 # dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
260 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
262 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
263 # for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
266 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
268 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
270 # - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
271 # (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
273 # This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
274 # which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
275 # only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
276 # ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
278 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
280 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
281 # for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
284 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
286 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
288 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
290 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
291 # for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
294 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
296 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
298 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
300 # An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
301 # change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
302 # Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
303 # Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
305 # - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
307 # This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
308 # for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
309 # Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
310 # than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
312 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
314 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
315 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
316 # in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
318 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
320 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
322 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
324 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
325 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
326 # in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
327 # It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
328 # for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
329 # Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
330 # a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
331 # Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
333 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
335 # This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
337 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
339 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
340 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
341 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
342 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
343 # so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
344 # Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
346 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
348 # An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
349 # dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
350 # the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
352 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
354 # This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
357 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
359 # This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
362 # - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
364 # This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
365 # to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
366 # in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
369 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
371 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
372 # day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
374 # - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
376 # I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
377 # do all manner of things during the newly started war.
379 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
381 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
382 # They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
384 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
386 # An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
387 # It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
390 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
392 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
393 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
395 # - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
397 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
398 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
399 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
400 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
401 # which continues throughout the rest of the year.
403 # - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
405 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
406 # This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
407 # Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
409 # - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
411 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
412 # This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
413 # third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
415 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
417 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
418 # This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
419 # day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
420 # in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
422 # I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
423 # Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
424 # unusual start on a Monday:
426 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
427 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
428 # regarding double summer time.
430 # [two other similar questions omitted]
432 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
433 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
434 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
435 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
436 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
437 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
438 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
439 # Monday, 2nd April.'
441 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
443 # An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
444 # a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
445 # This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
446 # It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
447 # date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
449 # - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
451 # Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
452 # 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
453 # (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
454 # offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
455 # 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
456 # Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
457 # both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
458 # to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
460 # - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
462 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
463 # 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
465 # Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
466 # not continued after 1947.
468 # - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
470 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
471 # of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
473 # - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
475 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
476 # of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
478 # - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
480 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
481 # of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
483 # - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
485 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
486 # of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
488 # This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
489 # to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
491 # - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
493 # I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
494 # Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
495 # legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
497 # - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
499 # Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
501 # - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
503 # Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
505 # - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
507 # Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
509 # - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
511 # Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
513 # - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
515 # Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
516 # 1965: 21 March to 24 October
517 # 1966: 20 March to 23 October
518 # 1967: 19 March to 29 October
520 # - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
521 # - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
523 # The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
524 # Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
525 # all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
526 # to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
528 # - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
530 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
531 # the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
532 # Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
533 # It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
535 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
536 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
537 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
538 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
539 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
540 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
541 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
542 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
543 # summer time in 1968.
545 # - The Manx Time Act 1968
547 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
548 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
550 # - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
552 # This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
553 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
554 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
555 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
556 # 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
557 # times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
558 # implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
560 # - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
562 # Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
563 # Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
564 # time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
565 # has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
567 # - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
569 # The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
570 # dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
571 # Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
572 # The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
577 # - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
579 # Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
580 # EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
581 # 1981: 29 March to 25 October
582 # 1982: 28 March to 24 October
584 # - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
587 # The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
588 # Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
589 # be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
590 # date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
591 # end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
592 # All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
593 # 1983: 25 September or 23 October
594 # 1984: 30 September or 28 october
595 # 1985: 29 September or 27 October
597 # - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
599 # Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
600 # 1983: 27 March to 23 October
601 # 1984: 25 March to 28 october
602 # 1985: 31 March to 27 October
604 # - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
607 # Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
608 # dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
609 # 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
610 # 1986: 28 September or 26 October
611 # 1987: 27 September or 25 October
612 # 1988: 25 September or 23 October
614 # - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
616 # Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
617 # 1986: 30 March to 26 October
618 # 1987: 29 March to 25 October
619 # 1988: 27 March to 23 October
621 # - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
622 # on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
624 # This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
625 # The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
626 # to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
627 # sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
628 # to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
629 # without any change to the dates themselves.
631 # - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
634 # This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
635 # this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
636 # end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
637 # the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
638 # All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
639 # 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
641 # - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
643 # Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
645 # - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
648 # Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
649 # rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
650 # in October) and specific dates:
651 # 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
652 # 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
653 # 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
655 # - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
657 # Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
659 # - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
662 # Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
663 # both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
664 # 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
665 # 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
667 # - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
669 # Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
671 # - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
672 # of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
674 # Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
675 # on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
676 # The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
677 # or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
678 # last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
679 # the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
680 # but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
681 # than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
682 # 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
683 # 1996: 31 March to 27 October
684 # 1997: 30 March to 26 October
686 # - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
688 # Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
689 # Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
690 # Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
693 # - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
694 # of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
696 # Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
697 # rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
698 # 1998: 29 March to 25 October
699 # 1999: 28 March to 31 October
700 # 2000: 26 March to 29 October
701 # 2001: 25 March to 28 October
703 # <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
704 # - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
707 # Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
708 # Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
710 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
712 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
713 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
714 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
715 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
718 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
720 # The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
721 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
722 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
723 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
724 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
725 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
726 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
727 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
728 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
730 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
731 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
732 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
733 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
734 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
735 # It actually just had one transition.
736 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
737 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
738 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
739 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
740 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
742 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
743 # we'll ignore them for now.
744 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
745 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
746 # conform with Great Britain.
747 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
750 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
752 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
753 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
754 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
755 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
756 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
757 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
758 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
760 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
761 # Summer Time Act, 1916
762 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
763 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
764 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
765 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
766 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
767 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
768 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
769 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
770 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
771 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
772 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
773 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
774 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
775 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
776 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
777 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
778 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
779 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
780 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
781 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
782 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
783 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
784 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
785 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
786 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
787 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
788 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
789 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
790 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
791 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
792 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
793 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
794 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
795 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
796 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
797 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
798 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
799 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
800 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
801 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
802 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
803 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
804 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
805 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
806 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
807 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
808 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
809 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
810 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
811 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
812 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
813 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
814 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
815 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
816 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
817 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
818 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
819 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
820 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
821 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
822 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
823 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
824 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
825 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
826 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
827 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
828 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
829 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
830 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
831 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
832 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
833 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
834 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
835 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
836 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
837 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
838 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
839 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
840 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
841 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
842 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
843 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
844 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
845 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
846 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
847 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
848 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
849 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
850 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
851 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
852 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
854 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
855 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
856 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
857 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
858 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
859 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
860 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
861 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
862 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
863 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
864 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
865 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
866 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
867 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
868 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
870 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
871 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
872 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
873 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
876 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
877 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
878 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
879 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
880 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
883 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
884 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
885 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
886 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
887 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
888 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
889 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
890 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
891 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
892 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
893 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
894 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
897 ###############################################################################
901 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
902 # Common Market, etc.
904 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
905 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
906 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
907 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
908 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
909 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
910 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
912 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
913 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
914 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
915 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
916 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
917 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
920 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
921 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
922 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
923 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
924 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
925 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
926 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
927 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
928 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
930 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
931 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
932 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
935 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
936 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
937 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
940 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
941 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
942 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
943 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
944 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
945 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
946 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
948 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
949 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
950 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
951 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
952 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
953 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
954 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
955 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
956 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
957 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
958 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
959 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
960 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
961 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
962 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
963 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
964 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
965 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
966 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
967 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
968 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
969 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
971 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
972 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
973 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
974 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
975 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
977 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
979 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
980 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
981 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
982 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
983 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
985 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
986 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
988 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
989 # The official German names ... are
991 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
992 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
994 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
995 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
996 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
998 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
999 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
1001 # D-38023 Braunschweig
1002 # phone: +49 531 592-0
1004 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
1005 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
1006 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
1008 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
1009 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
1013 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1014 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
1015 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1016 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
1017 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
1018 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1019 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1020 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1021 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1022 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1023 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1024 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1025 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1026 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
1027 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1028 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
1029 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1030 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
1031 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1032 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
1033 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1034 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1035 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1036 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1037 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1038 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1039 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1040 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1041 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
1042 # The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
1043 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
1047 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1048 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
1049 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
1050 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
1054 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1055 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
1056 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
1057 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1058 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1059 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1060 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1061 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1062 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1063 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1064 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
1065 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
1066 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
1067 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1068 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
1072 # Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
1073 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1074 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
1075 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
1076 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1077 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
1078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
1079 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1080 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1081 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1082 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 2:00s
1087 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
1088 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
1089 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
1090 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
1091 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
1093 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
1094 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
1095 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
1096 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
1097 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
1099 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1100 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
1101 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1102 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1105 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1107 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1108 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1109 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
1110 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1111 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1112 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
1113 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
1114 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
1115 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
1116 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1117 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1118 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1119 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1120 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
1121 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1122 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1123 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1124 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1125 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1126 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1127 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1128 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1129 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1130 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1131 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1132 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1133 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1134 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1135 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1136 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1137 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1138 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1139 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
1140 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1141 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
1142 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
1143 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
1144 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
1145 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
1146 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1149 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1153 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1154 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1155 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1156 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1157 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1158 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1159 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1160 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1161 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1162 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1164 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1165 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1166 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1173 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1174 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1175 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1177 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1179 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1182 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1183 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1184 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1185 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1186 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1189 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
1190 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1191 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1192 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1193 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1194 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1195 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1196 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1197 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1198 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1199 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1200 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1201 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1202 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1203 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1204 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1206 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1207 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1208 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1209 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1210 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1211 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1212 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1214 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1218 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1219 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1220 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1221 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1222 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1223 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1226 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1227 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1228 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1230 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1231 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1232 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1233 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1235 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1236 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1238 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1242 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1243 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1244 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1245 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1247 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1248 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1249 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1250 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1251 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1252 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1253 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1254 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1255 # summer time next spring.''
1257 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1258 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1259 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1261 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1262 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1264 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1265 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1266 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1268 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1269 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1270 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1271 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1272 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1273 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1274 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1275 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1276 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1277 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1278 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1282 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1284 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1285 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1286 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1288 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1289 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1290 # Go with Strang instead.
1292 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1293 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1294 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1295 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1296 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1297 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1298 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1302 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1303 # French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
1304 # and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
1306 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1307 # From Shanks (1991):
1308 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1309 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1310 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1311 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1312 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1313 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1314 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1315 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1316 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1317 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1318 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1319 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1320 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1321 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1322 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1323 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1324 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1325 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1327 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1329 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1330 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1331 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1332 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1334 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1335 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1336 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1338 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1339 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1340 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1341 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1342 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1343 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1344 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1345 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1346 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
1347 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1348 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1349 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1350 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1351 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1352 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1353 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1354 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1355 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1356 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1357 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1358 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1359 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1360 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1361 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1362 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1363 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1364 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1365 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1366 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1367 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1368 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1369 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
1370 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1371 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1372 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1373 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1378 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1379 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1380 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1382 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
1383 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
1386 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1387 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1388 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
1389 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
1390 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
1391 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1392 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1394 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1395 # Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
1396 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1397 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1398 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1399 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
1401 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1402 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1403 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1406 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1407 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1408 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1412 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1413 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1414 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1420 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1421 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1422 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1423 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1424 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1425 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1426 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1427 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1428 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1429 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1430 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1431 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1432 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1433 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1434 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1435 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1436 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1437 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1438 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1439 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1440 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1441 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1442 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1443 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1444 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1445 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1446 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1447 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1448 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1449 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1450 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1454 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1455 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1456 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1457 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1458 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1459 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1460 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1461 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1462 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1463 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1464 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1465 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1466 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1467 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1468 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1469 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1470 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1471 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1472 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1473 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1475 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1476 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1477 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1478 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1479 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1480 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1481 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1486 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1487 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1490 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1493 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1494 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1495 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1496 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1498 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1499 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1500 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1501 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1504 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1505 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1506 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1507 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1508 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1509 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1510 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1511 # might mean something else (???).
1513 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1514 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1515 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1516 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1518 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1519 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1520 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1521 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1522 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1523 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1524 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1525 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1526 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1527 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1528 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1529 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1530 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1531 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1533 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1534 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1535 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1536 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1537 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1540 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1541 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1542 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1546 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1548 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1549 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1550 # <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
1551 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1553 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1554 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1556 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1557 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1558 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1559 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1560 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1561 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1562 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1563 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1564 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1565 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1566 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1567 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1568 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1569 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1570 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1571 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1573 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1574 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1575 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1576 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1577 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1578 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1579 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1580 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1581 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1582 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1583 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1584 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1585 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1586 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1587 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1588 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1589 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1590 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1591 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1592 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1593 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1594 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1595 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1596 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1597 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1598 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1599 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1600 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1601 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1602 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1603 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1604 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1605 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1606 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1607 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1608 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1609 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1610 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1611 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1612 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1613 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1614 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1615 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1618 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1619 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1623 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1625 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1626 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1627 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1628 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1630 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1631 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1632 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1633 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1634 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1636 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1637 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1638 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1639 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1640 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1641 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1643 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1644 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1645 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1646 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1647 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1648 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1649 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1650 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1651 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1652 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1654 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1655 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1656 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1658 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1659 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1660 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1661 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1662 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1663 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1664 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1665 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1666 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1667 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1668 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1670 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1671 # Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
1672 # Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
1673 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1674 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1675 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1679 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1680 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1685 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1686 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1687 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1688 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1689 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1690 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1691 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1692 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1694 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1695 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1696 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1697 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1699 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1700 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1701 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1703 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1704 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1705 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1708 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1709 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1710 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1711 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1712 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1713 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1714 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1715 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1716 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1717 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1718 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1719 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1720 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1721 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1722 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1723 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1724 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1725 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1726 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1727 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1728 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1729 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1730 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1731 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1732 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1733 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1734 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1735 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1736 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1737 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1738 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1739 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1746 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1747 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1748 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1749 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1750 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1751 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1752 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1753 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1754 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1755 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1756 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1757 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1758 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1759 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1764 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1765 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1766 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1767 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1771 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1772 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1773 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1774 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1775 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1776 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1780 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1781 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1782 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1783 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1784 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1785 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1786 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1787 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1788 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1789 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1790 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1791 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1792 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1793 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1794 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1795 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1796 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1797 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1798 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1799 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1800 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1801 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1802 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1803 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1804 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1805 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1806 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1807 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1809 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1810 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1811 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1812 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1813 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1814 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1815 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1819 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1820 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1821 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1822 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1823 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1824 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1825 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1826 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1827 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1828 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1829 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1830 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1832 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1833 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1834 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1835 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1838 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1839 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1841 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1842 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1845 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1846 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1847 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1848 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1849 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1850 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1851 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1852 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1853 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1854 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1855 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1857 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1858 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1859 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1861 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1862 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1863 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1864 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1865 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1866 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1867 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1868 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1869 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1871 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1872 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1873 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1874 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1876 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1877 # <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1878 # http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1880 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1881 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1884 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1886 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1887 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1888 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1890 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1891 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1892 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1894 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1895 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1896 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1897 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1898 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1899 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1900 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1902 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1903 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1904 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1906 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1907 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1908 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1909 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1910 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1911 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1912 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1913 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1914 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1915 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1916 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1917 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1918 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1919 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1920 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1921 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1922 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1923 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1924 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1925 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1926 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1927 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1928 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1929 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1930 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1931 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1932 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1933 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1934 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1935 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1936 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1937 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1938 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1939 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1940 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1941 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1942 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1943 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1945 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1946 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1947 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1948 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1950 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1951 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1952 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1954 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1955 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1956 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1957 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1958 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1959 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1960 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1961 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1962 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1963 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1964 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1965 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1966 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1967 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1968 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1969 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1970 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1971 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1972 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1973 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1975 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1976 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1977 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1978 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1979 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1980 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1982 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1983 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1984 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1985 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1989 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1990 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1991 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1992 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1993 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1994 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1995 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1996 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1997 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1998 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1999 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2000 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2001 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2002 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2003 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2004 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2009 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
2010 # On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
2011 # with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
2012 # On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
2013 # Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
2014 # reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days
2015 # off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
2016 # (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
2018 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
2019 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
2020 # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
2021 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2022 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
2024 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
2025 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2026 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2027 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2028 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2030 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
2031 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2032 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2033 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2035 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2036 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2037 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2038 2:00 Poland CET 1946
2039 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2040 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2041 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2042 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
2043 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
2045 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2046 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2047 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2048 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2049 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2050 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2051 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2053 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2054 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
2055 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2056 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2057 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
2059 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
2060 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
2061 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2062 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2063 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2064 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2065 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2066 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
2067 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2068 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2069 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2071 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
2072 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2073 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2074 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2075 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2076 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2077 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
2078 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2079 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2080 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2081 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2082 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2084 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2085 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
2086 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2087 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2088 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2090 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2091 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2092 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
2093 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2094 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2095 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2097 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2098 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
2099 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2100 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2101 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2103 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
2104 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
2105 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
2106 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2107 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2108 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2110 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2111 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
2112 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2113 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2114 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2116 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2117 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2118 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
2119 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2120 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2121 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2123 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2124 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
2125 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2126 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2127 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2131 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2137 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
2138 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2139 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2140 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2141 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2142 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2143 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2144 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2145 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2146 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2147 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2148 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2149 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2150 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2151 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2153 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2154 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2155 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2156 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2157 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2158 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2159 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2160 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2161 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2162 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2163 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2164 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2165 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2166 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2167 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2168 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2169 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2170 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2171 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2172 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2173 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2174 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2175 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2176 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2177 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2178 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2179 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2180 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2181 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2182 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2183 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2184 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2185 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2187 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2188 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2189 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2191 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2192 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2193 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2195 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2196 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2199 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2200 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2201 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2202 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2204 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2205 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2209 # From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
2210 # <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
2211 # Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
2215 # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
2216 # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
2217 # those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
2218 # year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
2219 # different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
2221 # However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
2222 # they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
2223 # they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
2226 # Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
2227 # getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
2229 # (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
2230 # produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
2231 # by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
2232 # kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
2234 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2235 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2236 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2237 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2238 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2243 # The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
2244 # by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
2245 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
2246 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2247 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2248 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2249 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2250 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2251 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2252 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2253 # From Shanks (1991):
2254 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2255 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2257 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2258 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2259 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2263 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2264 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2265 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2266 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2267 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2268 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2269 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2270 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2271 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2272 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2273 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2274 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2275 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2276 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2277 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2278 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2279 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2280 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2281 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2282 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2283 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2284 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2285 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2286 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2287 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2288 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2289 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2290 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2291 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2292 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2293 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2294 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2295 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2296 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2297 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2298 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2299 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2300 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2301 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2302 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2303 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2304 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2305 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2306 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2307 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2308 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2309 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2310 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2311 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2312 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2313 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2314 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2315 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2316 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2317 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2318 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2319 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2320 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2321 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2322 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2324 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2327 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2328 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2329 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
2330 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2331 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2332 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2333 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2334 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2335 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2336 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2337 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2338 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2339 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2340 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2341 Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2342 Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2343 Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2344 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2345 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2346 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2347 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2348 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2349 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2350 Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2351 Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2353 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2354 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2355 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2356 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2357 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2359 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2360 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2361 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2362 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2363 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2364 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2365 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2366 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2367 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2368 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2369 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2370 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2371 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2372 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2373 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2377 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2378 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2379 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2380 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2381 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2382 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2383 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2384 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2385 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2387 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2388 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2389 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2390 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2392 ###############################################################################
2394 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2395 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2396 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2398 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2399 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2400 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2401 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2402 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2403 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2406 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2407 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2408 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2411 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2412 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2413 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2414 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2415 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2417 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2418 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2419 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2420 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2422 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2423 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2425 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2426 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2427 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2430 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2431 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2434 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2435 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2436 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2438 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2439 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2440 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2441 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2442 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2443 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2446 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2447 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2448 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2449 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2450 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2451 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2452 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2453 # in advance of normal time.
2456 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2457 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2458 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2460 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2462 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2463 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2465 # Monaco: has same DST as France.