2 # Released to the public domain 16-Jan-2001, by Tim Peters (tim@python.org).
3 # Major enhancements and refactoring by:
7 # Provided as-is; use at your own risk; no warranty; no promises; enjoy!
9 r"""Module doctest -- a framework for running examples in docstrings.
11 In simplest use, end each module M to be tested with:
17 if __name__ == "__main__":
20 Then running the module as a script will cause the examples in the
21 docstrings to get executed and verified:
25 This won't display anything unless an example fails, in which case the
26 failing example(s) and the cause(s) of the failure(s) are printed to stdout
27 (why not stderr? because stderr is a lame hack <0.2 wink>), and the final
28 line of output is "Test failed.".
30 Run it with the -v switch instead:
34 and a detailed report of all examples tried is printed to stdout, along
35 with assorted summaries at the end.
37 You can force verbose mode by passing "verbose=True" to testmod, or prohibit
38 it by passing "verbose=False". In either of those cases, sys.argv is not
41 There are a variety of other ways to run doctests, including integration
42 with the unittest framework, and support for running non-Python text
43 files containing doctests. There are also many ways to override parts
44 of doctest's default behaviors. See the Library Reference Manual for
48 __docformat__ = 'reStructuredText en'
52 'register_optionflag',
53 'DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1',
54 'DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE',
55 'NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE',
57 'IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL',
62 'REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE',
64 # 1. Utility Functions
66 # 2. Example & DocTest
77 'UnexpectedException',
82 'run_docstring_examples',
88 'set_unittest_reportflags',
89 # 9. Debugging Support
90 'script_from_examples',
98 import sys, traceback, inspect, linecache, os, re, types
99 import unittest, difflib, pdb, tempfile
101 from StringIO import StringIO
103 # Don't whine about the deprecated is_private function in this
105 warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "is_private", DeprecationWarning,
108 real_pdb_set_trace = pdb.set_trace
110 # There are 4 basic classes:
111 # - Example: a <source, want> pair, plus an intra-docstring line number.
112 # - DocTest: a collection of examples, parsed from a docstring, plus
113 # info about where the docstring came from (name, filename, lineno).
114 # - DocTestFinder: extracts DocTests from a given object's docstring and
115 # its contained objects' docstrings.
116 # - DocTestRunner: runs DocTest cases, and accumulates statistics.
118 # So the basic picture is:
121 # +------+ +---------+ +-------+
122 # |object| --DocTestFinder-> | DocTest | --DocTestRunner-> |results|
123 # +------+ +---------+ +-------+
131 OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME = {}
132 def register_optionflag(name):
133 flag = 1 << len(OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME)
134 OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME[name] = flag
137 DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1 = register_optionflag('DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1')
138 DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE = register_optionflag('DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE')
139 NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE = register_optionflag('NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE')
140 ELLIPSIS = register_optionflag('ELLIPSIS')
141 IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL = register_optionflag('IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL')
143 COMPARISON_FLAGS = (DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1 |
144 DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE |
145 NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE |
147 IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL)
149 REPORT_UDIFF = register_optionflag('REPORT_UDIFF')
150 REPORT_CDIFF = register_optionflag('REPORT_CDIFF')
151 REPORT_NDIFF = register_optionflag('REPORT_NDIFF')
152 REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE = register_optionflag('REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE')
154 REPORTING_FLAGS = (REPORT_UDIFF |
157 REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE)
159 # Special string markers for use in `want` strings:
160 BLANKLINE_MARKER = '<BLANKLINE>'
161 ELLIPSIS_MARKER = '...'
163 ######################################################################
165 ######################################################################
166 # 1. Utility Functions
167 # 2. Example & DocTest -- store test cases
168 # 3. DocTest Parser -- extracts examples from strings
169 # 4. DocTest Finder -- extracts test cases from objects
170 # 5. DocTest Runner -- runs test cases
171 # 6. Test Functions -- convenient wrappers for testing
172 # 7. Tester Class -- for backwards compatibility
173 # 8. Unittest Support
174 # 9. Debugging Support
177 ######################################################################
178 ## 1. Utility Functions
179 ######################################################################
181 def is_private(prefix, base):
182 """prefix, base -> true iff name prefix + "." + base is "private".
184 Prefix may be an empty string, and base does not contain a period.
185 Prefix is ignored (although functions you write conforming to this
186 protocol may make use of it).
187 Return true iff base begins with an (at least one) underscore, but
188 does not both begin and end with (at least) two underscores.
190 >>> is_private("a.b", "my_func")
192 >>> is_private("____", "_my_func")
194 >>> is_private("someclass", "__init__")
196 >>> is_private("sometypo", "__init_")
198 >>> is_private("x.y.z", "_")
200 >>> is_private("_x.y.z", "__")
202 >>> is_private("", "") # senseless but consistent
205 warnings.warn("is_private is deprecated; it wasn't useful; "
206 "examine DocTestFinder.find() lists instead",
207 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
208 return base[:1] == "_" and not base[:2] == "__" == base[-2:]
210 def _extract_future_flags(globs):
212 Return the compiler-flags associated with the future features that
213 have been imported into the given namespace (globs).
216 for fname in __future__.all_feature_names:
217 feature = globs.get(fname, None)
218 if feature is getattr(__future__, fname):
219 flags |= feature.compiler_flag
222 def _normalize_module(module, depth=2):
224 Return the module specified by `module`. In particular:
225 - If `module` is a module, then return module.
226 - If `module` is a string, then import and return the
227 module with that name.
228 - If `module` is None, then return the calling module.
229 The calling module is assumed to be the module of
230 the stack frame at the given depth in the call stack.
232 if inspect.ismodule(module):
234 elif isinstance(module, (str, unicode)):
235 return __import__(module, globals(), locals(), ["*"])
237 return sys.modules[sys._getframe(depth).f_globals['__name__']]
239 raise TypeError("Expected a module, string, or None")
241 def _indent(s, indent=4):
243 Add the given number of space characters to the beginning every
244 non-blank line in `s`, and return the result.
246 # This regexp matches the start of non-blank lines:
247 return re.sub('(?m)^(?!$)', indent*' ', s)
249 def _exception_traceback(exc_info):
251 Return a string containing a traceback message for the given
252 exc_info tuple (as returned by sys.exc_info()).
254 # Get a traceback message.
256 exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb = exc_info
257 traceback.print_exception(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb, file=excout)
258 return excout.getvalue()
260 # Override some StringIO methods.
261 class _SpoofOut(StringIO):
263 result = StringIO.getvalue(self)
264 # If anything at all was written, make sure there's a trailing
265 # newline. There's no way for the expected output to indicate
266 # that a trailing newline is missing.
267 if result and not result.endswith("\n"):
269 # Prevent softspace from screwing up the next test case, in
270 # case they used print with a trailing comma in an example.
271 if hasattr(self, "softspace"):
275 def truncate(self, size=None):
276 StringIO.truncate(self, size)
277 if hasattr(self, "softspace"):
280 # Worst-case linear-time ellipsis matching.
281 def _ellipsis_match(want, got):
283 Essentially the only subtle case:
284 >>> _ellipsis_match('aa...aa', 'aaa')
287 if ELLIPSIS_MARKER not in want:
290 # Find "the real" strings.
291 ws = want.split(ELLIPSIS_MARKER)
294 # Deal with exact matches possibly needed at one or both ends.
295 startpos, endpos = 0, len(got)
297 if w: # starts with exact match
298 if got.startswith(w):
304 if w: # ends with exact match
311 if startpos > endpos:
312 # Exact end matches required more characters than we have, as in
313 # _ellipsis_match('aa...aa', 'aaa')
316 # For the rest, we only need to find the leftmost non-overlapping
317 # match for each piece. If there's no overall match that way alone,
318 # there's no overall match period.
320 # w may be '' at times, if there are consecutive ellipses, or
321 # due to an ellipsis at the start or end of `want`. That's OK.
322 # Search for an empty string succeeds, and doesn't change startpos.
323 startpos = got.find(w, startpos, endpos)
330 def _comment_line(line):
331 "Return a commented form of the given line"
338 class _OutputRedirectingPdb(pdb.Pdb):
340 A specialized version of the python debugger that redirects stdout
341 to a given stream when interacting with the user. Stdout is *not*
342 redirected when traced code is executed.
344 def __init__(self, out):
346 self.__debugger_used = False
347 pdb.Pdb.__init__(self)
350 self.__debugger_used = True
351 pdb.Pdb.set_trace(self)
353 def set_continue(self):
354 # Calling set_continue unconditionally would break unit test coverage
355 # reporting, as Bdb.set_continue calls sys.settrace(None).
356 if self.__debugger_used:
357 pdb.Pdb.set_continue(self)
359 def trace_dispatch(self, *args):
360 # Redirect stdout to the given stream.
361 save_stdout = sys.stdout
362 sys.stdout = self.__out
363 # Call Pdb's trace dispatch method.
364 result = pdb.Pdb.trace_dispatch(self, *args)
366 sys.stdout = save_stdout
369 # [XX] Normalize with respect to os.path.pardir?
370 def _module_relative_path(module, path):
371 if not inspect.ismodule(module):
372 raise TypeError, 'Expected a module: %r' % module
373 if path.startswith('/'):
374 raise ValueError, 'Module-relative files may not have absolute paths'
376 # Find the base directory for the path.
377 if hasattr(module, '__file__'):
378 # A normal module/package
379 basedir = os.path.split(module.__file__)[0]
380 elif module.__name__ == '__main__':
381 # An interactive session.
382 if len(sys.argv)>0 and sys.argv[0] != '':
383 basedir = os.path.split(sys.argv[0])[0]
387 # A module w/o __file__ (this includes builtins)
388 raise ValueError("Can't resolve paths relative to the module " +
389 module + " (it has no __file__)")
391 # Combine the base directory and the path.
392 return os.path.join(basedir, *(path.split('/')))
394 ######################################################################
395 ## 2. Example & DocTest
396 ######################################################################
397 ## - An "example" is a <source, want> pair, where "source" is a
398 ## fragment of source code, and "want" is the expected output for
399 ## "source." The Example class also includes information about
400 ## where the example was extracted from.
402 ## - A "doctest" is a collection of examples, typically extracted from
403 ## a string (such as an object's docstring). The DocTest class also
404 ## includes information about where the string was extracted from.
408 A single doctest example, consisting of source code and expected
409 output. `Example` defines the following attributes:
411 - source: A single Python statement, always ending with a newline.
412 The constructor adds a newline if needed.
414 - want: The expected output from running the source code (either
415 from stdout, or a traceback in case of exception). `want` ends
416 with a newline unless it's empty, in which case it's an empty
417 string. The constructor adds a newline if needed.
419 - exc_msg: The exception message generated by the example, if
420 the example is expected to generate an exception; or `None` if
421 it is not expected to generate an exception. This exception
422 message is compared against the return value of
423 `traceback.format_exception_only()`. `exc_msg` ends with a
424 newline unless it's `None`. The constructor adds a newline
427 - lineno: The line number within the DocTest string containing
428 this Example where the Example begins. This line number is
429 zero-based, with respect to the beginning of the DocTest.
431 - indent: The example's indentation in the DocTest string.
432 I.e., the number of space characters that preceed the
433 example's first prompt.
435 - options: A dictionary mapping from option flags to True or
436 False, which is used to override default options for this
437 example. Any option flags not contained in this dictionary
438 are left at their default value (as specified by the
439 DocTestRunner's optionflags). By default, no options are set.
441 def __init__(self, source, want, exc_msg=None, lineno=0, indent=0,
444 if not source.endswith('\n'):
446 if want and not want.endswith('\n'):
448 if exc_msg is not None and not exc_msg.endswith('\n'):
455 if options is None: options = {}
456 self.options = options
457 self.exc_msg = exc_msg
461 A collection of doctest examples that should be run in a single
462 namespace. Each `DocTest` defines the following attributes:
464 - examples: the list of examples.
466 - globs: The namespace (aka globals) that the examples should
469 - name: A name identifying the DocTest (typically, the name of
470 the object whose docstring this DocTest was extracted from).
472 - filename: The name of the file that this DocTest was extracted
473 from, or `None` if the filename is unknown.
475 - lineno: The line number within filename where this DocTest
476 begins, or `None` if the line number is unavailable. This
477 line number is zero-based, with respect to the beginning of
480 - docstring: The string that the examples were extracted from,
481 or `None` if the string is unavailable.
483 def __init__(self, examples, globs, name, filename, lineno, docstring):
485 Create a new DocTest containing the given examples. The
486 DocTest's globals are initialized with a copy of `globs`.
488 assert not isinstance(examples, basestring), \
489 "DocTest no longer accepts str; use DocTestParser instead"
490 self.examples = examples
491 self.docstring = docstring
492 self.globs = globs.copy()
494 self.filename = filename
498 if len(self.examples) == 0:
499 examples = 'no examples'
500 elif len(self.examples) == 1:
501 examples = '1 example'
503 examples = '%d examples' % len(self.examples)
504 return ('<DocTest %s from %s:%s (%s)>' %
505 (self.name, self.filename, self.lineno, examples))
508 # This lets us sort tests by name:
509 def __cmp__(self, other):
510 if not isinstance(other, DocTest):
512 return cmp((self.name, self.filename, self.lineno, id(self)),
513 (other.name, other.filename, other.lineno, id(other)))
515 ######################################################################
517 ######################################################################
521 A class used to parse strings containing doctest examples.
523 # This regular expression is used to find doctest examples in a
524 # string. It defines three groups: `source` is the source code
525 # (including leading indentation and prompts); `indent` is the
526 # indentation of the first (PS1) line of the source code; and
527 # `want` is the expected output (including leading indentation).
528 _EXAMPLE_RE = re.compile(r'''
529 # Source consists of a PS1 line followed by zero or more PS2 lines.
531 (?:^(?P<indent> [ ]*) >>> .*) # PS1 line
532 (?:\n [ ]* \.\.\. .*)*) # PS2 lines
534 # Want consists of any non-blank lines that do not start with PS1.
535 (?P<want> (?:(?![ ]*$) # Not a blank line
536 (?![ ]*>>>) # Not a line starting with PS1
537 .*$\n? # But any other line
539 ''', re.MULTILINE | re.VERBOSE)
541 # A regular expression for handling `want` strings that contain
542 # expected exceptions. It divides `want` into three pieces:
543 # - the traceback header line (`hdr`)
544 # - the traceback stack (`stack`)
545 # - the exception message (`msg`), as generated by
546 # traceback.format_exception_only()
547 # `msg` may have multiple lines. We assume/require that the
548 # exception message is the first non-indented line starting with a word
549 # character following the traceback header line.
550 _EXCEPTION_RE = re.compile(r"""
551 # Grab the traceback header. Different versions of Python have
552 # said different things on the first traceback line.
553 ^(?P<hdr> Traceback\ \(
554 (?: most\ recent\ call\ last
558 \s* $ # toss trailing whitespace on the header.
559 (?P<stack> .*?) # don't blink: absorb stuff until...
560 ^ (?P<msg> \w+ .*) # a line *starts* with alphanum.
561 """, re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
563 # A callable returning a true value iff its argument is a blank line
564 # or contains a single comment.
565 _IS_BLANK_OR_COMMENT = re.compile(r'^[ ]*(#.*)?$').match
567 def parse(self, string, name='<string>'):
569 Divide the given string into examples and intervening text,
570 and return them as a list of alternating Examples and strings.
571 Line numbers for the Examples are 0-based. The optional
572 argument `name` is a name identifying this string, and is only
573 used for error messages.
575 string = string.expandtabs()
576 # If all lines begin with the same indentation, then strip it.
577 min_indent = self._min_indent(string)
579 string = '\n'.join([l[min_indent:] for l in string.split('\n')])
582 charno, lineno = 0, 0
583 # Find all doctest examples in the string:
584 for m in self._EXAMPLE_RE.finditer(string):
585 # Add the pre-example text to `output`.
586 output.append(string[charno:m.start()])
587 # Update lineno (lines before this example)
588 lineno += string.count('\n', charno, m.start())
589 # Extract info from the regexp match.
590 (source, options, want, exc_msg) = \
591 self._parse_example(m, name, lineno)
592 # Create an Example, and add it to the list.
593 if not self._IS_BLANK_OR_COMMENT(source):
594 output.append( Example(source, want, exc_msg,
596 indent=min_indent+len(m.group('indent')),
598 # Update lineno (lines inside this example)
599 lineno += string.count('\n', m.start(), m.end())
602 # Add any remaining post-example text to `output`.
603 output.append(string[charno:])
606 def get_doctest(self, string, globs, name, filename, lineno):
608 Extract all doctest examples from the given string, and
609 collect them into a `DocTest` object.
611 `globs`, `name`, `filename`, and `lineno` are attributes for
612 the new `DocTest` object. See the documentation for `DocTest`
613 for more information.
615 return DocTest(self.get_examples(string, name), globs,
616 name, filename, lineno, string)
618 def get_examples(self, string, name='<string>'):
620 Extract all doctest examples from the given string, and return
621 them as a list of `Example` objects. Line numbers are
622 0-based, because it's most common in doctests that nothing
623 interesting appears on the same line as opening triple-quote,
624 and so the first interesting line is called \"line 1\" then.
626 The optional argument `name` is a name identifying this
627 string, and is only used for error messages.
629 return [x for x in self.parse(string, name)
630 if isinstance(x, Example)]
632 def _parse_example(self, m, name, lineno):
634 Given a regular expression match from `_EXAMPLE_RE` (`m`),
635 return a pair `(source, want)`, where `source` is the matched
636 example's source code (with prompts and indentation stripped);
637 and `want` is the example's expected output (with indentation
640 `name` is the string's name, and `lineno` is the line number
641 where the example starts; both are used for error messages.
643 # Get the example's indentation level.
644 indent = len(m.group('indent'))
646 # Divide source into lines; check that they're properly
647 # indented; and then strip their indentation & prompts.
648 source_lines = m.group('source').split('\n')
649 self._check_prompt_blank(source_lines, indent, name, lineno)
650 self._check_prefix(source_lines[1:], ' '*indent + '.', name, lineno)
651 source = '\n'.join([sl[indent+4:] for sl in source_lines])
653 # Divide want into lines; check that it's properly indented; and
654 # then strip the indentation. Spaces before the last newline should
655 # be preserved, so plain rstrip() isn't good enough.
656 want = m.group('want')
657 want_lines = want.split('\n')
658 if len(want_lines) > 1 and re.match(r' *$', want_lines[-1]):
659 del want_lines[-1] # forget final newline & spaces after it
660 self._check_prefix(want_lines, ' '*indent, name,
661 lineno + len(source_lines))
662 want = '\n'.join([wl[indent:] for wl in want_lines])
664 # If `want` contains a traceback message, then extract it.
665 m = self._EXCEPTION_RE.match(want)
667 exc_msg = m.group('msg')
671 # Extract options from the source.
672 options = self._find_options(source, name, lineno)
674 return source, options, want, exc_msg
676 # This regular expression looks for option directives in the
677 # source code of an example. Option directives are comments
678 # starting with "doctest:". Warning: this may give false
679 # positives for string-literals that contain the string
680 # "#doctest:". Eliminating these false positives would require
681 # actually parsing the string; but we limit them by ignoring any
682 # line containing "#doctest:" that is *followed* by a quote mark.
683 _OPTION_DIRECTIVE_RE = re.compile(r'#\s*doctest:\s*([^\n\'"]*)$',
686 def _find_options(self, source, name, lineno):
688 Return a dictionary containing option overrides extracted from
689 option directives in the given source string.
691 `name` is the string's name, and `lineno` is the line number
692 where the example starts; both are used for error messages.
695 # (note: with the current regexp, this will match at most once:)
696 for m in self._OPTION_DIRECTIVE_RE.finditer(source):
697 option_strings = m.group(1).replace(',', ' ').split()
698 for option in option_strings:
699 if (option[0] not in '+-' or
700 option[1:] not in OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME):
701 raise ValueError('line %r of the doctest for %s '
702 'has an invalid option: %r' %
703 (lineno+1, name, option))
704 flag = OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME[option[1:]]
705 options[flag] = (option[0] == '+')
706 if options and self._IS_BLANK_OR_COMMENT(source):
707 raise ValueError('line %r of the doctest for %s has an option '
708 'directive on a line with no example: %r' %
709 (lineno, name, source))
712 # This regular expression finds the indentation of every non-blank
714 _INDENT_RE = re.compile('^([ ]*)(?=\S)', re.MULTILINE)
716 def _min_indent(self, s):
717 "Return the minimum indentation of any non-blank line in `s`"
718 indents = [len(indent) for indent in self._INDENT_RE.findall(s)]
724 def _check_prompt_blank(self, lines, indent, name, lineno):
726 Given the lines of a source string (including prompts and
727 leading indentation), check to make sure that every prompt is
728 followed by a space character. If any line is not followed by
729 a space character, then raise ValueError.
731 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
732 if len(line) >= indent+4 and line[indent+3] != ' ':
733 raise ValueError('line %r of the docstring for %s '
734 'lacks blank after %s: %r' %
736 line[indent:indent+3], line))
738 def _check_prefix(self, lines, prefix, name, lineno):
740 Check that every line in the given list starts with the given
741 prefix; if any line does not, then raise a ValueError.
743 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
744 if line and not line.startswith(prefix):
745 raise ValueError('line %r of the docstring for %s has '
746 'inconsistent leading whitespace: %r' %
747 (lineno+i+1, name, line))
750 ######################################################################
752 ######################################################################
756 A class used to extract the DocTests that are relevant to a given
757 object, from its docstring and the docstrings of its contained
758 objects. Doctests can currently be extracted from the following
759 object types: modules, functions, classes, methods, staticmethods,
760 classmethods, and properties.
763 def __init__(self, verbose=False, parser=DocTestParser(),
764 recurse=True, _namefilter=None, exclude_empty=True):
766 Create a new doctest finder.
768 The optional argument `parser` specifies a class or
769 function that should be used to create new DocTest objects (or
770 objects that implement the same interface as DocTest). The
771 signature for this factory function should match the signature
772 of the DocTest constructor.
774 If the optional argument `recurse` is false, then `find` will
775 only examine the given object, and not any contained objects.
777 If the optional argument `exclude_empty` is false, then `find`
778 will include tests for objects with empty docstrings.
780 self._parser = parser
781 self._verbose = verbose
782 self._recurse = recurse
783 self._exclude_empty = exclude_empty
784 # _namefilter is undocumented, and exists only for temporary backward-
785 # compatibility support of testmod's deprecated isprivate mess.
786 self._namefilter = _namefilter
788 def find(self, obj, name=None, module=None, globs=None,
791 Return a list of the DocTests that are defined by the given
792 object's docstring, or by any of its contained objects'
795 The optional parameter `module` is the module that contains
796 the given object. If the module is not specified or is None, then
797 the test finder will attempt to automatically determine the
798 correct module. The object's module is used:
800 - As a default namespace, if `globs` is not specified.
801 - To prevent the DocTestFinder from extracting DocTests
802 from objects that are imported from other modules.
803 - To find the name of the file containing the object.
804 - To help find the line number of the object within its
807 Contained objects whose module does not match `module` are ignored.
809 If `module` is False, no attempt to find the module will be made.
810 This is obscure, of use mostly in tests: if `module` is False, or
811 is None but cannot be found automatically, then all objects are
812 considered to belong to the (non-existent) module, so all contained
813 objects will (recursively) be searched for doctests.
815 The globals for each DocTest is formed by combining `globs`
816 and `extraglobs` (bindings in `extraglobs` override bindings
817 in `globs`). A new copy of the globals dictionary is created
818 for each DocTest. If `globs` is not specified, then it
819 defaults to the module's `__dict__`, if specified, or {}
820 otherwise. If `extraglobs` is not specified, then it defaults
824 # If name was not specified, then extract it from the object.
826 name = getattr(obj, '__name__', None)
828 raise ValueError("DocTestFinder.find: name must be given "
829 "when obj.__name__ doesn't exist: %r" %
832 # Find the module that contains the given object (if obj is
833 # a module, then module=obj.). Note: this may fail, in which
834 # case module will be None.
838 module = inspect.getmodule(obj)
840 # Read the module's source code. This is used by
841 # DocTestFinder._find_lineno to find the line number for a
842 # given object's docstring.
844 file = inspect.getsourcefile(obj) or inspect.getfile(obj)
845 source_lines = linecache.getlines(file)
851 # Initialize globals, and merge in extraglobs.
856 globs = module.__dict__.copy()
859 if extraglobs is not None:
860 globs.update(extraglobs)
862 # Recursively expore `obj`, extracting DocTests.
864 self._find(tests, obj, name, module, source_lines, globs, {})
867 def _filter(self, obj, prefix, base):
869 Return true if the given object should not be examined.
871 return (self._namefilter is not None and
872 self._namefilter(prefix, base))
874 def _from_module(self, module, object):
876 Return true if the given object is defined in the given
881 elif inspect.isfunction(object):
882 return module.__dict__ is object.func_globals
883 elif inspect.isclass(object):
884 return module.__name__ == object.__module__
885 elif inspect.getmodule(object) is not None:
886 return module is inspect.getmodule(object)
887 elif hasattr(object, '__module__'):
888 return module.__name__ == object.__module__
889 elif isinstance(object, property):
890 return True # [XX] no way not be sure.
892 raise ValueError("object must be a class or function")
894 def _find(self, tests, obj, name, module, source_lines, globs, seen):
896 Find tests for the given object and any contained objects, and
900 print 'Finding tests in %s' % name
902 # If we've already processed this object, then ignore it.
907 # Find a test for this object, and add it to the list of tests.
908 test = self._get_test(obj, name, module, globs, source_lines)
912 # Look for tests in a module's contained objects.
913 if inspect.ismodule(obj) and self._recurse:
914 for valname, val in obj.__dict__.items():
915 # Check if this contained object should be ignored.
916 if self._filter(val, name, valname):
918 valname = '%s.%s' % (name, valname)
919 # Recurse to functions & classes.
920 if ((inspect.isfunction(val) or inspect.isclass(val)) and
921 self._from_module(module, val)):
922 self._find(tests, val, valname, module, source_lines,
925 # Look for tests in a module's __test__ dictionary.
926 if inspect.ismodule(obj) and self._recurse:
927 for valname, val in getattr(obj, '__test__', {}).items():
928 if not isinstance(valname, basestring):
929 raise ValueError("DocTestFinder.find: __test__ keys "
930 "must be strings: %r" %
932 if not (inspect.isfunction(val) or inspect.isclass(val) or
933 inspect.ismethod(val) or inspect.ismodule(val) or
934 isinstance(val, basestring)):
935 raise ValueError("DocTestFinder.find: __test__ values "
936 "must be strings, functions, methods, "
937 "classes, or modules: %r" %
939 valname = '%s.__test__.%s' % (name, valname)
940 self._find(tests, val, valname, module, source_lines,
943 # Look for tests in a class's contained objects.
944 if inspect.isclass(obj) and self._recurse:
945 for valname, val in obj.__dict__.items():
946 # Check if this contained object should be ignored.
947 if self._filter(val, name, valname):
949 # Special handling for staticmethod/classmethod.
950 if isinstance(val, staticmethod):
951 val = getattr(obj, valname)
952 if isinstance(val, classmethod):
953 val = getattr(obj, valname).im_func
955 # Recurse to methods, properties, and nested classes.
956 if ((inspect.isfunction(val) or inspect.isclass(val) or
957 isinstance(val, property)) and
958 self._from_module(module, val)):
959 valname = '%s.%s' % (name, valname)
960 self._find(tests, val, valname, module, source_lines,
963 def _get_test(self, obj, name, module, globs, source_lines):
965 Return a DocTest for the given object, if it defines a docstring;
966 otherwise, return None.
968 # Extract the object's docstring. If it doesn't have one,
969 # then return None (no test for this object).
970 if isinstance(obj, basestring):
974 if obj.__doc__ is None:
977 docstring = obj.__doc__
978 if not isinstance(docstring, basestring):
979 docstring = str(docstring)
980 except (TypeError, AttributeError):
983 # Find the docstring's location in the file.
984 lineno = self._find_lineno(obj, source_lines)
986 # Don't bother if the docstring is empty.
987 if self._exclude_empty and not docstring:
990 # Return a DocTest for this object.
994 filename = getattr(module, '__file__', module.__name__)
995 if filename[-4:] in (".pyc", ".pyo"):
996 filename = filename[:-1]
997 return self._parser.get_doctest(docstring, globs, name,
1000 def _find_lineno(self, obj, source_lines):
1002 Return a line number of the given object's docstring. Note:
1003 this method assumes that the object has a docstring.
1007 # Find the line number for modules.
1008 if inspect.ismodule(obj):
1011 # Find the line number for classes.
1012 # Note: this could be fooled if a class is defined multiple
1013 # times in a single file.
1014 if inspect.isclass(obj):
1015 if source_lines is None:
1017 pat = re.compile(r'^\s*class\s*%s\b' %
1018 getattr(obj, '__name__', '-'))
1019 for i, line in enumerate(source_lines):
1024 # Find the line number for functions & methods.
1025 if inspect.ismethod(obj): obj = obj.im_func
1026 if inspect.isfunction(obj): obj = obj.func_code
1027 if inspect.istraceback(obj): obj = obj.tb_frame
1028 if inspect.isframe(obj): obj = obj.f_code
1029 if inspect.iscode(obj):
1030 lineno = getattr(obj, 'co_firstlineno', None)-1
1032 # Find the line number where the docstring starts. Assume
1033 # that it's the first line that begins with a quote mark.
1034 # Note: this could be fooled by a multiline function
1035 # signature, where a continuation line begins with a quote
1037 if lineno is not None:
1038 if source_lines is None:
1040 pat = re.compile('(^|.*:)\s*\w*("|\')')
1041 for lineno in range(lineno, len(source_lines)):
1042 if pat.match(source_lines[lineno]):
1045 # We couldn't find the line number.
1048 ######################################################################
1049 ## 5. DocTest Runner
1050 ######################################################################
1052 class DocTestRunner:
1054 A class used to run DocTest test cases, and accumulate statistics.
1055 The `run` method is used to process a single DocTest case. It
1056 returns a tuple `(f, t)`, where `t` is the number of test cases
1057 tried, and `f` is the number of test cases that failed.
1059 >>> tests = DocTestFinder().find(_TestClass)
1060 >>> runner = DocTestRunner(verbose=False)
1061 >>> for test in tests:
1062 ... print runner.run(test)
1068 The `summarize` method prints a summary of all the test cases that
1069 have been run by the runner, and returns an aggregated `(f, t)`
1072 >>> runner.summarize(verbose=1)
1073 4 items passed all tests:
1074 2 tests in _TestClass
1075 2 tests in _TestClass.__init__
1076 2 tests in _TestClass.get
1077 1 tests in _TestClass.square
1079 7 passed and 0 failed.
1083 The aggregated number of tried examples and failed examples is
1084 also available via the `tries` and `failures` attributes:
1091 The comparison between expected outputs and actual outputs is done
1092 by an `OutputChecker`. This comparison may be customized with a
1093 number of option flags; see the documentation for `testmod` for
1094 more information. If the option flags are insufficient, then the
1095 comparison may also be customized by passing a subclass of
1096 `OutputChecker` to the constructor.
1098 The test runner's display output can be controlled in two ways.
1099 First, an output function (`out) can be passed to
1100 `TestRunner.run`; this function will be called with strings that
1101 should be displayed. It defaults to `sys.stdout.write`. If
1102 capturing the output is not sufficient, then the display output
1103 can be also customized by subclassing DocTestRunner, and
1104 overriding the methods `report_start`, `report_success`,
1105 `report_unexpected_exception`, and `report_failure`.
1107 # This divider string is used to separate failure messages, and to
1108 # separate sections of the summary.
1111 def __init__(self, checker=None, verbose=None, optionflags=0):
1113 Create a new test runner.
1115 Optional keyword arg `checker` is the `OutputChecker` that
1116 should be used to compare the expected outputs and actual
1117 outputs of doctest examples.
1119 Optional keyword arg 'verbose' prints lots of stuff if true,
1120 only failures if false; by default, it's true iff '-v' is in
1123 Optional argument `optionflags` can be used to control how the
1124 test runner compares expected output to actual output, and how
1125 it displays failures. See the documentation for `testmod` for
1128 self._checker = checker or OutputChecker()
1130 verbose = '-v' in sys.argv
1131 self._verbose = verbose
1132 self.optionflags = optionflags
1133 self.original_optionflags = optionflags
1135 # Keep track of the examples we've run.
1140 # Create a fake output target for capturing doctest output.
1141 self._fakeout = _SpoofOut()
1143 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1145 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1147 def report_start(self, out, test, example):
1149 Report that the test runner is about to process the given
1150 example. (Only displays a message if verbose=True)
1154 out('Trying:\n' + _indent(example.source) +
1155 'Expecting:\n' + _indent(example.want))
1157 out('Trying:\n' + _indent(example.source) +
1158 'Expecting nothing\n')
1160 def report_success(self, out, test, example, got):
1162 Report that the given example ran successfully. (Only
1163 displays a message if verbose=True)
1168 def report_failure(self, out, test, example, got):
1170 Report that the given example failed.
1172 out(self._failure_header(test, example) +
1173 self._checker.output_difference(example, got, self.optionflags))
1175 def report_unexpected_exception(self, out, test, example, exc_info):
1177 Report that the given example raised an unexpected exception.
1179 out(self._failure_header(test, example) +
1180 'Exception raised:\n' + _indent(_exception_traceback(exc_info)))
1182 def _failure_header(self, test, example):
1183 out = [self.DIVIDER]
1185 if test.lineno is not None and example.lineno is not None:
1186 lineno = test.lineno + example.lineno + 1
1189 out.append('File "%s", line %s, in %s' %
1190 (test.filename, lineno, test.name))
1192 out.append('Line %s, in %s' % (example.lineno+1, test.name))
1193 out.append('Failed example:')
1194 source = example.source
1195 out.append(_indent(source))
1196 return '\n'.join(out)
1198 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1200 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1202 def __run(self, test, compileflags, out):
1204 Run the examples in `test`. Write the outcome of each example
1205 with one of the `DocTestRunner.report_*` methods, using the
1206 writer function `out`. `compileflags` is the set of compiler
1207 flags that should be used to execute examples. Return a tuple
1208 `(f, t)`, where `t` is the number of examples tried, and `f`
1209 is the number of examples that failed. The examples are run
1210 in the namespace `test.globs`.
1212 # Keep track of the number of failures and tries.
1213 failures = tries = 0
1215 # Save the option flags (since option directives can be used
1217 original_optionflags = self.optionflags
1219 SUCCESS, FAILURE, BOOM = range(3) # `outcome` state
1221 check = self._checker.check_output
1223 # Process each example.
1224 for examplenum, example in enumerate(test.examples):
1226 # If REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE is set, then supress
1227 # reporting after the first failure.
1228 quiet = (self.optionflags & REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE and
1231 # Merge in the example's options.
1232 self.optionflags = original_optionflags
1234 for (optionflag, val) in example.options.items():
1236 self.optionflags |= optionflag
1238 self.optionflags &= ~optionflag
1240 # Record that we started this example.
1243 self.report_start(out, test, example)
1245 # Use a special filename for compile(), so we can retrieve
1246 # the source code during interactive debugging (see
1247 # __patched_linecache_getlines).
1248 filename = '<doctest %s[%d]>' % (test.name, examplenum)
1250 # Run the example in the given context (globs), and record
1251 # any exception that gets raised. (But don't intercept
1252 # keyboard interrupts.)
1254 # Don't blink! This is where the user's code gets run.
1255 exec compile(example.source, filename, "single",
1256 compileflags, 1) in test.globs
1257 self.debugger.set_continue() # ==== Example Finished ====
1259 except KeyboardInterrupt:
1262 exception = sys.exc_info()
1263 self.debugger.set_continue() # ==== Example Finished ====
1265 got = self._fakeout.getvalue() # the actual output
1266 self._fakeout.truncate(0)
1267 outcome = FAILURE # guilty until proved innocent or insane
1269 # If the example executed without raising any exceptions,
1270 # verify its output.
1271 if exception is None:
1272 if check(example.want, got, self.optionflags):
1275 # The example raised an exception: check if it was expected.
1277 exc_info = sys.exc_info()
1278 exc_msg = traceback.format_exception_only(*exc_info[:2])[-1]
1280 got += _exception_traceback(exc_info)
1282 # If `example.exc_msg` is None, then we weren't expecting
1284 if example.exc_msg is None:
1287 # We expected an exception: see whether it matches.
1288 elif check(example.exc_msg, exc_msg, self.optionflags):
1291 # Another chance if they didn't care about the detail.
1292 elif self.optionflags & IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL:
1293 m1 = re.match(r'[^:]*:', example.exc_msg)
1294 m2 = re.match(r'[^:]*:', exc_msg)
1295 if m1 and m2 and check(m1.group(0), m2.group(0),
1299 # Report the outcome.
1300 if outcome is SUCCESS:
1302 self.report_success(out, test, example, got)
1303 elif outcome is FAILURE:
1305 self.report_failure(out, test, example, got)
1307 elif outcome is BOOM:
1309 self.report_unexpected_exception(out, test, example,
1313 assert False, ("unknown outcome", outcome)
1315 # Restore the option flags (in case they were modified)
1316 self.optionflags = original_optionflags
1318 # Record and return the number of failures and tries.
1319 self.__record_outcome(test, failures, tries)
1320 return failures, tries
1322 def __record_outcome(self, test, f, t):
1324 Record the fact that the given DocTest (`test`) generated `f`
1325 failures out of `t` tried examples.
1327 f2, t2 = self._name2ft.get(test.name, (0,0))
1328 self._name2ft[test.name] = (f+f2, t+t2)
1332 __LINECACHE_FILENAME_RE = re.compile(r'<doctest '
1333 r'(?P<name>[\w\.]+)'
1334 r'\[(?P<examplenum>\d+)\]>$')
1335 def __patched_linecache_getlines(self, filename):
1336 m = self.__LINECACHE_FILENAME_RE.match(filename)
1337 if m and m.group('name') == self.test.name:
1338 example = self.test.examples[int(m.group('examplenum'))]
1339 return example.source.splitlines(True)
1341 return self.save_linecache_getlines(filename)
1343 def run(self, test, compileflags=None, out=None, clear_globs=True):
1345 Run the examples in `test`, and display the results using the
1346 writer function `out`.
1348 The examples are run in the namespace `test.globs`. If
1349 `clear_globs` is true (the default), then this namespace will
1350 be cleared after the test runs, to help with garbage
1351 collection. If you would like to examine the namespace after
1352 the test completes, then use `clear_globs=False`.
1354 `compileflags` gives the set of flags that should be used by
1355 the Python compiler when running the examples. If not
1356 specified, then it will default to the set of future-import
1357 flags that apply to `globs`.
1359 The output of each example is checked using
1360 `DocTestRunner.check_output`, and the results are formatted by
1361 the `DocTestRunner.report_*` methods.
1365 if compileflags is None:
1366 compileflags = _extract_future_flags(test.globs)
1368 save_stdout = sys.stdout
1370 out = save_stdout.write
1371 sys.stdout = self._fakeout
1373 # Patch pdb.set_trace to restore sys.stdout during interactive
1374 # debugging (so it's not still redirected to self._fakeout).
1375 # Note that the interactive output will go to *our*
1376 # save_stdout, even if that's not the real sys.stdout; this
1377 # allows us to write test cases for the set_trace behavior.
1378 save_set_trace = pdb.set_trace
1379 self.debugger = _OutputRedirectingPdb(save_stdout)
1380 self.debugger.reset()
1381 pdb.set_trace = self.debugger.set_trace
1383 # Patch linecache.getlines, so we can see the example's source
1384 # when we're inside the debugger.
1385 self.save_linecache_getlines = linecache.getlines
1386 linecache.getlines = self.__patched_linecache_getlines
1389 return self.__run(test, compileflags, out)
1391 sys.stdout = save_stdout
1392 pdb.set_trace = save_set_trace
1393 linecache.getlines = self.save_linecache_getlines
1397 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1399 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1400 def summarize(self, verbose=None):
1402 Print a summary of all the test cases that have been run by
1403 this DocTestRunner, and return a tuple `(f, t)`, where `f` is
1404 the total number of failed examples, and `t` is the total
1405 number of tried examples.
1407 The optional `verbose` argument controls how detailed the
1408 summary is. If the verbosity is not specified, then the
1409 DocTestRunner's verbosity is used.
1412 verbose = self._verbose
1417 for x in self._name2ft.items():
1423 notests.append(name)
1425 passed.append( (name, t) )
1430 print len(notests), "items had no tests:"
1432 for thing in notests:
1435 print len(passed), "items passed all tests:"
1437 for thing, count in passed:
1438 print " %3d tests in %s" % (count, thing)
1441 print len(failed), "items had failures:"
1443 for thing, (f, t) in failed:
1444 print " %3d of %3d in %s" % (f, t, thing)
1446 print totalt, "tests in", len(self._name2ft), "items."
1447 print totalt - totalf, "passed and", totalf, "failed."
1449 print "***Test Failed***", totalf, "failures."
1451 print "Test passed."
1452 return totalf, totalt
1454 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1455 # Backward compatibility cruft to maintain doctest.master.
1456 #/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1457 def merge(self, other):
1459 for name, (f, t) in other._name2ft.items():
1461 print "*** DocTestRunner.merge: '" + name + "' in both" \
1462 " testers; summing outcomes."
1468 class OutputChecker:
1470 A class used to check the whether the actual output from a doctest
1471 example matches the expected output. `OutputChecker` defines two
1472 methods: `check_output`, which compares a given pair of outputs,
1473 and returns true if they match; and `output_difference`, which
1474 returns a string describing the differences between two outputs.
1476 def check_output(self, want, got, optionflags):
1478 Return True iff the actual output from an example (`got`)
1479 matches the expected output (`want`). These strings are
1480 always considered to match if they are identical; but
1481 depending on what option flags the test runner is using,
1482 several non-exact match types are also possible. See the
1483 documentation for `TestRunner` for more information about
1486 # Handle the common case first, for efficiency:
1487 # if they're string-identical, always return true.
1491 # The values True and False replaced 1 and 0 as the return
1492 # value for boolean comparisons in Python 2.3.
1493 if not (optionflags & DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1):
1494 if (got,want) == ("True\n", "1\n"):
1496 if (got,want) == ("False\n", "0\n"):
1499 # <BLANKLINE> can be used as a special sequence to signify a
1500 # blank line, unless the DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE flag is used.
1501 if not (optionflags & DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE):
1502 # Replace <BLANKLINE> in want with a blank line.
1503 want = re.sub('(?m)^%s\s*?$' % re.escape(BLANKLINE_MARKER),
1505 # If a line in got contains only spaces, then remove the
1507 got = re.sub('(?m)^\s*?$', '', got)
1511 # This flag causes doctest to ignore any differences in the
1512 # contents of whitespace strings. Note that this can be used
1513 # in conjunction with the ELLIPSIS flag.
1514 if optionflags & NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE:
1515 got = ' '.join(got.split())
1516 want = ' '.join(want.split())
1520 # The ELLIPSIS flag says to let the sequence "..." in `want`
1521 # match any substring in `got`.
1522 if optionflags & ELLIPSIS:
1523 if _ellipsis_match(want, got):
1526 # We didn't find any match; return false.
1529 # Should we do a fancy diff?
1530 def _do_a_fancy_diff(self, want, got, optionflags):
1531 # Not unless they asked for a fancy diff.
1532 if not optionflags & (REPORT_UDIFF |
1537 # If expected output uses ellipsis, a meaningful fancy diff is
1538 # too hard ... or maybe not. In two real-life failures Tim saw,
1539 # a diff was a major help anyway, so this is commented out.
1540 # [todo] _ellipsis_match() knows which pieces do and don't match,
1541 # and could be the basis for a kick-ass diff in this case.
1542 ##if optionflags & ELLIPSIS and ELLIPSIS_MARKER in want:
1545 # ndiff does intraline difference marking, so can be useful even
1546 # for 1-line differences.
1547 if optionflags & REPORT_NDIFF:
1550 # The other diff types need at least a few lines to be helpful.
1551 return want.count('\n') > 2 and got.count('\n') > 2
1553 def output_difference(self, example, got, optionflags):
1555 Return a string describing the differences between the
1556 expected output for a given example (`example`) and the actual
1557 output (`got`). `optionflags` is the set of option flags used
1558 to compare `want` and `got`.
1561 # If <BLANKLINE>s are being used, then replace blank lines
1562 # with <BLANKLINE> in the actual output string.
1563 if not (optionflags & DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE):
1564 got = re.sub('(?m)^[ ]*(?=\n)', BLANKLINE_MARKER, got)
1566 # Check if we should use diff.
1567 if self._do_a_fancy_diff(want, got, optionflags):
1568 # Split want & got into lines.
1569 want_lines = want.splitlines(True) # True == keep line ends
1570 got_lines = got.splitlines(True)
1571 # Use difflib to find their differences.
1572 if optionflags & REPORT_UDIFF:
1573 diff = difflib.unified_diff(want_lines, got_lines, n=2)
1574 diff = list(diff)[2:] # strip the diff header
1575 kind = 'unified diff with -expected +actual'
1576 elif optionflags & REPORT_CDIFF:
1577 diff = difflib.context_diff(want_lines, got_lines, n=2)
1578 diff = list(diff)[2:] # strip the diff header
1579 kind = 'context diff with expected followed by actual'
1580 elif optionflags & REPORT_NDIFF:
1581 engine = difflib.Differ(charjunk=difflib.IS_CHARACTER_JUNK)
1582 diff = list(engine.compare(want_lines, got_lines))
1583 kind = 'ndiff with -expected +actual'
1585 assert 0, 'Bad diff option'
1586 # Remove trailing whitespace on diff output.
1587 diff = [line.rstrip() + '\n' for line in diff]
1588 return 'Differences (%s):\n' % kind + _indent(''.join(diff))
1590 # If we're not using diff, then simply list the expected
1591 # output followed by the actual output.
1593 return 'Expected:\n%sGot:\n%s' % (_indent(want), _indent(got))
1595 return 'Expected:\n%sGot nothing\n' % _indent(want)
1597 return 'Expected nothing\nGot:\n%s' % _indent(got)
1599 return 'Expected nothing\nGot nothing\n'
1601 class DocTestFailure(Exception):
1602 """A DocTest example has failed in debugging mode.
1604 The exception instance has variables:
1606 - test: the DocTest object being run
1608 - excample: the Example object that failed
1610 - got: the actual output
1612 def __init__(self, test, example, got):
1614 self.example = example
1618 return str(self.test)
1620 class UnexpectedException(Exception):
1621 """A DocTest example has encountered an unexpected exception
1623 The exception instance has variables:
1625 - test: the DocTest object being run
1627 - excample: the Example object that failed
1629 - exc_info: the exception info
1631 def __init__(self, test, example, exc_info):
1633 self.example = example
1634 self.exc_info = exc_info
1637 return str(self.test)
1639 class DebugRunner(DocTestRunner):
1640 r"""Run doc tests but raise an exception as soon as there is a failure.
1642 If an unexpected exception occurs, an UnexpectedException is raised.
1643 It contains the test, the example, and the original exception:
1645 >>> runner = DebugRunner(verbose=False)
1646 >>> test = DocTestParser().get_doctest('>>> raise KeyError\n42',
1647 ... {}, 'foo', 'foo.py', 0)
1649 ... runner.run(test)
1650 ... except UnexpectedException, failure:
1653 >>> failure.test is test
1656 >>> failure.example.want
1659 >>> exc_info = failure.exc_info
1660 >>> raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
1661 Traceback (most recent call last):
1665 We wrap the original exception to give the calling application
1666 access to the test and example information.
1668 If the output doesn't match, then a DocTestFailure is raised:
1670 >>> test = DocTestParser().get_doctest('''
1674 ... ''', {}, 'foo', 'foo.py', 0)
1677 ... runner.run(test)
1678 ... except DocTestFailure, failure:
1681 DocTestFailure objects provide access to the test:
1683 >>> failure.test is test
1686 As well as to the example:
1688 >>> failure.example.want
1691 and the actual output:
1696 If a failure or error occurs, the globals are left intact:
1698 >>> del test.globs['__builtins__']
1702 >>> test = DocTestParser().get_doctest('''
1704 ... >>> raise KeyError
1705 ... ''', {}, 'foo', 'foo.py', 0)
1707 >>> runner.run(test)
1708 Traceback (most recent call last):
1710 UnexpectedException: <DocTest foo from foo.py:0 (2 examples)>
1712 >>> del test.globs['__builtins__']
1716 But the globals are cleared if there is no error:
1718 >>> test = DocTestParser().get_doctest('''
1720 ... ''', {}, 'foo', 'foo.py', 0)
1722 >>> runner.run(test)
1730 def run(self, test, compileflags=None, out=None, clear_globs=True):
1731 r = DocTestRunner.run(self, test, compileflags, out, False)
1736 def report_unexpected_exception(self, out, test, example, exc_info):
1737 raise UnexpectedException(test, example, exc_info)
1739 def report_failure(self, out, test, example, got):
1740 raise DocTestFailure(test, example, got)
1742 ######################################################################
1743 ## 6. Test Functions
1744 ######################################################################
1745 # These should be backwards compatible.
1747 # For backward compatibility, a global instance of a DocTestRunner
1748 # class, updated by testmod.
1751 def testmod(m=None, name=None, globs=None, verbose=None, isprivate=None,
1752 report=True, optionflags=0, extraglobs=None,
1753 raise_on_error=False, exclude_empty=False):
1754 """m=None, name=None, globs=None, verbose=None, isprivate=None,
1755 report=True, optionflags=0, extraglobs=None, raise_on_error=False,
1758 Test examples in docstrings in functions and classes reachable
1759 from module m (or the current module if m is not supplied), starting
1760 with m.__doc__. Unless isprivate is specified, private names
1763 Also test examples reachable from dict m.__test__ if it exists and is
1764 not None. m.__test__ maps names to functions, classes and strings;
1765 function and class docstrings are tested even if the name is private;
1766 strings are tested directly, as if they were docstrings.
1768 Return (#failures, #tests).
1770 See doctest.__doc__ for an overview.
1772 Optional keyword arg "name" gives the name of the module; by default
1775 Optional keyword arg "globs" gives a dict to be used as the globals
1776 when executing examples; by default, use m.__dict__. A copy of this
1777 dict is actually used for each docstring, so that each docstring's
1778 examples start with a clean slate.
1780 Optional keyword arg "extraglobs" gives a dictionary that should be
1781 merged into the globals that are used to execute examples. By
1782 default, no extra globals are used. This is new in 2.4.
1784 Optional keyword arg "verbose" prints lots of stuff if true, prints
1785 only failures if false; by default, it's true iff "-v" is in sys.argv.
1787 Optional keyword arg "report" prints a summary at the end when true,
1788 else prints nothing at the end. In verbose mode, the summary is
1789 detailed, else very brief (in fact, empty if all tests passed).
1791 Optional keyword arg "optionflags" or's together module constants,
1792 and defaults to 0. This is new in 2.3. Possible values (see the
1795 DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1
1796 DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE
1797 NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
1799 IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
1803 REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE
1805 Optional keyword arg "raise_on_error" raises an exception on the
1806 first unexpected exception or failure. This allows failures to be
1807 post-mortem debugged.
1809 Deprecated in Python 2.4:
1810 Optional keyword arg "isprivate" specifies a function used to
1811 determine whether a name is private. The default function is
1812 treat all functions as public. Optionally, "isprivate" can be
1813 set to doctest.is_private to skip over functions marked as private
1814 using the underscore naming convention; see its docs for details.
1816 Advanced tomfoolery: testmod runs methods of a local instance of
1817 class doctest.Tester, then merges the results into (or creates)
1818 global Tester instance doctest.master. Methods of doctest.master
1819 can be called directly too, if you want to do something unusual.
1820 Passing report=0 to testmod is especially useful then, to delay
1821 displaying a summary. Invoke doctest.master.summarize(verbose)
1822 when you're done fiddling.
1826 if isprivate is not None:
1827 warnings.warn("the isprivate argument is deprecated; "
1828 "examine DocTestFinder.find() lists instead",
1831 # If no module was given, then use __main__.
1833 # DWA - m will still be None if this wasn't invoked from the command
1834 # line, in which case the following TypeError is about as good an error
1835 # as we should expect
1836 m = sys.modules.get('__main__')
1838 # Check that we were actually given a module.
1839 if not inspect.ismodule(m):
1840 raise TypeError("testmod: module required; %r" % (m,))
1842 # If no name was given, then use the module's name.
1846 # Find, parse, and run all tests in the given module.
1847 finder = DocTestFinder(_namefilter=isprivate, exclude_empty=exclude_empty)
1850 runner = DebugRunner(verbose=verbose, optionflags=optionflags)
1852 runner = DocTestRunner(verbose=verbose, optionflags=optionflags)
1854 for test in finder.find(m, name, globs=globs, extraglobs=extraglobs):
1863 master.merge(runner)
1865 return runner.failures, runner.tries
1867 def testfile(filename, module_relative=True, name=None, package=None,
1868 globs=None, verbose=None, report=True, optionflags=0,
1869 extraglobs=None, raise_on_error=False, parser=DocTestParser()):
1871 Test examples in the given file. Return (#failures, #tests).
1873 Optional keyword arg "module_relative" specifies how filenames
1874 should be interpreted:
1876 - If "module_relative" is True (the default), then "filename"
1877 specifies a module-relative path. By default, this path is
1878 relative to the calling module's directory; but if the
1879 "package" argument is specified, then it is relative to that
1880 package. To ensure os-independence, "filename" should use
1881 "/" characters to separate path segments, and should not
1882 be an absolute path (i.e., it may not begin with "/").
1884 - If "module_relative" is False, then "filename" specifies an
1885 os-specific path. The path may be absolute or relative (to
1886 the current working directory).
1888 Optional keyword arg "name" gives the name of the test; by default
1889 use the file's basename.
1891 Optional keyword argument "package" is a Python package or the
1892 name of a Python package whose directory should be used as the
1893 base directory for a module relative filename. If no package is
1894 specified, then the calling module's directory is used as the base
1895 directory for module relative filenames. It is an error to
1896 specify "package" if "module_relative" is False.
1898 Optional keyword arg "globs" gives a dict to be used as the globals
1899 when executing examples; by default, use {}. A copy of this dict
1900 is actually used for each docstring, so that each docstring's
1901 examples start with a clean slate.
1903 Optional keyword arg "extraglobs" gives a dictionary that should be
1904 merged into the globals that are used to execute examples. By
1905 default, no extra globals are used.
1907 Optional keyword arg "verbose" prints lots of stuff if true, prints
1908 only failures if false; by default, it's true iff "-v" is in sys.argv.
1910 Optional keyword arg "report" prints a summary at the end when true,
1911 else prints nothing at the end. In verbose mode, the summary is
1912 detailed, else very brief (in fact, empty if all tests passed).
1914 Optional keyword arg "optionflags" or's together module constants,
1915 and defaults to 0. Possible values (see the docs for details):
1917 DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1
1918 DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE
1919 NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
1921 IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
1925 REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE
1927 Optional keyword arg "raise_on_error" raises an exception on the
1928 first unexpected exception or failure. This allows failures to be
1929 post-mortem debugged.
1931 Optional keyword arg "parser" specifies a DocTestParser (or
1932 subclass) that should be used to extract tests from the files.
1934 Advanced tomfoolery: testmod runs methods of a local instance of
1935 class doctest.Tester, then merges the results into (or creates)
1936 global Tester instance doctest.master. Methods of doctest.master
1937 can be called directly too, if you want to do something unusual.
1938 Passing report=0 to testmod is especially useful then, to delay
1939 displaying a summary. Invoke doctest.master.summarize(verbose)
1940 when you're done fiddling.
1944 if package and not module_relative:
1945 raise ValueError("Package may only be specified for module-"
1948 # Relativize the path
1950 package = _normalize_module(package)
1951 filename = _module_relative_path(package, filename)
1953 # If no name was given, then use the file's name.
1955 name = os.path.basename(filename)
1957 # Assemble the globals.
1961 globs = globs.copy()
1962 if extraglobs is not None:
1963 globs.update(extraglobs)
1966 runner = DebugRunner(verbose=verbose, optionflags=optionflags)
1968 runner = DocTestRunner(verbose=verbose, optionflags=optionflags)
1970 # Read the file, convert it to a test, and run it.
1971 s = open(filename).read()
1972 test = parser.get_doctest(s, globs, name, filename, 0)
1981 master.merge(runner)
1983 return runner.failures, runner.tries
1985 def run_docstring_examples(f, globs, verbose=False, name="NoName",
1986 compileflags=None, optionflags=0):
1988 Test examples in the given object's docstring (`f`), using `globs`
1989 as globals. Optional argument `name` is used in failure messages.
1990 If the optional argument `verbose` is true, then generate output
1991 even if there are no failures.
1993 `compileflags` gives the set of flags that should be used by the
1994 Python compiler when running the examples. If not specified, then
1995 it will default to the set of future-import flags that apply to
1998 Optional keyword arg `optionflags` specifies options for the
1999 testing and output. See the documentation for `testmod` for more
2002 # Find, parse, and run all tests in the given module.
2003 finder = DocTestFinder(verbose=verbose, recurse=False)
2004 runner = DocTestRunner(verbose=verbose, optionflags=optionflags)
2005 for test in finder.find(f, name, globs=globs):
2006 runner.run(test, compileflags=compileflags)
2008 ######################################################################
2010 ######################################################################
2011 # This is provided only for backwards compatibility. It's not
2012 # actually used in any way.
2015 def __init__(self, mod=None, globs=None, verbose=None,
2016 isprivate=None, optionflags=0):
2018 warnings.warn("class Tester is deprecated; "
2019 "use class doctest.DocTestRunner instead",
2020 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
2021 if mod is None and globs is None:
2022 raise TypeError("Tester.__init__: must specify mod or globs")
2023 if mod is not None and not inspect.ismodule(mod):
2024 raise TypeError("Tester.__init__: mod must be a module; %r" %
2027 globs = mod.__dict__
2030 self.verbose = verbose
2031 self.isprivate = isprivate
2032 self.optionflags = optionflags
2033 self.testfinder = DocTestFinder(_namefilter=isprivate)
2034 self.testrunner = DocTestRunner(verbose=verbose,
2035 optionflags=optionflags)
2037 def runstring(self, s, name):
2038 test = DocTestParser().get_doctest(s, self.globs, name, None, None)
2040 print "Running string", name
2041 (f,t) = self.testrunner.run(test)
2043 print f, "of", t, "examples failed in string", name
2046 def rundoc(self, object, name=None, module=None):
2048 tests = self.testfinder.find(object, name, module=module,
2051 (f2, t2) = self.testrunner.run(test)
2052 (f,t) = (f+f2, t+t2)
2055 def rundict(self, d, name, module=None):
2057 m = new.module(name)
2058 m.__dict__.update(d)
2061 return self.rundoc(m, name, module)
2063 def run__test__(self, d, name):
2065 m = new.module(name)
2067 return self.rundoc(m, name)
2069 def summarize(self, verbose=None):
2070 return self.testrunner.summarize(verbose)
2072 def merge(self, other):
2073 self.testrunner.merge(other.testrunner)
2075 ######################################################################
2076 ## 8. Unittest Support
2077 ######################################################################
2079 _unittest_reportflags = 0
2081 def set_unittest_reportflags(flags):
2082 """Sets the unittest option flags.
2084 The old flag is returned so that a runner could restore the old
2085 value if it wished to:
2087 >>> old = _unittest_reportflags
2088 >>> set_unittest_reportflags(REPORT_NDIFF |
2089 ... REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE) == old
2093 >>> doctest._unittest_reportflags == (REPORT_NDIFF |
2094 ... REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE)
2097 Only reporting flags can be set:
2099 >>> set_unittest_reportflags(ELLIPSIS)
2100 Traceback (most recent call last):
2102 ValueError: ('Only reporting flags allowed', 8)
2104 >>> set_unittest_reportflags(old) == (REPORT_NDIFF |
2105 ... REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE)
2108 global _unittest_reportflags
2110 if (flags & REPORTING_FLAGS) != flags:
2111 raise ValueError("Only reporting flags allowed", flags)
2112 old = _unittest_reportflags
2113 _unittest_reportflags = flags
2116 _para_re = re.compile('\s*\n\s*\n\s*')
2117 def _unittest_count(docstring):
2120 for p in _para_re.split(docstring):
2124 if p.startswith('>>> '):
2134 class DocTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
2136 def __init__(self, test, optionflags=0, setUp=None, tearDown=None,
2139 unittest.TestCase.__init__(self)
2140 self._dt_optionflags = optionflags
2141 self._dt_checker = checker
2142 self._dt_test = test
2143 self._dt_setUp = setUp
2144 self._dt_tearDown = tearDown
2146 self._dt_count = _unittest_count(test.docstring)
2148 def countTestCases(self):
2149 return self._dt_count
2152 test = self._dt_test
2154 if self._dt_setUp is not None:
2155 self._dt_setUp(test)
2158 test = self._dt_test
2160 if self._dt_tearDown is not None:
2161 self._dt_tearDown(test)
2166 test = self._dt_test
2169 optionflags = self._dt_optionflags
2171 if not (optionflags & REPORTING_FLAGS):
2172 # The option flags don't include any reporting flags,
2173 # so add the default reporting flags
2174 optionflags |= _unittest_reportflags
2176 runner = DocTestRunner(optionflags=optionflags,
2177 checker=self._dt_checker, verbose=False)
2180 runner.DIVIDER = "-"*70
2181 failures, tries = runner.run(
2182 test, out=new.write, clear_globs=False)
2187 raise self.failureException(self.format_failure(new.getvalue()))
2189 def format_failure(self, err):
2190 test = self._dt_test
2191 if test.lineno is None:
2192 lineno = 'unknown line number'
2194 lineno = '%s' % test.lineno
2195 lname = '.'.join(test.name.split('.')[-1:])
2196 return ('Failed doctest test for %s\n'
2197 ' File "%s", line %s, in %s\n\n%s'
2198 % (test.name, test.filename, lineno, lname, err)
2202 r"""Run the test case without results and without catching exceptions
2204 The unit test framework includes a debug method on test cases
2205 and test suites to support post-mortem debugging. The test code
2206 is run in such a way that errors are not caught. This way a
2207 caller can catch the errors and initiate post-mortem debugging.
2209 The DocTestCase provides a debug method that raises
2210 UnexpectedException errors if there is an unexepcted
2213 >>> test = DocTestParser().get_doctest('>>> raise KeyError\n42',
2214 ... {}, 'foo', 'foo.py', 0)
2215 >>> case = DocTestCase(test)
2218 ... except UnexpectedException, failure:
2221 The UnexpectedException contains the test, the example, and
2222 the original exception:
2224 >>> failure.test is test
2227 >>> failure.example.want
2230 >>> exc_info = failure.exc_info
2231 >>> raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
2232 Traceback (most recent call last):
2236 If the output doesn't match, then a DocTestFailure is raised:
2238 >>> test = DocTestParser().get_doctest('''
2242 ... ''', {}, 'foo', 'foo.py', 0)
2243 >>> case = DocTestCase(test)
2247 ... except DocTestFailure, failure:
2250 DocTestFailure objects provide access to the test:
2252 >>> failure.test is test
2255 As well as to the example:
2257 >>> failure.example.want
2260 and the actual output:
2268 runner = DebugRunner(optionflags=self._dt_optionflags,
2269 checker=self._dt_checker, verbose=False)
2270 runner.run(self._dt_test)
2274 return self._dt_test.name
2277 name = self._dt_test.name.split('.')
2278 return "%s (%s)" % (name[-1], '.'.join(name[:-1]))
2282 def shortDescription(self):
2283 return "Doctest: " + self._dt_test.name
2285 def DocTestSuite(module=None, globs=None, extraglobs=None, test_finder=None,
2288 Convert doctest tests for a module to a unittest test suite.
2290 This converts each documentation string in a module that
2291 contains doctest tests to a unittest test case. If any of the
2292 tests in a doc string fail, then the test case fails. An exception
2293 is raised showing the name of the file containing the test and a
2294 (sometimes approximate) line number.
2296 The `module` argument provides the module to be tested. The argument
2297 can be either a module or a module name.
2299 If no argument is given, the calling module is used.
2301 A number of options may be provided as keyword arguments:
2304 A set-up function. This is called before running the
2305 tests in each file. The setUp function will be passed a DocTest
2306 object. The setUp function can access the test globals as the
2307 globs attribute of the test passed.
2310 A tear-down function. This is called after running the
2311 tests in each file. The tearDown function will be passed a DocTest
2312 object. The tearDown function can access the test globals as the
2313 globs attribute of the test passed.
2316 A dictionary containing initial global variables for the tests.
2319 A set of doctest option flags expressed as an integer.
2322 if test_finder is None:
2323 test_finder = DocTestFinder()
2325 module = _normalize_module(module)
2326 tests = test_finder.find(module, globs=globs, extraglobs=extraglobs)
2328 globs = module.__dict__
2330 # Why do we want to do this? Because it reveals a bug that might
2331 # otherwise be hidden.
2332 raise ValueError(module, "has no tests")
2335 suite = unittest.TestSuite()
2337 if len(test.examples) == 0:
2339 if not test.filename:
2340 filename = module.__file__
2341 if filename[-4:] in (".pyc", ".pyo"):
2342 filename = filename[:-1]
2343 test.filename = filename
2344 suite.addTest(DocTestCase(test, **options))
2348 class DocFileCase(DocTestCase):
2351 return '_'.join(self._dt_test.name.split('.'))
2354 return self._dt_test.filename
2357 def format_failure(self, err):
2358 return ('Failed doctest test for %s\n File "%s", line 0\n\n%s'
2359 % (self._dt_test.name, self._dt_test.filename, err)
2362 def DocFileTest(path, module_relative=True, package=None,
2363 globs=None, parser=DocTestParser(), **options):
2367 globs = globs.copy()
2369 if package and not module_relative:
2370 raise ValueError("Package may only be specified for module-"
2373 # Relativize the path.
2375 package = _normalize_module(package)
2376 path = _module_relative_path(package, path)
2377 if "__file__" not in globs:
2378 globs["__file__"] = path
2380 # Find the file and read it.
2381 name = os.path.basename(path)
2382 doc = open(path).read()
2384 # Convert it to a test, and wrap it in a DocFileCase.
2385 test = parser.get_doctest(doc, globs, name, path, 0)
2386 return DocFileCase(test, **options)
2388 def DocFileSuite(*paths, **kw):
2389 """A unittest suite for one or more doctest files.
2391 The path to each doctest file is given as a string; the
2392 interpretation of that string depends on the keyword argument
2395 A number of options may be provided as keyword arguments:
2398 If "module_relative" is True, then the given file paths are
2399 interpreted as os-independent module-relative paths. By
2400 default, these paths are relative to the calling module's
2401 directory; but if the "package" argument is specified, then
2402 they are relative to that package. To ensure os-independence,
2403 "filename" should use "/" characters to separate path
2404 segments, and may not be an absolute path (i.e., it may not
2407 If "module_relative" is False, then the given file paths are
2408 interpreted as os-specific paths. These paths may be absolute
2409 or relative (to the current working directory).
2412 A Python package or the name of a Python package whose directory
2413 should be used as the base directory for module relative paths.
2414 If "package" is not specified, then the calling module's
2415 directory is used as the base directory for module relative
2416 filenames. It is an error to specify "package" if
2417 "module_relative" is False.
2420 A set-up function. This is called before running the
2421 tests in each file. The setUp function will be passed a DocTest
2422 object. The setUp function can access the test globals as the
2423 globs attribute of the test passed.
2426 A tear-down function. This is called after running the
2427 tests in each file. The tearDown function will be passed a DocTest
2428 object. The tearDown function can access the test globals as the
2429 globs attribute of the test passed.
2432 A dictionary containing initial global variables for the tests.
2435 A set of doctest option flags expressed as an integer.
2438 A DocTestParser (or subclass) that should be used to extract
2439 tests from the files.
2441 suite = unittest.TestSuite()
2443 # We do this here so that _normalize_module is called at the right
2444 # level. If it were called in DocFileTest, then this function
2445 # would be the caller and we might guess the package incorrectly.
2446 if kw.get('module_relative', True):
2447 kw['package'] = _normalize_module(kw.get('package'))
2450 suite.addTest(DocFileTest(path, **kw))
2454 ######################################################################
2455 ## 9. Debugging Support
2456 ######################################################################
2458 def script_from_examples(s):
2459 r"""Extract script from text with examples.
2461 Converts text with examples to a Python script. Example input is
2462 converted to regular code. Example output and all other words
2463 are converted to comments:
2466 ... Here are examples of simple math.
2468 ... Python has super accurate integer addition
2473 ... And very friendly error messages:
2480 ... You can use logic if you want:
2490 >>> print script_from_examples(text)
2491 # Here are examples of simple math.
2493 # Python has super accurate integer addition
2499 # And very friendly error messages:
2507 # You can use logic if you want:
2516 for piece in DocTestParser().parse(s):
2517 if isinstance(piece, Example):
2518 # Add the example's source code (strip trailing NL)
2519 output.append(piece.source[:-1])
2520 # Add the expected output:
2523 output.append('# Expected:')
2524 output += ['## '+l for l in want.split('\n')[:-1]]
2526 # Add non-example text.
2527 output += [_comment_line(l)
2528 for l in piece.split('\n')[:-1]]
2530 # Trim junk on both ends.
2531 while output and output[-1] == '#':
2533 while output and output[0] == '#':
2535 # Combine the output, and return it.
2536 return '\n'.join(output)
2538 def testsource(module, name):
2539 """Extract the test sources from a doctest docstring as a script.
2541 Provide the module (or dotted name of the module) containing the
2542 test to be debugged and the name (within the module) of the object
2543 with the doc string with tests to be debugged.
2545 module = _normalize_module(module)
2546 tests = DocTestFinder().find(module)
2547 test = [t for t in tests if t.name == name]
2549 raise ValueError(name, "not found in tests")
2551 testsrc = script_from_examples(test.docstring)
2554 def debug_src(src, pm=False, globs=None):
2555 """Debug a single doctest docstring, in argument `src`'"""
2556 testsrc = script_from_examples(src)
2557 debug_script(testsrc, pm, globs)
2559 def debug_script(src, pm=False, globs=None):
2560 "Debug a test script. `src` is the script, as a string."
2563 # Note that tempfile.NameTemporaryFile() cannot be used. As the
2564 # docs say, a file so created cannot be opened by name a second time
2565 # on modern Windows boxes, and execfile() needs to open it.
2566 srcfilename = tempfile.mktemp(".py", "doctestdebug")
2567 f = open(srcfilename, 'w')
2573 globs = globs.copy()
2579 execfile(srcfilename, globs, globs)
2581 print sys.exc_info()[1]
2582 pdb.post_mortem(sys.exc_info()[2])
2584 # Note that %r is vital here. '%s' instead can, e.g., cause
2585 # backslashes to get treated as metacharacters on Windows.
2586 pdb.run("execfile(%r)" % srcfilename, globs, globs)
2589 os.remove(srcfilename)
2591 def debug(module, name, pm=False):
2592 """Debug a single doctest docstring.
2594 Provide the module (or dotted name of the module) containing the
2595 test to be debugged and the name (within the module) of the object
2596 with the docstring with tests to be debugged.
2598 module = _normalize_module(module)
2599 testsrc = testsource(module, name)
2600 debug_script(testsrc, pm, module.__dict__)
2602 ######################################################################
2603 ## 10. Example Usage
2604 ######################################################################
2607 A pointless class, for sanity-checking of docstring testing.
2613 >>> _TestClass(13).get() + _TestClass(-12).get()
2615 >>> hex(_TestClass(13).square().get())
2619 def __init__(self, val):
2620 """val -> _TestClass object with associated value val.
2622 >>> t = _TestClass(123)
2630 """square() -> square TestClass's associated value
2632 >>> _TestClass(13).square().get()
2636 self.val = self.val ** 2
2640 """get() -> return TestClass's associated value.
2642 >>> x = _TestClass(-42)
2649 __test__ = {"_TestClass": _TestClass,
2651 Example of a string object, searched as-is.
2657 "bool-int equivalence": r"""
2658 In 2.2, boolean expressions displayed
2659 0 or 1. By default, we still accept
2660 them. This can be disabled by passing
2661 DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1 to the new
2662 optionflags argument.
2674 Blank lines can be marked with <BLANKLINE>:
2675 >>> print 'foo\n\nbar\n'
2683 If the ellipsis flag is used, then '...' can be used to
2684 elide substrings in the desired output:
2685 >>> print range(1000) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
2689 "whitespace normalization": r"""
2690 If the whitespace normalization flag is used, then
2691 differences in whitespace are ignored.
2692 >>> print range(30) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
2693 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
2694 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
2700 r = unittest.TextTestRunner()
2701 r.run(DocTestSuite())
2703 if __name__ == "__main__":