1 /* `ln' program to create links between files.
2 Copyright (C) 1986, 1989-1991, 1995-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
7 (at your option) any later version.
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
17 /* Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. */
21 #include <sys/types.h>
25 #include "backupfile.h"
27 #include "filenamecat.h"
30 #include "hash-triple.h"
35 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
36 #define PROGRAM_NAME "ln"
39 proper_name ("Mike Parker"), \
40 proper_name ("David MacKenzie")
42 #ifndef ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING
43 # define ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING 0
46 /* In being careful not even to try to make hard links to directories,
47 we have to know whether link(2) follows symlinks. If it does, then
48 we have to *stat* the `source' to see if the resulting link would be
49 to a directory. Otherwise, we have to use *lstat* so that we allow
50 users to make hard links to symlinks-that-point-to-directories. */
52 #if LINK_FOLLOWS_SYMLINKS
53 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
56 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
57 lstat (File, Stat_buf)
60 /* The name by which the program was run, for error messages. */
64 static enum backup_type backup_type;
66 /* If true, make symbolic links; otherwise, make hard links. */
67 static bool symbolic_link;
69 /* If true, ask the user before removing existing files. */
70 static bool interactive;
72 /* If true, remove existing files unconditionally. */
73 static bool remove_existing_files;
75 /* If true, list each file as it is moved. */
78 /* If true, allow the superuser to *attempt* to make hard links
79 to directories. However, it appears that this option is not useful
80 in practice, since even the superuser is prohibited from hard-linking
81 directories on most (all?) existing systems. */
82 static bool hard_dir_link;
84 /* If nonzero, and the specified destination is a symbolic link to a
85 directory, treat it just as if it were a directory. Otherwise, the
86 command `ln --force --no-dereference file symlink-to-dir' deletes
87 symlink-to-dir before creating the new link. */
88 static bool dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = true;
90 /* This is a set of destination name/inode/dev triples for hard links
91 created by ln. Use this data structure to avoid data loss via a
92 sequence of commands like this:
93 rm -rf a b c; mkdir a b c; touch a/f b/f; ln -f a/f b/f c && rm -r a b */
94 static Hash_table *dest_set;
96 /* Initial size of the dest_set hash table. */
97 enum { DEST_INFO_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 61 };
99 static struct option const long_options[] =
101 {"backup", optional_argument, NULL, 'b'},
102 {"directory", no_argument, NULL, 'F'},
103 {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
104 {"no-target-directory", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},
105 {"force", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
106 {"interactive", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
107 {"suffix", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
108 {"target-directory", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
109 {"symbolic", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
110 {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
111 {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
112 {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
116 /* FILE is the last operand of this command. Return true if FILE is a
117 directory. But report an error there is a problem accessing FILE,
118 or if FILE does not exist but would have to refer to an existing
119 directory if it referred to anything at all. */
122 target_directory_operand (char const *file)
124 char const *b = last_component (file);
125 size_t blen = strlen (b);
126 bool looks_like_a_dir = (blen == 0 || ISSLASH (b[blen - 1]));
129 (dereference_dest_dir_symlinks ? stat (file, &st) : lstat (file, &st));
130 int err = (stat_result == 0 ? 0 : errno);
131 bool is_a_dir = !err && S_ISDIR (st.st_mode);
132 if (err && err != ENOENT)
133 error (EXIT_FAILURE, err, _("accessing %s"), quote (file));
134 if (is_a_dir < looks_like_a_dir)
135 error (EXIT_FAILURE, err, _("target %s is not a directory"), quote (file));
139 /* Make a link DEST to the (usually) existing file SOURCE.
140 Symbolic links to nonexistent files are allowed.
141 Return true if successful. */
144 do_link (const char *source, const char *dest)
146 struct stat source_stats;
147 struct stat dest_stats;
148 char *dest_backup = NULL;
149 bool dest_lstat_ok = false;
150 bool source_is_dir = false;
153 /* Use stat here instead of lstat.
154 On SVR4, link does not follow symlinks, so this check disallows
155 making hard links to symlinks that point to directories. Big deal.
156 On other systems, link follows symlinks, so this check is right. */
159 if (STAT_LIKE_LINK (source, &source_stats) != 0)
161 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (source));
165 if (ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING
166 && S_ISLNK (source_stats.st_mode))
168 error (0, 0, _("%s: warning: making a hard link to a symbolic link\
173 if (S_ISDIR (source_stats.st_mode))
175 source_is_dir = true;
178 error (0, 0, _("%s: hard link not allowed for directory"),
185 if (remove_existing_files || interactive || backup_type != no_backups)
187 dest_lstat_ok = (lstat (dest, &dest_stats) == 0);
188 if (!dest_lstat_ok && errno != ENOENT)
190 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
195 /* If the current target was created as a hard link to another
196 source file, then refuse to unlink it. */
199 && seen_file (dest_set, dest, &dest_stats))
202 _("will not overwrite just-created %s with %s"),
203 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
207 /* If --force (-f) has been specified without --backup, then before
208 making a link ln must remove the destination file if it exists.
209 (with --backup, it just renames any existing destination file)
210 But if the source and destination are the same, don't remove
211 anything and fail right here. */
212 if ((remove_existing_files
213 /* Ensure that "ln --backup f f" fails here, with the
214 "... same file" diagnostic, below. Otherwise, subsequent
215 code would give a misleading "file not found" diagnostic.
216 This case is different than the others handled here, since
217 the command in question doesn't use --force. */
218 || (!symbolic_link && backup_type != no_backups))
220 /* Allow `ln -sf --backup k k' to succeed in creating the
221 self-referential symlink, but don't allow the hard-linking
222 equivalent: `ln -f k k' (with or without --backup) to get
223 beyond this point, because the error message you'd get is
225 && (backup_type == no_backups || !symbolic_link)
226 && (!symbolic_link || stat (source, &source_stats) == 0)
227 && SAME_INODE (source_stats, dest_stats)
228 /* The following detects whether removing DEST will also remove
229 SOURCE. If the file has only one link then both are surely
230 the same link. Otherwise check whether they point to the same
231 name in the same directory. */
232 && (source_stats.st_nlink == 1 || same_name (source, dest)))
234 error (0, 0, _("%s and %s are the same file"),
235 quote_n (0, source), quote_n (1, dest));
241 if (S_ISDIR (dest_stats.st_mode))
243 error (0, 0, _("%s: cannot overwrite directory"), quote (dest));
248 fprintf (stderr, _("%s: replace %s? "), program_name, quote (dest));
251 remove_existing_files = true;
254 if (backup_type != no_backups)
256 dest_backup = find_backup_file_name (dest, backup_type);
257 if (rename (dest, dest_backup) != 0)
259 int rename_errno = errno;
262 if (rename_errno != ENOENT)
264 error (0, rename_errno, _("cannot backup %s"), quote (dest));
271 ok = ((symbolic_link ? symlink (source, dest) : link (source, dest))
274 /* If the attempt to create a link failed and we are removing or
275 backing up destinations, unlink the destination and try again.
277 POSIX 1003.1-2004 requires that ln -f A B must unlink B even on
278 failure (e.g., when A does not exist). This is counterintuitive,
279 and we submitted a defect report
280 <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/mailarchives/ag-review/msg01794.html>
281 (2004-06-24). If the committee does not fix the standard we'll
282 have to change the behavior of ln -f, at least if POSIXLY_CORRECT
283 is set. In the meantime ln -f A B will not unlink B unless the
284 attempt to link A to B failed because B already existed.
286 Try to unlink DEST even if we may have backed it up successfully.
287 In some unusual cases (when DEST and DEST_BACKUP are hard-links
288 that refer to the same file), rename succeeds and DEST remains.
289 If we didn't remove DEST in that case, the subsequent symlink or link
292 if (!ok && errno == EEXIST && (remove_existing_files || dest_backup))
294 if (unlink (dest) != 0)
296 error (0, errno, _("cannot remove %s"), quote (dest));
301 ok = ((symbolic_link ? symlink (source, dest) : link (source, dest))
307 /* Right after creating a hard link, do this: (note dest name and
308 source_stats, which are also the just-linked-destinations stats) */
309 record_file (dest_set, dest, &source_stats);
314 printf ("%s ~ ", quote (dest_backup));
315 printf ("%s %c> %s\n", quote_n (0, dest), (symbolic_link ? '-' : '='),
316 quote_n (1, source));
323 ? (errno != ENAMETOOLONG && *source
324 ? _("creating symbolic link %s")
325 : _("creating symbolic link %s -> %s"))
326 : (errno == EMLINK && !source_is_dir
327 ? _("creating hard link to %.0s%s")
328 : (errno == EDQUOT || errno == EEXIST || errno == ENOSPC
330 ? _("creating hard link %s")
331 : _("creating hard link %s => %s"))),
332 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
336 if (rename (dest_backup, dest) != 0)
337 error (0, errno, _("cannot un-backup %s"), quote (dest));
348 if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
349 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
354 Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)\n\
355 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)\n\
356 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)\n\
357 or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)\n\
359 program_name, program_name, program_name, program_name);
361 In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.\n\
362 In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.\n\
363 In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.\n\
364 Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.\n\
365 When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist.\n\
369 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n\
372 --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file\n\
373 -b like --backup but does not accept an argument\n\
374 -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link\n\
375 directories (note: will probably fail due to\n\
376 system restrictions, even for the superuser)\n\
377 -f, --force remove existing destination files\n\
380 -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a\n\
381 directory as if it were a normal file\n\
382 -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations\n\
383 -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links\n\
386 -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix\n\
387 -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create\n\
389 -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file\n\
390 -v, --verbose print name of each linked file\n\
392 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
393 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
396 The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.\n\
397 The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through\n\
398 the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:\n\
402 none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)\n\
403 numbered, t make numbered backups\n\
404 existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise\n\
405 simple, never always make simple backups\n\
407 emit_bug_reporting_address ();
413 main (int argc, char **argv)
417 bool make_backups = false;
418 char *backup_suffix_string;
419 char *version_control_string = NULL;
420 char const *target_directory = NULL;
421 bool no_target_directory = false;
425 initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
426 program_name = argv[0];
427 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
428 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
429 textdomain (PACKAGE);
431 atexit (close_stdin);
433 /* FIXME: consider not calling getenv for SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX unless
434 we'll actually use backup_suffix_string. */
435 backup_suffix_string = getenv ("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX");
437 symbolic_link = remove_existing_files = interactive = verbose
438 = hard_dir_link = false;
440 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "bdfinst:vFS:T", long_options, NULL))
448 version_control_string = optarg;
452 hard_dir_link = true;
455 remove_existing_files = true;
459 remove_existing_files = false;
463 dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = false;
466 symbolic_link = true;
469 if (target_directory)
470 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("multiple target directories specified"));
474 if (stat (optarg, &st) != 0)
475 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (optarg));
476 if (! S_ISDIR (st.st_mode))
477 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("target %s is not a directory"),
480 target_directory = optarg;
483 no_target_directory = true;
490 backup_suffix_string = optarg;
492 case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
493 case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
495 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
500 n_files = argc - optind;
501 file = argv + optind;
505 error (0, 0, _("missing file operand"));
506 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
509 if (no_target_directory)
511 if (target_directory)
512 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
513 _("Cannot combine --target-directory "
514 "and --no-target-directory"));
519 _("missing destination file operand after %s"),
522 error (0, 0, _("extra operand %s"), quote (file[2]));
523 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
526 else if (!target_directory)
529 target_directory = ".";
530 else if (2 <= n_files && target_directory_operand (file[n_files - 1]))
531 target_directory = file[--n_files];
532 else if (2 < n_files)
533 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("target %s is not a directory"),
534 quote (file[n_files - 1]));
537 if (backup_suffix_string)
538 simple_backup_suffix = xstrdup (backup_suffix_string);
540 backup_type = (make_backups
541 ? xget_version (_("backup type"), version_control_string)
544 if (target_directory)
548 /* Create the data structure we'll use to record which hard links we
549 create. Used to ensure that ln detects an obscure corner case that
550 might result in user data loss. Create it only if needed. */
552 && remove_existing_files
553 /* Don't bother trying to protect symlinks, since ln clobbering
554 a just-created symlink won't ever lead to real data loss. */
556 /* No destination hard link can be clobbered when making
558 && backup_type != numbered_backups)
561 dest_set = hash_initialize (DEST_INFO_INITIAL_CAPACITY,
566 if (dest_set == NULL)
571 for (i = 0; i < n_files; ++i)
574 char *dest = file_name_concat (target_directory,
575 last_component (file[i]),
577 strip_trailing_slashes (dest_base);
578 ok &= do_link (file[i], dest);
583 ok = do_link (file[0], file[1]);
585 exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);